Publications

features discriminating sars from other severe viral respiratory tract infections.	this study investigated the discriminatory features of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and severe non-sars community-acquired viral respiratory infection (requiring hospitalization) in an emergency department in hong kong. in a case-control study, clinical, laboratory and radiological data from 322 patients with laboratory-confirmed sars from the 2003 sars outbreak were compared with the data of 253 non-sars adult patients with confirmed viral respiratory tract infection from 2004 in or ...	2007	17219094
epidemiology of influenza in hanoi, vietnam, from 2001 to 2003.	the aim of this study was to clarify the epidemiology of laboratory-confirmed influenza in hanoi, vietnam.	2007	17222912
serologic surveillance of swine h1 and h3 and avian h5 and h9 influenza a virus infections in swine population in korea.	influenza a is a respiratory disease common in the swine industry. three subtypes, h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 influenza a viruses, are currently co-circulating in swine populations in korea. an outbreak of the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus occurred in domestic bird farms in korea during the winter season of 2003. pigs can serve as hosts for avian influenza viruses, enabling passage of the virus to other mammals and recombination of mammalian and avian influenza viruses, which are more re ...	2007	17223213
amantadine-resistant influenza a (h3n2) virus in japan, 2005-2006.		2007	17229966
identification of a/h5n1 influenza viruses using a single gene diagnostic microarray.	in previous work, a simple diagnostic dna microarray that targeted only the matrix gene segment of influenza a (mchip) was developed and evaluated with patient samples. in this work, the analytical utility of the mchip for detection and subtyping of an emerging virus was evaluated with a diverse set of a/h5n1 influenza viruses. a total of 43 different highly pathogenic a/h5n1 viral isolates that were collected from diverse geographic locations, including vietnam, nigeria, indonesia, and kazakhst ...	2007	17194164
comparative analytical sensitivities of six rapid influenza a antigen detection test kits for detection of influenza a subtypes h1n1, h3n2 and h5n1.	rapid and simple methods for diagnosing human influenza a (h5n1) disease urgently needed. the limited data so far suggest that the currently available rapid antigen detection kits have poor clinical sensitivity for diagnosis of human h5n1 disease.	2007	17194622
avian-virus-like receptor specificity of the hemagglutinin impedes influenza virus replication in cultures of human airway epithelium.	a non-optimal receptor-binding specificity of avian influenza viruses is believed to hamper their replication in humans; however, the magnitude of this restriction remains undefined. here we generated recombinant viruses, r1 and r2, that differed solely by two amino acids in the receptor-binding site of their hemagglutinin (ha). r1 harbored the original ha of the pandemic human virus a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2), whereas r2 was the l226q/s228g ha mutant with avian-virus-like receptor specificity. in ...	2007	17207830
a comparison of the humoral and cellular immune responses at different immunological sites after split influenza virus vaccination of mice.	the spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes are all known to be important organs for the initiation and maintenance of an immune response after vaccination. to investigate the differences and similarities in the humoral and cellular immune responses between these tissues, we vaccinated mice once or twice with the conventional human dose (15 microg ha) of influenza a (h3n2) split virus vaccine and analysed the sera and lymphocytes collected from the different sites. we found that the response of anti ...	2007	17212762
lower clinical effectiveness of oseltamivir against influenza b contrasted with influenza a infection in children.	recently, many japanese physicians have claimed that oseltamivir is less effective in children with influenza b virus infection. this study assesses the effectiveness of oseltamivir against influenza a (h3n2) and influenza b in children on the basis of the duration of febrile illness.	2007	17173216
natural course of fever during influenza virus infection in children.	during the 2001-2002 epidemic of influenza virus a/h1n1, a/h3n2, and b, the authors obtained detailed profiles of fever from 118 infected children. the only treatment given was acetaminophen for temperatures greater than 39.0 degrees c. fever was most prominent in a/h3n2 and young children. secondary fever was observed frequently at 72 to 132 hours in all types. the duration of fever was associated negatively with the age of the child and positively with the maximal temperature. the information ...	2007	17164515
chemoenzymatic synthesis of artificial glycopolypeptides containing multivalent sialyloligosaccharides with a gamma-polyglutamic acid backbone and their effect on inhibition of infection by influenza viruses.	highly water-soluble, artificial glycopolypeptides with a gamma-polyglutamic acid (gamma-pga) backbone derived from bacillus subtilis sp. and multivalent sialyloligosaccharide units have been chemoenzymatically synthesized as potential polymeric inhibitors of infection by bird and human influenza viruses. 5-trifluoroacetamidopentyl beta-n-acetyllactosaminide and 5-trifluoroacetamidopentyl beta-lactoside were enzymatically synthesized from lacnac and lactose, respectively, by cellulase-mediated c ...	2007	17129732
antibody responses after dose-sparing intradermal influenza vaccination.	reduced-dose intradermal (id) influenza vaccination is an attractive approach to increase availability of vaccine supply in an event of vaccine shortage. we conducted a randomized open-label study, in which 500 subjects were randomly assigned to receive an id injection of 0.1 ml dose of inactivated split-virion influenza vaccine or an im injection of 0.5 ml dose. the subjects who had hemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody titer of at least 1:40 at day 28 post-vaccination in id and im groups w ...	2007	17011678
a cell-based luminescence assay is effective for high-throughput screening of potential influenza antivirals.	the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza across geographical and species barriers underscores the increasing need for novel antivirals to compliment vaccination and existing antiviral therapies. identification of new antiviral lead compounds depends on robust primary assays for high-throughput screening (hts) of large compound libraries. we have developed a cell-based screen for potential influenza antivirals that measures the cytopathic effect (cpe) induced by influenza virus (a/udorn/72 ...	2007	16904762
rapid sequencing of the non-coding regions of influenza a virus.	the non-coding regions (ncrs) of influenza a virus gene segments play a crucial role in the viral replication cycle. although the ncrs are considered to be conserved, some variation does exist, that affects viral replication. therefore, a rapid method to sequence the 5' and 3' ncrs was designed. this method is based on ligation of viral rna, rt reactions and subsequent pcr with primersets consisting of a gene segment specific primer and a primer designed across the junction of the 5' and 3' ends ...	2007	17059848
[surveillance program set for influenza a virus (h1n1) in children in taiyuan, china, 2005-2006].	to study the epidemic situation and dominant strain of influenza in children with acute respiratory infection (ari) during flu season from oct. 2005 to mar. 2006 in taiyuan.	2007	18080559
[h3n2 subtype of human influenza pneumonia with staphylococcal sepsis and staphylococcal pneumonia: report of one case].	to investigate the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and therapy of influenza pneumonia with staphylococcal infection. one patient in our hospital was diagnosed and the literatures on the subject were reviewed. the patient presented with high fever and dyspnea. arterial gas analysis indicated type 1 respiratory failure. chest x ray photographs showed bilateral infiltrations and bilateral encapsulated pleural effusions. viral separation and culture of pharyngeal swab indicated h(3)n(2) subtype ...	2007	18087564
epidemiological and virological assessment of influenza activity in europe during the winter 2005-2006.	influenza activity in europe during the winter 2005-2006 started late january - early february 2006 and first occurred in the netherlands, france, greece and england. subsequently, countries were affected in a random pattern across europe and the period of influenza activity lasted till the end of april. in contrast to the winter seasons in the period 2001-2005, no west-east pattern was detected. in 12 out of 23 countries, the consultation rates for influenza-like illness or acute respiratory in ...	2007	17991413
global patterns in seasonal activity of influenza a/h3n2, a/h1n1, and b from 1997 to 2005: viral coexistence and latitudinal gradients.	despite a mass of research on the epidemiology of seasonal influenza, overall patterns of infection have not been fully described on broad geographic scales and for specific types and subtypes of the influenza virus. here we provide a descriptive analysis of laboratory-confirmed influenza surveillance data by type and subtype (a/h3n2, a/h1n1, and b) for 19 temperate countries in the northern and southern hemispheres from 1997 to 2005, compiled from a public database maintained by who (flunet). k ...	2007	18074020
[antiviral action of some antioxidants/antihypoxants and their combinations with remantadine against human influenza a(h3n2) virus studied in in vitro models].	the possible antiviral activity of preparations with antioxidant and/or antihypoxant properties was studied on two in vitro models of influenza infection: (i) in cultures of chorio-allantoic membranes of chicken embryos and (ii) in mdck cells. preparations under study were hypoxene, reduced glutathione, dihydroquercetin, trolox, coenzyme q10, and the enzymatic preparation of superoxide-dismutase (recsod). preparations possessing combined antioxidant/antihypoxic and detoxicating properties (reduc ...	2007	18074805
protection against mouse and avian influenza a strains via vaccination with a combination of conserved proteins np, m1 and ns1.	experimental data accumulated over more than a decade indicate that cross-strain protection against influenza may be achieved by immunization with conserved influenza proteins. at the same time, the efficacy of immunization schemes designed along these lines and involving internal influenza proteins, mostly np and m1, has not been sufficient.	2007	18784792
[generation of cell culture high-yield recombinant h3n2 subtype swine influenza vaccine candidate by reverse genetics].	high-yield h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus for large-scale vaccine production in cell culture was generated by reverse genetics. the rescued h3n2 (rh3n2) candidate virus contained hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes derived from a field isolate a/swine/henan/s4/01 (h3n2), pb2 gene from a/pr/8/34, and the other five internal genes from a/goose/dalian/3/01 (h9n2). the rh3n2 virus titer in mdck cell culture were measured by hemagglutination assay and the maximum virus titre of 1:512 ...	2007	18092685
comparison of epitope structures of h3has through protein modeling of influenza a virus hemagglutinin: mechanism for selection of antigenic variants in the presence of a monoclonal antibody.	starting with nine plaques of influenza a/kamata/14/91(h3n2) virus, we selected mutants in the presence of monoclonal antibody 203 (mab203). in total, amino acid substitutions were found at nine positions (77, 80, 131, 135, 141, 142, 143, 144 and 146), which localized in the antigenic site a of the hemagglutinin (ha). the escape mutants differed in the extent to which they had lost binding to mab203. ha protein with substitutions of some amino acid residues created by site-directed mutagenesis i ...	2007	18094536
[influenza in poland in 2005].	a total number of 773,234 cases of influenza and influenza-like illness registered in poland in 2004 (incidence 1921.4 per 100,000 population). regionally the incidence ranged from 3391.8 per 100,000 population in mazowieckie to 364.0 in swietokrzyskie. children and adolescents under 15 years of age accounted for 34.5% of all cases (age specific incidence 4045.3 per 100,000). in this age group the incidence varied regionally from 6381.1 in mazowieckie to 797.6 in swietokrzyskie. 1469 patients (0 ...	2007	17956033
cloning of the canine rna polymerase i promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza a and b in mdck cells.	recent incidents where highly pathogenic influenza a h5n1 viruses have spread from avian species into humans have prompted the development of cell-based production of influenza vaccines as an alternative to or replacement of current egg-based production. madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells are the primary cell-substrate candidate for influenza virus production but an efficient system for the direct rescue of influenza virus from cloned influenza cdnas in mdck cells did not exist. the objectiv ...	2007	17956624
[the 2006/'07 influenza season in the netherlands and the vaccine composition for the 2007/'08 season].	the influenza epidemic of 2006/'07 began late in the season, like the two previous influenza epidemics. in week 8 a peak of modest height was reached. as usual, the causal strains were mainly a/h3n2 viruses and to a lesser extent a/h1n1 and b viruses. a new a/h1n1 virus variant has emerged, an event that on average takes place only every 10 years. however, almost all a/h1n1 virus isolates belonged to the old variant and were similar to the vaccine virus. the a/h3n2 virus isolates appeared to dev ...	2007	17957994
development and preclinical evaluation of an alphavirus replicon vaccine for influenza.	we used a propagation-defective, single-cycle, alphavirus replicon vector system to produce virus-like replicon particles (vrp) expressing the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) proteins from influenza a/wyoming/03/2003 (h3n2). efficient production methods were scaled to produce pilot lots of ha vrp and na vrp and clinical lots of ha vrp. ha vrp-induced high-titered antibody responses in mice, rabbits and rhesus macaques, as measured by elisa or hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assays, an ...	2007	17961878
[characteristic analysis of na gene of human influenza viruses (h3n2) isolated from 1996 to 2005 in china].	the na genes of 395 strains of human h3n2 influenza virus isolated from 1996 to 2005 in china were sequenced, analyzed with bioinformatics tools. the na nucleotide sequence of phylogenetic tree showed a main evolution branch with multiple short side branches. the strains in the same year may be divided into several branches. there was an obvious lag between vaccine strains recommended by who and the chinese circulating strains in phylogenetic tree of the na nucleotide. the result also showed no ...	2007	17969849
[expression of influenza a3 virus (h3n2) m2 gene in vaccinia virus tiantan strain].	to construct a recombinant vaccinia virus rvj1175m2 expressing influenza a3 virus (h3n2) m2 gene, full length gene encoding influenza virus (h3n2) m2 protein was amplified with pcr and cloned into plasmid pjsc1175 which was used for homologous recombination with vaccinia virus tiantan strain. along with this, a recombinant vaccinia virus rvj1175m2 containing the m2 gene was subsequently constructed. it was identified by pcr that the gene of m2 protein was inserted into the tk locus of vaccinia v ...	2007	17969855
a biological model for influenza transmission: pandemic planning implications of asymptomatic infection and immunity.	the clinical attack rate of influenza is influenced by prior immunity and mixing patterns in the host population, and also by the proportion of infections that are asymptomatic. this complexity makes it difficult to directly estimate r(0) from the attack rate, contributing to uncertainty in epidemiological models to guide pandemic planning. we have modelled multiple wave outbreaks of influenza from different populations to allow for changing immunity and asymptomatic infection and to make infere ...	2007	18043733
interspecies and intraspecies transmission of triple reassortant h3n2 influenza a viruses.	the triple reassortant h3n2 viruses were isolated for the first time from pigs in 1998 and are known to be endemic in swine and turkey populations in the united states. in 2004, we isolated two h3n2 triple reassortant viruses from two turkey breeder flocks in ohio and illinois. infected hens showed no clinical signs, but experienced a complete cessation of egg production. in this study, we evaluated three triple reassortant h3n2 isolates of turkey origin and one isolate of swine origin for their ...	2007	18045494
novel 3-sulphonamido-quinazolin-4(3h)-one derivatives: microwave-assisted synthesis and evaluation of antiviral activities against respiratory and biodefense viruses.	we designed and synthesized novel 2,3-disubstituted quinazolin-4(3h)-ones by microwave technique and characterized them by spectral analysis. synthesized compounds were screened for cytotoxicity and for antiviral activity against influenza a (h1n1, h3n2 and h5n1), severe acute respiratory syndrome corona, dengue, yellow fever, venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee), rift valley fever, and tacaribe viruses in cell culture. a neutral red uptake assay was used to determine 50% virus-inhibitory concen ...	2007	18046963
higher polymerase activity of a human influenza virus enhances activation of the hemagglutinin-induced raf/mek/erk signal cascade.	influenza viruses replicate within the nucleus of infected cells. viral genomic rna, three polymerase subunits (pb2, pb1, and pa), and the nucleoprotein (np) form ribonucleoprotein complexes (rnps) that are exported from the nucleus late during the infectious cycle. the virus-induced raf/mek/erk (mapk) signal cascade is crucial for efficient virus replication. blockade of this pathway retards rnp export and reduces virus titers. hemagglutinin (ha) accumulation and its tight association with lipi ...	2007	18053252
[genome sequence analysis of an h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus isolated from guangdong province in china].	an h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus, a/swine/ guangdong/01/2005 (h3n2), was isolated from pigs with influenza-like signs in guangdong province in 2005. reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was used to amplify the gene segments for sequencing analysis. phylogenetic analysis showed that the hemagglutinin(ha) gene of a/swine/ guangdong/01/2005 shared high degree of sequence identity with those of h3n2 viruses isolated from swine in guangdong province from 2003 to 2004 and h3n2 ...	2007	18062253
swine influenza (h3n2) infection in a child and possible community transmission, canada.	an influenza a virus (h3n2) of probable swine origin, designated a/canada/1158/2006, was isolated from a 7-month-old hospitalized child who lived on a communal farm in canada. the child recovered uneventfully. a serosurvey that used a hemagglutination-inhibition assay for a/canada/1158/2006 was conducted on 54 of the 90 members of the farm. seropositivity was demonstrated in the index patient, 4 of 7 household members, and 4 of 46 nonhousehold members; none had a history of hospital admission fo ...	2007	18258037
[antigenic and genetic study of influenza virus circulated in china in 2006].	to analyse seasonal influenza epidemic situation in 2006, and to analyse the genetic and antigenic characteristics of viral hemagglutinin (ha) gene.	2007	18322584
[preparation of armored rna containing m gene of influenza h3n2].	to prepare the armored rna containing m gene of influenza h3n2.	2007	18322598
increased antibodies against unfolded viral antigens in the elderly after influenza vaccination.	our studies aimed to measure the quality of antibody response to influenza vaccines in the elderly. the frequency of significant rise in hemagglutination inhibition (hai) titer in the elderly is low and although annual vaccination reduces morbidity and mortality, better correlates of vaccine efficacy in the elderly are needed.	2007	18458742
real-time rt-pcr assays for type and subtype detection of influenza a and b viruses.	influenza viruses type a (h3n2 and h1n1 subtypes) and b are the most prevalently circulating human influenza viruses. however, an increase in several confirmed cases of high pathogenic h5n1 in humans has raised concerns of a potential pandemic underscoring the need for rapid, point of contact detection. in this report, we describe development and evaluation of 'type,' i.e., influenza virus a and b, and 'subtype,' i.e., h1, h3, and h5, specific, single-step/reaction vessel format, real-time rt-pc ...	2007	19432632
bioaerosol sampling for the detection of aerosolized influenza virus.	influenza virus was used to characterize the efficacy of a cyclone-based, two-stage personal bioaerosol sampler for the collection and size fractionation of aerosolized viral particles.	2007	19453416
heterosubtypic t-cell responses against avian influenza h5 haemagglutinin are frequently detected in individuals vaccinated against or previously infected with human subtypes of influenza.	cellula r immune responses play a critical role in providing help for the production of neutralizing antibodies to influenza virus, as well as producing anti-viral cytokines and killing infected cells in the lung. heterosubtypic t-cell responses between different subtypes of influenza have been shown to exist in humans and to provide protection against morbidity and mortality associated with h5n1 infection in animal challenge models. therefore, existing t-cell responses induced by natural infect ...	2008	19453462
seroprevalence of h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 influenza viruses in pigs in seven european countries in 2002-2003.	avian-like h1n1 and human-like h3n2 swine influenza viruses (siv) have been considered widespread among pigs in western europe since the 1980s, and a novel h1n2 reassortant with a human-like h1 emerged in the mid 1990s. this study, which was part of the ec-funded 'european surveillance network for influenza in pigs 1', aimed to determine the seroprevalence of the h1n2 virus in different european regions and to compare the relative prevalences of each siv between regions.	2008	19453469
genetic analysis of h3n2 influenza a viruses isolated in 2006-2007 in nairobi, kenya.	minimal influenza surveillance has been carried out in sub-saharan africa to provide information on circulating influenza subtypes for the purpose of vaccine production and monitoring trends in virus spread and mutations.	2008	19453470
non-random reassortment in human influenza a viruses.	the influenza a virus has two basic modes of evolution. because of a high error rate in the process of replication by rna polymerase, the viral genome drifts via accumulated mutations. the second mode of evolution is termed a shift, which results from the reassortment of the eight segments of this virus. when two different influenza viruses co-infect the same host cell, new virions can be released that contain segments from both parental strains. this type of shift has been the source of at leas ...	2008	19453489
a plant-produced influenza subunit vaccine protects ferrets against virus challenge.	influenza a viruses are of major concern for public health, causing worldwide epidemics associated with high morbidity and mortality. vaccines are critical for protection against influenza, but given the recent emergence of new strains with pandemic potential, and some limitations of the current production systems, there is a need for new approaches for vaccine development.	2008	19453491
a vaccine manufacturer's approach to address medical needs related to seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses.	vaccination is considered to be one of the most effective tools to decrease morbidity as well as mortality caused by influenza viruses. for the prevention of seasonal influenza, fluarix and flulaval have been marketed since 1987 and 1992, respectively. both vaccines have consistently been shown to meet or exceed the regulatory criteria for immunogenicity against the three strains h1n1, h3n2 and b, have a good safety profile, and are recommended for vaccinating children and adults of all ages. fo ...	2008	19453402
study of efficiency of therapeutic and preventive anaferon (pediatric formulation) in mice with influenza infection.	therapeutic and preventive treatment of mice intranasally infected with a lethal dose of a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) influenza virus with anaferon (pediatric formulation) demonstrated an antiviral effect of the drug (increased percent of survivors and prolonged lifespan).	2008	19513378
[therapeutic efficacy of ingavirin, a new domestic formulation against influenza a virus (h3n2)].	investigation of the therapeutic efficacy of ingavirin (valenta farmacevtica, russia) against influenza virus a (h3n2) vs. tamiflu, remantadin and arbidol showed that in daily doses of 15 and 20 mg/kg (equal by the efficacy to the human doses of 90 and 120 mg) ingavirin was effective in protection of the albino mice infected by the virus in a dose of 10 to 15 ld50. the protective efficacy was 38.3-39.2% and the increase of the average lifespan amounted to 4.2-4.4 days. the ingavirin efficacy was ...	2008	19227120
[investigation of prophylactic activity of ingavirin, a new russian drug, against grippe a virus (h3n2)].	antiviral efficacy of ingavirin was studied on albino mice infected intranasally by the grippe a virus (h3n2) vs. tamiflu, remantadin and arbidol. ingavirin used prophylactically in doses of 5 to 10 mg/kg was shown to be effective in protecting the animals from death and inhibiting the specific hemagglutinin formation and the virus reproduction in the lungs (by the accumulation).	2008	19441652
[distribution of avian influenza virus subtypes among domestic ducks in eastern china].	to identify the distribution of avian influenza virus subtypes among domestic ducks in eastern china.	2008	19160806
emerging influenza virus: a global threat.	since 1918, in?uenza virus has been one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality, especially among young children. though the commonly circulating strain of the virus is not virulent enough to cause mortality, the ability of the virus genome to mutate at a very high rate may lead to the emergence of a highly virulent strain that may become the cause of the next pandemic. apart from the influenza virus strain circulating in humans (h1n1 and h3n2), the avian influenza h5n1 h7 and h9 virus st ...	2008	19208973
influenza vaccine strain selection and recent studies on the global migration of seasonal influenza viruses.	annual influenza epidemics in humans affect 5-15% of the population, causing an estimated half million deaths worldwide per year [stohr k. influenza-who cares. lancet infectious diseases 2002;2(9):517]. the virus can infect this proportion of people year after year because the virus has an extensive capacity to evolve and thus evade the immune response. for example, since the influenza a(h3n2) subtype entered the human population in 1968 the a(h3n2) component of the influenza vaccine has had to ...	2008	19230156
animal influenza epidemiology.	influenza a viruses exist within their natural host, aquatic birds, in a number of antigenic subtypes. only a few of these subtypes have successfully crossed into other avian and mammalian hosts. this brief review will focus on just three examples of viruses that have successfully passed between species; avian h5ni1 and h9n2 viruses and h3n2 viruses which have transmitted from aquatic birds to humans and then to swine. although there are a number of other subtypes that have also transmitted succ ...	2008	19230163
single mutation induced h3n2 hemagglutinin antibody neutralization: a free energy perturbation study.	the single mutation effect on the binding affinity of h3n2 viral protein hemagglutinin (ha) with the monoclonical antibody fragment (fab) is studied in this paper using the free energy perturbation (fep) simulations. an all-atom protein model with explicit solvents is used to perform an aggregate of several microsecond fep molecular dynamics simulations. a recent experiment shows that a single mutation in h3n2 ha, t131i, increases the antibody-antigen dissociation constant kd by a factor of appr ...	2008	19367871
genetic characterization of h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 swine influenza virus in thailand.	swine have been known to be a suitable host for influenza a virus. in thailand, phylogenetic analysis on swine influenza virus (siv) has as yet not been attempted. the present report presents molecular and phylogenetic analysis performed on siv in thailand. in this study, 12 siv isolates from the central and eastern part of thailand were subtyped and the molecular genetics of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase were elucidated. three subtypes, h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2, are described. phylogenetic analysi ...	2008	18458812
a bivalent influenza vlp vaccine confers complete inhibition of virus replication in lungs.	the conventional egg-grown influenza vaccines are trivalent. to test the feasibility of using multivalent influenza virus-like particles (vlps) as an alternative influenza vaccine, we developed cell-derived influenza vlps containing the hemagglutinin (ha) of the h1 subtype virus a/pr/8/34 or the h3 subtype virus a/aichi/2/68 (x31). mice immunized intramuscularly with bivalent influenza vlps containing h1 and h3 has induced neutralizing activities against the homologous and closely related h1n1 s ...	2008	18468740
mdck-siat1 cells show improved isolation rates for recent human influenza viruses compared to conventional mdck cells.	the ability to isolate and propagate influenza virus is an essential tool for the yearly surveillance of circulating virus strains and to ensure accurate clinical diagnosis for appropriate treatment. the suitability of mdck-siat1 cells, engineered to express increased levels of alpha-2,6-linked sialic acid receptors, as an alternative to conventional mdck cells for isolation of circulating influenza virus was assessed. a greater number of influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b viruses from stored hum ...	2008	18480230
one-step multiplex rt-pcr for detection and subtyping of swine influenza h1, h3, n1, n2 viruses in clinical samples using a dual priming oligonucleotide (dpo) system.	the swine influenza virus (siv) h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 subtypes circulate in korean farm. a novel multiplex rt-pcr (m-rt-pcr) was developed to detect and subtype swine influenza viruses. this m-rt-pcr assay could identify h1, h3, n1 and n2 from clinical samples in single tube reaction using dpo system. korean sivs are closely related to the united states influenza viruses, and primers were developed for siv from north american viruses and recently korean isolates. the sensitivity of the m-rt-pcr w ...	2008	18486976
[molecular and genetic analysis of influenza a viruses isolated in russia, based on the neuraminidase and m2 protein gene sequence].	the results of molecular analysis of 15 influenza a(h3n2) and 17-a(h1n1) epidemic strains isolated in the russian federation in 1995-2007 are described. the analysis on the m2 and neuraminidase influenza a virus genes was performed. the m2 sequences analysis among the remantadin resistant viruses demonstrated the s31n substitution in all strains. besides s31n substitution, additional mutations were detected in both proteins. mutations associated with s31n substitution were detected in each virus ...	2008	18488446
influenza a virus abrogates ifn-gamma response in respiratory epithelial cells by disruption of the jak/stat pathway.	the innate immunity to viral infections induces a potent antiviral response mediated by interferons (ifn). although ifn-gamma is detected during the acute stages of illness in the upper respiratory tract secretions and in the serum of influenza a virus-infected individuals, control of influenza a virus is not dependent upon ifn-gamma as evidenced by studies using anti-ifn-gamma ab and ifn-gamma(-/-) mice. thus, we hypothesized that ifn-gamma is not critical in host survival because influenza a v ...	2008	18493979
genetic compatibility and virulence of reassortants derived from contemporary avian h5n1 and human h3n2 influenza a viruses.	the segmented structure of the influenza virus genome plays a pivotal role in its adaptation to new hosts and the emergence of pandemics. despite concerns about the pandemic threat posed by highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses, little is known about the biological properties of h5n1 viruses that may emerge following reassortment with contemporary human influenza viruses. in this study, we used reverse genetics to generate the 63 possible virus reassortants derived from h5n1 and h3n2 vi ...	2008	18497857
a maximum likelihood method for detecting directional evolution in protein sequences and its application to influenza a virus.	we develop a model-based phylogenetic maximum likelihood test for evidence of preferential substitution toward a given residue at individual positions of a protein alignment--directional evolution of protein sequences (deps). deps can identify both the target residue and sites evolving toward it, help detect selective sweeps and frequency-dependent selection--scenarios that confound most existing tests for selection, and achieve good power and accuracy on simulated data. we applied deps to align ...	2008	18511426
an optimized electrofusion-based protocol for generating virus-specific human monoclonal antibodies.	we sought to develop and optimize a hybridoma-based technology for generating human hybridomas that secrete virus-specific monoclonal antibodies for clinical diagnosis and therapy. we developed a novel electrofusion protocol for efficiently fusing epstein-barr virus (ebv)-transformed human b cells with myeloma partners. we tested seven myeloma cell lines and achieved highest efficiency when the hmma 2.5 line was used. we optimized the electrofusion process by improving cell treatments before and ...	2008	18514220
prevention of symptomatic seasonal influenza in 2005-2006 by inactivated and live attenuated vaccines.	the efficacy of influenza vaccines may vary annually. in 2004-2005, when antigenically drifted viruses were circulating, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving healthy adults showed that inactivated vaccine appeared to be efficacious, whereas live attenuated vaccine appeared to be less so.	2008	18522501
heterologous ha dna vaccine prime--inactivated influenza vaccine boost is more effective than using dna or inactivated vaccine alone in eliciting antibody responses against h1 or h3 serotype influenza viruses.	the trivalent inactivated vaccine (tiv) is used to prevent seasonal influenza virus infection in humans, however, the immunogenicity of this vaccine may be influenced by the priming effect of previous influenza vaccinations or exposure to antigenically related influenza viruses. the current study examines the immunogenicity of a clinically licensed tiv in rabbits naïve to influenza antigens. animals were immunized with either the licensed tiv, a bivalent (h1 and h3) ha dna vaccine or the combina ...	2008	18538900
anti-influenza virus activities of flavonoids from the medicinal plant elsholtzia rugulosa.	elsholtzia rugulosa (lamiaceae), a common chinese herb, is widely used in the treatment of cold and fever. in order to elucidate the action mechanism and the active principles from the plant against anti-influenza virus, the influenza virus neuraminidase (na) activity assay and in vitro antiviral activity assay were established, and the isolation of the active principles was guided by na activity. finally, 5 active constituents were obtained, namely apigenin ( 1), luteolin ( 2), apiin ( 3), galu ...	2008	18553272
streptococcus suis type 2 culture supernatant enhances the infection ability of the swine influenza virus h3 subtype in mdck cells.	swine influenza virus and streptococcus suis type 2 often occur as a clinical coinfection in pigs, the syndrome of which is more serious than the virus or bacterium sole infection. streptococcus suis type 2 can produce extracellular proteases, which may cleave hemagglutinin to enhance the infection ability of swine influenza virus. the current study investigated whether extracellular proteolytic culture supernatant of streptococcus suis type 2, isolated from jiangsu, enhanced the infection abili ...	2008	18557523
development of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of h9 avian influenza virus.	reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) is a unique gene amplification method that can be completed within 45 min at 63 degrees c. in this study, rt-lamp was used to develop a rapid and sensitive laboratory diagnostic system for the h9 subtype of avian influenza virus (aiv). the experiment results from the reference strains demonstrated that the established rt-lamp sensitivity was 10-fold higher than that of rt-pcr, with the detection limit of 10 copies per reactio ...	2008	18572258
phylogenetic analysis of swine influenza viruses recently isolated in korea.	several influenza a viral subtypes were isolated from pigs during a severe outbreak of respiratory disease in korea during 2005 and 2006. they included a classical swine h1n1 subtype, two swine-human-avian triple-recombinant h1n2 subtypes, and a swine-human-avian triple-recombinant h3n2 subtype. in the current study, genetic characterization to determine the probable origin of these recent isolates was carried out for the first time. phylogenetic analysis indicated that all the recent korean iso ...	2008	18574682
influenza virus protecting rna: an effective prophylactic and therapeutic antiviral.	another influenza pandemic is inevitable, and new measures to combat this and seasonal influenza are urgently needed. here we describe a new concept in antivirals based on a defined, naturally occurring defective influenza virus rna that has the potential to protect against any influenza a virus in any animal host. this "protecting rna" (244 rna) is incorporated into virions which, although noninfectious, deliver the rna to those cells of the respiratory tract that are naturally targeted by infe ...	2008	18579602
comparison of the clinical effectiveness of oseltamivir and zanamivir against influenza virus infection in children.	we compared the clinical effectiveness of oseltamivir and zanamivir in children with influenza a (h1n1) virus, influenza a (h3n2) virus, and influenza b virus infections.	2008	18582202
[phylogenetic analysis of human/swine/avian gene reassortant h1n2 influenza a virus isolated from a pig in china].	our aim in this study was to determine the genetic characterization and probable origin of the h1n2 swine influenza virus (a/swine/guangxi/13/2006) (sw/gx/13/06) from lung tissue of a pig in guangxi province, china.	2008	18590231
comparison of three serological assays to determine the cross-reactivity of antibodies from eight genetically diverse u.s. swine influenza viruses.	swine influenza virus is an economically important pathogen to the u.s. swine industry. new influenza subtypes and isolates within subtypes with different genetic and antigenic makeup have recently emerged in u.s. swineherds. as a result of the emergence of these new viruses, diagnosticians' ability to accurately diagnose influenza infection in pigs and develop appropriate vaccine strategies has become increasingly difficult. the current study compares the ability of subtype-specific commercial ...	2008	18599846
seasonal inactivated influenza virus vaccines.	inactivated influenza virus vaccines are the primary modality used for prevention of influenza. a system of annual identification of new strains causing illnesses, selections for vaccines, chick embryo growth, inactivation, processing, packaging, distribution and usage has been in place for decades. current vaccines contain 15 microg of the ha of an a/h1n1, a/h3n2 and b strain and are given parenterally to induce serum anti-ha antibody for prevention of subsequent infection and illness from natu ...	2008	18602728
current and future antiviral therapy of severe seasonal and avian influenza.	the currently circulating h3n2 and h1n1 subtypes of influenza a virus cause a transient, febrile upper respiratory illness in most adults and children ("seasonal influenza"), but infants, the elderly, immunodeficient and chronically ill persons may develop life-threatening primary viral pneumonia or complications such as bacterial pneumonia. by contrast, avian influenza viruses such as the h5n1 virus that recently emerged in southeast asia can cause severe disease when transferred from domestic ...	2008	18328578
identification of amino acids in the ha of h3 influenza viruses that determine infectivity levels in primary swine respiratory epithelial cells.	in the late 1990s, triple reassortant h3n2 influenza a viruses emerged and spread widely within the swine population of the united states. we have shown previously that an isolate representative of this lineage of viruses, a/swine/minnesota/593/99 (sw/mn), has higher infectivity and accelerated replication kinetics in pigs, compared to a human-lineage h3n2 virus isolated from a pig during the same time period, a/swine/ontario/00130/97 (sw/ont [landolt, g.a., karasin, a.i., phillips, l., olsen, c ...	2008	18329747
in vitro and in vivo investigations on the antiviral activity of a series of mixed-valence rare earth borotungstate heteropoly blues.	a series of mixed-valence rare earth borotungsto-heteropoly blues, k15h2[ln(bw9w2o39)2].28h2o (ln2, ln=la, ce, pr, nd, sm, eu, gd), have been prepared and characterized by ir, uv, xps, esr and electrochemistry. the cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of these rare earth borotungstate heteropoly blues were investigated against influenza a(fluva) strain (a/h1n1/jingfang/1/91 and a/h3n2/jingfang/30/95) and influenza virus b(fluvb) (b/hufang/1/87) in mdck cells. the results show that k15h2[pr(bw9w2o ...	2008	18342405
ecology of h3 avian influenza viruses in korea and assessment of their pathogenic potentials.	to determine the genetic origins of novel h3 avian influenza viruses of chickens and ducks in korea, genetic characterization of h3 avian influenza viruses isolated from live poultry markets and migratory aquatic birds in south korea during 2004-2006 was conducted. phylogenetic analysis revealed that at least four novel genotypes of h3n2 and two genotypes of h3n6 avian influenza viruses were co-circulating in backyard poultry of korea. the viruses were reassortants between h9n2 viruses of korean ...	2008	18343836
antibodies induced by the ha2 glycopolypeptide of influenza virus haemagglutinin improve recovery from influenza a virus infection.	the haemagglutinin (ha) of influenza a virus consists of two glycopolypeptides designated ha1 and ha2. antibodies recognizing ha1 inhibit virus haemagglutination, neutralize virus infectivity and provide good protection against infection, but do not cross-react with the ha of other subtypes. little is known regarding the biological activities of antibodies against ha2. to study the role of antibodies directed against ha2 during influenza virus infection, two vaccinia virus recombinants (rvvs) we ...	2008	18343837
origin of the 1918 spanish influenza virus: a comparative genomic analysis.	to test the avian-origin hypothesis of the 1918 spanish influenza virus we surveyed influenza sequences from a broad taxonomic distribution and collected 65 full-length genomes representing avian, human and "classic" swine h1n1 lineages in addition to numerous other swine (h1n2, h3n1, and h3n2), human (h2n2, h3n2, and h5n1), and avian (h1n1, h4n6, h5n1, h6n1, h6n6, h6n8, h7n3, h8n4, h9n2, and h13n2) subtypes. amino acids from all eight segments were concatenated, aligned, and used for phylogenet ...	2008	18353690
homologous recombination is very rare or absent in human influenza a virus.	to determine the extent of homologous recombination in human influenza a virus, we assembled a data set of 13,852 sequences representing all eight segments and both major circulating subtypes, h3n2 and h1n1. using an exhaustive search and a nonparametric test for mosaic structure, we identified 315 sequences (approximately 2%) in five different rna segments that, after a multiple-comparison correction, had statistically significant mosaic signals compatible with homologous recombination. of thes ...	2008	18353939
cross-recognition of avian h5n1 influenza virus by human cytotoxic t-lymphocyte populations directed to human influenza a virus.	since the number of human cases of infection with avian h5n1 influenza viruses is ever increasing, a pandemic outbreak caused by these viruses is feared. therefore, in addition to virus-specific antibodies, there is considerable interest in immune correlates of protection against these viruses, which could be a target for the development of more universal vaccines. after infection with seasonal influenza a viruses of the h3n2 and h1n1 subtypes, individuals develop virus-specific cytotoxic t-lymp ...	2008	18353950
antibody contributes to heterosubtypic protection against influenza a-induced tachypnea in cotton rats.	influenza virus infection or vaccination evokes an antibody response to viral hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) surface glycoproteins, which results in immunity against influenza a viruses of the same ha and na subtype. a heterosubtypic immune response that offers some protection against different influenza a subtypes has been suggested from epidemiologic studies in human influenza outbreaks, and has been induced in experimental animal models. original studies of such cross-protection sh ...	2008	18355405
molecular evolution of influenza a (h3n2) viruses circulated in fujian province, china during the 1996-2004 period.	we studied the genetic and epidemic characteristics of influenza a (h3n2) viruses circulated in human in fujian province, south of china from 1996 to 2004. phylogenetic analysis was carried out for genes encoding hemagglutinin1 (ha1) of influenza a virus (14 new and 11 previously reported reference sequences). our studies revealed that in the 8 flu seasons, the mutations of ha1 genes occurred from time to time, which were responsible for about four times of antigenic drift of influenza h3n2 viru ...	2008	18368315
[comparative analysis of the susceptibility and productivity of respiratory tract target cells of mice and rats exposed to inflienza virus in vitro].	the levels of susceptibility to influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 h3n2 and the virus yield were determined using primary cells of the trachea and lungs of cd-1 mice and wistar rats, and for 3 sets of cells obtained from primary lung cells of the both species by centrifugation in the gradient of density and by sedimentation on a surface. the values of id50 virus dose for 10(6) cells and virus yield per 1 infected cell determined for primary mice cells were 4.0+/-0.47 and 3.2+/-0.27 igeid50 (lung cells ...	2008	18368764
protective efficacy of an aerosol preparation, obtained from geranium sanguineum l., in experimental influenza infection.	a polyphenol-rich extract from the aerial roots of the medicinal plant geranium sanguineum l. (pc) protected mice from mortality in the experimental influenza a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) virus infection. to provide evidence how a maximum therapeutic benefit can be derived of this preparation, it was inoculated by 6 different routes. it was found that the aerosol application of pc was highly effective. in the dose 5.4 mg/ml, applied according to a prophylactic-therapeutic schedule, the extract exhibited ...	2008	18380405
identification of a human monoclonal fab with neutralizing activity against h3n2 influenza a strain from a newly constructed human fab library.	a combinatorial fab library was constructed in pcomb3h phagemid vectors, using rna from peripheral blood lymphocytes of a healthy volunteer who had recovered from an influenza a virus infection. the library contained approximately 1.3 x 10(8)e. coli transformants. bio-panning was carried out against an influenza vaccine containing components of influenza a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1), a/panama/2007/99 (h3n2), and b/shandong/7/97 for the enrichment of phages displaying human fab specific to the vi ...	2008	18402598
the genomic and epidemiological dynamics of human influenza a virus.	the evolutionary interaction between influenza a virus and the human immune system, manifest as 'antigenic drift' of the viral haemagglutinin, is one of the best described patterns in molecular evolution. however, little is known about the genome-scale evolutionary dynamics of this pathogen. similarly, how genomic processes relate to global influenza epidemiology, in which the a/h3n2 and a/h1n1 subtypes co-circulate, is poorly understood. here through an analysis of 1,302 complete viral genomes ...	2008	18418375
development of a high-throughput alamar blue assay for the determination of influenza virus infectious dose, serum antivirus neutralization titer and virus ca/ts phenotype.	flumist is an intranasal influenza live vaccine containing two influenza a strains (currently h1n1 and h3n2) and one b strain (yamagata or victoria lineage). characterization of the vaccine requires determination of the median tissue culture infectious dose (tcid(50)) titer, serum antivirus neutralization titer and vaccine cold adapted/temperature sensitive (ca/ts) phenotype. visual cytopathic effect (cpe) readings are used widely in viral assays, but these are subjective and labor intensive. in ...	2008	18423899
effects of single-point amino acid substitutions on the structure and function neuraminidase proteins in influenza a virus.	in order to clarify the effect of amino acid substitutions on the structure and function of the neuraminidase (na) protein of influenza a virus, we introduced single-point amino acid substitutions into the na protein of the a/tokyo/3/67 (h2n2) strain using pcr-based random mutation. the rate of tolerant random one amino acid substitutions in the na protein was 47%. rates of tolerant substitutions for the stalk and for the surface and inner portion of the head region of the na protein were 79, 54 ...	2008	18426396
human influenza virus infection and apoptosis induction in human vascular endothelial cells.	acute encephalopathy accompanying influenza virus infection results in brain and systemic organ failure mainly through vasogenic edema with high levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as blood tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha and interleukin (il)-6, as well as the cytochrome c apoptosis marker. a highly virulent strain of avian influenza virus causes fatal infection in chickens by infecting vascular endothelial cells in systemic organs, inducing apoptosis therein. to verify the possibility of a ...	2008	18428129
the course of fever following influenza virus infection in children treated with oseltamivir.	although the effectiveness of oseltamivir against influenza virus infection is well known, there has been no report analyzing the detailed time course of fever following the drug treatment in children. oseltamivir was prescribed for 4 days to every child with a positive result for rapid immunological test for influenza virus during 2002--2003, 2003--2004, and 2004--2005 epidemics. only those who were 1-12 years of age and prescribed oseltamivir within 24 hr after the onset of fever were included ...	2008	18428131
influenza exposure in united states feral swine populations.	swine play an important role in the disease ecology of influenza. having cellular receptors in common with birds and humans, swine provide opportunities for mixed infections and potential for genetic reassortment between avian, human, and porcine influenza. feral swine populations are rapidly expanding in both numbers and range and are increasingly coming into contact with waterfowl, humans, and agricultural operations. in this study, over 875 feral swine were sampled from six states across the ...	2008	18436668
transmission of avian influenza virus (h3n2) to dogs.	in south korea, where avian influenza virus subtypes h3n2, h5n1, h6n1, and h9n2 circulate or have been detected, 3 genetically similar canine influenza virus (h3n2) strains of avian origin (a/canine/korea/01/2007, a/canine/korea/02/2007, and a/canine/korea/03/2007) were isolated from dogs exhibiting severe respiratory disease. to determine whether the novel canine influenza virus of avian origin was transmitted among dogs, we experimentally infected beagles with this influenza virus (h3n2) isola ...	2008	18439355
plant-expressed ha as a seasonal influenza vaccine candidate.	influenza is a globally important respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality annually. although current vaccines are effective against virus infection, new strategies need to be developed to satisfy the global demand for an influenza vaccine. to address this point, we have engineered and produced the full-length hemagglutinin (ha) protein from the a/wyoming/03/03 (h3n2) strain of influenza in plants. the antigenicity of this plant-produced ha was confirmed by elisa ...	2008	18440103
epidemiological survey of swine influenza a virus in selected wild boar populations in germany.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological situation of swine influenza virus (siv) infections in different wild boar populations in germany based on a serological surveillance in some bundeslaender (federal states) in connection with virological investigations in wild boar shot in northern germany (mecklenburg-western pomerania, district of nordvorpommern). altogether, 1245 sera from wild boar were tested using the hemagglutination inhibition test. the established seroprevalence ...	2008	18440732
generation and evaluation of the trivalent inactivated reassortant vaccine using human, avian, and swine influenza a viruses.	reassortant technology was used to obtain three interspecific reassortant influenza viruses using three influenza viruses of a/puerto rico/8/34(h1n1), a/swine/hebei/1/2005(h3n2) and a/chicken/guangdong/126/2002(h9n2). the high-growth reassortant strains were h9/pr8, h3/h9n2 and h1/h9n2 that contained hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes from the inactivated parental viruses and the other 6 internal genes from the live parental viruses. the trivalent formalin-inactivated vaccine, conta ...	2008	18448208
cross-subtype immunity against avian influenza in persons recently vaccinated for influenza.	avian influenza virus (h5n1) can be transmitted to humans, resulting in a severe or fatal disease. the aim of this study was to evaluate the immune cross-reactivity between human and avian influenza (h5n1) strains in healthy donors vaccinated for seasonal influenza a (h1n1)/(h3n2). a small frequency of cd4 t cells specific for subtype h5n1 was detected in several persons at baseline, and seasonal vaccine administration enhanced the frequency of such reactive cd4 t cells. we also observed that se ...	2008	18258091
adamantane-resistant influenza infection during the 2004-05 season.	adamantane-resistant influenza a is an emerging problem, but infections caused by resistant and susceptible viruses have not been compared. we identified adamantane resistance in 47% of 152 influenza a virus (h3n2) isolates collected during 2005. resistant and susceptible viruses caused similar symptoms and illness duration. the prevalence of resistance was highest in children.	2008	18258102
adamantane resistance in circulating human influenza a viruses from alberta, canada (1970-2007).	mutation in one of five key amino acid residues (positions 26, 27, 30, 31 and 34) within the m2 protein of influenza a viruses, leads to resistance against the adamantane class of anti-influenza drugs. to investigate the emergence and prevalence of adamantane resistance in alberta, canada (between 1970 and 2007), 381 influenza a positive samples (original patient specimens) or isolates (virus cultured from patient specimens) were analyzed for changes in these critical amino acid residues. our re ...	2008	18258311
chicken lung lectin is a functional c-type lectin and inhibits haemagglutination by influenza a virus.	many proteins of the calcium-dependent (c-type) lectin family have been shown to play an important role in innate immunity. they can bind to a broad range of carbohydrates, which enables them to interact with ligands present on the surface of micro-organisms. we previously reported the finding of a new putative chicken lectin, which was predominantly localized to the respiratory tract, and thus termed chicken lung lectin (cll). in order to investigate the biochemical and biophysical properties o ...	2008	18261862