Publications

plasma thyroxine concentrations in farmed ostriches in relation to age, body weight, and growth hormone.	thyroid hormones are of interest in ostriches because, in common with other ratites, ostriches are believed to have evolved through neoteny, a process which, in amphibia, is related to thyroid function. farmed ostriches show marked differences in growth rates, a problem which also could be related to abnormal thyroid function. in adult farmed ostriches (more than 3 years old), mean plasma thyroxine concentration was 1.8 nmol middle dot liter-1 (range 0.2 to 6.5 nmol middle dot liter-1). this is ...	1996	8812401
light- and electron-microscopic studies on the secretory cytology of the adenohypophysis of the japanese quail, coturnix coturnix japonica.	the effects of thyroidectomy, adrenalectomy, and castration on the pars distalis of male japanese quail, and of injection of lh-rh on sexually inactive females, were investigated by light and electron microscopy. correlation between light and electron microscopy was attained by use of alternate thin and thick sections. six types of secretory cells were identified and the ultrastructural characteristics described. putative endocrine functions have been designated on the basis of responses to expe ...	1996	167970
evidence for altered structure and impaired mitochondrial electron transport function in selenium deficiency.	selenium (se) deficiency in the experimental models, coturnix coturnix japonica and corcyra cephalonica, resulted in impaired mitochondrial substrate oxidations and lowered thiol levels. studies with respiratory inhibitors confirmed reduced mitochondrial electron transport enzyme activities, especially at cytochrome c oxidase (cox), the terminal segment. enhanced mitochondrial lipid peroxidation in se deficiency was more pronounced in the heart tissue of the quail compared to other tissues. glut ...	1996	8727670
water transport in collecting ducts of japanese quail.	previously, we reported that the countercurrent urine concentration mechanism in birds appears to operate by recycling of a single solute (nacl), in which the thick ascending limb of looped nephrons provides an energy source. to determine the importance of the medullary collecting duct (mcd) in the countercurrent multiplier system, we examined in isolated and perfused mcds from japanese quail, coturnix coturnix, the osmotic and/or diffusional water permeability and whether arginine vasotocin (av ...	1996	8997350
serum-free culture of japanese quail kidney cells. regulation of vitamin d metabolism.	cells obtained from male quail kidneys by digestion with collagenase and hyaluronidase were plated and maintained in a chemically defined, serum-free medium. culture dishes (35 mm) were inoculated with 1.5 . 10(6) cells which became confluent in 5 days. the cells maintained an epithelial-like morphology over the entire culture period. during a 2 h incubation the cells metabolized 25--30% of the 10 nm 25-hydroxyvitamin d-3 (25-oh-d-3) provided. seven metabolites were chromatographically separated ...	1996	228748
do pcbs cause eggshell thinning?	the evidence that pcbs are involved in eggshell thinning is examined. in experiments in which both pcbs and dde were used, it was found that dde, but not pcbs, caused eggshell thinning of mallard and american kestrel. for two other species, bobwhite and japanese quail, no thinning was observed with either agent. numerous other studies with dde alone have demonstrated that this agent can cause eggshell thinning in many, but not all, species. it is concluded that dde is the only compound that has ...	1996	15091460
epidemiology of inclusion body hepatitis in poultry in northern india from 1990 to 1994.	the epidemiology of inclusion body hepatitis (ibh) was studied in poultry in northern india, from april 1990 to march 1994, to evaluate the various factors responsible for causing and determining the severity of the disease. broiler chicks and japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) were the species examined. the factor observed to be most commonly associated with ibh was the presence of aflatoxins in the feed at higher than permissible levels, i.e. 20 parts per billion. avian adenovirus-1 w ...	1996	9025150
intracerebral sex differences in the vasotocin system in birds: possible implication in behavioral and autonomic functions.	the brain vasotocinergic system demonstrates clear sexual dimorphism in birds investigated so far. this paper examines the evidence obtained in studies on gallinaceous (domestic fowl, japanese quail) and passerine (canary, junco, zebra finch) birds. vasotocin (vt)-immunoreactive parvocellular neurons are present in the nucleus of stria terminalis of males, but they are less abundant or absent in the corresponding structure of females. a similar difference has been observed in the dorsal paravent ...	1996	9047289
do sex differences in the brain explain sex differences in the hormonal induction of reproductive behavior? what 25 years of research on the japanese quail tells us.	early workers interested in the mechanisms mediating sex differences in morphology and behavior assumed that differences in behavior that are commonly observed between males and females result from the sex specificity of androgens and estrogens. androgens were thought to facilitate male-typical traits, and estrogens were thought to facilitate female-typical traits. by the mid-20th century, however, it was apparent that administering androgens to females or estrogens to males was not always effec ...	1996	9047287
changes in retinal dopaminergic cells and dopamine rhythmic metabolism during the development of a glaucoma-like disorder in quails.	to examine the possible correlation between a dysfunction of the daily rhythm of retinal dopamine (da) and the development of a glaucoma-like disorder in an animal model, the al mutant quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).	1996	8843918
molecular cloning of quek 1 and 2, two quail vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) receptor-like molecules.	we have previously reported the cloning of two partial cdnas corresponding to two quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) receptor tyrosine kinases (rtks), named quek 1 and quek 2, and their expression in endothelial cells of the early avian embryo. we here report the cloning of the full-size cdnas for both molecules. sequence comparison shows that quek 1 and 2 share an overall amino acid (aa) identity of 49%. they both comprise seven extracellular immunoglobulin-like (ig-like) domains, a single tran ...	1996	8863722
imitative learning in male japanese quail (coturnix japonica) using the two-action method.	the study of imitative learning in animals has suffered from the presence of a number of confounding motivational and attentional factors (e.g., social facilitation and stimulus enhancement). the two-action method avoids these problems by exposing observers to demonstrators performing a response (e.g., operating a treadle) using 1 of 2 distinctive topographies (e.g., by pecking or by stepping). japanese quail (coturnix japonica) observers exposed to conspecific demonstrators showed a high correl ...	1996	8858851
paired pineals in the developing quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) embryos.	paired pineals were observed as an anomaly in embryonic quail brains between 7 and 9 days of incubation. the size of each pineal was almost the same as that of the normal pineal and it was located slightly lateral of the midline. histological examination of these paired pineals revealed that both had similar cytological features in comparison with the normal pineal of the same developmental stage. no abnormal features were detected in brains and eyes of the embryos with paired pineals. since the ...	1996	8940911
inherited muscular disorder in mutant japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica): an immunohistochemical study.	cryostat sections of myofibres from the musculus pectoralis thoracicus of a newly established mutant strain (lwc) of japanese quail with a myotonic dystrophy-like myopathy were labelled with antibody against myosin heavy chain (mhc) isoforms and neural cell adhesion molecule (n-cam). the characteristic lesions found in sections of muscle of lwc quail stained with haematoxylin and eosin were type 2b fibre atrophy, sarcoplasmic masses, and ring fibres. immunohistochemical examination failed to dis ...	1996	8910742
body weights, carcase characteristics, organ weights, abdominal fat, and lipid content of liver and carcase in two lines of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica), unselected and selected for four week body weight.	1. the present study was conducted on quails to evaluate the effects of line and sex on body weight, carcase characteristics and organ weights and also to evaluate the effect of line on sex organs, and on carcase and liver lipid content of male quails. 2. chicks of both sexes were weighed weekly until 6 weeks when they were slaughtered. carcase yield, parts yield and measurement, weight of liver, heart, gizzard, abdominal fat and sex organs were obtained. carcase and liver lipid content of male ...	1996	8842465
ultrastructural modifications in cultured fetal quail hepatocytes exposed to pesticides and pcbs.	there is increasing interest in cultured hepatocytes as a tool for solving toxicological and pharmacological problems while reducing laboratory animal experimentation. in the present study, fetal hepatocytes from the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) were used as an in vitro alternative model for evaluating the effects of pcbs and various pesticide-type chemicals on cell ultrastructure. major alterations were demonstrated. the most striking effects of toxicants were an increase in the ...	1996	8812180
sign tracking versus goal tracking in the sexual conditioning of male japanese quail (coturnix japonica).	pairings of a conditioned (cs) and unconditioned (us) stimulus can result in approach to either the cs (sign tracking) or the us (goal tracking). increasing the spatial or temporal separation between the cs and a us food has been reported to results in a decline in sign tracking and an increase in goal tracking. in the present experiments, sign tracking was the predominant response of male quail (coturnix japonica) to a cs that was presented up to 91 cm from the door through which a female was p ...	1996	8691160
learning and male-male sexual competition in japanese quail (coturnix japonica).	male japanese quail (coturnix japonica) were trained individually to discriminate between 2 sounds presented at opposite ends of an outdoor aviary. one of the sounds (the positive conditioned stimulus [cs+]) was associated with the release of a female, and the other (the negative cs [cs-]) was presented alone. which of the 2 sounds served as the cs+ (and which served as the cs-) was counterbalanced across subjects. the subjects came to approach their cs+ but did not move away from their cs-. aft ...	1996	8681530
efferents from the optic tectum to the brain stem in the japanese quail (coturnix japonica). anterogradely biocytin method.	efferents from the optic tectum to the brain stem in the japanese quail (coturnix japonica) were studied with the anterogradely biocytin method. after injection of biocytin into the ipsilateral optic tectum, labeled terminals were seen in the rotund nucleus (rt), neuropil part of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (glnv), principal part of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, lateral part of the dorsolateral thalamic nucleus, triangular nucleus (t), superficial parvocellular nucleus (spc), ...	1996	8741383
proliferation of granulosa and thecal cells in germinal disc and non-disc regions during follicular growth in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica): bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in situ.	proliferation of granulosa and thecal cells was analysed during ovarian follicular growth in laying japanese quail. the birds were injected intraperitoneally with bromodeoxyuridine (brdu) 10 or 4 h before ovulation, that is, before or after a preovulatory lh surge, respectively, and incorporation of brdu by follicular tissues was detected immunocytochemically. cells labelled with brdu were seldom seen in the most immature follicles in the ovarian cortex, whereas many granulosa and thecal cells w ...	1996	8699425
conditioned inhibition of social approach in male japanese quail (coturnix japonica) using visual exposure to a female.	male japanese quail (coturnix japonica) learned to approach lights that predicted visual exposure to a female quail and showed significantly less approach to lights that predicted the absence of a female quail. following discrimination training, subjects were given transfer summation tests in which a stimulus positively correlated with female exposure (cs +) was presented alone, simultaneously with a novel stimulus, and simultaneously with a stimulus negatively correlated with female exposure (c ...	1996	24896683
social discrimination in japanese quail coturnix japonica chicks genetically selected for low or high social reinstatement motivation.	japanese quail chicks of two lines genetically selected for low levels of social reinstatement behaviour (lsr) or high levels of social reinstatement behaviour (hsr) were housed in groups of three. the approach/avoidance tendencies of an individual chick from each group towards a familiar cagemate and a stranger from another group placed at opposite ends of a runway were measured at 7 days of age. quail chicks of both genetic lines preferentially approached, spent longer near, and showed shorter ...	1996	24896679
divergent selection for body weight and yolk precursor in coturnix coturnix japonica. 11. correlated responses over thirty generations.	japanese quail lines were divergently selected for 4-wk bw (hw and lw lines) and plasma yolk precursor [total plasma phosphorus (tpp); hp and lp lines] for 30 generations. the base population was a randombred control line (r1) that was maintained along with the selected lines. sublines were established from the ninth selected generation of hw by continuing to select males for increased 4-wk bw and selecting females for increased (hw-hp line) or decreased (hw-lp line) tpp. correlated responses ov ...	1996	8786935
inherited muscular disorder in mutant japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica): an ultrastructural study.	ultrastructural study of muscles taken from a mutant (lwc) strain of japanese quail with myotonia showed type 2 fibre atrophy, ring fibre formation, sarcoplasmic masses, and "moth-eaten" fibres. in these abnormal fibres, the most characteristic feature was the loss of interconnection among the myofibrils, mitochondria, and t tubules. apparently normal muscle fibres often showed mild changes, such as proliferation of t tubules and enlarged sarcoplasmic areas with increased glycogen granules and r ...	1996	8762590
testosterone effects on vasotocinergic innervation of sexually dimorphic medial preoptic nucleus and lateral septum during aging in male quail.	vasotocin fibers are known to innervate regions important in the regulation of sexual behavior and neuroendocrine systems in quail. in this experiment, vasotocinergic innervation of the lateral septum and of the sexually dimorphic medial preoptic nucleus was studied during reproductive aging relative to sexual behavior or following testosterone (t). there were 4 groups of male japanese quail (coturnix japonica) studied: adult reproductive (6 month, n = 4), photoregressed adult (n = 5), old senes ...	1996	8814893
divergent selection for body weight and yolk precursor in coturnix coturnix japonica. 10. response to selection over thirty generations.	japanese quail lines were divergently selected for 30 generations for 4-wk bw (hw, lw) or plasma yolk precursor (hp, lp) as measured by total plasma phosphorus (tpp) at the beginning of lay. the hw, lw, hp, and lp lines were initiated from a randombred control line (r1). in the ninth generation of selection in the hw line, sublines were developed by continuing to select males for increased 4-wk bw whereas females were selected for increased (hw-hp line) or decreased (hw-lp) tpp. individual selec ...	1996	8778720
fibromuscular dysplasia in intramuscular arteries of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).	fibromuscular dysplasia (fmd) was found in the intramuscular arteries of both commercial (normal) and mutant (lwc) strains of japanese quail. the mutant strain lwc is afflicted with an inherited muscular dystrophy exhibiting myotonia. the arterial lesions were classified as medial fibroplasia or medial hyperplasia, both being subtypes of medial fmd. some lesions showed extensive proliferation of medial smooth muscle into the vascular lumen, resulting in partial occlusion of the affected blood ve ...	1996	8920213
intestinal growth in altricial european starling (sturnus vulgaris) and precocial japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). a morphometric and cytokinetic study.	this paper introduces the comparison of altricial and precocial birds as a model system for the study of patterns of intestinal growth. it reports on comparative morphometric and cytokinetic studies of intestinal growth in altricial european starling (sturnus vulgaris) and precocial japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). morphometric data at five gut segments of neonates and adults of both species are provided to evaluate the growth of the intestine. a double labelling technique combining ...	1996	9078400
subtypes of active cell death in the granulosa of ovarian atretic follicles in the quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).	follicular atresia in the ovaries of japanese quail was studied by cytochemistry and electron microscopy. three different types of cell death coexisted in the granulosa. a large number of cells showed signs of apoptosis. the dna fragmentation in these cells was demonstrated in a previous study using in situ end-labeling. a second and non-negligible type of cell death consisted of extensive autophagocytosis of the cytoplasm occurring simultaneously with late nuclear alterations. finally, a few de ...	1996	8663915
oxygen consumption and vital organ masses in young growing quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).		1997	9179319
the behavior of the japanese or domestic quail coturnix japonica.	this paper reviews the literature pertaining to the behavior of the japanese or domestic quail coturnix japonica. details are given of the classification, characteristics, domestication and the economic and research potential of the species. further sections deal with sensation and perception (including taste and smell, vision and hearing), maintenance behavior (including feeding and drinking, dust bathing and thermoregulation), development and aging (including vocalization, filial imprinting, s ...	1997	9168263
copulation activates fos-like immunoreactivity in the male quail forebrain.	it has been demonstrated using fos immunocytochemistry that copulation activates specific cell populations in the mammalian brain. prior to this study, no similar work has been carried out in birds. in mammals, fos has identified brain circuits activated by genital (penile)/somatosensory and by olfactory/vomeronasal stimuli. such inputs, of course, should play little or no role in birds (no penis, little or no role for olfaction) and a differential responsiveness could therefore be expected. mal ...	1997	9105572
aromatase inhibition blocks the activation and sexual differentiation of appetitive male sexual behavior in japanese quail.	two experiments investigated the role of estrogens in the activation and sexual differentiation of appetitive sexual behavior (asb) in japanese quail (coturnix japonica) as measured by a learned social proximity response. injection of the aromatase inhibitor r767 13 in castrated, testosterone (t)-treated male quail completely suppressed asb, confirming that, like consummatory sexual behavior, asb is mediated by t aromatization. asb is not observed in female quail, even if they are treated with t ...	1997	9106677
scierai ectasia associated with hereditary retinal dysplasia in a mutant strain of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).	ocular defects and age-related lesions in mutant (gub strain) japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica), phenotypically characterised by silver plumage, are described. grossly, a circular area of hypopigmentation in the posterior retina with thinning of the subjacent sciera was observed in all gub quails. as the birds matured, the thinned sciera progressed to scierai ectasia. histologically, the sciera at the ectatic area consisted of an outer fibrous layer and was devoid of the inner cartilag ...	1997	18483890
divergent selection for body weight and yolk precursor in coturnix coturnix japonica. 12. heterosis in reciprocal crosses between divergently selected lines.	a selection experiment was started using japanese quail to study the genetics of bw and plasma yolk precursor (measured by total plasma phosphorus; tpp). lines were divergently selected for 4-wk bw (hw and lw) or plasma tpp (hp and lp). sublines of hw were developed by continuing to select the males for increased 4-wk bw while selecting the females for increased (hw-hp line) or decreased (hw-lp line) tpp. the purpose of the present study was to determine the inheritance of traits associated with ...	1997	9068041
effect of gonadotrophin and sex steroid on the scotoresponses of day old chicks of japanese quail, coturnix coturnix japonica.	luteinizing hormone (lh) and testosterone propionate (tp) were tested for their effects on the development of scotorefractoriness in japanese quail. day old chicks of both the sexes were divided into four groups and treated with normal saline, lh (1 microg/100 g body weight) and two doses of tp (100 microg/100 g body weight- tp1 and 1 mg/100 gm body weight- tp2) over a periods of 14 weeks. in the male chicks, compared to control, lh treatment advanced and low dose of tp suppressed the developmen ...	1997	9328228
dilute down lethal: a new lethal mutation in japanese quail.	"dilute down lethal (ddl)" is a new mutation of japanese quail (coturnix japonica). neonatal plumage of the ddl mutant is the same as the wild type in pattern, but its coloration is slightly lighter than that of the wild type. in addition to the down color abnormality, some ddl chicks have bent digits. all ddl chicks die within three days of age. genetic analysis revealed that the ddl mutation is controlled by an autosomal recessive gene. the proposed gene symbol is ddl.	1997	9027479
the annual testicular cycle of the domestic quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).	a morphometric study was conducted on the testis of the domestic quail coturnix coturnix japonica to determine testicular kinetics. we investigated the variability along the year of testicular parameters such as seminiferous tubule diameter, germinal epithelium height and amount of meiotic figures of maturing spermatids in the seminiferous epithelium and of sperm in the tubular lumen. the results of morphometric analysis showed the occurrence of an annual testicular cycle defined by four distinc ...	1997	9400052
anatomically specific colocalization of nadph-diaphorase and choline acetyltransferase in the quail brainstem.	on the basis of previous studies demonstrating a wide colocalization of nadph-diaphorase (nd) and choline acetyltransferase (chat) in mammalian and reptilian brainstem, nd histochemistry and chat immunocytochemistry have been combined to study the distribution of both markers in the mesopontine region of an avian species, the japanese quail (coturnix japonica). co-existence of the two neurochemical markers is present only in part of the system, namely, in the nucleus tegmentalis pedunculo-pontin ...	1997	9300644
bh (black at hatch) gene appears to be expressed in melanocytes of feather germs in the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).	the bh (black at hatch) gene was examined to determine whether it is expressed in plumage melanocytes by analyzing pigmentation patterns of bh melanocytes placed in the micro-environment of the feather germs of quail embryos with pink eyes. these host quails genetically lack a large part of plumage melanin. the bh locus in these almost white quails is wild-type. when bh neural crest cells were transplanted orthotopically into the host embryos, wild-type and bh/+ melanocytes, which differentiated ...	1997	9352198
short latency vestibular evoked potentials in the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).	short-latency vestibular-evoked potentials to pulsed linear acceleration were characterized in the quail. responses occurred within 8 ms following the onset of stimuli and were composed of a series of positive and negative peaks. the latencies and amplitudes of the first four peaks were quantitatively characterized. mean latencies at 1.0 g ms-1 ranged from 1265 +/- 208 microseconds (p1, n = 18) to 4802 +/- 441 microseconds (n4, n = 13). amplitudes ranged from 3.72 +/- 1.51 microv (p1/n1, n = 18) ...	1997	9190045
differences in the sexual conditioned behavior of male and female japanese quail (coturnix japonica).	the conditioned responses of male and female japanese quail (coturnix japonica) were compared in a pavlovian conditioning procedure in which presentation of a brief conditioned stimulus was immediately followed by the release of a copulation partner. male quail vigorously approached the conditioned stimulus and were much more likely to enter the compartment housing their copulation partner than were female birds (experiment 1). in females, sexual conditioning resulted in increased squatting (exp ...	1997	9170278
vitamin a uptake cells in the endocrine organs of japanese quails, coturnix coturnix japonica.	the vitamin a uptake cells in the anterior pituitary, thyroid gland, and pancreas of japanese quails, coturnix coturnix japonica, were examined by the use of sudan iii staining, toluidine blue staining, fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy. after excess vitamin a administration, most of interstitial cells, corresponding to fibroblasts, increased markedly the size and number of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm which emitted vitamin a fluorescence intensively. the reactions to vitamin a ...	1997	9538560
molecular cloning of quail thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) beta subunit.	thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) beta subunit cdna was obtained from japanese quail (coturnix japonica) by pcr and its nucleotide sequence was determined. the cdna encodes a putative signal peptide and a mature protein consisting of 20 and 114 amino acids, respectively. the amino acid sequence of quail tshbeta subunit shows homologies of 67-69% in mammalian species, 58% in amphibian and 43-49% in teleost fish. comparison of the amino acid sequence with tshbeta subunits of other species reveals ...	1997	9622299
diet selection by japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) in relation to ambient temperature and metabolic rate.	1. a choice between a high-energy, wheat-based, low protein mixture and a lower-energy, soya-based, high protein mixture offered to growing japanese quail at ambient temperatures of 20 degrees, 25 degrees, 30 degrees and 35 degrees c. 2. the quail were kept in open-circuit respiration calorimeters, so that diet selection could be related to energy requirement. 3. increasing ambient temperature had no significant effect on food intake by weight, but the proportion of the high energy choice decrea ...	1997	9511005
comparative toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls to japanese quail (coturnix c. japonica) and american kestrels (falco sparverius).	polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and related halogenated hydrocarbons bioaccumulate to high concentrations in top predators, such as raptorial birds, yet little is known of pcb toxicity to such species. this study explored several aspects of both the acute and chronic response of american kestrels (falco sparverius) to three purified pcb congeners and a commercial mixture, aroclor 1254, and compared the response to that of the japanese quail (coturnix c. japonica), a more studied species known t ...	1997	9169061
changes in multiple brain regions underlie species differences in a complex, congenital behavior.	the evolutionary brain modifications that produce any complex, congenital behavioral difference between two species have never been identified. evolutionary processes may (i) alter a single, "higher" brain area that generates and/or coordinates the diverse motor components of a complex act; (ii) separately change independent, "lower" brain areas that modulate the fine motor control of the individual components; or (iii) modify both types of areas. this study explores the brain localization of a ...	1997	9050894
influence of dietary cholesterol and fat source on atherosclerosis in the japanese quail (coturnix japonica).	the japanese quail has been used as a model of human atherosclerosis to investigate the mechanisms underlying the development of vascular lesions, i.e. hyperlipoproteinaemia and impaired endogenous antioxidant status. in the present study, japanese quail were fed on semi-purified diets containing butter, beef tallow or soyabean-oil blends, with either 0.5 or 5 g cholesterol/kg for 9 weeks to examine the effects of dietary fat blends varying in fatty acid composition and cholesterol intake on pla ...	1997	9497448
purification and characterization of neutral alpha-mannosidase from hen oviduct: studies on the activation mechanism of co2+.	neutral alpha-mannosidase was purified to homogeneity from hen oviduct. the molecular mass of the enzyme was 480 kda on gel filtration, and the 110-kda band on sds-page in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol indicated that it is composed of four subunits. the activated enzyme hydrolyzed both p-nitrophenyl alpha-d-mannoside and high mannose-type sugar chains. this substrate specificity is almost the same as that reported for the neutral a-mannosidase from japanese quail oviduct [oku and hase (1991) ...	1997	9498562
molecular cloning of acid alpha-glucosidase cdna of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) and the lack of its mrna in acid maltase deficient quails.	acid alpha-glucosidase (gaa) hydrolyzes alpha-1, 4 and alpha-1, 6 glucosidic linkages of oligosaccharides and degrades glycogen in the lysosomes. the full-length gaa i cdna, pqam8, was isolated from a cdna library derived from japanese quail liver. the cdna is 3569 base pairs long and has an open reading frame capable of coding 932 amino acids. the deduced amino acid sequence shares 52% identity with human gaa. transfection of expression vector petam8 into cos-7 cells or acid maltase deficient ( ...	1997	9540858
the structure of the interstitial tissue of the active and resting avian testis.	the interstitial tissue of the testis was studied in gonadally active and gonadally inactive domestic fowl (gallus gallus domesticus), guinea-fowl (numida meleagris), duck (anas platyrhynchos) and japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). gonadal inactivity in the fowl was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of 50 mg oestradiol benzoate. the structure of this tissue was similar in all the birds studied. lymphatic vessels were mostly thin and meandered between the peritubular tissue per ...	1997	9551481
morpholigic observations on experimental atherosclerosis in sea japanese quail.		1997	179300
cloning and origin of the two forms of chicken vitamin d receptor.	the cdna for the chicken vitamin d receptor (vdr) has been cloned in full length by screening cdna libraries from chicken intestine and chicken kidney. the chicken kidney cdna library constructed by both oligo(dt) and random primer methods yielded several full-length clones. these contained a 66-bp additional coding sequence at the 5' end in comparison to the cdnas of human, rat, and mouse vdr. the japanese quail vdr cdna was also cloned in full length. we found that the 5' coding sequence repor ...	1997	9056239
apolipoprotein a-1 of japanese quail: cdna sequence and modulation of tissue expression by cholesterol feeding.	apolipoprotein (apo) a-1 cdna was amplified by the reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). primers were synthesized according to the nucleotide sequence of chicken apo a-1, and the identity of apo a-1 cdna was confirmed by comparing with the n-terminal amino acid sequence. the open reading frame of apo a-1 cdna consists of 795 nucleotides, and it is capable of coding a polypeptide of 264 amino acids. a comparison between quail and chicken apo a-1 revealed 94.5% homology in the ...	1997	9058967
existence of parvalbumin and biochemical characterization in quail and pigeon skeletal muscles with different fiber type compositions.	the localization of parvalbumin was determined in skeletal muscles with different fiber type compositions from quails (coturnix japonica) and pigeons (columba livia) by sandwich elisa. the biochemical profiles of these muscles were evaluated by the assay of total lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) activity as well as the ldh isozymes for anaerobic metabolism, and by the analysis of myoglobin for aerobic metabolism. the quail fast posterior latissimus dorsi (pld) with a lower myoglobin content and highe ...	1997	9097460
c-fos expression in the putative avian suprachiasmatic nucleus.	c-fos induction was investigated as a potential component in the avian photic entrainment pathway and as a possible means of locating the central pacemaker in birds. in both quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) and starlings (sturnus vulgaris) exposure to 1 h of light induced fos-lir in the visual suprachiasmatic nucleus but not in the medial suprachiasmatic nucleus. however, the degree of c-fos induction in the visual suprachiasmatic nucleus was similar at different circadian times despite the fa ...	1997	9163930
regulation of the neural crest cell fate by n-myc: promotion of ventral migration and neuronal differentiation.	during neural crest development in avian embryos, transcription factor n-myc is initially expressed in the entire cell population. the expression is then turned off in the period following colonization in ganglion and nerve cord areas except for the cells undergoing neuronal differentiation. this was also recapitulated in the culture of japanese quail neural crest, and the cells expressing n-myc eventually coincided with those expressing neurofilaments. these findings suggested that n-myc is inv ...	1997	9169842
standard values for reproductive and clinical chemistry parameters of japanese quail.	historical control data of japanese quail collected from reproduction studies conducted at the federal institute for health protection of consumers and veterinary medicine between 1988 and 1994 are presented in this paper. reproductive and clinical chemistry data from control animals of 10 ecotoxicological studies are summarized and discussed to develop a normal data base of this species. the data obtained were compared to the control reproductive parameters of bob-white quail and mallard ducks ...	1997	9200886
maternal thyroid hormones in japanese quail eggs and their influence on embryonic development.	we addressed the relationship between the thyroid status of hens and the thyroid hormone content of their eggs, as well as the influences of egg hormones on embryonic development. methods for measuring thyroid hormones in egg yolk were verified by demonstrating consistency in the recovery of yolk thyroid hormones following a methanol/chloroform extraction and in the measurement of thyroid hormones by ria for a range of hormone concentrations in yolk extracts. untreated hens produced eggs with yo ...	1997	9245523
perceptual compensation for coarticulation by japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).	when members of a series of synthesized stop consonants varying in third-formant (f3) characteristics and varying perceptually from /da/ to /ga/ are preceded by /al/, human listeners report hearing more /ga/ syllables than when the members of the series are preceded by /ar/. it has been suggested that this shift in identification is the result of specialized processes that compensate for acoustic consequences of coarticulation. to test the species-specificity of this perceptual phenomenon, data ...	1997	9265760
a novel and simple technique for ectopic transplantation of the pituitary gland.	sites for ectopic transplantation of the pituitary include the kidney capsule of mammals, the anterior eye chamber, the so-called hypophysiotropic area of the brain, the third cerebral ventricle, and the tail of the amphibian tadpole. transplantation of pituitary in the kidney capsule of mammals is a simple technical procedure but most nonmammalian species do not offer such a convenient site. transplantation of pituitaries at other ectopic sites involves technical sophistication and cannot be un ...	1997	9268611
quail cystatin: isolation and characterisation of a new member of the cystatin family and its hypothetical interaction with cathepsin b.	quail cystatin, a new cysteine proteinase inhibitor protein of the cystatin superfamily, was purified from egg albumen of japanese quail coturnix coturnix japonica. amino acid sequencing and mass spectrometry revealed the complete 116 amino acid residue primary structure of a phosphorylated form (13,173 da). the inhibitor has a 90% sequence identity with chicken cystatin. its interaction with papain is rapid and tight (ki = 4.4 pm; k(on) = 1.8x10(7) m(-1) s(-1); k(off) = 0.8x10(-4) s(-1)) and ve ...	1997	9276465
effect of growth rate and body mass on resting metabolic rate in galliform chicks.	in this study, we asked whether within-species variation in chick resting metabolic rate was related to variation in growth and whether this relationship changed during development in three galliform species (turkey, meleagris gallopavo, guinea fowl, numida meleagris, and japanese quail, coturnix coturnix japonica). resting metabolic rate increased by a bi- or triphasic pattern with body mass. for each phase, the relationship between metabolic rate and growth was studied by residual analysis, wi ...	1997	9279916
effects of dopamine agonists on appetitive and consummatory male sexual behavior in japanese quail.	the effects of pharmacological manipulations of dopaminergic transmission on appetitive and consummatory aspects of male sexual behavior were investigated in castrated male japanese quail treated with exogenous testosterone. appetitive male sexual behavior was assessed by measuring a learned social proximity response and consummatory behavior was assessed by measuring copulatory behavior per se. the nonselective dopamine receptor agonist, apomorphine, inhibited in a dose-dependent manner both co ...	1997	9300599
transport characteristics of the colonic epithelium of the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix).	the colon of the domestic fowl sustains a reabsorptive na+ current on both high- and low-sodium diets. however, there is a marked shift in the apical transport step under these two extreme conditions, from amino acid/hexose cotransport on high-salt diets to amiloride-sensitive na+ channels on low-salt diets. the present experiments were performed to study colonic na+ transport in another galliform species, the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix). birds were maintained on a commercial game feed co ...	1997	9366053
plasmodium forresteri n. sp., from raptors in florida and southern georgia: its distinction from plasmodium elongatum morphologically within and among host species and by vector susceptibility.	plasmodium forresteri n. sp. naturally infects eastern screech-owls (otus asio), great horned owls (bubo virginianus), barred owls (strix varia), bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus), red-shouldered hawks (buteo lineatus), broad-winged hawks (buteo platypterus), and red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) in florida and southern georgia. schizonts occur in mature or nearly mature erythrocytes, produce 2-6 merozoites arranged most commonly in fan or cruciform configuration, with mean dimensions am ...	1997	9379302
predominant expression of a z-chromosome-linked immunoglobulin superfamily gene, zov3, in steroidogenic cells of ovarian follicles and in embryonic gonads of chickens.	a cdna clone, pzov3, was isolated from the cdna library of immature chicken ovaries and its gene was mapped to the middle of the short arm of the z chromosome. the cdna sequence suggests that zov3 is a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. cdna clones of homologues of chicken zov3 were also obtained from japanese quail and pigeon. northern blot hybridization suggests that the high-level expression of the zov3 gene is restricted to the gonads: embryonic, immature and mature ovaries, and ...	1997	9404001
proteolytic enzymes in yolk-sac membrane of quail egg. purification and enzymatic characterisation.	degradation of yolk protein is essential for the early development of the avian embryo. in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica), proteolysis in the surrounding tissue of the yolk, the yolk-sac membrane, can be inhibited by class-specific inhibitors of cysteine proteinases as well as of aspartic proteinases. purification of the enzymes leads to one cysteine proteinase and one aspartic proteinase with an apparent molecular mass of 29 kd and 44 kd, respectively. both enzymes were purified in ...	1997	9418005
a direct dopaminergic control of aromatase activity in the quail preoptic area.	in the quail preoptic area (poa) anatomical and pharmacological data suggest that catecholamines may be implicated in the control of testosterone (t) aromatization into estrogens. the biochemical mechanism(s) mediating this control of the enzyme activity is (are) however unexplored. the present studies were carried out to investigate whether the catecholamines, dopamine (da) and norepinephrine (ne) are able to directly affect aromatase activity (aa) measured during in vitro incubations of poa ho ...	1997	9449211
demonstration, localization, and development of galanin receptors in the quail oviduct.	we recently isolated an oviposition-inducing peptide that was identified as avian galanin from the oviducts of the japanese quail. avian galanin was localized in neural fibers distributed in muscle layers in the uterine and vaginal oviduct regions, and potentiated spontaneous contractions of the uterus and vagina. to elucidate whether an oviposition-inducing effect of avian galanin is due to the direct action on the oviduct, therefore, a specific binding site for avian galanin was determined in ...	1997	9018843
responses in growth, food intake and food conversion efficiency to different dietary protein concentrations in meat-type lines of japanese quail.	1. a total of 360 japanese quail of 4 commercial meat-type lines and two diet treatments (260 and 216 g/kg or 238 and 195 g/kg of crude protein (cp) in the starter and grower diet, respectively) were used. 2. the positive effect of a high cp diet on body weight was significant only for the first 4 weeks after hatching. 3. the mean age at inflection point of the growth curve (t+) across lines and sexes was 1.4 d (0.6 to 2.8 d within line/sex groups) earlier for quail fed on a high cp diet than in ...	1997	9511002
filtering effect of cone oil droplets detected in the p-iii response spectra of japanese quail.	while absorption spectra of bird cone visual pigments have been well studied, physiological study of bird cone cells has been less advanced owing to their small sizes. we measured the p-iii components of electroretinograms (erg) from isolated retinas of japanese quail. we recorded responses to monochromatic flashes of equal photon numbers, and found that the shape of the response spectrum is dependent on the incident direction of the flashes. the spectrum obtained with the flashes from the corne ...	1997	9415363
conditioned place preference in 12-day-old japanese quail.	four experiments assessed the ability of 12-day-old japanese quail to learn a conditioned place preference (cpp). in experiment 1, immature quail learned to prefer a place paired with normal food over a place paired with tainted food. experiment 2 indicated that this kind of learning can be achieved with as few as 2 days of training. it was discovered in experiment 3 that place preferences can be established with exposure to only one hedonic event. quail learned to prefer a chamber paired with e ...	1997	9413672
gicerin, a cell adhesion molecule, participates in the histogenesis of retina.	gicerin is a novel cell adhesion molecule that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. gicerin protein adheres to neurite outgrowth factor (nof), an extracellular matrix protein in the laminin family, and also exhibits homophilic adhesion. heterophilic adhesion of gicerin to nof is thought to play an active role in neurite outgrowth of developing retinal cells in vitro. in this study, we examined the adhesion activity of gicerin during the retinal development of japanese quail using an antibo ...	1997	9369150
morphological evidence of ototoxicity of the iron chelator deferoxamine.	recent reports of the role of iron-catalyzed free radical formation in gentamicin ototoxicity and the successful attenuation of gentamicin ototoxicity by iron chelators led us to re-examine experimental material from a previously unpublished study of deferoxamine. deferoxamine was injected i.m. into adult japanese quail at either 300 or 750 mg/kg body weight for 30 days. examination of sections from the basilar papilla at the light microscope level indicated that supporting cells were damaged af ...	1997	9367228
photoperiodically driven changes in fos expression within the basal tuberal hypothalamus and median eminence of japanese quail.	the rapid photoperiodic response in japanese quail is so precise that it allows neural analyses of how photoperiodic information is transduced into an endocrine response. after transfer from short [sd; 6l:18d (6:18 hr light/dark cycle)] to long (ld; 20l:4d) days, luteinizing hormone (lh) first rises 20 hr after dawn. using fos immunocytochemistry, we examined the basal tuberal hypothalamus (bth) to determine the relationship between brain cell activation and the first endocrine changes. two sepa ...	1997	9348357
a direct comparison of photoperiodic time measurement and the circadian system in european starlings and japanese quail.	the extent to which circadian rhythms are involved in photoperiodic time measurement in quail is enigmatic, and earlier investigations have produced results consistent with an hourglass clock or one involving damped circadian oscillators. to address the problem further, the present authors carried out a direct comparison between the clocks in quail and those in starlings. starlings possess strongly self-sustaining circadian oscillators. in experiment 1, comparisons of testicular growth were made ...	1997	9376642
induction of the zenk protein after sexual interactions in male japanese quail.	we mapped cells immunoreactive (ir) for the protein encoded by the immediate early gene zenk in the brains of male japanese quail after they engaged in either appetitive or consummatory sexual behavior (i.e. copulation). castrated males treated with testosterone were either allowed to copulate with a female or exhibited a learned social proximity response indicative of appetitive sexual behavior, and were compared with control males in their home cage or in the experimental chamber but not exhib ...	1997	9376540
differential effects of d1 and d2 dopamine-receptor agonists and antagonists on appetitive and consummatory aspects of male sexual behavior in japanese quail.	pharmacological studies in japanese quail based on behavioral tests with a variety of dopaminergic compounds suggest that the activation of d2 dopamine receptors inhibits, and the activation of d1 dopamine receptors enhances, appetitive and consummatory components of male sexual behavior. this hypothesis was tested by studying the behavioral effects of specific d1 and d2 dopaminergic-receptor agonists and antagonists in castrated male japanese quail chronically treated with exogenous testosteron ...	1997	9272666
antioxidant enzymes and atherosclerosis in japanese quail: heritability and genetic correlation estimates.	to estimate, in male quail susceptible to atherosclerotic plaque formation (sus) fed a regular diet and an atherogenic diet, the genetic and phenotypic parameters associated with antioxidant enzymes and atherogenesis.	1997	9251579
identification of catecholaminergic inputs to and outputs from aromatase-containing brain areas of the japanese quail by tract tracing combined with tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry.	in the quail brain, aromatase-immunoreactive (aro-ir) neurons located in the medial preoptic nucleus (pom) and caudal paleostriatum ventrale/nucleus accumbens/nucleus striae terminalis complex (pvt/nac/nst) receive catecholaminergic inputs identified by the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (th-ir) fibers and punctate structures. the origin of these inputs was analyzed by retrograde tracing with cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) or red latex fluospheres (rlf) combined with th immunocyt ...	1997	9183702
one-trial appetitive conditioning in the sexual behavior system.	one-trial pavlovian conditioning has been demonstrated with aversive reinforcers such as electric shock and lithium chloride. the present experiments using male japanese quail were conducted to determine if an appetitive unconditioned stimulus (us), the opportunity to copulate with a female quail, can also generate one-trial learning. in experiment 1, subjects were exposed to a contextual conditioned stimulus (cs) for 35 sec and then given copulatory opportunity. in experiment 2, male birds were ...	1997	21331831
ease of capture in japanese quail of two lines divergently selected for adrenocortical response to immobilization.	divergent lines of japanese quail have been genetically selected over several generations for a reduced (low stress, ls) or an exaggerated (high stress, hs) plasma corticosterone response to brief mechanical restraint. female quail were housed in one mixed-line group (18ls + 18 hs) in one of the top-tier compartments of a brooder. at 32 d of age, the quail were removed individually by the experimenter, their identity and position in the order of capture were noted, and then they were placed in a ...	1997	9068046
lipoprotein and apoprotein profiles of hyperlipidemic atherosclerosis-prone japanese quail.	the purpose of this study was to characterize the lipoprotein and apoprotein profiles of hyperlipidemic atherosclerosis-prone (hap) japanese quail. hap and commercially available (ca) japanese quail were fed either a semi-purified diet containing 1% cholesterol or a cholesterol-free diet for two weeks. the lipoproteins of ca and hap quail fed cholesterol-free diet were composed of two fractions: densities ranging from 1.02 to 1.09 and from 1.09 to 1.21. the lipoprotein distribution patterns obta ...	1997	9151240
inhibitory role of opioid peptides in the regulation of aggressive and sexual behaviors in male japanese quails.	we have recently isolated three opioid peptides, i.e., met- and leu-enkephalins and met-enkephalin-arg6-phe7, from the avian brain. furthermore, electrophysiological studies have shown that the dominant effect of these enkephalins on preoptic and hypothalamic neurons is an inhibition of neuronal activities in the male japanese quail. the hypothalamus and preoptic area are known to be involved in the control of male reproductive behaviors, such as aggressive and sexual behaviors. to determine the ...	1997	9057316
effects of vasotocin on aggressive behavior in male japanese quail.		1997	9071374
effects of mating structure in purebred populations on the estimation of crossbreeding parameters.	usually a simple additive-dominance model is considered to be adequate for the explanation of the genetic basis of heterosis. from this model a linear relationship is expected between the heterosis and the degree of heterozygosity of crossbreds. assuming hardy-weinberg equilibrium in parental populations, the increase in heterozygosity of the f1-generation can be calculated from the squared difference of the parental allele frequencies. this increase is halved in secondary crossbred generations ...	1997	21395823
neuroendocrine regulation of gnrh and behavior during aging in birds.	avian species exhibit a great variety of life-long patterns in reproduction. japanese quail are relatively short lived and undergo an age-related loss of reproductive function, making this species an excellent model for the study of the basic biology of aging. because individuals age at variable rates, sexual behavior has provided a useful index to assess reproductive status of individuals of the same chronological age. further, exogenous testosterone restores sexual behavior in reproductively s ...	1997	9370213
unconditional discrimination as a paradigm for investigating visual processing in the avian brainstem.	visual discrimination between colors and patterns was studied in telencephalectomized chicks of japanese quail lines that were artificially selected for early approach preferences for particular colors and patterns. since these preferences are not conditional on prior learning, they provide an effective experimental paradigm to study visual discrimination without reliance on acquired stimulus discrimination. the data indicate that the quail's brainstem-thalamus complex is sufficient for relative ...	1997	9199697
eye and gonad: role in the dual-oscillator circadian system of female japanese quail.	experiments were conducted to determine the anatomic and physiological basis of the dual-oscillator circadian system of female japanese quail. after blocking of ocular light perception by eye-patching, the circadian body temperature rhythm dissociates into two circadian components in continuous lighting (ll). one component free runs with a period significantly shorter than 24 h [mean period (tau) = 22.7 h] and is driven by an ocular pacemaker, whereas the other component free runs with a period ...	1997	9039006
dietary cholesterol metabolism in japanese quail lines selected for plasma cholesterol levels.	dietary cholesterol metabolism was studied, using a single dose of emulsion, per os (test meal), in lines of japanese quail that were divergently selected for high (hl) and low (ll) plasma total cholesterol. the meal contained [3h] cholesterol, [14c] beta-sitosterol, unlabeled cholesterol, triolein, and bile salt. recovery of the nonabsorbable beta-sitosterol in the excreta permitted determination of the percentage of cholesterol absorbed. the amounts of [3h] in the plasma, egg yolks, and the ex ...	1997	9012362
the effect of divergent selection for total plasma phosphorus in japanese quail on fearfulness and selected blood and heart parameters.	a selection experiment utilizing japanese quail was initiated to study the genetic relationship of growth and reproduction traits. in this study, lines were selected for increased (hp line) and decreased (lp line) total plasma phosphorus at the beginning of lay. the hp and lp lines were derived from a randombred control population (r1 line) that was maintained with the selected lines to remove environmental variation over generations. during the course of selection, it was observed that blood fr ...	1998	9469745
systemic and intracerebroventricular injections of vasotocin inhibit appetitive and consummatory components of male sexual behavior in japanese quail.	the authors investigated the behavioral actions of vasotocin (vt) in castrated testosterone-treated male japanese quail. the appetitive and consummatory components of sexual behavior as well as the occurrence frequency of crows were inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, by injections of vt. the authors observed opposite effects after injection of the v1 receptor antagonist, dptyr(me)avp. lower doses of vt were more active after central than after systemic injection, and effects of systemic inje ...	1998	9517831
total cholesterol, total triglycerides, and cholesterol distribution among lipoproteins as predictors of atherosclerosis in selected lines of japanese quail.	the proportions of plasma high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol have been linked to inherited tendency for atherosclerosis in humans. studies were conducted with japanese quail males from lines genetically selected for high and low tc and a randombred (unselected) control line that were fed 0.0 or 0.5% cholesterol for 12 weeks. atherosclerotic plaques were more severe in the high than in the low line quail and in those fed cholesterol compared to non-cholesterol-fed quail. serum tg, tc, v ...	1998	11248992
the japanese quail as a model system for the investigation of steroid-catecholamine interactions mediating appetitive and consummatory aspects of male sexual behavior.		1998	10349027
production of donor-derived offspring by transfer of primordial germ cells in japanese quail.	we transfused concentrated primordial germ cells (pgcs) of the black strain (d: homozygous for the autosomal incomplete dominant gene, d) of quail into the embryos of the wild-type plumage strain (wp: d+/d+) of quail. the recipient quail were raised until sexual maturity and a progeny test of the putative germline chimeras was performed to examine the donor gamete-derived offspring (d/d+). thirty-one percent (36/115) of the transfused quail hatched and 21 (13 females and 8 males) of them reached ...	1998	10067163
methods for studying xenoestrogenic effects in birds.	the embryonated bird egg provides a simple whole organism test system that allows examination of xenoestrogenic effects at different levels of biological organisation. test compounds are injected into the yolk, the albumen or the air chamber at defined stages of embryonic development. bioavailability and embryonic exposure may be determined by autoradiography and image analysis. females represent the heterogametic sex (zw) and estrogens determine differentiation into the female phenotype in bird ...	1998	10022333
effects of 6-aminonicotinamide on levels of soluble proteins and enzyme activities in various tissues of japanese quail.	the effects of 6-aminonicotinamide (6-an) on the levels of soluble proteins and enzyme activities in various tissues of japanese quail were investigated. sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the soluble proteins with molecular masses corresponding to 160.4 and 52.5 kda were either missing or present at lower concentrations in the brain of the 6-an treated group compared to those in the control group. the soluble liver proteins with molecular masses 200, 120 and 70.5 kda were missin ...	1998	9924803
increased heat shock protein expression after stress in japanese quail.	heat shock proteins (hsps) have been shown to provide information on the biological impact of environmental stress to organisms, yet none have investigated the hsp response to stress in birds. japanese quail were exposed to seven different stressors (mild restraint, loud noise, inescapable irritation, cold temperature, isolation in darkness, and two stressful social situations) and expression of hsp30, 60, 70, and 90 in heart, liver, lung, kidney and gonads was examined. tonic immobility (ti) te ...	1998	9876257
measurement of genetic variation within and between japanese quail lines using dna fingerprinting.	the objective of the present experiment was to study genetic variation within and among well-defined japanese quail lines by dna fingerprinting. the japanese quail lines included a randombred control line (r1) and lines developed from r1 by divergent selection over 30 generations for 4-wk bw (hw, lw) and total plasma phosphorus (tpp) (hp, lp), a measure of yolk precursor in the blood. in addition, two sublines (hw-hp, hw-lp) of hw, developed in the ninth generation, were included in the analysis ...	1998	9872574