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a critical review on extraction techniques and gas chromatography based determination of grapevine derived sesquiterpenes.vitis vinifera l. (common grapevine) is considered one of the major world fruit crops based on the extent of cultivated land and on its economic value. grapevine is composed by several different chemical compounds, including sesquiterpenic ones. sesquiterpenic compounds play a significant role in varietal aromas, contributing to fruity and flowery odours, and are also well known for their potential health benefits. the advantages and drawbacks of different extraction and gas chromatographic tech ...201425220138
assessment of (poly)phenols in grape (vitis vinifera l.) stems by using food/pharma industry compatible solvents and response surface methodology.a box-behnken design of response surface methodology (rsm) was conducted to analyse the effect of time (10-30 min), temperature (25-95°c), and solvents concentration (5-90%) on the extraction of total phenolics, flavonoids, ortho-diphenols, and anthocyanins as well as to assess the abts(+) scavenging capacity, which were considered as response variables. values coefficients of determination (r(2)), ranging from 0.903 to 0.996, fitted for describing efficient extraction of bioactive (poly)phenols ...201424996343
a preliminary characterization of aglianico (vitis vinifera l. cv.) grape proanthocyanidins and evaluation of their reactivity towards salivary proteins.the flavan-3-ol and proanthocyanidin composition of aglianico seeds and skins were for the first time determined by hplc-ms in comparison with the international grapes merlot and cabernet sauvignon. monomers [(+)-catechin c, (-)-epicatechin ec, (-)-epicatechin-3-o-gallate, ecg] and oligomers [b1, b2, b3, b4 dimers and trimer c1] were identified and quantified in grape extracts. in order to evaluate the reactivity towards salivary proteins of model wine solutions of seeds and skins monomeric/olig ...201424996317
effects of climatic conditions and soil properties on cabernet sauvignon berry growth and anthocyanin profiles.climatic conditions and soil type have significant influence on grape ripening and wine quality. the reported study was conducted in two "cabernet sauvignon (vitis vinifera l.v)" vineyards located in xinjiang, a semiarid wine-producing region of china during two vintages (2011 and 2012). the results indicate that soil and climate affected berry growth and anthocyanin profiles. these two localities were within a distance of 5 km from each other and had soils of different physical and chemical com ...201425185071
metabolic changes of vitis vinifera berries and leaves exposed to bordeaux mixture.since the development of bordeaux mixture in the late 1800's, copper-based fungicides have been widely used against grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) diseases, mainly in organic but also in conventional viticulture; however their intensive use has raised phytotoxicity concerns. in this study, the composition of grape berries and leaves upon bordeaux mixture treatment was investigated during the fructification season by a metabolomic approach. four applications of bordeaux mixture till 3 weeks before ...201425022258
management practices impact vine carbohydrate status to a greater extent than vine productivity.light pruning and deficit irrigation regimes are practices which are widely used in high yielding commercial vineyards in the warm climate regions of australia. little information is available on their impacts on carbohydrate dynamics in vegetative organs within and between seasons, and on the resulting plant capacity to maintain productivity and ripen fruits. this study was conducted to address this gap in knowledge over five vintages on vitis vinifera l. cv. cabernet franc, shiraz, and caberne ...201425018758
protein-precipitable tannin in wines from vitis vinifera and interspecific hybrid grapes (vitis ssp.): differences in concentration, extractability, and cell wall binding.although they possess significant viticultural advantages, interspecific hybrid grapes (vitis spp.) are reported to produce wine with lower tannin concentrations than european wine varieties (vitis vinifera). however, extensive quantitative data on this phenomenon as well as mechanistic explanations for these differences are lacking. a survey of primarily commercial wines from the finger lakes american viticultural area (new york) using a protein precipitation method determined that hybrid-based ...201425017417
expression of terpene synthase genes associated with the formation of volatiles in different organs of vitis vinifera.plants produce a plethora of volatile organic compounds (vocs) which are important in determining the quality and nutraceutical properties of horticultural food products, including the taste and aroma of wine. given that some of the most prevalent grape aroma constituents are terpenoids, we investigated the possible variations in the relative expression of terpene synthase (tps) genes that depend on the organ. we thus analysed mature leaves, young leaves, stems, young stems, roots, rachis, tendr ...201425014656
solar ultraviolet radiation is necessary to enhance grapevine fruit ripening transcriptional and phenolic responses.ultraviolet (uv) radiation modulates secondary metabolism in the skin of vitis vinifera l. berries, which affects the final composition of both grapes and wines. the expression of several phenylpropanoid biosynthesis-related genes is regulated by uv radiation in grape berries. however, the complete portion of transcriptome and ripening processes influenced by solar uv radiation in grapes remains unknown.201425012688
determination of abscisic acid and its glucosyl ester in embryogenic callus cultures of vitis vinifera in relation to the maturation of somatic embryos using a new liquid chromatography-elisa analysis method.the levels of abscisic acid (aba), its conjugate aba-ge, and iaa were determined in embryogenic calli of vitis vinifera l. (cv. mencía) cultured in dm1 differentiation medium, to relate them to the maturation process of somatic embryos. to achieve this goal, we developed an analytical method that included two steps of solid-phase extraction, chromatographic separation by hplc, aba-ge hydrolysis, and sensitive elisa quantification. because the aba immunoassay was based on new polyclonal antibodie ...201424877677
the application of chitosan and benzothiadiazole in vineyard (vitis vinifera l. cv groppello gentile) changes the aromatic profile and sensory attributes of wine.this work reports the effects of resistance inducers on wine aroma compounds and sensory attributes. resistance inducers are a class of products able to elicit the plant defence mechanisms against pathogens, incurring lower toxicological risks than conventional agrochemicals. among them, chitosan (cht) and benzothiadiazole (bth) are particularly effective in stimulating the biosynthesis of bioactive phytochemicals. they were used in a two-year survey conducted to assess experimental wines obtain ...201424874376
microarray analysis of differentially expressed genes engaged in fruit development between table and wine grape.microarray analysis of genes can provide individual gene-expression profiles and new insights for elucidating biological mechanisms responsible for fruit development. to obtain an overall view on expression profiles of metabolism-related genes involved in fruit development of table and wine grapes, a microarray system comprising 15,403 ests was used to compare the expressed genes. the expression patterns from the microarray analysis were validated with quantitative real-time polymerase chain rea ...201424728608
genome-wide analysis and expression profile of the bzip transcription factor gene family in grapevine (vitis vinifera).basic leucine zipper (bzip) transcription factor gene family is one of the largest and most diverse families in plants. current studies have shown that the bzip proteins regulate numerous growth and developmental processes and biotic and abiotic stress responses. nonetheless, knowledge concerning the specific expression patterns and evolutionary history of plant bzip family members remains very limited.201424725365
effect of shooting medium and source of material on grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) shoot tip recovery after cryopreservation.selecting experimental material at the optimal physiological stage is of paramount importance for successful cryopreservation.201424872156
functional characterization of a new grapevine myb transcription factor and regulation of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in grapes.a new regulator of proanthocyanidin (pa) biosynthesis in grapes was found by screening genes coordinately expressed with pa accumulation under different light conditions using a substantially improved method of serial analysis of gene expression (supersage). this r2r3-myb transcription factor, vvmybpar, shows high protein sequence similarity with pa biosynthesis-regulating plant mybs, such as vvmybpa2 and transparent testa2. its transcript levels were relatively high in the skins of young berrie ...201424860184
origin of the pinking phenomenon of white wines.pinking is the terminology used for the salmon-red blush color that may appear in white wines produced exclusively from white grape varieties. the isolation of pinking compounds and their analysis by rp-hplc-dad and esi-ms(n) showed that the origin of the pinking phenomenon in white wines from vitis vinifera l. of sı́ria grape variety are the anthocyanins, mainly malvidin-3-o-glucoside. the analysis showed that the anthocyanins were located both in the pulp and in the skin. wine pinking severity ...201424857316
treatment strategies for high resveratrol induction in vitis vinifera l. cell suspension culture.bioprocesses capable of producing large scales of resveratrol at nutraceutical grade are in demand. this study herein investigated treatment strategies to induce the production of resveratrol in vitis vinifera l. cell suspension cultures. among seven investigated elicitors, jasmonic acid (ja), salicylic acid, β-glucan (glu), and chitosan enhanced the production of intracellular resveratrol manyfold. the combined treatment of ja and glu increased extracellular resveratrol production by up to tenf ...201428435798
factors influencing the aroma composition of chardonnay wines.chardonnay is one of the oldest and most widely distributed wine grape cultivars and is of commercial importance for the world's wine-producing nations. it is an extremely flexible variety that has adapted to different regions with varied weather and soil characteristics. somewhat uniquely among white wines, chardonnay lends itself to a wide variety of production styles, which can be tailored to the target market. techniques such as skin maceration, barrel and stainless steel fermentation, use o ...201424954266
antitumoural activity of viniferin-enriched extracts from vitis vinifera l. cell cultures.the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of stilbenes from different cultivars of vitis vinifera on tumour proliferation. extracts were obtained from elicited v. vinifera cell cultures and characterised by hplc/dad/ms. cell growth was evaluated in four human cancer cell lines and in normal human fibroblasts. the cells were exposed to the extracts or to trans-resveratrol, used as reference molecule, for 48 h, at 1-10 μm concentrations of total stilbenoids. all the extracts exhibited antipr ...201424949881
a useful approach for the differentiation of wines according to geographical origin based on global volatile patterns.in this study, the feasibility of solid-phase extraction combined with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in tandem with partial least squares discriminant analysis was evaluated as a useful strategy to differentiate wines according to geographical origin (azores, canary and madeira islands) and types (white, red and fortified wine) based on their global volatile patterns. for this purpose, 34 monovarietal wines from these three wine grape-growing regions were investigated, combining the h ...201424830411
genetic control and evolution of anthocyanin methylation.anthocyanins are a chemically diverse class of secondary metabolites that color most flowers and fruits. they consist of three aromatic rings that can be substituted with hydroxyl, sugar, acyl, and methyl groups in a variety of patterns depending on the plant species. to understand how such chemical diversity evolved, we isolated and characterized methylation at three2 (mt2) and the two methylation at five (mf) loci from petunia spp., which direct anthocyanin methylation in petals. the proteins ...201424830298
berry composition and climate: responses and empirical models.climate is a strong modulator of berry composition. accordingly, the projected change in climate is expected to impact on the composition of berries and of the resultant wines. however, the direction and extent of climate change impact on fruit composition of winegrape cultivars are not fully known. this study utilised a climate gradient along a 700 km transect, covering all wine regions of western australia, to explore and empirically describe influences of climate on anthocyanins, ph and titra ...201423958789
effects of ankaferd on anastomotic healing of colon.ankaferd (ankaferd blood stopper®, abs) is a recently developed topical hemostatic agent. abs is a standardized mixture of the plants thymus vulgaris, glycyrrhiza glabra, vitis vinifera, alpinia officinarum, and urtica dioica. through its effects on the endothelium, blood cells, angiogenesis, cellular proliferation, vascular dynamics, and cell mediators; ankaferd plays a part in inflammation and hemostasis processes. the aim of this experimental study is to assess the effects of abs on the left ...201423987308
trace metals in wine and vineyard environment in southern ukraine.the study was focused on measuring the concentration levels of trace metals in the environment, vines and wine within the wine-growing region of ukraine and comparing the findings to the data from well known wine-growing areas. analysis was carried out of cr, cu, ni, pb and zn in irrigation water, grape juice and wine, cu, pb and zn in soil (pseudo-total and acid-soluble fractions) and vitis vinifera l. in leaves and grapes. the accumulation levels of cu and zn from soil to leaves were significa ...201424176352
anthocyanins content and antioxidant capacity of corinthian currants (vitis vinifera l., var. apyrena).corinthian currants are dried vine products used in the mediterranean diet. currant is produced almost exclusively in southern greece; three commercial subcategories are recognised, i.e. vostizza, gulf, and provincial. thirty-five batches of corinthian currants obtained over two crop years and belonging to the several subcategories, were evaluated in terms of total and individual anthocyanins, total phenolics and antioxidant capacity. variations were observed among batches, cultivation regions, ...201424176327
relationship between skin cell wall composition and anthocyanin extractability of vitis vinifera l. cv. tempranillo at different grape ripeness degree.the relationship between cell wall composition and extractability of anthocyanins from red grape skins was assessed in tempranillo grape samples harvested at three stages of ripening (pre-harvest, harvest and over-ripening) and three different contents of soluble solids (22, 24 and 26 °brix) within each stage. cell wall material was isolated and analysed in order to determine cellulose, lignin, non-cellulosic polysaccharides, protein, total polyphenols index and the degree of esterification of p ...201424176311
profiling of anthocyanins for the taxonomic assessment of ancient purebred v. vinifera red grape varieties.for the purpose of a varietal assessment, the berry skin anthocyanin profiles of 11 ancient native red grape varieties, sampled within the irpinian area (southern italy), were compared to those of three reference vitis vinifera cultivars and of a kober 5bb rootstook hybrid (vitisberlandieri×vitisriparia). the 3,5-o-diglucoside anthocyanins and their acylated derivatives were monitored as signature compounds of non-v. vinifera grapes, using both reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatograp ...201424176307
the role of hexokinases from grape berries (vitis vinifera l.) in regulating the expression of cell wall invertase and sucrose synthase genes.in plants, hexokinase (hxk, ec 2.7.1.1) involved in hexose phosphorylation, plays an important role in sugar sensing and signaling. in this study, we found that at phase i of grape berry development, lower hexose (glucose or fructose) levels were concomitant with higher hxk activities and protein levels. after the onset of ripening, we demonstrated a drastic reduction in hxk activity and protein levels accompanied by a rising hexose level. therefore, our results revealed that hxk activity and pr ...201424213599
perturbation of polyamine catabolism affects grape ripening of vitis vinifera cv. trincadeira.grapes are economically the most important fruit worldwide. however, the complexity of biological events that lead to ripening of nonclimacteric fruits is not fully understood, particularly the role of polyamines' catabolism. the transcriptional and metabolic profilings complemented with biochemical data were studied during ripening of trincadeira grapes submitted to guazatine treatment, a potent inhibitor of polyamine oxidase activity. the mrna expression profiles of one time point (el 38) corr ...201424296250
microbial terroir for wine grapes. 201424309378
functional diversification of grapevine myb5a and myb5b in the control of flavonoid biosynthesis in a petunia anthocyanin regulatory mutant.flavonoids play a key role in grapevine physiology and also contribute substantially to the quality of berries and wines. vvmyb5a and vvmyb5b are r2r3-myb transcription factors previously proposed to control the spatiotemporal expression of flavonoid structural genes during berry development. we investigated the functions of these two proteins in detail by heterologous expression in a petunia an2 mutant, which has negligible anthocyanin levels in the petals because it lacks the myb protein phan2 ...201424363289
solute accumulation differs in the vacuoles and apoplast of ripening grape berries.phloem unloading is thought to switch from a symplastic route to an apoplastic route at the beginning of ripening in grape berries and some other fleshy fruits. however, it is unclear whether different solutes accumulate in both the mesocarp vacuoles and the apoplast. we modified a method developed for tomato fruit to extract apoplastic sap from grape berries and measured the changes in apoplastic and vacuolar ph, soluble sugars, organic acids, and potassium in ripening berries of vitis vinifera ...201424310282
assessment of flower number per inflorescence in grapevine by image analysis under field conditions.flowers, flowering and fruit set are key determinants of grapevine yield. currently, practical methods to assess the flower number per inflorescence, necessary for fruit set estimation, are time and labour demanding. this work aims at developing a simple, cheap, fast, accurate and robust machine vision methodology to be applied to rgb images taken under field conditions, to estimate the number of flowers per inflorescence automatically.201424302287
microbial biogeography of wine grapes is conditioned by cultivar, vintage, and climate.wine grapes present a unique biogeography model, wherein microbial biodiversity patterns across viticultural zones not only answer questions of dispersal and community maintenance, they are also an inherent component of the quality, consumer acceptance, and economic appreciation of a culturally important food product. on their journey from the vineyard to the wine bottle, grapes are transformed to wine through microbial activity, with indisputable consequences for wine quality parameters. wine g ...201424277822
a pilot, randomized controlled trial to examine the health outcomes of raisin consumption in patients with diabetes.dried fruits, like their fresh homologues, contain relatively high concentrations of antioxidants. the aim of this study was to determine the health outcomes of raisin consumption on patients with diabetes.201424262513
construction and validation of a gene co-expression network in grapevine (vitis vinifera. l.).gene co-expression analysis has been widely used for predicting gene functions because genes within modules of a co-expression network may be involved in similar biological processes and exhibit similar biological functions. to detect gene relationships in the grapevine genome, we constructed a grapevine gene co-expression network (ggcn) by compiling a total of 374 publically available grapevine microarray datasets. the ggcn consisted of 557 modules containing a total of 3834 nodes with 13 479 e ...201426504546
anticarcinogenic activity of polyphenolic extracts from grape stems against breast, colon, renal and thyroid cancer cells.a major part of the wineries' wastes is composed of grape stems which are discarded mainly in open fields and cause environmental problems due mainly to their high polyphenolic content. the grape stem extracts' use as a source of high added value polyphenols presents great interest because this combines a profitable venture with environmental protection close to wine-producing zones. in the present study, at first, the total polyphenolic content (tpc) and the polyphenolic composition of grape st ...201424508987
a modern ampelography: a genetic basis for leaf shape and venation patterning in grape.terroir, the unique interaction between genotype, environment, and culture, is highly refined in domesticated grape (vitis vinifera). toward cultivating terroir, the science of ampelography tried to distinguish thousands of grape cultivars without the aid of genetics. this led to sophisticated phenotypic analyses of natural variation in grape leaves, which within a palmate-lobed framework exhibit diverse patterns of blade outgrowth, hirsuteness, and venation patterning. here, we provide a morpho ...201424285849
nitrogen fertilisation increases biogenic amines and amino acid concentrations in vitis vinifera var. riesling musts and wines.wines rich in biogenic amines can cause adverse health effects to the consumer. being nitrogen-containing substances, the amount of amines in wines might be strongly influenced by the rate of nitrogen fertiliser application during grape production. the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilisation in the vineyard on the formation of biogenic amines in musts and wines.201424323937
neuroprotective role of hydroalcoholic extract of vitis vinifera against aluminium-induced oxidative stress in rat brain.the present study was designed to examine the protective potential of hydroalcoholic extract of vitis vinifera in ameliorating the alterations induced by aluminium (al) on behavioural and neurochemical indices. al was given orally (100mg/kg b.wt./day) whereas v. vinifera extract was administered through diet (400mg/kg, p.o.) to rats for a total duration of 45 days. passive avoidance and open field tests revealed significant alterations in the short-term memory and cognitive behaviour in rats tre ...201424486960
is stored malate the quantitatively most important substrate utilised by respiration and ethanolic fermentation in grape berry pericarp during ripening?a widely held view is that in grape pericarp glycolysis is inhibited during ripening, and that stored malate rather than sugars become the major substrate for respiration. in this study we determined what contribution stored malate could make to the substrate requirements of respiration and ethanolic fermentation in the pericarp of cabernet sauvignon berries during ripening. at a number of time points through development the amount of malate in the pericarp was measured. the change in malate con ...201424463535
the gene family of dehydration responsive element-binding transcription factors in grape (vitis vinifera): genome-wide identification and analysis, expression profiles, and involvement in abiotic stress resistance.the dehydration responsive element-binding (dreb) proteins play a critical role in plant development and abiotic stress-mediated gene expression. therefore, they represent one of the most attractive regulons for breeding programs. however, no comprehensive summary of grapevine dreb family genes is available. during this study, 38 vvdreb members were identified from the entire grapevine genome and its expression sequence tag assembly. these were organized into the same subgroups, a1 through a6, a ...201424402876
gene expression in vessel-associated cells upon xylem embolism repair in vitis vinifera l. petioles.in this work, the involvement of vessel-associated cells in embolism recovery was investigated by studying leaf petiole hydraulics and expression profiles of aquaporins and genes related to sugar metabolism. two different stress treatments were imposed onto grapevines to induce xylem embolism: one involved a pressure collar applied to the stems, while the other consisted of water deprivation (drought). embolism formation and repair were monitored during stress application and release (recovery). ...201424402563
whole genome comparison between table and wine grapes reveals a comprehensive catalog of structural variants.grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) is the most important mediterranean fruit crop, used to produce both wine and spirits as well as table grape and raisins. wine and table grape cultivars represent two divergent germplasm pools with different origins and domestication history, as well as differential characteristics for berry size, cluster architecture and berry chemical profile, among others. 'sultanina' plays a pivotal role in modern table grape breeding providing the main source of seedlessness. t ...201424397443
the first insight into the metabolite profiling of grapes from three vitis vinifera l. cultivars of two controlled appellation (doc) regions.the characterization of the metabolites accumulated in the grapes of specific cultivars grown in different climates is of particular importance for viticulturists and enologists. in the present study, the metabolite profiling of grapes from the cultivars, alvarinho, arinto and padeiro de basto, of two portuguese controlled denomination of origin (doc) regions (vinho verde and lisboa) was investigated by gas chromatography-coupled time-of-flight mass spectrometry (gc-tof-ms) and an amino acid ana ...201424619195
tracing phenolic metabolism in vitis vinifera berries with 13c6-phenylalanine: implication of an unidentified intermediate reservoir.understanding the regulation of phenolic compounds in agricultural products has been a topic of great interest. in v. vinifera berries, phenolics are responsible for important sensory and functional characteristics. to elucidate the ripening profile of phenolic compounds in cabernet sauvignon berries, the stable-isotope tracer l-phenyl-(13)c6-alanine (phe(13)) was incorporated in situ, and the development of labeled and unlabeled phenolics was tracked in the vineyard at different stages of matur ...201424611798
sample preparation issues in nmr-based plant metabolomics: optimisation for vitis wood samples.nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) is one of the most commonly used analytical techniques in plant metabolomics. although this technique is very reproducible and simple to implement, sample preparation procedures have a great impact on the quality of the metabolomics data.201424497327
interactions between grape skin cell wall material and commercial enological tannins. practical implications.commercial enological tannins were used to investigate the role that cell wall material plays in proanthocyanidin adsorption. insoluble cell wall material, prepared from the skin of vitis vinifera l. cv. monastrell berries, was combined with solutions containing six different commercial enological tannins (proanthocyanidin-type tannins). analysis of the proanthocyanidins in the solution, after fining with cell wall material, using phloroglucinolysis and size exclusion chromatography, provided qu ...201424444975
geochemical behaviour of rare earths in vitis vinifera grafted onto different rootstocks and growing on several soils.the geochemical behaviour of lanthanides and yttrium (rare earth elements, rees) has been investigated mainly in geological systems where these elements represent the best proxies of processes involving the occurrence of an interface between different media. this behaviour is assessed according to features recorded in sequences of ree concentrations along the ree series normalised with respect to a reference material. in this study, the geochemical behaviour of ree was investigated in different ...201424394369
transcriptome analysis of houttuynia cordata thunb. by illumina paired-end rna sequencing and ssr marker discovery.houttuynia cordata thunb. is an important traditional medical herb in china and other asian countries, with high medicinal and economic value. however, a lack of available genomic information has become a limitation for research on this species. thus, we carried out high-throughput transcriptomic sequencing of h. cordata to generate an enormous transcriptome sequence dataset for gene discovery and molecular marker development.201424392108
factors affecting skin tannin extractability in ripening grapes.the acetone-extractable (70% v/v) skin tannin content of vitis vinifera l. cv. cabernet sauvignon grapes was found to increase during late-stage ripening. conversely, skin tannin content determined following ethanol extraction (10, 20, and 50% v/v) did not consistently reflect this trend. the results indicated that a fraction of tannin became less extractable in aqueous ethanol during ripening. skin cell walls were observed to become more porous during ripening, which may facilitate the sequeste ...201424432763
morphological variability in leaves and molecular characterization of novel table grape candidate cultivars (vitis vinifera l.).the present work report the characterization of twenty-one table grapes candidate cultivars plus five registered ones included as reference, by means of 47 ampelographic traits, 23 ampelometric measurements and six microsatellite loci. the final goal of the research was to analyse the possibility of reducing the number of morphological and molecular tools required for a precise and effective description of a grape genotype or cultivar. this would be of great help for future biodiversity descript ...201424415447
relationships between stomatal behavior, xylem vulnerability to cavitation and leaf water relations in two cultivars of vitis vinifera.current understanding of physiological mechanisms governing stomatal behavior under water stress conditions is still incomplete and controversial. it has been proposed that coordination of stomatal kinetics with xylem vulnerability to cavitation [vulnerability curve (vc)] leads to different levels of isohydry/anisohydry in different plant species/cultivars. in this study, this hypothesis is tested in vitis vinifera cultivars displaying contrasting stomatal behavior under drought stress. the cv m ...201424597791
influence of post-pruning storage on stilbenoid levels in vitis vinifera l. canes.increasing evidence for the health benefits of e-resveratrol has triggered interest in stilbenoids in grapes, wine and by-products. less attention has been paid to stilbenoid levels in viticulture residues. however, grape canes are a promising source of stilbenoids and have economic potential because they are a source of high-value phytochemicals. the objective of this research was to determine the effect of post-pruning storage on stilbenoid levels in grape canes. in most samples, the predomina ...201424594183
the proteins of the grape (vitis vinifera l.) seed endosperm: fractionation and identification of the major components.in the present study, grape (vitis vinifera l.) seed endosperm proteins were characterized after sequential fractionation, according to a modified osborne procedure. the salt-soluble fraction (albumins and globulins) comprised the majority (58.4%) of the total extracted protein. the protein fractions analysed by sds-page showed similar bands, indicating different solubility of the same protein components. sds-page in non-reducing and reducing conditions revealed the polypeptide composition of th ...201424594165
differentiation of grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) conculta members based on molecular tools.twenty-seven grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) varieties within 12 putative berry colour variation groups (conculta) were genotyped with 14 highly polymorphic microsatellite (simple sequence repeats (ssr)) markers. three additional oligonucleotide primers were applied for the detection of the gret1 retroelement insertion in the promoter region of vvmyba1 transcription factor gene regulating the ufgt (udp-glucose: flavonoid 3-o-glucosyltransferase) activity. ufgt is the key enzyme of the anthocyanin ...201426019484
transcriptional analysis of tendril and inflorescence development in grapevine (vitis vinifera l.).in grapevine (vitis vinifera l.), the lateral meristem can give rise to either tendrils or inflorescences which are determined organs. to get insights into the processes of tendril and inflorescence development, we characterized the transcriptional variation taking place in both organs. the results of the global transcriptional analyses along tendril and inflorescence development suggested that these two homologous organs initially share a common transcriptional program related to cell prolifera ...201424637773
influence of magnesium on copper phytotoxicity to and accumulation and translocation in grapevines.the phytotoxic effects of excess copper (cu) on grapevines (vitis vinifera l. var. kyoho) were examined, both from macroscopic and microscopic perspectives, by using a fifteen-day hydroponic experiments. the influence of magnesium (mg) on cu phytotoxicity to, and accumulation and translocation in grapevines was also observed. for phytotoxicity effect, results showed that a relative low median growth inhibition level of cu was found for grapevine roots (0.809-3.671μm). moreover, cu toxicity was s ...201424632121
a novel high resolution ms approach for the screening of 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal sequestering agents.an in vitro high resolution mass spectrometry (ms) method was set-up to test the ability of compounds, mixtures and extracts to inhibit protein carbonylation induced by reactive carbonyl species (rcs). the method consists of incubating the protein target (ubiquitin) with 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (hne) in the presence and absence of the tested compound. after 24h of incubation, the reaction is stopped and the protein is analyzed by high-resolution ms. the extent of protein carbonylation is deter ...201424463041
identification and bioinformatic analysis of signal responsive/calmodulin-binding transcription activators gene models in vitis vinifera.in this study, 10 grapevine (vitis vinifera) sr/camta (signal responsive/calmodulin-binding transcription activators) gene models were identified from three grapevine genome protein datasets. they belong to four gene groups: vvcamta1, vvcamta3, vvcamta4 and vvcamta5, which were located on chromosome 5, 7_random, 1 and 5, respectively. alternative splicing could explain the multiple gene models in one gene group. subcellular localization using the wolf tool showed that most of the vvcamtas were l ...201424458826
berry ripening: recently heard through the grapevine.grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) is a non-climacteric fruit species used as table fruit, dried raisins, and for vinification (wines) and distillation (liquors). in recent years, our knowledge of the molecular basis of ripening regulation has improved. water status, light conditions, and temperature may hasten, delay, or enhance ripening. hormones seem to play a central role, as their concentrations change prior to and during ripening and in response to several environmental cues. the review summari ...201424285825
study of the effects of proline, phenylalanine, and urea foliar application to tempranillo vineyards on grape amino acid content. comparison with commercial nitrogen fertilisers.the aim of this work was to study the influence of foliar application of different nitrogen sources on grape amino acid content. the nitrogen sources applied to tempranillo grapevines were proline, phenylalanine, urea, and two commercial nitrogen fertilisers, both without and with amino acids in their formulations. all treatments were applied at veraison and one week later. proline treatment did not affect the must nitrogen composition. however, phenylalanine and urea foliar application enhanced ...201424912708
genome-wide identification of wrky family genes and their response to cold stress in vitis vinifera.wrky transcription factors are one of the largest families of transcriptional regulators in plants. wrky genes are not only found to play significant roles in biotic and abiotic stress response, but also regulate growth and development. grapevine (vitis vinifera) production is largely limited by stressful climate conditions such as cold stress and the role of wrky genes in the survival of grapevine under these conditions remains unknown.201424755338
determination of fungicides in white grape bagasse by pressurized liquid extraction and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.ultrasound-assisted extraction (uae) and pressurized liquid extraction (ple) followed by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry (gc tq-ms) were used for the rapid determination of 11 fungicides (metalaxyl, cyprodinil, procymidone, iprovalicarb, myclobutanyl, kresoxim-methyl, benalaxyl, fenhexamide, tebuconazole, iprodione and dimethomorph) in white grape bagasse. the extractions were optimized on real non-spiked samples by means of experimental design and the optimal conditions w ...201424746069
from uvr8 to flavonol synthase: uv-b-induced gene expression in sauvignon blanc grape berry.the aim of this research was to determine the effect of development and uv-b on flavonols and the regulation of gene activity in vitis vinifera l. var. sauvignon blanc grapes. particular emphasis was placed on gene activity associated with the low and high fluence uv-b responses. flavonols, particularly quercetin and kaempferol glycosides, increased substantially upon fruit exposure due to uv-b, with spatial analysis locating the changes to the berry skin. of five vvfls genes in grapes, two (vvf ...201524738597
volatile components of vine leaves from two portuguese grape varieties (vitis vinifera l.), touriga nacional and tinta roriz, analysed by solid-phase microextraction.the purpose of this work was to study the volatile composition of vine leaves and vine leaf infusion prepared from vine leaves collected at 30 and 60 days after grape harvest of two vitis vinifera l. species. eighteen volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in vine leaves and in vine leaf infusions. it was observed that the volatile compounds present in vine leaves are dependent on the time of harvest, with benzaldehyde being the major volatile present in vine ...201525226431
effects of uv exclusion on the physiology and phenolic composition of leaves and berries of vitis vinifera cv. graciano.ultraviolet (uv) radiation induces adaptive responses that can be used for plant production improvement. the aim of this study was to assess the effect of solar uv exclusion on the physiology and phenolic compounds of leaves and berry skins of vitis vinifera l. cv. graciano under field conditions. phenolic compounds were analyzed globally and individually in both the vacuolar fraction and, for the first time in grapevine, the cell wall-bound fraction. these different locations may represent dive ...201524820651
flavonol profiles in berries of wild vitis accessions using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry.the flavonol profiles of grape berry skins were analysed in order to assess phenotypic variation between six grapevines belonging to six different species: vitis vinifera, vitiscandicans, vitischampinii, vitisamurensis, vitiscinerea and vitisdoaniana. high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (lc-ms) and nmr spectrometry (lc-nmr) were used to separate and identify the flavonols present in these species. the combination of lc-ms and lc-nmr data resulted in the identifica ...201525236197
cavitation: a blessing in disguise? new method to establish vulnerability curves and assess hydraulic capacitance of woody tissues.the hydraulic performance of woody species during drought is currently of high interest in the context of climate change. it is known that woody species have the capacity to mitigate water shortage by using internally stored water. elastic shrinkage of living cells and also water release during cavitation contribute to the so-called 'hydraulic capacitance' (c) of the plant, which adds water to the transpiration stream and buffers fluctuations in water potential. although sap-conducting conduits ...201525030935
enantiodifferentiation of 3-sec-butyl-2-methoxypyrazine in different species using multidimensional and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic approaches.with respect to the current hypothesis that natural amino acids may serve as starting material for the biosynthesis of alkyl-methoxypyrazines, the enantiomeric distribution of the potent aroma compound 3-sec-butyl-2-methoxypyrazine (sbmp) was determined in various species using heart-cut multidimensional gas chromatography (h/c mdgc) or comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (gc × gc). complementary to an earlier described separation on octakis-(6-o-methyl-2,3-di-o-pentyl)-γ-cyclodextr ...201525146352
plasticity of vulnerability to leaf hydraulic dysfunction during acclimation to drought in grapevines: an osmotic-mediated process.previous studies have reported correlation of leaf hydraulic vulnerability with pressure-volume parameters related to cell turgor. this link has been explained on the basis of the effects of turgor on connectivity among cells and tissue structural integrity, which affect leaf water transport. in this study, we tested the hypothesis that osmotic adjustment to water stress would shift the leaf vulnerability curve toward more negative water potential (ψ leaf ) by increasing turgor at low ψ leaf . w ...201525132228
analytical phenolic composition and sensory assessment of selected rare greek cultivars after extended bottle ageing.the hellenic vineyard embraces a large number of native cultivars, which are mostly unexploited for their ageing potential. therefore, it was thought that analyzing some quality parameters of 14 red wines produced by rare native varieties would be of great importance in obtaining a general picture of their potential for commercial use. various analytical methods were applied to the selected wines, at bottling and after 8 years of ageing, in an attempt to provide reliable answers to this issue. i ...201525103612
deconvoluting effects of vine and soil properties on grape berry composition.grape berry composition is influenced by several factors including grapevine and soil properties and their interactions. understanding how these factors interact to determine berry composition is integral to producing berries with desired composition. here we used extensive spatio-temporal data to identify significant vine and soil features that influence shiraz berry composition.201524756770
effect of power ultrasound application on aqueous extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity from grape pomace (vitis vinifera l.): experimental kinetics and modeling.the kinetics of both conventional (mechanical stirring, 200rpm) and acoustic (55±5khz, 435±5w/l) aqueous extraction of total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity from grape pomace by-products (vitis vinifera l.) have been experimentally evaluated and modeled at different extraction temperatures (20, 35 and 50°c). a gradual and significant increase of total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the extracts was observed as the temperature increased, the highest values being obtained i ...201524970116
methoxypyrazine analysis and influence of viticultural and enological procedures on their levels in grapes, musts, and wines.this review discusses the factors that affect the concentrations of methoxypyrazines (mps) and the techniques used to analyze mps in grapes, musts, and wines. mps are commonly studied pyrazines in food science due to their contribution of aroma and flavor to numerous vegetables such as peas and asparagus. they are described as highly odorous compounds with a very low olfactory threshold. the grape varietals that exhibit green or herbaceous aromas that are characteristic of mps are predominantly ...201524915378
assessment of cluster yield components by image analysis.berry weight, berry number and cluster weight are key parameters for yield estimation for wine and tablegrape industry. current yield prediction methods are destructive, labour-demanding and time-consuming. in this work, a new methodology, based on image analysis was developed to determine cluster yield components in a fast and inexpensive way.201525041796
tracing flavonoid degradation in grapes by ms filtering with stable isotopes.anthocyanin degradation has been proposed as one of the primary causes for reduced colour and quality in red wine grapes grown in a warm climate. to study anthocyanin degradation we infused berries with l-phenyl-(13)c₆-alanine and then tracked the fate of the anthocyanins comparing normal (25 °c) and warm (45 °c) temperature conditions. an untargeted metabolomics approach was aided by filtering the ms data using software algorithms to extract all m and m+6 isotopic peak pairs, allowing the analy ...201525053079
evaluating wild grapevine tolerance to copper toxicity.we evaluate copper tolerance and accumulation in vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris in populations from a copper contaminated site and an uncontaminated site, and in the grapevine rootstock "41b", investigating the effects of copper (0-23 mm) on growth, photosynthetic performance and mineral nutrient content. the highest cu treatment induced nutrient imbalances and inhibited photosynthetic function, causing a drastic reduction in growth in the three study plants. effective concentration was higher t ...201525025740
domain analysis of 3 keto acyl-coa synthase for structural variations in vitis vinifera and oryza brachyantha using comparative modelling.the long chain fatty acids incorporated into plant lipids are derived from the iterative addition of c2 units which is provided by malonyl-coa to an acyl-coa after interactions with 3-ketoacyl-coa synthase (kcs), found in several plants. this study provides functional characterization of three 3 ketoacyl coa synthase like proteins in vitis vinifera (one) and oryza brachyantha (two proteins). sequence analysis reveals that protein of oryza brachyantha shows 96% similarity to a hypothetical protei ...201525239516
variability in chemical composition of vitis vinifera cv mencía from different geographic areas and vintages in ribeira sacra (nw spain).a chemical study was conducted from 2009 to 2012 to examine spatial and seasonal variability of red vitis vinifera mencía located in different geographic areas (amandi, chantada, quiroga-bibei, ribeiras do sil and ribeiras do miño) from nw spain. mencía samples were analysed for phenolic, (flavan-3-ols, flavonols, anthocyanins, acids and resveratrol), nitrogen (tac, tan, yan and tas) and volatiles compounds (alcohols, c6 compounds, ethyl esters, terpenes, aldehydes, acids, lactones, volatile phe ...201525236215
phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of pomaces from four grape varieties (vitis vinifera l.).phenolic compounds are widely distributed secondary metabolites in plants usually conferring them with unique taste, flavour and health-promoting properties. in fruits of vitis vinifera l., phenolic composition is highly dependent on grape variety. differential extraction of these compounds from grapes during winemaking is critically associated with wine quality. by-products of winemaking, such as grape pomace, can contain significant amounts of polyphenols. however, information concerning the v ...201525082193
predicting the anthocyanin content of wine grapes by nir hyperspectral imaging.the aim of this study was to demonstrate the capability of hyperspectral imaging in predicting anthocyanin content changes in wine grapes during ripening. one hundred twenty groups of cabernet sauvignon grapes were collected periodically after veraison. the hyperspectral images were recorded by a hyperspectral imaging system with a spectral range from 900 to 1700 nm. the anthocyanin content was measured by the ph differential method. a quantitative model was developed using partial least squares ...201525442621
evolution of phenolic compounds and sensory in bottled red wines and their co-development.this study aimed to assess the correspondence between the evolution of phenolic compounds and the development of appearance and mouthfeel in cabernet sauvignon (vitis vinifera l. cv.) dry red wines during 18-month aging in bottle. the wines were sealed with six types of bottle stoppers. the results showed that phenolic compounds presented four evolution patterns along with wine aging in bottle, mainly depending on their chemical nature. most of the anthocyanins had significant differences in con ...201525442593
variable hydraulic resistances and their impact on plant drought response modelling.plant drought responses are still not fully understood. improved knowledge on drought responses is, however, crucial to better predict their impact on individual plant and ecosystem functioning. mechanistic models in combination with plant measurements are promising for obtaining information on plant water status and can assist us in understanding the effect of limiting soil water availability and drought stress. while existing models are reliable under sufficient soil water availability, they g ...201525273815
zibibbo nero characterization, a red-wine grape revertant of muscat of alexandria.muscat of alexandria is known in italy as zibibbo. zibibbo nero, red-wine grapes, is a sport mutation of zibibbo variety. a biochemical and molecular characterization of berry colour (vvmyba1 and vvmyba2 genes, vitis vinifera myeloblastosis) and aroma muscat (vvdxs gene, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase) traits in both zibibbo cultivars was performed, as well as ampelographic and genetic identification analyses. molecular investigations were performed also for two putative zibibbo parents ...201525380987
protective effect of punica granatum peel and vitis vinifera seeds on den-induced oxidative stress and hepatocellular damage in rats.this study was designed to find out the efficacy of ethanol extracts of punica granatum peel and vitis vinifera seeds on diethylnitrosamine (den)-induced oxidative stress and hepatocellular damage in wistar rats. rats were divided into four groups. the first group served as normal control, and the second group received den at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight by single intraperitoneal administration. the third one received den as in den-treated group and co-treated with 400 mg/kg p. granatum peel ...201525304489
evolutionary and expression analysis of a mads-box gene superfamily involved in ovule development of seeded and seedless grapevines.mads-box transcription factors are involved in many aspects of plant growth and development, such as floral organ determination, fruit ripening, and embryonic development. yet not much is known about grape (vitis vinifera) mads-box genes in a relatively comprehensive genomic and functional way during ovule development. accordingly, we identified 54 grape mads-box genes, aiming to enhance our understanding of grape mads-box genes from both evolutionary and functional perspectives. synteny analysi ...201525429734
grapevine (vitis vinifera l.).grapevine (vitis) is considered to be one of the major fruit crops in the world based on hectares cultivated and economic value. grapes are used not only for wine but also for fresh fruit, dried fruit, and juice production. wine is by far the major product of grapes, and the focus of this chapter is on wine grape cultivars. grapevine cultivars of vitis vinifera l. have a reputation for producing premium quality wines. these premium quality wines are produced from a small number of cultivars that ...201525416258
enzymatic formation of a resorcylic acid by creating a structure-guided single-point mutation in stilbene synthase.a novel c17 resorcylic acid was synthesized by a structure-guided vitis vinifera stilbene synthase (sts) mutant, in which threonine 197 was replaced with glycine (t197g). altering the architecture of the coumaroyl binding and cyclization pocket of the enzyme led to the attachment of an extra acetyl unit, derived from malonyl-coa, to p-coumaroyl-coa. the resulting novel pentaketide can be produced strictly by sts-like enzymes and not by chalcone synthase-like type iii polyketide synthases; due to ...201525402946
formulation and evaluation on human skin of a water-in-oil emulsion containing muscat hamburg black grape seed extract.vitis vinifera 'muscat hamburg' (vitaceae) is a blue-black grape variety commonly found in pakistan. it has been consumed and used in traditional medicine for centuries. compared to other grapes, m. hamburg records one of the greatest amount of polyphenols and displays potent antioxidant activities, which make it a great candidate for its exploitation in the development of stable cream emulsions destined to improve the skin appearance.201525402429
phenological synchrony between scaphoideus titanus (hemiptera: cicadellidae) hatchings and grapevine bud break: could this explain the insect's expansion?scaphoideus titanus is the invasive vector of the phytoplasma causing the flavescence dorée in european vineyards. this epidemic is a serious threat to viticulture that has been increasing for more than 60 years in europe. we studied the effect of synchrony with the plant phenology and the effect of plant-sap quality on the individual fitness. thus, we conducted laboratory experiments to determine if insect hatchings were synchronized with grapevine bud break. we used two natural populations: on ...201525339543
carbon balance, partitioning and photosynthetic acclimation in fruit-bearing grapevine (vitis vinifera l. cv. tempranillo) grown under simulated climate change (elevated co2, elevated temperature and moderate drought) scenarios in temperature gradient greenhouses.although plant performance under elevated co2 has been extensively studied in the past little is known about photosynthetic performance changing simultaneously co2, water availability and temperature conditions. moreover, despite of its relevancy in crop responsiveness to elevated co2 conditions, plant level c balance is a topic that, comparatively, has received little attention. in order to test responsiveness of grapevine photosynthetic apparatus to predicted climate change conditions, grapevi ...201525462972
partitioning the grapevine growing season in the douro valley of portugal: accumulated heat better than calendar dates.temperature and water status profiles during the growing season are the most important factors influencing the ripening of wine grapes. to model weather influences on the quality and productivity of the vintages, it is necessary to partition the growing season into smaller growth intervals in which weather variables are evaluated. a significant part of past and ongoing research on the relationships between weather and wine quality uses calendar-defined intervals to partition the growing season. ...201525344018
long-term impact of deficit irrigation on the physical quality of berries in 'crimson seedless' table grapes.in table grapes, berry firmness influences consumer acceptance so it is important to avoid berry shattering and dehydration during their post-harvest life. since studies of irrigation effects on table grape quality are comparatively rare, sensory evaluation aimed to identify high-quality berries obtained under different deficit irrigation treatments. a 3-year study examined the effects of deficit irrigation strategies on some physical quality attributes at harvest, after 28 days of cold storage ...201525367131
influence of the use of fungicides on the volatile composition of monastrell red wines obtained from inoculated fermentation.the influence of six fungicides (famoxadone, fenhexamid, fluquinconazole, kresoxim-methyl, quinoxyfen and trifloxystrobin) on the volatile composition of red wines obtained from inoculated fermentation was studied. although treatments were carried out under critical agricultural practices (cap), the residues in the wines were below their maximum residue limit (mrl). ethyl decanoate was the compound most influenced by these fungicides, while diethyl succinate, decanoic acid, β-ionone, and citrone ...201525306363
fruit-localized photoreceptors increase phenolic compounds in berry skins of field-grown vitis vinifera l. cv. malbec.sunlight exposure has multiple effect on fruits, as it affects the light climate perceived by fruit photoreceptors and fruit tissue temperature. in grapes (vitis vinifera l.), light exposure can have a strong effect on fruit quality and commercial value; however, the mechanisms of light action are not well understood. the role of fruit-localized photoreceptors in the control of berry quality traits was evaluated under field conditions in a commercial vineyard in mendoza (argentina). characteriza ...201525514818
rapid monitoring of grape withering using visible near-infrared spectroscopy.wineries need new practical and quick instruments, non-destructive and able to quantitatively evaluate during withering the parameters that impact product quality. the aim of the work was to test an optical portable system (visible near-infrared (nir) spectrophotometer) in a wavelength range of 400-1000 nm for the prediction of quality parameters of grape berries during withering.201525523419
bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of vitis vinifera l. cultivated under distinct agricultural practices in argentina.plants interact with a myriad of microbial cells in the rhizosphere, an environment that is considered to be important for plant development. however, the differential structuring of rhizosphere microbial communities due to plant cultivation under differential agricultural practices remains to be described for most plant species. here we describe the rhizosphere microbiome of grapevine cultivated under conventional and organic practices, using a combination of cultivation-independent approaches. ...201525527391
polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activities of underutilized grape (vitis vinifera l.) pomace extracts.grape pomace is an abundant source of underutilized winery by-products. polyphenols were extracted from grape pomace using cellulase and gluco-amylase enzymes. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) and folin-ciocalteu's assays were used to measure antioxidant activity and total polyphenolic contents. both cellulase, and gluco-amylase digested grape pomace showed efficient radical scavenging activity. in addition, the total polyphenolic contents of cellulase digested grape pomace showed lower conc ...201526451359
assessment of the quality of polluted areas based on the content of heavy metals in different organs of the grapevine (vitis vinifera) cv tamjanika.in this study, the samples of the spatial soil and organs of the grapevine (vitis vinifera) cultivar tamjanika were collected from the selected zones near the mining and smelting complex bor (east serbia). they were analyzed by icp-oes to determine the content of cu, zn, pb, as, cd, and ni with the aim of ascertaining if these data may help in the assessment and improvement of the quality of environment in polluted areas such as bor and its surrounding area. the results obtained from the calcula ...201525510611
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