Publications

helminths in a giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis xgiraffa) from a zoo in spain.	a pregnant female cape giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis giraffa) died from an unknown cause in the aitana zoo, alicante, spain. neither clinical signs nor macroscopic lesions were observed at necropsy. the alimentary tract was removed and examined for parasites. a total of 2 724 nematodes were found, including camelostrongylus mentulatus, trichostrongylus axei, ostertagia ostertagi, teladorsagia circumcincta, teladorsagia trifurcata, marshallagia marshalli, trichostrongylus vitrinus, trichostrong ...	2004	15373337
wdr26: a novel gbeta-like protein, suppresses mapk signaling pathway.	wd40 repeat proteins play important roles in a variety of cellular functions, including cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, and intracellular signal transduction. mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) are evolutionary conserved enzymes in cell signal transduction connecting cell-surface receptors to critical regulatory targets within cells and control cell survival, adaptation, and proliferation. previous studies revealed that g-protein coupled receptors (gpcrs) play important roles in th ...	2004	15378603
the major vault protein is a novel substrate for the tyrosine phosphatase shp-2 and scaffold protein in epidermal growth factor signaling.	the catalytic activity of the src homology 2 (sh2) domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase, shp-2, is required for virtually all of its signaling effects. elucidating the molecular mechanisms of shp-2 signaling, therefore, rests upon the identification of its target substrates. in this report, we have used shp-2 substrate-trapping mutants to identify the major vault protein (mvp) as a putative shp-2 substrate. mvp is the predominant component of vaults that are cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein compl ...	2004	15133037
an electrophoretic tool for the genetic characterisation and delineation of lungworms.	in the present study, pcr-based single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analysis of the second internal transcribed spacer (its-2) of nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna) was applied to the genetic characterisation of dictyocaulus from red deer from new zealand and to its differentiation from species of lungworm from cattle and other hosts. based on sscp profiles, dictyocaulus individuals from red deer from different geographical localities in new zealand could be readily distinguished from those ...	2004	15135455
serologic survey for antibodies against mycobacterium a vium subsp. paratuberculosis in free-ranging cervids from norway.	affinity between protein-g and immunoglobulins from red deer (cervus elaphus), moose (alces alces), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), and reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) was tested in a competition binding assay. sera from red deer, reindeer, and moose inhibited the assay less than sera from cattle (less affinity), whereas sera from roe deer showed a slightly higher affinity to protein-g than did sera from cattle. the conclusion was made that protein-g could be used instead of anti-species a ...	2004	15137486
distribution of meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) in south dakota.	heads of hunter-harvested deer (odocoileus sp.) and elk (cervus elaphus) were collected from meat processing plants throughout south dakota (usa) from 1997 through 1999 to determine distribution of meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) in eastern and western south dakota. a total of 2,848 white-tailed deer (wtd) were examined for p. tenuis, of which 578 (20.3%) were infected with the parasite. of 578 deer infected, 570 (98.6%) were harvested east of the missouri river. our results indicate ...	2004	15137501
factors affecting the herd level of antibodies against mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in dairy cattle.	a case-control study was made of norwegian dairy herds with high and low herd levels of antibodies against mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. a high proportion of the herds had a considerable number of seropositive cows, and environmental and management factors were examined for possible associations with the high serological levels of antibodies. the most important appeared to be: geographical location, red deer (cervus elaphus) gaining access to the pastures for cattle, the obser ...	2004	15143743
attenuation of a virulent type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus.	the purpose of this study was to produce an attenuated bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) type 2 strain as a tool for identifying potential virulence markers in the bvdv2 genome. the attenuation of the virulent strain, bvdv2-24515, was accomplished by in vivo and in vitro passage. the strain was initially used to infect an elk (cervus elaphus) [j. wildl. dis. 35 (1999) 671], re-isolated at 7 days post-inoculation from serum, and then subsequently passaged 56 times in cell culture. two groups of ...	2004	15145494
anaplasma infection in free-ranging iberian red deer in the region of castilla-la mancha, spain.	organisms in the genus anaplasma are obligate intracellular pathogens that multiply in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. the type species, anaplasma marginale, causes bovine anaplasmosis and infects erythrocytes of the vertebrate host and undergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks which serve as biological vectors. infected cattle, wild ruminants and ticks can all serve as reservoirs of a. marginale. in this study, hunter killed iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) from the r ...	2004	15145495
chronic wasting disease of cervids.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) has recently emerged in north america as an important prion disease of captive and free-ranging cervids (species in the deer family). cwd is the only recognized transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) affecting free-ranging species. three cervid species, mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (o. virginianus), and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), are the only known natural hosts of cwd. endemic cwd is well established in southern wyomin ...	2004	15148993
proteome analysis of red deer antlers.	deer antlers are the only mammalian organs capable of repeated regeneration. although antlers are known to develop from pedicles, which arise from antlerogenic cells of cranial periosteum, their developmental process is not fully elucidated. for example, while endocrine and environmental factors influence the antler development, it is still unclear which signaling pathways are involved in the transduction of such stimuli. to study the developmental process of antlers and identify proteins functi ...	2004	15529405
disposable-soma senescence mediated by sexual selection in an ungulate.	senescence may result from an optimal balance between current reproductive investment and bodily repair processes required for future reproduction, a theoretical prediction difficult to prove especially in large, long-lived animals. here we propose that teeth that have fixed dimensions early in life, but that wear during chewing, can be taken as a measure of total lifetime 'repair', and their wear rate as a measure of current expenditure in performance. our approach also considers the sexual sel ...	2004	15538368
molecular association of lectin and beta-glucosidase in corn coleoptile.	corn coleoptile lectin is present with beta-glucosidase (ec. 3.2.1.2.1) in a single tightly bound molecular association complex (88.7 kda). sds-page of the molecular complex dissociates into two main components. of these, at a concentration of 75%, the corn coleoptile beta-glucosidase (60 kda) is identified by enzymatic activity, with two 16-amino acid tryptic peptides displaying close homology with the primary structure of the enzyme. in separate experiments, we isolated homogenous monomeric en ...	2004	15541299
transmission of prions from mule deer and elk with chronic wasting disease to transgenic mice expressing cervid prp.	we generated mice expressing cervid prion protein to produce a transgenic system simulating chronic wasting disease (cwd) in deer and elk. while normal mice were resistant to cwd, these transgenic mice uniformly developed signs of neurological dysfunction approximately 230 days following intracerebral inoculation with four cwd isolates. inoculated transgenic mice homozygous for the transgene array developed disease after approximately 160 days. the brains of sick transgenic mice exhibited widesp ...	2004	15542685
ternary complex factor-serum response factor complex-regulated gene activity is required for cellular proliferation and inhibition of apoptotic cell death.	members of the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily of the ets-domain transcription factors are activated through phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) in response to a variety of mitogenic and stress stimuli. the tcfs bind and activate serum response elements (sres) in the promoters of target genes in a ternary complex with a second transcription factor, serum response factor (srf). the association of tcfs with sres within immediate-early gene promoters is suggestive of ...	2004	15542842
non-classical regulation of estrogen receptor-alpha by ici182,780.	estrogen receptor-alpha (er alpha) regulates transcription through a number of molecular mechanisms. two mechanisms by which er alpha acts directly in the nucleus have emerged: (1) in classical er alpha action, estrogen-bound receptor binds estrogen response elements (ere) and regulates promoters by recruiting coactivators or corepressors to dna; (2) non-classical action is not dependent on er alpha binding to eres; its mechanism is not as clearly defined as classical action. in many instances, ...	2004	15544930
the first canadian indigenous case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) has molecular characteristics for prion protein that are similar to those of bse in the united kingdom but differ from those of chronic wasting disease in captive elk and deer.	brain tissue from a case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) from alberta was subjected to a western immunoblotting technique to ascertain the molecular profile of any disease-specific, abnormal prion protein, that is, prion protein that is protease-resistant (prp(res)). this technique can discriminate between isolates from bse, ovine scrapie, and sheep experimentally infected with bse. isolates of brain tissue from the bse case in alberta, 3 farmed elk with chronic wasting disease (cwd) f ...	2004	15532881
alternative initiation of transcription of the human presenilin 1 gene in sh-sy5y and sk-n-sh cells. the role of ets factors in the regulation of presenilin 1.	we have identified dna sequences required for the expression of the presenilin 1 (ps1) gene. a promoter region has been mapped in sk-n-sh cells and includes sequences between -118 and +178 flanking the major initiation site (+1). the ps1 gene is also efficiently transcribed in the sh-sy5y subclone of sk-n-sh cells. however the promoter appears to be utilized in alternative ways in both cell types. sequences both upstream as well as downstream from the initiation site mapped in sk-n-sh cells were ...	2004	15560789
the risks of translocating wildlife. pathogenic infection with theileria sp. and elaeophora elaphi in an imported red deer.	it is well known that the translocation of wild animals poses risks of the introduction of pathogens into populations, and regulations and recommendations regarding quarantine and screening protocols for wild animals do exist. less is known about the infection of imported animals with local endemic pathogens. a red deer stag that had been imported from germany was found recumbent and died from hemolytic anaemia and a process of exertional myopathy. infection with theileria sp. was detected in th ...	2004	15567043
curcumin, the active constituent of turmeric, inhibits amyloid peptide-induced cytochemokine gene expression and ccr5-mediated chemotaxis of thp-1 monocytes by modulating early growth response-1 transcription factor.	epidemiological studies show reduced risk of alzheimer's disease (ad) among patients using non-steroidal inflammatory drugs (nsaid) indicating the role of inflammation in ad. studies have shown a chronic cns inflammatory response associated with increased accumulation of amyloid peptide and activated microglia in ad. our previous studies showed that interaction of abeta1-40 or fibrilar abeta1-42 caused activation of nuclear transcription factor, early growth response-1 (egr-1), which resulted in ...	2004	15569263
a novel ca2+-independent signaling pathway to extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase by coactivation of nmda receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in neurons.	the specification and organization of glutamatergic synaptic transmission require the coordinated interaction among glutamate receptors and their synaptic adaptor proteins closely assembled in the postsynaptic density (psd). here we investigated the interaction between nmda receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mglur5) in the integral regulation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (erk) and gene expression in cultured rat striatal neurons. we found that coapplication of n ...	2004	15574735
helicobacter-induced intestinal metaplasia in the stomach correlates with elk-1 and serum response factor induction of villin.	chronic helicobacter pylori infection results in serious sequelae, including atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and gastric cancer. intestinal metaplasia in the stomach is defined by the presence of intestine-like cells expressing enterocyte-specific markers, such as villin. in this study, we demonstrate that villin is expressed in intestine-like cells that develop after chronic infection with h. pylori in both human stomach and in a mouse model. transfection studies were used to identify specific ...	2004	15576363
male fertility in natural populations of red deer is determined by sperm velocity and the proportion of normal spermatozoa.	male reproductive success is determined by the ability of males to gain sexual access to females and by their ability to fertilize ova. among polygynous mammals, males differ markedly in their reproductive success, and a great deal of effort has been made to understand how selective forces have shaped traits that enhance male competitiveness both before and after copulation (i.e., sperm competition). however, the possibility that males also may differ in their fertility has been ignored under th ...	2004	15576823
srcasm modulates egf and src-kinase signaling in keratinocytes.	the src-activating and signaling molecule (srcasm) is a recently described activator and substrate of src-family tyrosine kinases (sfks). when phosphorylated at specific tyrosines, srcasm associates with grb2 and p85, the regulatory subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase; however, little is known about the role of srcasm in cellular signaling. data presented here demonstrate that epidermal growth factor (egf) receptor ligands promote the tyrosine phosphorylation of endogenous and adenovirally tran ...	2004	15579470
morphometric and immunohistochemical study of the reticulum of red deer during prenatal development.	iberian red deer need to be conserved for their economic role and for their genetic importance as an important component of the ecosystem. modifications currently being made to traditional management systems require a better understanding of the structure, function and development of their alimentary system. here we describe a histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analysis of the stomach of 25 red deer embryos and fetuses from 30 days of gestation until birth (235 days). differentiation of t ...	2004	15447687
extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) in glucose-induced and endothelin-mediated fibronectin synthesis.	increased extracellular matrix protein deposition and basement membrane thickening are important features of diabetic angiopathy. one key matrix protein that has been shown to be instrumental in basement membrane thickening is fibronectin (fn). we have previously demonstrated that glucose-induced increased expression of endothelin-1 (et-1), may in part, be responsible for increased fn expression via nuclear factor-kappab (nf-kappab) and activating protein (ap-1) activation. the present study was ...	2004	15448709
egr-1 is activated by 17beta-estradiol in mcf-7 cells by mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent phosphorylation of elk-1.	early growth response-1 (egr-1) is an immediate-early gene induced by e2 in the rodent uterus and breast cancer cells. e2 induces egr-1 mrna and protein levels in mcf-7 human breast cancer cells and reporter gene activity in cells transfected with pegr-1a, a construct containing the -600 to +12 region of the egr-1 promoter linked to the firefly luciferase gene. deletion analysis of the egr-1 promoter identified a minimal e2-responsive region of the promoter that contained serum response element ...	2004	15449318
[activation of erk1/2 and elk1 in a549 cells induced by crocidolite].	to investigate the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) 1/2 and elk1 in pulmonary disease induced by crocidolite asbestos fiber.	2004	15461256
diagnostic polymorphisms in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene allow discrimination between cattle, sheep, goat, roe buck and deer by pcr-rflp.	as an alternative to direct dna sequencing of pcr products, random pcr-rflp is an efficient technique to discriminate between species. the pcr-rflp-method is an inexpensive tool in forensic science, even if the template is degraded or contains only traces of dna from various species.	2004	15462674
intranasal administration of xylazine to reduce stress in elk captured by net gun.	forty free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus manitobensis) were captured by net gun in riding mountain national park (manitoba, canada) during february 2002 and were administered either saline (control) or xylazine by the intranasal route, to evaluate the efficacy and benefit of intranasal xylazine to reduce stress. elk that received xylazine had higher relaxation scores than control elk, and the onset of sedation occurred quickly, often <1 min. serum concentrations of cortisol, creatine kinase, and g ...	2004	15465726
epidemiology of cerebrospinal elaphostrongylus cervi infection in red deer in central spain.	elaphostrongylus cervi produces a subclinical cerebrospinal disease in many wild and domestic ruminants from europe, north america and new zealand and has recently been described in spain. to determine some aspects of its epidemiology, 121 red deer (cervus elaphus) from central spain were sampled during 2000. the prevalence (7%) and mean worm burden (3.8 worms per brain) were similar to the values previously recorded in other european areas. the infection was only detected in young deer during t ...	2004	15469631
pleistocene to holocene extinction dynamics in giant deer and woolly mammoth.	the extinction of the many well-known large mammals (megafauna) of the late pleistocene epoch has usually been attributed to 'overkill' by human hunters, climatic/vegetational changes or to a combination of both. an accurate knowledge of the geography and chronology of these extinctions is crucial for testing these hypotheses. previous assumptions that the megafauna of northern eurasia had disappeared by the pleistocene/holocene transition were first challenged a decade ago by the discovery that ...	2004	15470427
long-term epidemiology, effect on body condition and interspecific interactions of concomitant infection by nasopharyngeal bot fly larvae (cephenemyia auribarbis and pharyngomyia picta, oestridae) in a population of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).	we studied the pattern of infection and the inter-annual variation and individual factors affecting the infection of 2 species of nasopharyngeal bot flies, cephenemyia auribarbis and pharyngomyia picta (diptera: oestridae), in a population of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) from south central spain (10 annual periods between 1990 and 2003). mean prevalence+/-s.e.95%ci of infection was 35.19+/-4.24% (n=486). the frequency distribution of the parasites was markedly aggregated (k: 0.21 ...	2004	15471010
variable patterns of distribution of prp(cwd) in the obex and cranial lymphoid tissues of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) with subclinical chronic wasting disease.	sections of medulla oblongata, taken at the level of the obex, palatine tonsil and medial retropharyngeal lymph node from 10,269 captive rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), were examined by immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibody for the prion protein associated with the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cervids, chronic wasting disease (prp(cwd)). the protein was detected in 226 of them. on the basis of the anatomical location of the deposits in the brainstem of ...	2004	15478500
morphological observation of antler regeneration in red deer (cervus elaphus).	deer antler offers a unique opportunity to explore how nature solves the problem of mammalian appendage regeneration. annual antler renewal is an example of epimorphic regeneration, which is known to take place through initial blastema formation. detailed examination of the early process of antler regeneration, however, has thus far been lacking. therefore, we conducted morphological observations on antler regeneration from naturally cast and artificially created pedicle/antler stumps. on the na ...	2004	15487018
green fluorescent protein tagging of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 pathways reveals novel dynamics of pathway activation during primary and metastatic growth.	we describe a novel approach that allows detection of primary and metastatic cells in vivo in which either the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) or the p38 pathway is activated. our recent findings showed that erk and p38 kinases regulate, respectively, programs dictating cell proliferation (high erk-to-p38 ratio) or growth arrest and dormancy (low erk-to-p38 ratio) in vivo. thus, we were able to use green fluorescent protein (gfp) to reflect erk and p38 activities and, consequently, t ...	2004	15492254
pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in north american elk (cervus elaphus).	florfenicol pharmacokinetics after administration of a single subcutaneous (s.c.) dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight in adult elk (cervus elaphus) was investigated. serum florfenicol concentrations were determined by a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method with limit of quantification of 0.03 microg/ml. florfenicol pharmacokinetic parameters in elk were estimated using a noncompartmental approach. after a single s.c. injection, florfenicol concentrations remained above 1 microg/m ...	2004	15500565
a preliminary investigation of the disposition of tilmicosin residues in elk tissues and serum.		2004	15500580
comparative analysis of the activation of the elk-1 transcription factor in the central nervous system of animals with different learning capacities.		2004	15508570
extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1c (erk1c), a novel 42-kilodalton erk, demonstrates unique modes of regulation, localization, and function.	extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks) are signaling molecules that regulate many cellular processes. we have previously identified an alternatively spliced 46-kda form of erk1 that is expressed in rats and mice and named erk1b. here we report that the same splicing event in humans and monkeys causes, due to sequence differences in the inserted introns, the production of an erk isoform that migrates together with the 42-kda erk2. because of the differences of this isoform from erk1b, we n ...	2004	15509801
kinetic analysis of rsk2 and elk-1 interaction on the serum response element and implications for cellular engineering.	immediate early gene activation upon mitogenic activation occurs through the serum response element (sre), which makes the delineation of the upstream pathways a powerful means to engineer cellular responses. the malfunctioning of this system leads to a variety of disorders, ranging from neurological disorders such as coffin-lowry syndrome (rsk2 mutations) to cancer (c-fos mutations). we therefore investigated the sre activation mechanism in a typical mammalian cell. mitogenic signaling uses the ...	2004	15515167
expression of pthrp and the pth/pthrp receptor in growing red deer antler.	antler growth is highly co-ordinated, so that trabecular bone and antler skin (velvet) develop together, at a rapid rate and in a manner reminiscent of their development in the fetus. parathyroid hormone-related peptide (pthrp) is expressed in both bone and skin, and is therefore a candidate to effect co-ordination between these tissues. the aim of this study was to localize the expression of pthrp and its principal receptor, the parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor ( ...	2004	15516324
osteochondrosis associated with copper deficiency in a red deer herd in norway.		2004	15581144
density-dependent effects on physical condition and reproduction in north american elk: an experimental test.	density dependence plays a key role in life-history characteristics and population ecology of large, herbivorous mammals. we designed a manipulative experiment to test hypotheses relating effects of density-dependent mechanisms on physical condition and fecundity of north american elk (cervus elaphus) by creating populations at low and high density. we hypothesized that if density-dependent effects were manifested principally through intraspecific competition, body condition and fecundity of fem ...	2004	15586292
glucocorticoid receptor-induced mapk phosphatase-1 (mpk-1) expression inhibits paclitaxel-associated mapk activation and contributes to breast cancer cell survival.	glucocorticoid receptor (gr) activation has recently been shown to inhibit apoptosis in breast epithelial cells. we have previously described a group of genes that is rapidly up-regulated in these cells following dexamethasone (dex) treatment. in an effort to dissect the mechanisms of gr-mediated breast epithelial cell survival, we now examine the molecular events downstream of gr activation. here we show that gr activation leads to both the rapid induction of mapk phosphatase-1 (mkp-1) mrna and ...	2004	15590693
extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, but not c-jun n-terminal kinase, is activated by type ii gonadotropin-releasing hormone involved in the inhibition of ovarian cancer cell proliferation.	although a novel second form of gnrh (gnrh-ii) has been reported to have an antiproliferative effect on gynecologic cancer cells, its biological mechanism remains to be elucidated. we have previously demonstrated that gnrh-ii activates p38 mapk. there is accumulating evidence that activation of mapks by gnrh-i and -ii is important for cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. in the present study, we further investigated the involvement of gnrh-ii in the inhibition of cell proliferatio ...	2004	15598681
non-random base composition in codons of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in vertebrates.	cytochrome b is the central catalytic subunit of the quinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase of complex iii of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system and is essential to the viability of most eukaryotic cells. partial cytochrome b gene sequences of 14 species representing mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians are presented here including some species typical for poland. for the analysed species a comparative analysis of the natural variation in the gene was performed. this information h ...	2004	15625561
vav transformation requires activation of multiple gtpases and regulation of gene expression.	although vav can act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for rhoa, rac1, and cdc42, its transforming activity has been ascribed primarily to its ability to activate rac1. however, because activated vav, but not rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors, exhibits very potent focus-forming transforming activity when assayed in nih 3t3 cells, vav transforming activity must also involve activation of rac-independent pathways. in this study, we determined the involvement of other rho famil ...	2004	15634759
[the progress in complex homeobox domains].	the proteins with 'homeobox' (hox) domain, a large family of dna binding, play an important role in embryonic development, gene regulation, cell differentiation and neurogenesis. some other domains are found in the proteins together with hox, such as pax, pou, lim, oar, elk, six, bzip, phd-finger, engrailed, hexapeptide domains. the hox combined with other domains that associate with dna binding or protein interactions are called 'complex homeobox'. recent reports indicate that 'complex homeobox ...	2004	15640136
pestivirus exposure in free-living and captive deer in austria.	during the hunting season of 2001-02, blood and spleen samples from 59 red deer (cervus elaphus), 77 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), four fallow deer (dama dama), and five chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) were collected from nine hunting districts (n = 133) and one deer farm (n = 12) in southern austria. sera were tested for antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and virus neutralization tests against three bvdvs and one border diseas ...	2004	15650102
malignant melanoma in a captive red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus).	we report a case of malignant melanoma in a captive red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus). the primary lesion was on the plantar aspect of the right pastern and infiltrated the surrounding skin, but not underlying tendons or bone. diffuse metastasis to the regional lymph nodes had occurred. histologically, lesions were characterized by large numbers of variably pigmented epithelioid cells with a high degree of nuclear atypia and many mitotic figures. this is the first reported case of this neoplasm ...	2004	15650106
effects of topical elk velvet antler on cutaneous wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.	wound repair is a finely orchestrated process involving cellular, molecular, physiologic, and biochemical interactions that restore the integrity of damaged tissue. cyclic replacement of deer antlers requires rapid regenerative growth, in many ways analogous to that encountered during tissue repair. molecular mechanisms regulating these processes are not fully understood, but it is increasingly apparent that growth factors are important mediators. previous studies have shown that elk velvet antl ...	2004	15650473
neuroendocrine cells in prostate cancer.	neuroendocrine (ne) cells are found in prostate tumors, and their incidence is considered a promising prognostic indicator for the development of androgen-independent disease. ne cells are derived from non-ne prostate cancer cells and secrete factors that can act in a paracrine manner to stimulate the survival, growth, motility, and metastatic potential of prostatic carcinoma cells. factors such as il-6, epinephrine, and forskolin induce ne differentiation in prostate cancer cells; the mechanism ...	2004	15663358
u0126 prevents erk pathway phosphorylation and interleukin-1beta mrna production after cerebral ischemia.	to study the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) in cerebral ischemia and the mechanism of protective effects of u0126 (1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis[2-aminophenylthio] butadiene) on ischemic brain.	2004	15669185
culicoides midge trap enhancement with animal odour baits in scotland.	examples of the commercial trap mosquito magnet pro (mmp emitting attractant 1-octen-3-ol in carbon dioxide 500 ml/min generated from propane fuel), were run 24 h/day on the isle of skye, scotland, during june-august 2001 and evaluated for catching culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae). from 30 days trapping, the catch averaged 2626 +/- 1358 culicoides females/trap/day (mean +/- se, range 558 +/- 139 to 6088 +/- 3597, for five sets of six consecutive nights), predominantly the pest ...	2004	15641999
performance of differential gps collars in temperate mountain forest.	to determine the performance of global positioning system (gps) for habitat studies in free-ranging animals, we tested differential 6- and 8-channel gps collars under six representative canopies and one open-field reference site in the 'parc national des cévennes', southern france. the proportion of successful locations decreased under taller trees and worsened with snow accumulation in mixed coniferous habitats. the mean location success of seven free-ranging red deer fitted with 6-channel gps ...	2004	15656356
prediction of cis-regulatory elements of coregulated genes.	we present a computational pipeline to predict cis-regulatory elements composing results based on different algorithms: clover, cluster-buster, an own implementation of human/rat/mouse sequence identity and our itb algorithm. the procedure uses information from the human genome sequence, ncbi gene annotations, verified eukaryotic promoters (epd), experimentally proven binding sites (transfac) and homologies to mouse and rat (homgl/homologene). we test the approach on 18 upstream regions of exper ...	2004	15712115
abomasal parasites in wild sympatric cervids, red deer, cervus elaphus and fallow deer, dama dama, from three localities across central and western spain: relationship to host density and park management.	a survey of abomasal parasites in cervids from central spain was conducted at 3 sites, quintos de mora (toledo), maluéñez de arriba (cáceres), and la herguijuela (cáceres). commonly occurring helminths belonged to 3 polymorphic species of the ostertagiinae: spiculopteragia asymmetricals. quadrispiculata, ostertagia leptospicularis/o. kolchida, and o. drozdzi/o. ryjikovi. trichostrongylus axei was found in very few cases. ostertagia drozdzi/o. ryjikovi and the minor male morphotype, s. quadrispic ...	2004	15715232
bilateral ovarian teratoma in a free-living iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).	a 8.5 x 5.7 x 5 cm irregularly shaped mass was detected in the location of the left ovary of a 9-year-old iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) hind shot during a hunting drive. pathological findings: on the cut surface, the mass consisted of numerous fluid- or keratin-filled inter-communicating cysts, separated by connective tissue containing solid nodules of dark-coloured foci and hairy skin. the right ovary was of normal size, but contained a 1.5 cm mass of hairy skin and spongy struct ...	2004	15768082
ets proteins in biological control and cancer.	the ets family consists of a large number of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors, many of which have been implicated in tumor progression. extensive studies on this family of proteins have focused so far mainly on the biochemical properties and cellular functions of individual factors. since most of the ets factors can bind to the core consensus dna sequence ggaa/t in vitro, it has been a challenge to differentiate redundant from specific functions of various ets proteins in vivo. rec ...	2004	15034925
prevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild red deer, roe deer, moose, and reindeer from norway.	serum samples from 4339 wild cervids collected in norway were tested for antibodies against toxoplasma gondii using the direct agglutination test. the association between seroprevalence and species, sex, age, and geographic region was investigated. positive titers (> or =1:40) were found in 33.9% of 760 roe deer (capreolus capreolus); 12.6% of 2142 moose (alces alces); 7.7% of 571 red deer (cervus elaphus); and 1.0% of 866 reindeer (rangifer tarandus). the seroprevalences were significantly diff ...	2004	15041091
modification of concanavalin a-dependent proliferation by phosphatidylcholines isolated from deer antler, cervus elaphus.	the immunomodulatory effect of deer antler, which is used as traditional medicine, has been known, but the active component of antlers from cervus elaphus has not been identified. in this study, we identified the immunomodulator from c. elaphus and examined its biological activities on the immune system.	2004	15043858
the protein phosphatase 1/2a inhibitor okadaic acid increases creb and elk-1 phosphorylation and c-fos expression in the rat striatum in vivo.	activation of group i metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglurs) up-regulates transcription factor cyclic amp response element-binding protein (creb) and elk-1 phosphorylation via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (erk1/2) in the striatum in vivo. protein phosphatase 1/2a further regulates immediate early gene expression by inactivating (dephosphorylating) creb. in this study, using semi-quantitative immunohistochemical and western blot analyses and in situ hybridization histochemistry, w ...	2004	15056282
genetic roots of the red deer (cervus elaphus) population in eastern switzerland.	overhunting of red deer (cervus elaphus) in eastern switzerland led to its extinction in the second half of the 17th century. natural recolonization must have taken place later, because red deer were seen again in the canton of the grisons (eastern switzerland) in the 1870s. according to historical data, three different populations could have served as the source population. to determine the genetic origin of the eastern swiss red deer population, we collected samples from five different subpopu ...	2004	15073229
a linear signal transduction pathway involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase cepsilon, and mapk in mesangial cells regulates interferon-gamma-induced stat1alpha transcriptional activation.	interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) exerts an pleiotropic effect in mesangial cells in inflammatory glomerular diseases. the biologic effect of ifn-gamma is mediated by stat1alpha. the precise mechanism by which ifn-gamma stimulates the transcriptional activity of stat1alpha is poorly understood. i investigated the role of protein kinase c (pkc) epsilon in regulating the transcriptional activation of stat1alpha in mesangial cells. ifn-gamma increased pkcepsilon activity in a time-dependent manner with ...	2004	15082710
the kinase activity of kinase suppressor of ras1 (ksr1) is independent of bound mek.	kinase suppressor of ras1 (ksr1) functions as a positive modulator of ras-dependent signaling either upstream of or parallel to raf-1, and pharmacologic inactivation of ksr1 may serve as a treatment for rasdriven malignancies such as pancreatic cancer (xing, h. r., cordon-cardo, c., deng, x., tong, w., campodonico, l., fuks, z., and kolesnick, r. (2003) nat. med. 9, 1266-1268). although some studies demonstrated a requirement for ksr1 kinase activity for its action, others suggested ksr1 acts pr ...	2004	15084597
identification and characterization of a novel bash n terminus-associated protein, bnas2.	a b cell-specific adaptor protein, bash (also known as blnk or slp-65), is crucial for b cell receptor (bcr) signaling. bash binds to various signaling intermediates, such as btk, plcgamma2, vav, and grb2, through its well defined motifs. although functional significance of such interactions has been documented, bash-mediated signal transduction mechanism is not fully understood. using the yeast two-hybrid system, we have identified a novel protein that binds to a conserved n-terminal domain of ...	2004	15087455
effect of season on characteristics of red deer /cervus elaphus l./ semen collected using modified artificial vagina.	during three reproductive seasons, 572 ejaculates were collected from five farmed red deer stags using a modified artificial vagina. the ejaculates were evaluated in terms of their quality and quantity by standard procedures applied for domestic animals. the total length of sexual activity was 245 days, from august 4 to april 6. significant changes in the semen parameters were noted over this period, divided into three stages: pre-mating, mating, post-mating. during mating season the following v ...	2004	15094795
elk exposure to arsenic in geothermal watersheds of yellowstone national park, usa.	geothermal activity in yellowstone national park (wy, usa) (ynp) results in elevated levels of arsenic in surface waters, aquatic vegetation, and sediments in the upper madison river basin. this study was conducted to determine concentrations of arsenic in the tissues, feces, and rumen contents of elk (cervus elaphus) residing in the madison-firehole (mf) river basin, and to evaluate potential arsenic exposure pathways. concentrations of total arsenic in mf elk were significantly higher than in ...	2004	15095895
regulations of methamphetamine reward by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2/ets-like gene-1 signaling pathway via the activation of dopamine receptors.	little is known about molecular mechanisms for long-lasting neuroadaptation related to the rewarding effects of methamphetamine (map). in the present study, we examined the intracellular signaling that is associated with the expression of conditioned place preference (cpp) induced by map in rats. rats were given map or saline (control group) for conditioning to the cpp test. map-treated and control animals were killed immediately after the cpp test [cpp(+)]. some of the map-treated rats were kil ...	2004	15102958
lack of the canonical prb-binding domain in the e7 orf of artiodactyl papillomaviruses is associated with the development of fibropapillomas.	the l-x-c-x-e prb-binding motif of papillomavirus (pv) e7 proteins has been implicated in the immortalization and transformation of the host cell. however, sequencing of the complete genomes of bovine papillomavirus type 3 (bpv-3), bovine papillomavirus type 5 (bpv-5), equine papillomavirus (eqpv) and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) papillomavirus (rpv) supports the notion that the prb-binding motif is not ubiquitous among e7 proteins in the pv proteome. key among the animal groups that lack the pr ...	2004	15105541
hepatocyte growth factor promotes cell proliferation and inhibits progesterone secretion via pka and mapk pathways in a human granulosa cell line.	hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) is a mesenchymal-derived paracrine factor that acts through a c-met receptor. the activated c-met receptor recruits various signal proteins. we used a steroidogenic human granulosa-like tumor cell line (kgn cells) to analyze the biological function of hgf in human ovary cells. first, we designed a method to analyze local production and action of hgf in the human ovary. although c-met mrna is expressed in kgn cells, granulosa lutein, theca, and ovarian stroma cells, ...	2004	15112327
pulsatile machine perfusion with vasosol solution improves early graft function after cadaveric renal transplantation.	cold storage is the most common method of preservation in renal transplantation, but pulsatile machine perfusion (mp) is increasingly used for purposes of ex vivo assessment and resuscitation of high risk allografts. vasosol (vsl) mp solution (mps) (pike laboratories inc, eagle, pa) is a novel perfusate with enhanced vasodilatory and antioxidant capacity. we report our experience with vsl in machine preservation of renal allografts.	2004	15114096
mitochondrial dna phylogeography of red deer (cervus elaphus).	in order to understand the origin, phylogeny, and phylogeography of the species cervus elaphus, we examined the dna sequence variation of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of 51 populations of deer from the entire distribution area of cervinae with an emphasis on europe and asia. several methods, including maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and nested clade analysis, revealed that red deer originated from the area between kyrgyzstan and northern india. we found two distinct groups of red d ...	2004	15120401
timing and synchrony of ovulation in red deer constrained by short northern summers.	iteroparous mothers often face a trade-off between further investments in current offspring at the expense of the start of the next reproductive cycle. in the strongly seasonal environments at northern latitudes, large herbivores are typically calving in early summer each year to get a long growth season and to hit peak protein levels of vegetation. late-born offspring are more likely to die since they are smaller in autumn. low female condition in autumn due to prolonged investment in current-y ...	2004	15122493
connective tissue growth factor induces c-fos gene activation and cell proliferation through p44/42 map kinase in primary rat hepatic stellate cells.	connective tissue growth factor (ccn2) is expressed during activation of hepatic stellate cells (hsc) and promotes hsc proliferation, adhesion, and collagen production. the aim of the study was to investigate ccn2 signaling pathways in hsc.	2004	15123357
pleckstrin homology and phosphotyrosine-binding domain-dependent membrane association and tyrosine phosphorylation of dok-4, an inhibitory adapter molecule expressed in epithelial cells.	dok-like adapter molecules represent an expanding family of pleckstrin homology (ph) and phosphotyrosine-binding (ptb) domain-containing tyrosine kinase substrates with negative regulatory functions in hematopoietic cell signaling. in a search for nonhematopoietic counterparts to dok molecules, we identified and characterized dok-4, a recently cloned member of the family. dok-4 mrna was strongly expressed in nonhematopoietic organs, particularly the intestine, kidney, and lung, whereas both mrna ...	2004	14963042
[the occurrence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus) and chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) in bavaria].	brain samples of 849 free-ranging ruminants (654 roe deer, 189 red deer and 6 chamois) from bavaria were examined for tse. in this respect, detections of prpres were carried out by elisa technique (biorad) and immunohistochemistry using the monoclonal antibody (mab) l42. validation experiments of the elisa technique for the detection of prionprotein from free-ranging ruminants showed that the examination of brains of wild ruminants lead to lower extinctions than that of bovine brain samples. due ...	2004	14964120
all i need is the air that i breath: outdoor air quality and asthma.	in recent years, developing insight into the pathophysiology of asthma and advances in asthma management have been substantial. despite these advancements, asthma remains a significant health problem in the paediatric population. in the usa, the prevalence of asthma in children under 18 years of age is estimated at 7% [us environmental health protection agency. publication # epa-100-r-018. washington, dc, 2000]. prevalence rates in various subpopulations, particularly african and hispanic americ ...	2004	14980245
regulation of ras-mapk pathway mitogenic activity by restricting nuclear entry of activated mapk in endoderm differentiation of embryonic carcinoma and stem cells.	in response to retinoic acid, embryonic stem and carcinoma cells undergo differentiation to embryonic primitive endoderm cells, accompanied by a reduction in cell proliferation. differentiation does not reduce the activation of cellular mapk/erk, but does uncouple mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) activation from phosphorylation/activation of elk-1 and results in inhibition of c-fos expression, whereas phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic substrate p90rsk remains unaltered. cell fractionatio ...	2004	14981092
lactation under induced five-month delay reproduction in iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).	in iberian deer, calf birth date affects both milk production and composition, as well as the weight change of hind during lactation and calf growth. this study examines a five-month induced delay in calving (autumn group) in a group of 19 iberian hinds compared to a group of 13 standard calving hinds (spring group). fertility in the autumn group was half that of the spring one. from the former, a further two calves out of six died before or soon after birth. successfully lactating hinds showed ...	2004	14981785
learning from outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis near riding mountain national park: applications to a foreign animal disease outbreak.	riding mountain national park, manitoba, is home to a population of free-roaming elk (cervus elaphus manitobensis) that have been found to be infected with mycobacterium bovis, the agent of bovine tuberculosis (tb). the disease has also been found in a number of cattle herds near the park and, as a result, manitoba has been assigned a split status for bovine tb. a number of government agencies, with input from representatives from the wildlife and agricultural sectors, have responded by devising ...	2004	14992251
sumo promotes hdac-mediated transcriptional repression.	recently, sumo modification has been shown to impart repressive properties on several transcriptional regulatory proteins. indeed, the ets domain transcription factor elk-1 is modified by sumo, and this modification is reversed by erk map kinase pathway activation. this causes a switch from a repressive to activated state. however, the mechanism(s) of sumo-mediated transcriptional repression is unclear. here, we have investigated how sumoylation of elk-1 leads to transcriptional repression. we d ...	2004	14992729
elk-1 knock-out mice engineered by flp recombinase-mediated cassette exchange.	elk-1 is a member of the tcf subfamily of ets proteins. tcfs interact with srf at serum response elements (sres) of immediate early genes (iegs), such as c-fos and egr-1, thereby mediating ieg induction upon extracellular stimulation. we previously generated an elk-1 null allele (elk1-137) in murine embryonic stem (es) cells by homologous recombination. in elk1-137, the elk-1 gene was replaced by a hygromycin b phosphotransferase - thymidine kinase (hygtk) fusion gene, flanked by two nonidentica ...	2004	14994271
pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur in red deer (cervus elaphus).	twelve adult female red deer (cervus elaphus) were given 250 mg of ceftiofur sodium by intramuscular injection (i.m.) and ballistic implant in a crossover design. blood samples were taken from an in-dwelling jugular catheter prior to drug administration and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h postadministration of the drug. samples were centrifuged and plasma kept frozen at -70 degrees c until analysis for ceftiofur and active metabolites using an hplc method. the pharmacokinetics ...	2004	14995960
identifying specific kinase substrates through engineered kinases and atp analogs.	intracellular signaling by protein kinases controls many aspects of cellular biochemistry and physiology. determining the direct substrates of protein kinases is important in understanding how these signaling enzymes exert their effect on cellular functions. one of the recent developments in this area takes advantage of the similarity in the atp binding domains of protein kinases, where a few conserved amino acids containing large side chains come in close contact with the n-6 position of bound ...	2004	15003601
induction of early growth-response factor 1 by platelet-derived growth factor in human airway smooth muscle.	platelet-derived growth factors (pdgf) may contribute to the activation and growth of smooth muscle that is characteristic of airway remodeling in asthmatic patients. early growth response 1 (egr-1) is a transcription factor that is induced in several cell types by pdgf and may mediate some of the effects of pdgf. we show that human airway smooth muscle cells in cell culture express egr-1 1 h after addition of pdgf. analysis of the egr-1 promoter indicates that a serum response element located b ...	2004	15003938
the human cationic peptide ll-37 induces activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 kinase pathways in primary human monocytes.	ll-37 is a cationic peptide that is found in the granules of neutrophils and is secreted by epithelial cells from a variety of tissues. levels of ll-37 in vivo increase upon infection, and its production and secretion are increased upon stimulation with proinflammatory mediators. it has been postulated that ll-37 modulates the immune response by interacting with the effector cells of innate immunity; however, the mechanism of this interaction is unknown. ll-37 induced phosphorylation and activat ...	2004	15004180
erk activation by mechanical strain is regulated by the small g proteins rac-1 and rhoa.	physical forces play an important role in regulating cell functions. we applied mechanical strain to human fibroblasts by magnetic attraction of superparamagnetic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (rgd)-coated beads. we confirmed that the map kinases erk and p38 are activated by mechanical strain, and went further by demonstrating the activation of elk-1 by mechanical strain, mainly through a mek-erk pathway. transfection of a dominant negative form of the g protein rac-1 (rac t17n), and inhibition ...	2004	15009099
rising burden of immature sheep ticks (ixodes ricinus) on red grouse (lagopus lagopus scoticus) chicks in the scottish uplands.	the sheep tick ixodes ricinus (l.) (acari: ixodidae) is an ectoparasite of major economic and pathogenic importance in scotland. its distribution in the scottish uplands is assumed to be governed by the abundance and distribution of its definitive hosts (deer and sheep) and climatic variables such as temperature and rainfall. as the numbers of its major host in scotland, red deer, have increased dramatically and climatic conditions have become more favourable, the level of parasitism could have ...	2004	15009449
myocardin and ternary complex factors compete for srf to control smooth muscle gene expression.	smooth muscle cells switch between differentiated and proliferative phenotypes in response to extracellular cues, but the transcriptional mechanisms that confer such phenotypic plasticity remain unclear. serum response factor (srf) activates genes involved in smooth muscle differentiation and proliferation by recruiting muscle-restricted cofactors, such as the transcriptional coactivator myocardin, and ternary complex factors (tcfs) of the ets-domain family, respectively. here we show that growt ...	2004	15014501
blocked map kinase activity selectively enhances neurotrophic growth responses.	bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps) 4 and 6 as well as mek inhibitors pd98059 and u0126 potentiate neurotrophin 3 (nt3)- and neurturin (ntn)-induced neurite outgrowth and survival of peripheral neurons from the e9 chicken embryo. preexposure to bmp4 or pd98059 was sufficient to prime the potentiation of subsequently added nt3. phosphorylation of erk2, induced by nt3, was reduced by mek inhibition but unaffected by bmp signaling. real-time pcr showed that neither bmp stimulation nor mek inhibition ...	2004	15019950
clinical evaluation of a powder of quality elk velvet antler for the treatment of osteoarthrosis in dogs.	a powder of quality elk velvet antler (qeva) was evaluated on client-owned dogs with osteoarthrosis (oa) in a clinical, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. thirteen dogs received a placebo for 30 days and then qeva for 60 days. twenty-five other dogs received qeva for 60 days. gait analysis measured with a force plate, clinical signs assessed by an orthopedic surgeon, performances in daily life activities and vitality assessed by the owners, and complete blood analyses were obtained at d ...	2004	15025149
the vaccinia virus-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway is required for virus multiplication.	early events play a decisive role in virus multiplication. we have shown previously that activation of mapk/erk1/2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) and protein kinase a are pivotal for vaccinia virus (vv) multiplication [de magalhães, andrade, silva, sousa, ropert, ferreira, kroon, gazzinelli and bonjardim (2001) j. biol. chem. 276, 38353-38360]. in the present study, we show that vv infection provoked a sustained activation of both erk1/2 and rsk2 (ri ...	2004	15025565
erythropoietin regulation of raf-1 and mek: evidence for a ras-independent mechanism.	stimulation of the erythropoietin (epo) receptor triggers a cascade of signaling events. we reported that epo upregulates c-myc expression through 2 pathways in baf3-epor cells--a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3k) pathway operating on transcriptional initiation and a raf-1-mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway affecting elongation. we now show that epo induces phosphorylation of raf-1 at serine 338 and within the carboxy-terminal domain, resulting in an electrophoretic mobility chan ...	2004	15026317
expression of a mutant irs inhibits metabolic and mitogenic signalling of insulin in human adipocytes.	adipose tissue is a primary target of insulin, but knowledge about insulin signalling in human adipocytes is limited. we developed an electroporation technique for transfection of primary human adipocytes with a transfection efficiency of 15% +/- 5 (mean +/- s.d.). human adipocytes were co-transfected with a mutant of irs-3 (all four potential pi3-kinase binding motifs mutated: irs-3f4) and ha-tagged protein kinase b (ha-pkb/akt). ha-pkb/akt was immunoprecipitated from cell lysates with anti-ha ...	2004	15223127
affinities between cutifilaria (nematoda: filarioidea), parasites of deer, and mansonella as seen in a new onchocercid, m. (c.) perforata n. sp., from japan.	a new dermal filarioid nematode, collected from cervus nippon nippon (sika deer) on kyushu island, japan, showed close affinities between the genera cutifilaria and mansonella (onchocercidae: onchocercinae): no buccal capsule, esophagus reduced to a thin fibrous tube, and female tail with four lappets. we propose cutifilaria as a subgenus of mansonella. cutifilaria was distinguished from the five other subgenera, mansonella, tetrapetalonema, esslingeria, sandnema, and tupainema, in having an are ...	2004	15224573
artificial insemination following observational versus electronic methods of estrus detection in red deer hinds (cervus elephus).	the objectives were to determine the efficacy of the heatwatch (hw) electronic estrus detection system for monitoring behavioral estrus (including duration and intensity) in red deer hinds and to evaluate pregnancy rate to ai after detected estrus. red deer hinds (cervus elephus; n = 50) were allocated into two treatment groups: ai following synchronization (cidr/pmsg) and observed estrus (induced estrus group: ie; n = 25) or ai following the detection of natural estrus (ne; n = 25) without horm ...	2004	15226020
poison hemlock (conium maculatum l.).	one of the most poisonous species amongst higher plants is conium maculatum. it is a very common nitrophile weed species, belonging to the apiaceae (formerly umbelliferae) family. it contains some piperidine alkaloids (coniine, n-methyl-coniine, conhydrine, pseudoconhydrine, gamma-coniceine), which are formed by the cyclisation of an eight-carbon chain derived from four acetate units. gamma-coniceine is the precursor of the other hemlock alkaloids. all vegetative organs, flowers and fruits conta ...	2004	15234067
sef is a spatial regulator for ras/map kinase signaling.	spatiotemporal control of the ras/erk map kinase signaling pathway is among the key mechanisms for regulating a wide variety of cellular processes. in this study, we report that human sef (hsef), a recently identified inhibitor whose action mechanism has not been fully defined, acts as a molecular switch for erk signaling by specifically blocking erk nuclear translocation without inhibiting its activity in the cytoplasm. thus, hsef binds to activated forms of mek, inhibits the dissociation of th ...	2004	15239952