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allogeneic and xenogeneic anti-tumor effect of callithrix jacchus natural killer cells is dependent on nkp30 and b7-h6 interaction.natural killer (nk) cells mount a fast and efficient immune response against tumor cells and are currently a major focus in the development of anti-cancer cell-based therapies. due to major differences between the murine and human nk cell receptor system, a non-human primate model would be helpful to evaluate the efficiency of nk-cell based therapies prior to clinical applications. in humans, b7-h6 has been shown to facilitate the elimination of lymphoma cells through the interaction with its re ...201425001651
morphological changes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of aging female marmosets (callithrix jacchus).the suprachiasmatic nuclei (scn) are pointed to as the mammals central circadian pacemaker. aged animals show internal time disruption possibly caused by morphological and neurochemical changes in scn components. some studies reported changes of neuronal cells and neuroglia in the scn of rats and nonhuman primates during aging. the effects of senescence on morphological aspects in scn are important for understanding some alterations in biological rhythms expression. therefore, our aim was to per ...201424987675
spontaneous glomerular mesangial lesions in common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus): a benign non-progressive glomerulopathy.common marmosets are known to develop an igm glomerulopathy, which has been linked with 'wasting marmoset' syndrome. this study investigated renal pathology in a colony of marmosets, with and without weight loss.201424980800
qualitative de novo analysis of full length cdna and quantitative analysis of gene expression for common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) transcriptomes using parallel long-read technology and short-read sequencing.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a non-human primate that could prove useful as human pharmacokinetic and biomedical research models. the cytochromes p450 (p450s) are a superfamily of enzymes that have critical roles in drug metabolism and disposition via monooxygenation of a broad range of xenobiotics; however, information on some marmoset p450s is currently limited. therefore, identification and quantitative analysis of tissue-specific mrna transcripts, including those of p450s and ...201424977701
individual differences in gambling proneness among rats and common marmosets: an automated choice task.interest is rising for animal modeling of pathological gambling. using the operant probabilistic-delivery task (pdt), gambling proneness can be evaluated in laboratory animals. drawing a comparison with rats, this study evaluated the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) using a pdt. by nose- or hand-poking, subjects learnt to prefer a large (lll, 5-6 pellets) over a small (ss, 1-2 pellets) reward and, subsequently, the probability of occurrence of large-reward delivery was decreased progressivel ...201424971360
separation of somatic and germ cells is required to establish primate spermatogonial cultures.can primate spermatogonial cultures be optimized by application of separation steps and well defined culture conditions?201424963164
small rna profiling and characterization of pirna clusters in the adult testes of the common marmoset, a model primate.small rnas mediate gene silencing by binding argonaute/piwi proteins to regulate target rnas. here, we describe small rna profiling of the adult testes of callithrix jacchus, the common marmoset. the most abundant class of small rnas in the adult testis was pirnas, although 353 novel mirnas but few endo-sirnas were also identified. marwi, a marmoset homolog of mouse miwi and a very abundant piwi in adult testes, associates with pirnas that show characteristics of mouse pachytene pirnas. as in ot ...201424914035
global gene expression analysis following spinal cord injury in non-human primates.spinal cord injury (sci) is a devastating condition with no established treatment. to better understand the pathology and develop a treatment modality for sci, an understanding of the physiological changes following sci at the molecular level is essential. however, studies on sci have primarily used rodent models, and few studies have examined sci in non-human primates. in this study, we analyzed the temporal changes in gene expression patterns following sci in common marmosets (callithrix jacch ...201424873731
developmental origins of pregnancy loss in the adult female common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus).the impact of the intrauterine environment on the developmental programming of adult female reproductive success is still poorly understood and potentially underestimated. litter size variation in a nonhuman primate, the common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus), allows us to model the effects of varying intrauterine environments (e.g. nutrient restriction, exposure to male womb-mates) on the risk of losing fetuses in adulthood. our previous work has characterized the fetuses of triplet pregna ...201424871614
nkg2d functions as an activating receptor on natural killer cells in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the natural killer group 2 membrane d (nkg2d) receptor is an nk-activating receptor that plays an important role in host defense against tumors and viral infections. although the marmoset is an important and reliable animal model, especially for the study of human-specific viral infections, functional characterization of nkg2d on marmoset nk cells has not previously been conducted. in the present study, we investigated a subpopulation of marmoset nk cells that express nkg2d and exhibit cytolytic ...201424860119
the neonatal marmoset monkey ovary is very primitive exhibiting many oogonia.oogonia are characterized by diploidy and mitotic proliferation. human and mouse oogonia express several factors such as oct4, which are characteristic of pluripotent cells. in human, almost all oogonia enter meiosis between weeks 9 and 22 of prenatal development or undergo mitotic arrest and subsequent elimination from the ovary. as a consequence, neonatal human ovaries generally lack oogonia. the same was found in neonatal ovaries of the rhesus monkey, a representative of the old world monkeys ...201424840529
long-term data on reproductive output and longevity in captive female common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is widely used in biomedical research, with many housed for breeding purposes world-wide. significant variation in reproductive output among females has been found compared to other anthropoid primates. the present study explores this reproductive variation, focusing on potential predictors of dam longevity and litter size, as well as changes over time. back-record analysis was conducted, yielding litter information and reproductive summaries of 360 dams ...201424809989
individual differences in behavioral and cardiovascular reactivity to emotive stimuli and their relationship to cognitive flexibility in a primate model of trait anxiety.high trait anxiety is a risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders. like the disorders themselves high trait anxiety has marked phenotypic variation at the level of symptomatology and neural circuits, suggesting that there may be different symptoms and distinct neural circuits associated with risk for these disorders. to address these issues, it is essential to develop reliable animal models of trait anxiety in a non-human primate whose brain bears structural and functional similarity ...201424795587
human speech- and reading-related genes display partially overlapping expression patterns in the marmoset brain.language is a characteristic feature of human communication. several familial language impairments have been identified, and candidate genes for language impairments already isolated. studies comparing expression patterns of these genes in human brain are necessary to further understanding of these genes. however, it is difficult to examine gene expression in human brain. in this study, we used a non-human primate (common marmoset; callithrix jacchus) as a biological model of the human brain to ...201424769279
motor learning in common marmosets: vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation and its sensitivity to inhibitors of purkinje cell long-term depression.adaptation of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (hvor) provides an experimental model for cerebellum-dependent motor learning. we developed an eye movement measuring system and a paradigm for induction of hvor adaptation for the common marmoset. the hvor gain in dark measured by 10° (peak-to-peak amplitude) and 0.11-0.5hz turntable oscillation was around unity. the gain-up and gain-down hvor adaptation was induced by 1h of sustained out-of-phase and in-phase 10°-0.33hz combined turntable-sc ...201424768746
birth of healthy offspring following icsi in in vitro-matured common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) oocytes.intracytoplasmic sperm injection (icsi), an important method used to treat male subfertility, is applied in the transgenic technology of sperm-mediated gene transfer. however, no study has described successful generation of offspring using icsi in the common marmoset, a small non-human primate used as a model for biomedical translational research. in this study, we investigated blastocyst development and the subsequent live offspring stages of marmoset oocytes matured in vitro and fertilized by ...201424751978
antidromic latency of magnocellular, parvocellular, and koniocellular (blue-on) geniculocortical relay cells in marmosets.we studied the functional connectivity of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn) with the primary visual cortex (v1) in anesthetized marmosets (callithrix jacchus). the lgn sends signals to v1 along parallel visual pathways called parvocellular (p), magnocellular (m), and koniocellular (k). to better understand how these pathways provide inputs to v1, we antidromically activated relay cells in the lgn by electrically stimulating v1 and measuring the conduction latencies of p (n = 7), m (n ...201424703370
reprogramming non-human primate somatic cells into functional neuronal cells by defined factors.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a new world primate sharing many similarities with humans. recently developed technology for generating transgenic marmosets has opened new avenues for faithful recapitulation of human diseases, which could not be achieved in rodent models. however, the longer lifespan of common marmosets compared with rodents may result in an extended period for in vivo analysis of common marmoset disease models. therefore, establishing rapid and efficient techniques ...201424694048
semen characteristics of captive common marmoset (callithrix jacchus): a comparison of a german with a brazilian colony.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is of interest for reproductive studies because of their high and variable fertility in captivity. however, to understand this variability, much basic information still needs to be gathered. this study is the first to characterize marmoset semen comparing a german and a brazilian colony.201424673563
primate short-wavelength cones share molecular markers with rods.macaca, callithrix jacchus marmoset monkey, pan troglodytes chimpanzee and human retinas were examined to define if short wavelength (s) cones share molecular markers with l&m cone or rod photoreceptors. s cones showed consistent differences in their immunohistochemical staining and expression levels compared to l&m cones for "rod" arrestin1 (s-antigen), "cone" arrestin4, cone alpha transducin, and calbindin. our data verify a similar pattern of expression in these primate retinas and provide cl ...201424664680
analysis of essential pathways for self-renewal in common marmoset embryonic stem cells.common marmoset (cm) is widely recognized as a useful non-human primate for disease modeling and preclinical studies. thus, embryonic stem cells (escs) derived from cm have potential as an appropriate cell source to test human regenerative medicine using human escs. cm escs have been established by us and other groups, and can be cultured in vitro. however, the growth factors and downstream pathways for self-renewal of cm escs are largely unknown. in this study, we found that basic fibroblast gr ...201424649403
a modified light-dark box test for the common marmoset.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) has attracted extensive attention for use as a non-human primate model in biomedical research, especially in the study of neuropsychiatric disorders. however, behavioral test methods are still limited in the field of marmoset research. the light-dark box is widely used for the evaluation of anxiety in rodents, but little is known about light-dark preference in marmosets. here, we modified the light-dark test to study this behavior. the modified apparatus ...201424638903
identification of a pathway from the retina to koniocellular layer k1 in the lateral geniculate nucleus of marmoset.three well characterized pathways in primate vision (midget-parvocellular, parasol-magnocellular, bistratified-koniocellular) have been traced from the first synapse in the retina, through the visual thalamus (lateral geniculate nucleus, lgn), to the visual cortex. here we identify a pathway from the first synapse in the retina to koniocellular layer k1 in marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus). particle-mediated gene transfer of an expression plasmid for the postsynaptic density 95-green fluores ...201424623761
oestradiol modulation of cognition in adult female marmosets (callithrix jacchus).the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) provides many advantages over traditional rodent and macaque species as a model for human ageing and may be very useful for studying the effects of sex steroids on cognitive and brain ageing. we present the first study examining the effects of oestrogens on cognitive function in female marmosets. adult monkeys (3-5 years of age) were trained to a specific learning criterion on a battery of cognitive tasks preoperatively (object discrimination, delayed res ...201424617856
genomic sequence analysis of the mhc class i g/f segment in common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a new world monkey that is used frequently as a model for various human diseases. however, detailed knowledge about the mhc is still lacking. in this study, we sequenced and annotated a total of 854 kb of the common marmoset mhc region that corresponds to the hla-a/g/f segment (caja-g/f) between the caja-g1 and rnf39 genes. the sequenced region contains 19 mhc class i genes, of which 14 are of the mhc-g (caja-g) type, and 5 are of the mhc-f (caja-f) ty ...201424600031
l-dopa-induced behavioral sensitization of motor activity in the mptp-treated common marmoset as a parkinson's disease model.l-dopa is the gold standard for treatment of parkinson's disease (pd). however, the drug produces some serious side effects, including dyskinesia, which is characterized by repetitive involuntary movements-including chorea. in the present preclinical study using a nonhuman primate model, dyskinesia caused by repeated l-dopa administration was investigated in the context of behavioral sensitization by objectively quantifying motor activity in the common marmoset of pd model (the parkinsonian marm ...201425449794
behavioral adjustments by a small neotropical primate (callithrix jacchus) in a semiarid caatinga environment.we provide the first information on the behavior of a small primate (callithrix jacchus) inhabiting a semiarid caatinga environment in northeastern brazil. we observed behavioral variations in response to temperature fluctuation throughout the day. due to the high temperatures, low precipitation, and resource scarcity in the caatinga, as well as the lack of physiological adaptations (e.g., a highly concentrated urine and a carotid rete to cool down the brain) of these primates, we expected that ...201425431785
micromelic dysplasia-like syndrome in a captive colony of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).over several years, 0% to 5% of adolescent animals in a captive colony of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) showed severely bended arms and legs over several years. the animals showed no pain, discomfort, or altered behavior but were unable to stretch their distal limbs to their full extent. to characterize the lesion morphologically, the bones of 4 affected marmosets were compared macroscopically and radiographically with those of 6 unaffected animals. the deformities were characterized by ...201425402180
five-sixth nephrectomy in female common marmosets(callithrix jacchus) as a chronic renal failure model: -a longitudinal course of serum biochemical, hematological and histopathological changes-.to assess the relevance and availability of subtotal nephrectomized common marmoset monkeys as a chronic renal failure (crf) model, we observed for 26 weeks the pathophysiological condition of female marmosets subjected to five-sixth surgical nephrectomy (5/6nx) by a two-step surgical method. the 5/6nx marmosets showed a significant increase in serum levels of urea nitrogen, creatinine and cystatin-c immediately after 5/6nx surgery. these renal disorder parameters subsequently tended to decrease ...201425378803
both parents respond equally to infant cues in the cooperatively breeding common marmoset, callithrix jacchus.although there has been great interest in the evolutionary approach to cooperative breeding species, few studies actually directly compare fathers and mothers on their motivation to parent offspring. we tested the responsiveness of common marmoset mothers and fathers to vocal and olfactory cues from their own and other infants using a two-chamber test apparatus designed to evaluate responses in the absence of competition from other caregivers within the family. we tested parentally experienced m ...201425342858
reporting social behaviours of mixed-species troops formed by callithrix jacchus and callithrix penicillata (primate, callitrichidae).in new world primates, mixed-species troops have been reported. here, we analysed the performance of affiliative and agonistic behaviours of callithrix jacchus and callithrix penicillata living in mixed groups. for this purpose, we recorded the interaction of the individuals from two groups located in bauru city, in the state of são paulo (brazil). our data show that in both groups, affiliative behaviours appeared more frequently than agonistic ones. we concluded that there is cohesion inside th ...201425296209
complementary and dynamic type ii cadherin expression associated with development of the primate visual system.the middle temporal visual area (mt, also known as v5) is a visual association area that is particularly evolved in the primate brain. the mt receives input from the primary visual area (v1), constitutes part of the dorsal visual pathway, and plays an essential role in processing motion. connections between the mt and v1 in the primate brain are formed after birth, and are related to the maturation of visual system. however, it remains to be determined what molecular mechanisms control the forma ...201425283545
islet microarchitecture and glucose transporter expression of the pancreas of the marmoset monkey display similarities to the human.the common marmoset new world monkey (callithrix jacchus), is a primate model with great potential for scientific research, including research on diabetes. however, in opposite to rhesus and java monkeys (macaca mulatta and macaca fascicularis) little is known about the marmosets islet microarchitecture, glucose transporter and pancreatic marker gene expression. in this work we analyze differences and similarities in size, shape, cellular composition and intra-islet topography between the common ...201422627676
sensitivity of common marmosets to detect drug-induced qt interval prolongation: moxifloxacin case study.moxifloxacin is the most widely used positive reference agent in clinical cardiac repolarization studies, but it has not been characterized in common marmosets which are uniquely suited to studies in early-stage development due to their small size and minimal test article requirements. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of the common marmoset to detect moxifloxacin-associated qt interval prolongation.201420097298
perivenular brain lesions in a primate multiple sclerosis model at 7-tesla magnetic resonance imaging.background magnetic resonance imaging (mri) can provide in vivo assessment of tissue damage, allowing evaluation of multiple sclerosis (ms) lesion evolution over time--a perspective not obtainable with postmortem histopathology. relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) is an experimental model of ms that can be induced in the common marmoset, a small new world primate, and that causes perivenular white matter (wm) lesions similar to those observed in ms. methods brain ...201423773983
airway hyper-responsiveness in lipopolysaccharide-challenged common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).animal models with a high predictive value for human trials are needed to develop novel human-specific therapeutics for respiratory diseases. the aim of the present study was to examine lung-function parameters in marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) that can be used to detect pharmacologically or provocation-induced ahr (airway hyper-responsiveness). therefore a custom-made lung-function device that allows application of defined aerosol doses during measurement was developed. it was hypothesiz ...201423879175
characterization of secretagogin-immunoreactive amacrine cells in marmoset retina.the retina contains at least 30 different types of amacrine cells but not many are well characterized. in the present study the calcium-binding protein secretagogin was localized in a population of regular and displaced amacrine cells in the retina of the common marmoset callithrix jacchus. irrespective of their soma location, the dendrites of secretagogin amacrine cells occupy strata 2, 3, and 4 of the inner plexiform layer, between the two bands formed by cholinergic amacrine cells. segretagog ...201423852983
embryonic stem cells of the non-human primate callithrix jacchus can be differentiated into definitive endoderm by activin-a but not ide-1/2.pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine, due to their unlimited self-renewal potential and the ability to differentiate into all somatic cell types. differences between the rodent disease models and the situation in humans can be narrowed down with non-human primate models. the common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) is an interesting model for biomedical research because these animals are easy to breed, get relatively old (≤ 13 years), are small in size, are rela ...201523418163
brain-mapping projects using the common marmoset.globally, there is an increasing interest in brain-mapping projects, including the brain research through advancing innovative neurotechnologies (brain) initiative project in the usa, the human brain project (hbp) in europe, and the brain mapping by integrated neurotechnologies for disease studies (brain/minds) project in japan. these projects aim to map the structure and function of neuronal circuits to ultimately understand the vast complexity of the human brain. brain/minds is focused on stru ...201525264372
analysis of bipolar and amacrine populations in marmoset retina.about 15 parallel ganglion cell pathways transmit visual signals to the brain, but the interneuron (bipolar and amacrine) populations providing input to ganglion cells remain poorly understood in primate retina. we carried out a quantitative analysis of the inner nuclear layer in the retina of the marmoset (callithrix jacchus). vertical vibratome sections along the horizontal meridian were processed with immunohistochemical markers. image stacks were taken with a confocal microscope, and densiti ...201525262625
congenital malformation of the vaginal orifice, imperforate vagina, in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the following is a report on a congenital vaginal malformation, imperforate vagina, in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). this anomaly was observed for the first time in an adult female in our research colony. there was no uterine and vaginal aplasia or atresia in her grossly normal genital tract. the plasma progesterone concentration suggested that the ovarian cycle had ceased. however, this may not be related to a functional anomaly, but rather to suppressed ovulation resulting from sub ...201525391536
dense understory and absence of capuchin monkeys (sapajus xanthosternos) predict higher density of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) in the brazilian northeast.understanding the effects of habitat structure and other environmental variables on the density of a species can help define its habitat preferences and key ecological determinants of population parameters. the present study evaluated the effects of fragment size, the presence of a key predator/competitor, the yellow-breasted capuchin (sapajus xanthosternos), primary productivity, the abundance of bromeliads, and habitat structure on the population density of the common marmoset (callithrix jacc ...201525407393
histopathological characterization of renal tubular and interstitial changes in 5/6 nephrectomized marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus).common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) have become a useful animal model, particularly for development of biopharmaceuticals. while various renal failure models have been established in rodents, there is currently no acceptable model in marmosets. we analyzed the damaged renal tubules and tubulointerstitial changes (inflammation and fibrosis) of 5/6 nephrectomized (nx) common marmosets by histopathological/immunohistochemical methods, and compared these findings to those in 5/6 nx sd rats. in nx ...201525446802
on-going elucidation of mechanisms of primate specific synaptic spine development using the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).recently, pathophysiology of human psychiatry originates from abnormal numbers of synapses/spines. there are generally two-types of development of spines from birth depending on species. one is, after birth, synaptogenesis occurs, and there is a clear peak of spines, and then rapidly pruning occurring, which are called "overshoot-type" of development of synapses/spines. primates including human belong to this type. in other type including rodents, even after a peak, general number of spines does ...201525433092
treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir or interferon-β1b improves outcome of mers-cov infection in a nonhuman primate model of common marmoset.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe disease in human with an overall case-fatality rate of >35%. effective antivirals are crucial for improving the clinical outcome of mers. although a number of repurposed drugs, convalescent-phase plasma, antiviral peptides, and neutralizing antibodies exhibit anti-mers-cov activity in vitro, most are not readily available or have not been evaluated in nonhuman primates. we assessed 3 repurposed drugs with potent in vitro anti- ...201526198719
animal models of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection.the emergence of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in 2012 marked the second time that a new, highly pathogenic coronavirus has emerged in the human population in the 21st century. in this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge of animal models of mers-cov infection. commonly used laboratory animal species such as syrian hamsters, mice and ferrets are not susceptible to mers-cov, due to differences in the mers-cov receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4). the i ...201526192750
septo-temporal distribution and lineage progression of hippocampal neurogenesis in a primate (callithrix jacchus) in comparison to mice.adult born neurons in the hippocampus show species-specific differences in their numbers, the pace of their maturation and their spatial distribution. here, we present quantitative data on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in a new world primate, the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) that demonstrate parts of the lineage progression and age-related changes. proliferation was largely (∼70%) restricted to stem cells or early progenitor cells, whilst the remainder of the cycling pool could be assig ...201526175670
functional mri of visual responses in the awake, behaving marmoset.the visual brain is composed of interconnected subcortical and cortical structures that receive and process image information originating in the retina. the visual system of nonhuman primates, in particular macaques, has been studied in great detail in order to elucidate principles of human sensation and perception. the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a small new world monkey of growing interest as a primate model for neuroscience. marmosets have advantages over macaques because of their ...201526149609
can vocal conditioning trigger a semiotic ratchet in marmosets?the complexity of human communication has often been taken as evidence that our language reflects a true evolutionary leap, bearing little resemblance to any other animal communication system. the putative uniqueness of the human language poses serious evolutionary and ethological challenges to a rational explanation of human communication. here we review ethological, anatomical, molecular, and computational results across several species to set boundaries for these challenges. results from anim ...201526500583
active control of the nucleation temperature enhances freezing survival of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells.cryopreservation is a technique that has been extensively used for storage of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (mscs) in regenerative medicine. therefore, improving current cryopreservation procedures in terms of increasing cell viability and functionality is important. in this study, we optimized the cryopreservation protocol of mscs derived from the common marmoset callithrix jacchus (cj), which can be used as a non-human primate model in various pathological and transplantation studies a ...201526499840
oxytocin and vasopressin enhance responsiveness to infant stimuli in adult marmosets.the neuropeptides oxytocin (ot) and arginine-vasopressin (avp) have been implicated in modulating sex-specific responses to offspring in a variety of uniparental and biparental rodent species. despite the large body of research in rodents, the effects of these hormones in biparental primates are less understood. marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) belong to a clade of primates with a high incidence of biparental care and also synthesize a structurally distinct variant of ot (proline instead of ...201526472596
the adenosine a2a receptor antagonist, istradefylline enhances anti-parkinsonian activity induced by combined treatment with low doses of l-dopa and dopamine agonists in mptp-treated common marmosets.the adenosine a2a receptor antagonist, istradefylline improves motor function in patients with advanced parkinson's disease (pd) optimally treated with a combination of l-dopa and a dopamine agonist without increasing the risk of troublesome dyskinesia. however, the effects of istradefylline on motor function when administered in combination with low dose of l-dopa and dopamine agonists as occurs in early pd are unknown. we investigated whether istradefylline enhances the combined anti-parkinson ...201526415982
corticospinal tract tracing in the marmoset with a clinical whole-body 3t scanner using manganese-enhanced mri.manganese-enhanced mri (memri) has been described as a powerful tool to depict the architecture of neuronal circuits. in this study we investigated the potential use of in vivo mri detection of manganese for tracing neuronal projections from the primary motor cortex (m1) in healthy marmosets (callithrix jacchus). we determined the optimal dose of manganese chloride (mncl2) among 800, 400, 40 and 8 nmol that led to manganese-induced hyperintensity furthest from the injection site, as specific to ...201526398500
marmosets treated with oxytocin are more socially attractive to their long-term mate.adult male-female bonds are partly characterized by initiating and maintaining close proximity with a social partner, as well as engaging in high levels of affiliative and sociosexual behavior. oxytocin (oxt), a neuromodulatory nonapeptide, plays a critical role in the facilitation of social bonding and prosocial behavior toward a social partner (feldman, 2012). however, less attention has been given to whether augmentation of oxt levels in an individual alters others' perceptions and behavior t ...201526528149
cognitive impairment in a young marmoset reveals lateral ventriculomegaly and a mild hippocampal atrophy: a case report.the number of studies that use the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) in various fields of neurosciences is increasing dramatically. in general, animals enter the study when their health status is considered satisfactory on the basis of classical clinical investigations. in behavioral studies, variations of score between individuals are frequently observed, some of them being considered as poor performers or outliers. experimenters rarely consider the fact that it could be related to some brai ...201526527211
molecular and cellular characteristics of human and non-human primate multipotent stromal cells from the amnion and bone marrow during long term culture.multipotent stromal cells (mscs) are among the key candidates in regenerative medicine. however variety of msc sources and general heterogeneity lead to controversial data in functional characterization. furthermore, despite intensive usage as preclinical animal model, little is known about mscs of the common marmoset monkey.201526297012
striatal and extrastriatal dopamine release in the common marmoset brain measured by positron emission tomography and [(18)f]fallypride.previous studies have demonstrated that patients with schizophrenia show greater sensitivity to psychostimulants than healthy subjects. sensitization to psychostimulants and resultant alteration of dopaminergic neurotransmission in rodents has been suggested as a useful model of schizophrenia. this study sought to examine the use of methylphenidate as a psychostimulant to induce dopamine release and that of [(18)f]fallypride as a radioligand to quantify the release in a primate model of schizoph ...201526232153
strongly bonded family members in common marmosets show synchronized fluctuations in oxytocin.oxytocin is a key regulator of social bonding and is positively linked to affiliation and prosocial behavior in several mammal species. in chimpanzees, this link is dyad-specific as affiliative interactions only elicit high oxytocin release if they involve strongly bonded individuals. these studies involved isolated dyads and sampling events. little is known about the role of oxytocin in affiliation and social bonding, and about potential long-term patterns of bonding-related and dyad-specific o ...201526232089
murine k2p5.1 deficiency has no impact on autoimmune neuroinflammation due to compensatory k2p3.1- and kv1.3-dependent mechanisms.lymphocytes express potassium channels that regulate physiological cell functions, such as activation, proliferation and migration. expression levels of k2p5.1 (task2; kcnk5) channels belonging to the family of two-pore domain potassium channels have previously been correlated to the activity of autoreactive t lymphocytes in patients with multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. in humans, k2p5.1 channels are upregulated upon t cell stimulation and influence t cell effector functions. howeve ...201526213925
histological and electrophysiological analysis of the corticospinal pathway to forelimb motoneurons in common marmosets.using histological and electrophysiological methods, we identified the neuroanatomical properties of the common marmoset corticospinal tract (cst), which underlies hand/arm motor control. biotinylated dextran amine (bda) was injected into the primary motor cortex to anterogradely label cst axons in the cervical segments, revealing that most cst axons descend in the contralateral dorsolateral funiculus (dlf; 85.0%), and some in the ipsilateral dlf (10.7%). terminal buttons were mainly found in th ...201526093181
high-field functional magnetic resonance imaging of vocalization processing in marmosets.vocalizations are behaviorally critical sounds, and this behavioral importance is reflected in the ascending auditory system, where conspecific vocalizations are increasingly over-represented at higher processing stages. recent evidence suggests that, in macaques, this increasing selectivity for vocalizations might culminate in a cortical region that is densely populated by vocalization-preferring neurons. such a region might be a critical node in the representation of vocal communication sounds ...201526091254
production of a high-affinity monoclonal antibody reactive with folate receptors alpha and beta.folate receptors α (frα) and β (frβ) are two isoforms of the cell surface glycoprotein that binds folate. the expression of frα is rare in normal cells and elevated in cancer cells. thus, frα-based tumor-targeted therapy has been a focus area of laboratory research and clinical trials. recently, it was shown that a significant fraction of tumor-associated macrophages expresses frβ and that these cells can enhance tumor growth. although frα and frβ share 70% identity in their deduced amino acid s ...201526090596
complex and dynamic expression of cadherins in the embryonic marmoset cerebral cortex.cadherin is a cell adhesion molecule widely expressed in the nervous system. previously, we analyzed the expression of nine classic cadherins (cdh4, cdh6, cdh7, cdh8, cdh9, cdh10, cdh11, cdh12, and cdh20) and t-cadherin (cdh13) in the developing postnatal common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) brain, and found differential expressions between mice and marmosets. in this study, to explore primate-specific cadherin expression at the embryonic stage, we extensively analyzed the expression of these ca ...201526081465
bone disease in the common marmoset: radiographic and histological findings.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a new world primate that is used in biomedical research due to its small size and relative ease of handling compared with larger primates. although bone disease in common marmosets is well recognized, there are very few detailed descriptions in the literature that cover the range of lesions seen in these animals. for all animals used to model human disease, it is important to be aware of background lesions that may affect the interpretation of study fi ...201526077785
behavioral and trait rating assessments of personality in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).the study of personality in animals is a rapidly growing scientific field and numerous species have been reported to show consistent personality profiles. much animal personality research has focused on nonhuman primates, with the main emphasis being placed on old world primates, particularly rhesus macaques and chimpanzees. so far, little work has been done on cooperatively breeding nonhuman primates and new world species. here, we study personality in the cooperatively breeding common marmoset ...201526075516
improved hematopoietic differentiation of primate embryonic stem cells by inhibition of the pi3k-akt pathway under defined conditions.hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (hspcs) derived from embryonic stem cells (escs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs) have potential therapeutic applications in humans. to assess the safety and efficacy of esc/ipsc-based therapies, reliable animal models are required prior to their clinical application. the common marmoset (cm) was recently found to be a useful nonhuman primate animal model for drug development and safety assessment. however, a method for the efficient hematopoietic di ...201526073521
natural and anthropogenic hybridization in two species of eastern brazilian marmosets (callithrix jacchus and c. penicillata).animal hybridization is well documented, but evolutionary outcomes and conservation priorities often differ for natural and anthropogenic hybrids. among primates, an order with many endangered species, the two contexts can be hard to disentangle from one another, which carries important conservation implications. callithrix marmosets give us a unique glimpse of genetic hybridization effects under distinct natural and human-induced contexts. here, we use a 44 autosomal microsatellite marker panel ...201526061111
filamentous fungi isolated from the fur microbiota of callitrichids kept in captivity in brazil.this study aimed to isolate filamentous fungi from the fur of primates of the genus callithrix kept in the centre for rehabilitation of wild animals (crwa) at the tietê ecological park, são paulo, sp, brazil. samples of the fur of 19 specimens of black-tufted marmosets (callithrix penicillata) and 6 specimens of white-tufted-ear marmosets (callithrix jacchus) were obtained by the square carpet technique. the samples were plated on mycosel™ agar medium (difco™) and incubated at 25°c for 21 days. ...201526056892
comparative analysis of meissner's corpuscles in the fingertips of primates.meissner's corpuscles (mcs) are tactile mechanoreceptors found in the glabrous skin of primates, including fingertips. these receptors are characterized by sensitivity to light touch, and therefore might be associated with the evolution of manipulative abilities of the hands in primates. we examined mcs in different primate species, including common marmoset (callithrix jacchus, n = 5), baboon (papio anubis, n = 2), rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta, n = 3), chimpanzee (pan troglodytes, n = 3), bon ...201526053332
parturition signaling by visual cues in female marmosets (callithrix jacchus).new world monkeys have polymorphic color vision, in which all males and some females are dichromats, while most females are trichromats. there is little consensus about which selective pressures fashioned primate color vision, although detection of food, mates and predators has been hypothesized. behavioral evidence shows that males from different species of neotropical primates seem to perceive the timing of female conception and gestation, although, no signals fulfilling this function have bee ...201526047350
allogeneic neural stem/progenitor cells derived from embryonic stem cells promote functional recovery after transplantation into injured spinal cord of nonhuman primates.: previous studies have demonstrated that neural stem/progenitor cells (ns/pcs) promote functional recovery in rodent animal models of spinal cord injury (sci). because distinct differences exist in the neuroanatomy and immunological responses between rodents and primates, it is critical to determine the effectiveness and safety of allografted embryonic stem cell (esc)-derived ns/pcs (esc-ns/pcs) in a nonhuman primate sci model. in the present study, common marmoset esc-ns/pcs were grafted into ...201526019226
voxel-based morphometry of the marmoset brain: in vivo detection of volume loss in the substantia nigra of the mptp-treated parkinson's disease model.movement dysfunction in parkinson's disease (pd) is caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic (da) neurons in the substantia nigra (sn). here, we established a method for voxel-based morphometry (vbm) and automatic tissue segmentation of the marmoset monkey brain using a 7-t animal scanner and applied the method to assess da degeneration in a pd model, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp)-treated animals, with tyrosine-hydroxylase staining. the most significant decreases of local ...201526012491
muscle contractile properties as an explanation of the higher mean power output in marmosets than humans during jumping.the muscle mass-specific mean power output (pmms,mean) during push-off in jumping in marmosets (callithrix jacchus) is more than twice that in humans. in the present study it was tested whether this is attributable to differences in muscle contractile properties. in biopsies of marmoset m. vastus lateralis (vl) and m. gastrocnemius medialis (gm) (n=4), fibre-type distribution was assessed using fluorescent immunohistochemistry. in single fibres from four marmoset and nine human vl biopsies, the ...201525987730
multipotent stromal cells derived from common marmoset callithrix jacchus within alginate 3d environment: effect of cryopreservation procedures.multipotent stromal cells derived from the common marmoset monkey callithrix jacchus (cjmscs) possess high phylogenetic similarity to humans, with a great potential for preclinical studies in the field of regenerative medicine. safe and effective long-term storage of cells is of great significance to clinical and research applications. encapsulation of such cell types within alginate beads that can mimic an extra-cellular matrix and provide a supportive environment for cells during cryopreservat ...201525980899
common marmoset cd117+ hematopoietic cells possess multipotency.analysis of the hematopoiesis of non-human primates is important to clarify the evolution of primate-specific hematopoiesis and immune regulation. however, the engraftment and development of the primate hematopoietic system are well-documented only in humans and are not clear in non-human primates. callithrix jacchus (common marmoset, cm) is a new world monkey with a high rate of pregnancy and small size that lives in closed colonies. as stem cell factor (scf) is an essential molecule for hemato ...201525977306
preclinical study of novel gene silencer pyrrole-imidazole polyamide targeting human tgf-β1 promoter for hypertrophic scars in a common marmoset primate model.we report a preclinical study of a pyrrole-imidazole (pi) polyamide that targets the human transforming growth factor (htgf)-β1 gene as a novel transcriptional gene silencer in a common marmoset primate model. we designed and then synthesized pi polyamides to target the htgf-β1 promoter. we examined effects of seven pi polyamides (gb1101-1107) on the expression of htgf-β1 mrna stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma) in human vascular smooth muscle cells. gb1101, gb1105 and gb1106 s ...201525938472
characterization of long-term motor deficits in the 6-ohda model of parkinson's disease in the common marmoset.research aimed at developing new therapies for parkinson's disease (pd) critically depend on valid animal models of the disease that allows for repeated testing of motor disabilities over extended time periods. we here present an extensive characterization of a wide range of motor symptoms in the 6-ohda marmoset model of pd when tested over several months. the severity of motor deficits was quantified in two ways: (i) through manual scoring protocols appropriately adapted to include species spec ...201525934488
vocal turn-taking in a non-human primate is learned during ontogeny.conversational turn-taking is an integral part of language development, as it reflects a confluence of social factors that mitigate communication. humans coordinate the timing of speech based on the behaviour of another speaker, a behaviour that is learned during infancy. while adults in several primate species engage in vocal turn-taking, the degree to which similar learning processes underlie its development in these non-human species or are unique to language is not clear. we recorded the nat ...201525904663
the role of inhibition in a computational model of an auditory cortical neuron during the encoding of temporal information.in auditory cortex, temporal information within a sound is represented by two complementary neural codes: a temporal representation based on stimulus-locked firing and a rate representation, where discharge rate co-varies with the timing between acoustic events but lacks a stimulus-synchronized response. using a computational neuronal model, we find that stimulus-locked responses are generated when sound-evoked excitation is combined with strong, delayed inhibition. in contrast to this, a non-sy ...201525879843
motion dependence of smooth pursuit eye movements in the marmoset.smooth pursuit eye movements stabilize slow-moving objects on the retina by matching eye velocity with target velocity. two critical components are required to generate smooth pursuit: first, because it is a voluntary eye movement, the subject must select a target to pursue to engage the tracking system; and second, generating smooth pursuit requires a moving stimulus. we examined whether this behavior also exists in the common marmoset, a new world primate that is increasingly attracting attent ...201525867740
measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin d(2&3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d(2&3) by tandem mass spectrometry: a primate multispecies comparison.vitamin d metabolites are widely studied for their roles in bone health, immune functions, and other potential physiologic roles in humans. however, the optimal blood levels of vitamin d metabolites are still unclear. various methods for measuring vitamin d metabolites have been used and recently liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (lc-ms/ms) has been adopted as the gold standard for vitamin d metabolite measurement. here, we report the use of lc-ms/ms to measure 25-hydroxyvitamin d ( ...201525845705
body weight-associated differences in ovarian morphology in captive common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).in captivity, callithrix jacchus (common marmoset) is on average heavier than their wild-living counterparts, and has a tendency to produce triplet litters rather than the normal twins. to provide initial basic information about possible weight-related differences among the ovaries, a morphometric study of follicular phase ovaries from 48 young adult marmosets has been carried out. nearly 90% of these ovaries were found to contain some degree of luteal tissue composed of large and/or small cells ...201525842250
take the monkey and run.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a small, new world primate that is used extensively in biomedical and behavioral research. this short-lived primate, with its small body size, ease of handling, and docile temperament, has emerged as a valuable model for aging and neurodegenerative research. a growing body of research has indicated exercise, aerobic exercise especially, imparts beneficial effects to normal aging. understanding the mechanisms underlying these positive effects of exercis ...201525835199
brain/minds: brain-mapping project in japan.there is an emerging interest in brain-mapping projects in countries across the world, including the usa, europe, australia and china. in 2014, japan started a brain-mapping project called brain mapping by integrated neurotechnologies for disease studies (brain/minds). brain/minds aims to map the structure and function of neuronal circuits to ultimately understand the vast complexity of the human brain, and takes advantage of a unique non-human primate animal model, the common marmoset (callithr ...201525823872
current models of the marmoset brain.since the availability of the common marmoset monkey as a primate model in neuroscience research has recently increased, much effort has been made to develop a reliable guide of the brain structures of this species. in this article, we review the development of the marmoset brain atlas and discuss a newly developed brain model, which was reconstructed from histological sections under volume-rendering technology. this kind of brain model allows virtual sections to be constructed on any axis, with ...201525817023
cognitive bias, hand preference and welfare of common marmosets.common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) have hand preferences for grasping pieces of food and holding them while eating and these are stable throughout adult life. we report here that left-handed marmosets have negative cognitive bias compared to right-handed marmosets. twelve marmosets were trained to expect a food reward from a bowl with a black lid and not from one with a white lid, or vice versa. in probe tests with ambiguous, grey-lidded bowls a left-handed group (n=7) were less likely to rem ...201525813746
developmental expression patterns of chemokines cxcl11, cxcl12 and their receptor cxcr7 in testes of common marmoset and human.the chemokine receptor cxcr7 interacts with the chemokines cxcl11 and cxcl12. during development, this ligand receptor system (c-x-c) provokes cell-type-specific responses in terms of migration, adhesion or ligand sequestration. it is active in zebrafish and rodents but no data are available for its presence or function in primate testes. real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed in monkeys to detect cxcl11, cxcl12 and cxcr7. at the protein level, cxcl12 and cxcr7 were local ...201525810367
proteomic analysis of cerebellum in common marmoset exposed to methylmercury.the cerebellum is known as the major target regions of methylmercury (mehg) toxicity, but the mechanisms are still not fully understood. we studied the effects of mehg exposure in the cerebellum of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) using a shotgun proteomic approach with liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. a total of 1000 common proteins were identified in all samples, and 102 proteins were significantly differentially expressed in the cerebellum of common marmoset with orally ...201525809596
noninvasive genotyping of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) by fingernail pcr.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a new world primate that is a useful model for medical studies. in this study, we report a convenient, reliable, and noninvasive procedure to genotype a living common marmoset by using fingernails. this method was used to successfully genotype dna by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) pcr without prior purification, by using the kod fx pcr enzyme kit. additionally, there is no sample contamination from hematopoietic chimera derived from fu ...201525805040
the serotonin 5-ht₁a receptor agonist tandospirone improves executive function in common marmosets.previous pilot clinical studies have shown that the serotonin 5-ht1a receptor agonist tandospirone has beneficial effect on cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. in the present study, we evaluated the cognitive efficacy of tandospirone, given alone or in combination with the antipsychotic blonanserin, risperidone or haloperidol, on executive function in marmosets using the object retrieval with detour (ord) task. treatment with tandospirone alone at 20 and 40 mg/kg increased the numb ...201525804359
non-viral generation of marmoset monkey ips cells by a six-factor-in-one-vector approach.groundbreaking studies showed that differentiated somatic cells of mouse and human origin could be reverted to a stable pluripotent state by the ectopic expression of only four proteins. the resulting pluripotent cells, called induced pluripotent stem (ips) cells, could be an alternative to embryonic stem cells, which are under continuous ethical debate. hence, ips cell-derived functional cells such as neurons may become the key for an effective treatment of currently incurable degenerative dise ...201525785453
an experimental model for exudative age-related macular degeneration with choroidal neovascularization using the common marmoset.this study aimed to establish an experimental exudative age-related macular degeneration (amd) model in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), which is a small new world monkey. choroidal neovascularization (cnv) was induced by laser irradiation on the left eye of each animal under anesthesia. eight laser spots were applied around the macular area using the image-guided laser system (532 nm) attached with micron iii at 650 mw-2,000 mw power. laser pulse duration and spot size were fixed at 10 ...201525760220
analysis of the lateral geniculate nucleus in dichromatic and trichromatic marmosets.marmosets are diurnal new world monkeys that show sex-linked cone photopigment polymorphism, whereby all males and some females are dichromats ("red-green colorblind"), but most females show trichromatic color vision. here we asked whether trichromats express chromatic-specific circuitry in the lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn). the volume of parvocellular (p), magnocellular (m), and koniocellular (k) layers was calculated in nissl-stained sections from the lgn of adult marmosets (callithrix jacc ...201525753496
isolation and identification of cultivable bifidobacterium spp. from the faeces of 5 baby common marmosets (callithrix jacchus l.).ninety-two bifidobacterial strains were obtained from the faeces of 5 baby common marmosets, three known species bifidobacterium aesculapii, bifidobacterium callithricos and bifidobacterium reuteri and 4 novel putative bifidobacterial species were retrieved. the occurrence of bifidobacteria in non-human primate babies is described for the first time.201525746741
purification and partial characterization of α1-proteinase inhibitor in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).fecal alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-pi) concentration has been to diagnose enteric protein loss in dogs and cats. chronic lymphocytic enteritis is commonly seen in the marmoset (callithrix jaccus) and is characterized by hypoalbuminemia. as a prelude to immunoassay development for detecting enteric protein loss, marmoset serum α1-pi was purified using immunoaffinity chromatography and ceramic hydroxyapatite chromatography. partial characterization was performed by reducing gel electrophoresis ...201525745866
common marmosets show social plasticity and group-level similarity in personality.the social environment influences animal personality on evolutionary and immediate time scales. however, studies of animal personality rarely assess the effects of the social environment, particularly in species that live in stable groups with individualized relationships. we assessed personality experimentally in 17 individuals of the common marmoset, living in four groups. we found their personality to be considerably modified by the social environment. marmosets exhibited relatively high plas ...201525743581
activation and deactivation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine by cytochrome p450 enzymes and flavin-containing monooxygenases in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).the potential proneurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp) induces parkinson-like syndromes in common marmosets, other primates, and humans. mptp is metabolically activated to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyridinium and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ions (mpdp(+) and mpp(+), respectively) by desaturation reactions. mptp is deactivated to 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (ptp) by n-demethylation and is also deactivated to mptp n-oxide. the roles of cytochrome p450 (p450) enz ...201525735838
development of a modified artificial insemination technique combining penile vibration stimulation and the swim-up method in the common marmoset.the common marmoset, callithrix jacchus, is used as a new world monkey species in biomedical studies because of its small body size and good reproduction in captivity. a modified artificial insemination technique was developed in this species to encourage breeding of lines carrying interesting genes and traits. fresh semen was collected by penile vibratory stimulation. medium containing highly motile sperm was inseminated into the uterus using a catheter. seven females were inseminated using fre ...201525732321
hyperhexosemia-induced retinal vascular pathology in a novel primate model of diabetic retinopathy.the paucity of animal models exhibiting full pathology of diabetic retinopathy (dr) has impeded understanding of the pathogenesis of dr and the development of therapeutic interventions. here, we investigated whether hyperhexosemic marmosets (callithrix jacchus) develop characteristic retinal vascular lesions including macular edema (me), a leading cause of vision loss in dr. marmosets maintained on 30% galactose (gal)-rich diet for 2 years were monitored for retinal vascular permeability, develo ...201525732190
critical estradiol dose optimization for oocyte in vitro maturation in the common marmoset.the aim of the present study was to critically evaluate the effect of different concentrations of estradiol (e2) during ivm of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) oocytes from antral follicles. the doses tested were 0, 0.1, 1, or 10 μg/ml e2 (referred to as 0 e2, 0.1 e2, 1 e2, and 10 e2 groups). after a preincubation, the concentration of e2 in ivm drops under oil was approximately 20% of the amount added (0.02; 0.2 and 1.9 μg/ml, respectively) because of absorption into the oil. oocyte progres ...201525720580
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