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effects of praziquantel and sanguinarine on expression of immune genes and susceptibility to aeromonas hydrophila in goldfish (carassius auratus) infected with dactylogyrus intermedius.praziquantel and sanguinarine have been demonstrated positive therapeutic effects on monogenean dactylogyrus intermedius; however, few studies have considered the post impacts of these antiparasitic chemicals on host after repelling the parasites. the changes of expression of selected immune genes (ccl-1, cxcl-8, il-1β-1, il-1β-2, tnfα-1, tnfα-2 and tgf-β) in gill, kidney and spleen and bacterial loads of aeromonas hydrophila in gill, kidney, spleen and liver following bath administration of the ...201323954698
vaccination strategies to protect goldfish carassius auratus against aeromonas hydrophila infection.ornamental goldfish carassius auratus were treated with whole cell (wc), extracellular product (ecp), outer membrane protein (omp) and biofilm (bf) vaccines developed from the virulent aeromonas hydrophila (ahv1; genbank hq331525.1) with and without the immunoadjuvant asparagus racemosus. on various days post-vaccination (dpv), the treated fish were challenged with virulent a. hydrophila. these fish were monitored for survival, growth, specific bacterial reduction, and biochemical, haematologica ...201323670079
effects of mannan oligosaccharide on the physiological responses, hsp70 gene expression and disease resistance of allogynogenetic crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) under aeromonas hydrophila infection.we evaluated the effect of dietary supplementation with mannan oligosaccharide (mos) on the resistance to aeromonas hydrophi1a infection in allogynogenetic crucian carp. the fish were randomly divided into five groups: a control group was fed with basal diet, and four treatment groups fed with basal diet supplemented with 60, 120, 240, 480 mg/kg mos for 10 weeks, respectively. we then challenged the fish with a. hydrophi1a and recorded the mortality and the changes in serum cortisol, t3, t4, lys ...201323481213
effect of orally administered azadirachtin on non-specific immune parameters of goldfish carassius auratus (linn. 1758) and resistance against aeromonas hydrophila.modulation of the immune responses using active bio-ingredients as a possible prophylaxis measure has been novel prospect for aquaculture. the present study evaluated the effects of azadirachtin ec 25% on non-specific immune responses in goldfish carassius auratus and resistance against pathogenic bacteria aeromonas hydrophila. the experimental trial for effects of azadirachtin on immuno-haematoloical parameters in goldfish was conducted by feeding the various levels of azadirachtin as control t ...201323261511
effect of coriolus versicolor polysaccharides on the hematological and biochemical parameters and protection against aeromonas hydrophila in allogynogenetic crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio).the effect of dietary intake of coriolus versicolor polysaccharides (cvp) on the hematological and biochemical indices of allogynogenetic crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) was investigated. fish were fed cvp supplemented diets (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 g cvp kg(-1)) for 56 days. the rbc, wbc counts, hemoglobin content, esr in blood and tp, alt, ast, alp, glu, cho, tg, and bun in serum were measured on day 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56. after feeding of 56 days, fish were infected with aeromo ...201322791194
the toxicity of cadmium to three aquatic organisms (photobacterium phosphoreum, daphnia magna and carassius auratus) under different ph levels.this study investigated the effect of ph on cadmium toxicity to three aquatic organisms: photobacterium phosphoreum, daphnia magna and carassius auratus. the acute toxicity of cd(2+) to p. phosphoreum and d. magna at five ph values (5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, and 9.0) was assessed by calculating ec50 values. we determined that cd(2+) was least toxic under acidic conditions, and d. magna was more sensitive to the toxicity of cd than p. phosphoreum. to evaluate cd(2+)-induced hepatic oxidative stress in ...201323769002
goldfish (carassius auratus l.) possess natural antibodies with trypanocidal activity towards trypanosoma carassii in vitro.natural infection of cyprinids, such as carp, with the extracellular protozoan parasite trypanosoma carassii can attain up to 100% prevalence and cause significant host morbidity and mortality, particularly in aquaculture settings. host recovery from t. carassii infection has been shown to be antibody (immunoglobulin m; igm)-mediated, conferring long-term immunity in recovered animals upon challenge. to assess the role of igm in parasite clearance in the goldfish, igm was purified by peg-6000 pr ...201323333358
dietary aloe vera components' effects on cholesterol lowering and estrogenic responses in juvenile goldfish, carassius auratus.aloes are now considered a very interesting source of bioactive compounds among which phytosterols should play a major role. the present study is an attempt to investigate the hypocholesterolemic activity of aloe vera associated with its impact on the reproductive status of juvenile goldfish. therefore, the short- and long-term effects of feeding supplementary diet containing aloe components (20 mg aloe/g diet; 2%) on plasma lipids, plasma vitellogenin, and hepatic estrogen receptor α/β1 mrna le ...201323135154
the analysis of goldfish (carassius auratus l.) innate immune responses after acute and subchronic exposures to oil sands process-affected water.we examined the immunotoxic effects of acute and subchronic exposures of goldfish to aged, fresh, and ozonated oil sands process-affected water (ospw) using a flow-through exposure apparatus. we measured the expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes, the antimicrobial responses of primary macrophages isolated from ospw-exposed fish, and the ability of the goldfish to control infection with a protozoan parasite, trypanosoma carassii. after acute (1 week) exposure to aged ospw, we observed upre ...201424284786
investigation of effect of 17α-ethinylestradiol on vigilin expression using an isolated recombinant antibody.vigilin, a highly conserved protein from yeast to mammals, is a multifunctional protein in eukaryotic organisms. one biological function of vigilin is to stabilize the expression level of vitellogenin (vtg). this study aimed to develop vigilin as a new estrogen-inducible biomarker that correlates with the widely applied estrogen-inducible biomarker vtg and expand the ability to detect it in various species. here, a recombinant monoclonal antibody with high specificity against the conserved c-ter ...201425112681
detection of toxoplasma gondii in shellfish and fish in parts of china.in this study, a total of 3432 aquatic animals covering eight species were tested by specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays to investigate the presence of toxoplasma gondii, in china. the results showed that, out of 618 procambarus clarkii samples collected from the different areas in southeast china, four samples from jiangxi province were positive. of 456 hypophthalmichthys molitrix samples, one sample from jiangsu province was positive. in addition, there was only one positive sample ...201424331298
immune responses to live and inactivated nocardia seriolae and protective effect of recombinant interferon gamma (rifn γ) against nocardiosis in ginbuna crucian carp, carassius auratus langsdorfii.looking into the fact that substantial mortality and morbidity is associated with intracellular gram +ve bacterium, nocardia seriolae infection, an effective vaccine against this pathogen is necessary to control the significant losses in aquaculture practices. therefore, an attempt was made to evaluate the effect of live (sub-lethal) and inactivated (antigenic form) n. seriolae on cellular and humoral immunity in ginbuna crucian carp, carassius auratus langsdorfii as well as the therapeutic pote ...201424882019
variations in bile tolerance among lactococcus lactis strains derived from different sources.lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis has been isolated from the intestines of marine fish and is a candidate probiotic for aquaculture. in order to use the bacterium as a probiotic, properties such as bile tolerance need to be assessed. here, we compared bile tolerance in l. lactis strains derived from different sources. three l. lactis subsp. lactis strains from marine fish (mfl), freshwater fish (ffl), and cheese starter (csl) were used along with an lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris strain from ...201424395331
functional expression of carassius auratus cytochrome p4501a in a novel shewanella oneidensis expression system and application for the degradation of benzo[a]pyrene.cytochrome p4501a (cyp1a) in fish has attracted an increasing interest because of its important roles in the metabolic activation of certain xenobiotics such as aromatic hydrocarbons. cyps are reported to be expressed in yeast, insect cells and escherichia coli, but are critical for high-level expression. besides, this study found that the purification of recombinant goldfish cyp1a would result in a loss of enzyme activity. because large quantities of functional cyp1a are required, it is necessa ...201424637371
fish viperin exerts a conserved antiviral function through rlr-triggered ifn signaling pathway.mammalian viperin is a typical interferon (ifn)-induced antiviral protein. fish have viperin homologs; however, little is known about the expression regulation of fish viperins. in this study, we report the expression regulation and antiviral function of a fish viperin from crucian carp carassius auratus during ifn response. crucian carp viperin is induced at mrna and protein levels by fish ifns and ifn stimuli such as poly(i:c). consistently, this gene promoter contains multiple transcription f ...201425058853
gig1, a novel antiviral effector involved in fish interferon response.vertebrate interferon (ifn) response defenses against viral infection through the induction of hundreds of ifn-stimulated genes (isgs). most isgs are conserved across vertebrates; however, little is known about the species-specific isgs. in this study, we reported that grass carp reovirus (gcrv)-induced gene 1 (gig1), previously screened as a virus-induced gene from uv-inactivated gcrv-infected crucian carp (carassius auratus) blastulae embryonic (cab) cells, was a typical fish isg, which was si ...201424314663
characterization of myeloid-specific peroxidase, keratin 8, and dual specificity phosphatase 1 as innate immune genes involved in the resistance of crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) to cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection.myeloid-specific peroxidase (mpo), keratin 8 (krt-8), and dual specificity phosphatase 1 (dusp-1) are believed to play essential roles in innate immunity. through suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) analysis, we previously identified mpo, krt-8, and dusp-1 as the three genes that were the most significantly upregulated in crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) that survived cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) infection. here, we have further characterized these three genes and their respon ...201425312688
molecular cloning and expression analysis of immunoglobulin m heavy chain gene of blunt snout bream (megalobrama amblycephala).immunoglobulins (igs), which bind antigens with high specificity, are essential molecules in adaptive immune system of jawed vertebrates. in this study, cdna encoding the secreted form of the immunoglobulin heavy chain of igm (sigm) was cloned from the mesonephros of blunt snout bream (megalabrama amblycephala) using rt-pcr and rapid amplification of cdna ends (race). the full-length cdna of sigm heavy chain gene has 1961 nucleotides encoding a putative protein of 569 amino acids, constant regio ...201424979225
different expression profiles of interleukin 11 (il-11), intelectin (itln) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase 5a (pnp 5a) in crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) in response to cyprinid herpesvirus 2 and aeromonas hydrophila.interleukin 11 (il-11), intelectin (itln) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase 5a (pnp5a) play important roles in innate immunity. in a previous study to identify differentially expressed immune-related genes, suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) assay was used to characterize differentially expressed genes in crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) infected with cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) in which il-11, itln and pnp5a were identified to be the three most significantly up-regulated ...201424636855
protection of ornamental gold fish carassius auratus against aeromonas hydrophila by treating ixora coccinea active principles.herbals such as ixora coccinea, daemia extensa and tridax procumbens were selected to screen in vitro antibacterial and immunostimulant activity against the freshwater fish pathogen aeromonas hydrophila using different organic polar and non-polar solvents. initial screening results revealed that, ethyl acetate extracts and its purified fraction of i. coccinea was able to suppress the a. hydrophila strains at more than 15 mm of zone of inhibition and positive immunostimulant activity. the purifie ...201424380832
identification and functional characterization of the goldfish (carassius auratus l.) high mobility group box 1 (hmgb1) chromatin-binding protein.we report on the identification and functional characterization of hmgb1 of the goldfish. quantitative analysis indicated the highest expression of goldfish hmgb1 in the brain, with lower mrna levels in spleen, intestine, kidney, gill and heart. hmgb1 was also differentially expressed in goldfish immune cell populations with highest mrna levels present in splenocytes and neutrophils. we generated and functionally characterized the recombinant hmgb1 (rghmgb1). the rghmgb1 primed the respiratory b ...201424406304
aquatic environmental safety assessment and inhibition mechanism of chemicals for targeting microcystis aeruginosa.cyanobacteria are a diverse group of gram-negative bacteria that produce an array of secondary compounds with selective bioactivity against vertebrates, invertebrates, fungi, bacteria and cell lines. recently the main methods of controlling cyanobacteria are using chemicals, medicinal plants and microorganism but fewer involved the safety research in hydrophytic ecosystems. in search of an environmentally safe compound, 53 chemicals were screened against the developed heavy cyanobacteria bloom m ...201425139029
[prevalence of metacercariae of clonorchis sinensis in wild freshwater fishes from nenjiang river around qiqihaer city].from may to november 2013, a total of 1175 wild freshwater fishes were collected from the rivers of chuoer, yalu, wuyuer, alun, and yin in nenjiang river basin qiqihaer city, and examined for metacercariae by direct compression method. the metacercariae were collected by artificial digestion method. forty kunming mice were infected with 30-40 metacercariae of clonorchis sinensis. the mice were sacrificed 36 days after infection, and the adult worms were collected from bile duct, and observed und ...201425518594
prevalence of clonorchis sinensis infection in freshwater fishes in northeastern china.the prevalence of clonorchis sinensis infection in freshwater fishes was surveyed in heilongjiang province, northeastern china, between august 2011 and september 2013. thirteen species of freshwater fish (n=3221) and one species of shrimp (n=93) were collected from songhua river, nenjiang river and other lakes or ponds in 37 sites of 15 representative cities in heilongjiang province. they were individually examined by digestion technique, and the c. sinensis metacercariae were identified morphol ...201424880648
detection of koi herpesvirus (khv) in healthy cyprinid seed stock.koi herpesvirus (khv) disease is a lethal disease in common carp, an important food fish in asian countries, the seed of which is used in restocking programs for freshwater fishery management. we inspected apparently healthy seed stock of common carp cyprinus carpio l. and siberian crucian carp carassius auratus for the presence of khv using pcr-based diagnostic tests as a part of a stock enhancement program from 2009 to 2010 in korea. consequently, khv was detected from 24 of 232 inspections wi ...201425392040
investigating the interactions of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 with host proteins in goldfish carassius auratus. 201423998394
effects of experimentally induced infections of goldfish carassius auratus with cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) at various water temperatures.in this study, we examined the influence of water temperature on the development of herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (hvhn) in goldfish carassius auratus after experimentally induced infection with cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2). in expt 1, ryukin goldfish were infected with cyhv-2 by intraperitoneal injection and maintained at 4 different water temperatures. cumulative mortalities of the 15, 20, 25 and 30°c groups were 10, 90, 90 and 60%, respectively. therefore, the temperature range of 20 ...201425114043
development of a rapid cyprinid herpesvirus 2 detection method by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv2) is a pathogen that causes severe disease and high mortality in goldfish and prussian carp. we developed a six primer loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay targeting the intercapsomeric triplex protein gene. cyhv-2 dna was 10-fold serially diluted (10(8)-10(0) copies μl(-1)) and was used as the template to determine primer sensitivity. lamp assays were performed with dna templates from other pathogens to determine specificity. the lamp assay had an une ...201424935791
histopathological characterization and fluorescence in situ hybridization of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in cultured prussian carp, carassius auratus gibelio in china.cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) is an emerging pathogen in the commercially exploited fish, prussian carp (carassius auratus gibelio), which has caused huge economic loss in china and appears to be spreading worldwide. in this article, cyhv-2 infection of prussian carp was confirmed for the first time by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), which gave positive results from the tissue samples dissected from moribund fish including kidney, spleen, liver, and gill. histological examination showed syste ...201424877901
comparative analysis of differential gene expression in kidney tissues of moribund and surviving crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) in response to cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection.cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) has recently been associated with high mortality of cultured crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) in eastern china. in this study, we established a real-time pcr method to confirm viral infection of crucian carp and to quantify cyhv-2 particles obtained by sucrose gradient centrifugation from diseased fish. virus-free crucian carp were artificially infected with cyhv-2 using an injection method, which resulted in a dose-dependent death rate. in situ hybridizat ...201424585042
a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in gibel carp (carassius auratus gibelio).a rapid and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) detection in gibel carp was developed. following cloning and sequencing of the putative dna helicase gene of cyhv-2 isolate from china, a set of four specific primers was designed based on the sequence. the mgcl2 concentration and the reaction temperature were optimized to 6 mm, 64°c, respectively. lamp products were detected by visual inspection of a color change due to addition of sybr ...201424574914
cyprinid herpesvirus-2 causing mass mortality in goldfish: applying electron microscopy to histological samples for diagnostic virology.in june 2013, a major fish kill of adult goldfish carassius auratus occurred in runnemede lake, new jersey, usa: an estimated 3000 to 5000 fish died within ~5 d. necropsy of 4 moribund fish revealed severely pale gills, and histopathology showed type i and ii fusion of the gills, diffuse necrosis of hematopoietic tissue in anterior and posterior kidney, and multifocal necrosis of the spleen. within necrotic areas, pyknosis and enlarged nuclei with marginalized chromatin were observed. cyprinid h ...201424492049
susceptibility of japanese cyprininae fish species to cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2).cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) is known as the causative agent of herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (hvhn) of goldfish (carassius auratus). recently, the virus has also been detected from prussian carp (c. gibelio) and crucian carp (c. carassius) from european and asian countries. to analyze the risk of spreading to new host species, the susceptibility of other fish species to the virus is essential. in this study experimental infections of indigenous cyprininae species in japan were performe ...201424480585
identification of a novel fish granzyme involved in cell-mediated immunity.granzymes (gzms) are serine proteases released from cytoplasmic granules within cytotoxic t lymphocytes and natural killer (nk) cells. gzms induce apoptosis within virus-infected and transformed cells. in fish as well as mammals, gzms appear to play a major role in inducing target cell death. however, information on the function of fish gzms is limited, although gzm-like genes have been reported in several species. we identified and characterized a fish gzm (termed gcgzm) in ginbuna crucian carp ...201424968079
role of cd4(+) and cd8α(+) t cells in protective immunity against edwardsiella tarda infection of ginbuna crucian carp, carassius auratus langsdorfii.edwardsiella tarda is an intracellular pathogen that causes edwardsiellosis in fish. our previous study suggests that cell-mediated immunity (cmi) plays an essential role in protection against e. tarda infection. in the present study, we adoptively transferred t-cell subsets sensitized with e. tarda to isogenic naïve ginbuna crucian carp to determination the t-cell subsets involved in protecting fish from e. tarda infection. recipients of cd4(+) and cd8α(+) cells acquired significant resistance ...201424316500
in vitro immunocompetence of two compounds isolated from polygala tenuifolia and development of resistance against grass carp reovirus (gcrv) and dactylogyrus intermedius in respective host.the present study was undertaken to isolate some compounds from methanol extract of polygala tenuifolia and evaluate their immunostimulatory properties and antiviral activity using grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella kidney (cik) cells and gcrv. by applying insecticidal bioassay-guided, chromatography techniques and successive recrystallization, two purified compounds were obtained. the changes of expression of selected immune genes (mx1, il-1β, tnfα, myd88 and igm) in c. idella kidney cell lines ...201425450998
screening medicinal plants for use against dactylogyrus intermedius (monogenea) infection in goldfish.abstract methanol extracts of 24 traditional medicinal plants with potential anthelmintic activity against dactylogyrus intermedius (monogenea) in goldfish carassius auratus were investigated. abrus cantoniensis, citrus medica, dioscorea collettii, and polygonum multiflorum exhibited 100% activity and were selected for further evaluation by applying five solvents (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water) for the extraction of the samples, followed by an in vivo bioassay. ...201425229482
[5-hyroxytryptamine in the central nervous system of the gold- fish (carassius auratus)]. 20144177370
[origin of transbranchial electric potential difference in the goldfish carassius auratus. importance of ca++ ion]. 20144217665
death induced by injection stress in cold-acclimated goldfish, carassius auratus. 20144147938
the mancozeb-containing carbamate fungicide tattoo induces mild oxidative stress in goldfish brain, liver, and kidney.tattoo belongs to the group of carbamate fungicides and contains mancozeb (ethylene(bis)dithiocarbamate) as its main constituent. the toxicity of mancozeb to living organisms, particularly fish, is not resolved. this work investigated the effects of 96 h of exposure to 3, 5, or 10 mg l(-1) of tattoo (corresponding to 0.9, 1.5, or 3 mg l(-1) of mancozeb) on the levels of oxidative stress markers and the antioxidant enzyme system of brain, liver, and kidney of goldfish, carassius auratus). in live ...201423436297
thelohanellus testudineus n. sp. (myxosporea: bivalvulida) infecting the skin of allogynogenetic gibel carp carassius auratus gibelio (bloch) in china.a thelohanellus species was encountered during a survey on thelohanellus diversity of carassius auratus gibelio (bloch) in china. the infection is characterized by the presence of large cysts of 1.4-3.2 cm in diameter in the skin of host. mature spores were ampullaceous in frontal view and testudinate in lateral view, measuring 19.7 ± 0.7 (18.6-20.8) μm long, 7.6 ± 0.4 (6.6-8.4) μm wide and 7.3 ± 0.5 (6.6-8.8) μm thick. the single polar capsule was elongated pyriform, with 11.1 ± 0.5 (10.0-11.9) ...201423952737
histopathological findings on carassius auratus hepatopancreas upon exposure to acrylamide: correlation with genotoxicity and metabolic alterations.acrylamide is an amide used in several industrial applications making it easily discharged to aquatic ecosystems. the toxicity of acrylamide to aquatic organisms is scarcely known, although previous studies with murine models provided evidence for deleterious effects. to assess the effects of acrylamide to freshwater fish, goldfish (carassius auratus l.) were exposed to several concentrations of waterborne acrylamide and analysed for genotoxic damage, alterations to detoxifying enzymes and histo ...201424122845
pyrene-stimulated reactive oxygen species generation and oxidative damage in carassius auratus.laboratory experiments were carried out to understand the toxicology of pyrene in the goldfish carassius auratus and investigate the potential oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ros) in vivo in a time-dependent manner. pyrene bioaccumulation, induction of reactive oxygen species and the consequent biochemical responses in the liver of the fish were examined. fish were exposed to 0.05 mg/l pyrene for different periods. the pyrene concentration in fish liver was analyzed by high ...201424171415
enhanced bioaccumulation of pentachlorophenol in carp in the presence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes.the impact of suspended particles on the bioavailability of pollutants has long been a controversial topic. in this study, adsorption of pentachlorophenol (pcp) onto a natural suspended particulate matter (spm) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mwcnts) was studied. facilitated transports of pcp into carp by spm and mwcnts were evaluated by bioaccumulation tests exposing carp (carassius auratus red var.) to pcp-contaminated water in the presence of spm and mwcnts, respectively. desorption of pcp ...201424151027
histochemical detection of steroid synthesizing cells in the testes of goldfish, carassius auratus, during the annual reproductive cycle.we investigated the sites of δ(5)-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 β-hsd) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g-6-pd) synthesis in the testes of goldfish, carassius auratus, during the annual reproductive cycle. the histochemistry of fish gonads has been investigated previously in many species other than goldfish. the reproductive cycle of goldfish, is divided into five stages and the steroid synthesizing cells of the testes were studied during these stages, using histochemical techniques. ...201423957701
distribution and bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides (ocps) in food web of nansi lake, china.the concentration of 12 organochlorine pesticides (ocps) were measured in water, sediment, aquatic plant, and animal (shrimp and fish) of nansi lake by gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector. the total ocps concentrations were 65.31-100.31 ng l(-1) in water, 2.9-6.91 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) in sediments, 1.29-6.42 ng g(-1) dw in aquatic plants and 7.57-17.22 ng g(-1) dw in animals. the ocps composition profiles showed that heptachlor compounds was also the predominant ocp ...201424213638
bioconcentration, metabolism, and biomarker responses in freshwater fish carassius auratus exposed to roxithromycin.to investigate the distribution, bioconcentration, metabolism, and biomarker responses of macrolide antibiotic roxithromycin (rox) in fish, crucian carp (carassius auratus) were exposed to various concentrations of rox (4, 20, and 100μgl(-1)) for 20d. the rox content in different tissues was quantified using uplc/ms/ms. the liver exhibited the highest rox concentration followed by the bile, gills, and muscle tissues. after 15d of exposure to different concentrations of rox, the bioconcentration ...201424210552
immune gene discovery in the crucian carp carassius auratus.the crucian carp carassius auratus (cyprinidae) is one of the important fish species in aquaculture. although the crucian carp has several economic benefits, their immune system and gene information have not been investigated in depth as yet. here, we performed the transcriptome analysis of c. auratus using the pyrosequencing method and selected several immune-related genes. of unigenes obtained in this species, we identified a number of immune system-related genes (e.g. adhesive protein, antimi ...201424287371
the environmental regulation of maturation in goldfish, carassius auratus: effects of various led light spectra.while there have been a number of studies on the effects of photoperiod and duration of light and dark exposure, much less information is available on the importance of light intensity. this study investigated the effects of exposure of goldfish, carassius auratus exposed to white fluorescent bulbs, and red (peak at 630nm), and green (530nm) light emitting diodes (leds) at approximately 0.9w/m(2) (12-h light:12-h dark) for four months on a number of hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad ( ...201424239668
isolation of active compounds from methanol extracts of toddalia asiatica against ichthyophthirius multifiliis in goldfish (carassius auratus).the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis infests all species of freshwater fish and can cause severe economic losses in fish breeding. the present study aims to evaluate the antiparasitic activity of the active components from toddalia asiatica against i. multifiliis. bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation of compounds with antiparasitic activity were performed on the methanol extract of t. asiatica yielding two bioactive compounds: chelerythrine and chloroxylonine identified by c ...201424295957
nmr-based metabolomics approach to study the toxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin to goldfish (carassius auratus).in this study, a (1)h nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) based metabolomics approach was applied to investigate the toxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin (lct) in goldfish (carassius auratus). lct showed tissue-specific damage to gill, heart, liver and kidney tissues of goldfish. nmr profiling combined with statistical methods such as orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (opls-da) and two-dimensional statistical total correlation spectroscopy (2d-stocsy) was developed to discern metabol ...201424291083
peculiar monomeric interferon gammas, ifnγrel 1 and ifnγrel 2, in ginbuna crucian carp.the existence of fish-specific isoforms of interferon (ifn)γ, known as ifnγ-related (ifnγrel), has been reported in several fish species. however, comparisons with deduced amino acid sequences of known ifnγrels among several fish species have indicated significant differences at the c-terminus basic amino acid continuous sequences, which indicate the existence of multiple ifnγrel isoforms. two distinct cdnas, encoding two ifnγrels, ifngrel 1 and ifngrel 2, were cloned from ginbuna crucian carp ( ...201424373358
the carp-goldfish nucleocytoplasmic hybrid has mitochondria from the carp as the nuclear donor species.it is widely accepted that mitochondria and its dna (mtdna) exhibit strict maternal inheritance, with sperm contributing no or non-detectable mitochondria to the next generation. in fish, nuclear transfer (nt) through the combination of a donor nucleus and an enucleated oocyte can produce fertile nucleocytoplasmic hybrids (nchs) even between different genera and subfamilies. one of the best studied fish nchs is cyca produced by transplanting the nuclei plus cytoplasm from the common carp (cyprin ...201424365595
helper function of cd4⁺ lymphocytes in antiviral immunity in ginbuna crucian carp, carassius auratus langsdorfii.although many recent studies have suggested that cd4(+) helper t cell (th-cell) functions are well conserved among teleost fishes and mammals, there is little evidence that cd4(+) th-cells in fish are actually involved in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity during a secondary immune response. in the present study, adoptive transfer using clonal ginbuna crucian carp and crucian carp hematopoietic necrosis virus (chnv) was used to investigate the functions of cd4(+) cells during humoral and ce ...201424342571
effects of cold acclimation and storage temperature on crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) in a waterless preservation.the research aims to explore the impact of cold acclimation and storage temperature on crucian carp in a waterless preservation. it is conducted by studying the influence of cold acclimation on crucian carp in temperatures of 5 and 1 °c h(-1), followed by having them preserved under waterless conditions at 4 and 0 °c for 24 h to analyze their aerobic and anaerobic capacities. the research findings revealed that the temperature drop at 1 °c h(-1) is conducive to preserving the activity of lactate ...201424338155
the goldfish hat-family transposon tgf2 is capable of autonomous excision in zebrafish embryos.the goldfish (carassius auratus) tgf2 transposon is a vertebrate dna transposon that belongs to the hat transposon family. in this study, we constructed plasmids containing either the full-length tgf2 transposon (ptgf2 plasmid) or a partially-deleted tgf2 transposon (δptgf2 plasmid), and microinjected these plasmids into fertilized zebrafish (danio rerio) eggs at the one- to two-cell stage. dna extracted from the embryos was analyzed by pcr to assess transient excision, if any, of the exogenous ...201424321692
responses of hepatic metallothioneins and apoptotic activity in carassius auratus gibelio witness a release of cobalt and zinc from waterborne nanoscale composites.the main goal of this study was to evaluate the ability of fish carassius auratus tissues to release cobalt (co) and zinc (zn) cations present in the applied co- and zn-containing nanoscale composites (ncs). male fish was subjected to 14day long action of co- and zn-ncs, as well as of co(2+) and zn(2+) or polymeric substance (ps) used for the nc preparation and derived from the vinylpyrrolidone. 50μg∙l(-1) of co and 100μg∙l(-1) of zn were applied either as a salt or a nanocomposite. both co and ...201424316149
2,4-dichlorophenol induces global dna hypermethylation through the increase of s-adenosylmethionine and the upregulation of dnmts mrna in the liver of goldfish carassius auratus.altered dna methylation is associated with changes in gene expression, signal transduction and stress response after exposure to a wide range of exogenous compounds, and abnormal methylation is a major toxic effect induced by chemicals such as benzene and phenols. 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-dcp), a derivative of phenol, has been classified as a priority pollutant by the us epa due to its toxic effects on aquatic organisms. however, the effect of 2,4-dcp on dna methylation and its potential mechanis ...201424316013
effects of hypoxia-induced gill remodelling on the innervation and distribution of ionocytes in the gill of goldfish, carassius auratus.the presence of an interlamellar cell mass (ilcm) on the gills of goldfish acclimated to 7°c leads to preferential distribution of branchial ionocytes to the distal edges of the ilcm, where they are likely to remain in contact with the water and hence remain functional. upon exposure to hypoxia, the ilcm retracts, and the ionocytes become localized to the lamellar surfaces and on the filament epithelium, owing to their migration and the differentiation of new ionocytes from progenitor cells. her ...201423818320
regional innervation of the heart in the goldfish, carassius auratus: a confocal microscopy study.the intracardiac nervous system represents the final common pathway for autonomic control of the vertebrate heart in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. in teleost fishes, details of the organization of this system are not well understood. here we investigated innervation patterns in the heart of the goldfish, a species representative of a large group of cyprinids. we used antibodies against the neuronal markers zn-12, acetylated tubulin, and human neuronal protein c/d, as well as choline ac ...201423853005
biochemical biomarkers in liver and gill tissues of freshwater fish carassius auratus following in vivo exposure to hexabromobenzene.hexabromobenzene (hbb) is a novel brominated flame retardant (bfr) with ample evidence of its ubiquitous existence in the aquatic ecosystems. however, to date, the toxicological effects of this bfr on fish have been inadequately researched. the present study was conducted, based on an in vivo model, to investigate hbb-induced biochemical changes in liver and gill tissues of carassius auratus after medium-term exposure to different concentrations (10, 150, and 300 mg/kg) for 7, 14, and 25 days. o ...201423804377
effects of diets containing genistein and diadzein in a long-term study on sex steroid dynamics of goldfish (carassius auratus).the effect of long-term exposure of goldfish to dietary genistein and diadzein on the concentrations of plasma sex steroids (testosterone (t), 17β-estradiol (e2)) and the gonadosomatic index (gsi) was assessed. the study was conducted on four groups for a period of 2 years, from the age of 20 weeks to first spawning. four doses of genistein and diadzein were applied in the feed: genistein: 0 µg/g, diadzein: 0 µg/g (control group); genistein: 24.26 µg/g, diadzein: 21.7 µg/g (diet 1); genistein: 5 ...201422778114
a grouped retina provides high temporal resolution in the weakly electric fish gnathonemus petersii.weakly electric fish orient, hunt and communicate by emitting electrical pulses, enabling them to discriminate objects, conspecifics and prey. in addition to the electrosensory modality - although dominating in importance in these fishes - other modalities, like vision, play important roles for survival. the visual system of gnathonemus petersii, a member of the family mormyridae living in west african blackwater streams shows remarkable specializations: cone photoreceptors are grouped in bundle ...201422771549
tempo and mode of recurrent polyploidization in the carassius auratus species complex (cypriniformes, cyprinidae).polyploidization is an evolutionarily rare but important mechanism in both plants and animals because it increases genetic diversity. goldfish of the carassius auratus species complex can be tetraploids, hexaploids and octaploids. polyploidization events have occurred repeatedly in goldfish, yet the extent of this phenomenon and its phyletic history are poorly understood. we explore the origin, tempo and frequency of polyploidization in chinese and japanese goldfish using both mitochondrial (mtd ...201424398883
nickel-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in carassius auratus liver by jnk pathway.nickel (ni) is ubiquitous in the biosphere and is a common component of natural fresh waters. when present in high concentrations, it becomes toxic to aquatic organisms. it is known that ni toxicity may induce oxidative stress and apoptosis. however, the precise mechanism and the pathways that are activated in fish are still unclear. thus, this study aimed to assess which apoptotic pathways are triggered by ni in carassius auratus liver, the main target of waterborne pollutants. fish were expose ...201424394944
[effect of rate of water temperature increase on sensitivity of fish digestive glycosidases to action of copper and zinc].an increase in sensitivity of glycosidases of intestinal mucosa has been established in fry of goldfish carassius auratus, carp cyprinus carpio, roach rutilus rutilus, and common perch perca fluviatilis to action in vitro of heavy metal ions (copper and zinc at concentrations of 0.1-25 mg/l) at heating of water at the summer period. the inhibitory effect of copper and zinc ions as a rule was higher at the heating rate of 50 degrees c/h than at the rate of 4 degrees c/h. glycosidases of the perch ...201425508933
antidiabetic effects of carassius auratus complex formula in high fat diet combined streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.carassius auratus complex formula, including carassius auratus, rhizoma dioscoreae, lycium chinense, and rehmannia glutinosa libosch, is a combination prescription of traditional chinese medicine, which has always been used to treat diabetes mellitus in ancient china. in this study, we provided experimental evidence for the use of carassius auratus complex formula in the treatment of high fat diet combined streptozotocin- (stz-) induced type 2 diabetes. carassius auratus complex formula aqueous ...201424511320
variations of physiological and innate immunological responses in goldfish (carassius auratus) subjected to recurrent acute stress.this study was undertaken to investigate the influence of repeated acute stress on the physiological status and non-specific immune response of goldfish, carassius auratus. the acute stress was a succession of a 3 min-chasing period followed by a 2 min-air exposure. the goldfish in triplicate tanks were subjected 3 times daily to this stress for one (s3) or three (s9) days. a separate group of unstressed fish was used as control for each sampling time. blood samples were collected 12, 48 and 120 ...201424486633
a species comparison of 17-α-ethynylestradiol uptake and tissue-specific distribution in six teleost fish.differences exist among fish species in their sensitivity to endocrine disruptors such as 17-α-ethynylestradiol (ee2). we examined whether there were corresponding differences in ee2 uptake rates and short-term internal distribution patterns. six freshwater species: japanese ricefish (medaka, oryzias latipes), goldfish (carassius auratus), zebrafish (danio rerio), fathead minnow (pimephales promelas), atlantic killifish (fundulus heteroclitus) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed ...201424473066
supplemental description of thelohanellus wuhanensis xiao & chen, 1993 (myxozoa: myxosporea) infecting the skin of carassius auratus gibelio (bloch): ultrastructural and histological data.thelohanellus wuhanensis xiao & chen, 1993 infects allogynogenetic gibel carp carassius auratus gibelio (bloch) forming numerous plasmodia in the skin, resulting in high mortality of juvenile host fish. within this paper we supplement the identification of this pathogenic species with information on its ultrastructural and histological characteristics. measurements of the spores corresponded to the original description, but asymmetry in the spore shape was recorded. scanning electron microscopy ...201424468917
a hindbrain segmental scaffold specifying neuronal location in the adult goldfish, carassius auratus.the vertebrate hindbrain develops as a series of well-defined neuroepithelial segments or rhombomeres. while rhombomeres are visible in all vertebrate embryos, generally there is not any visible segmental anatomy in the brains of adults. teleost fish are exceptional in retaining a rhombomeric pattern of reticulospinal neurons through embryonic, larval, and adult periods. we use this feature to map more precisely the segmental imprint in the reticular and motor basal hindbrain of adult goldfish. ...201424452830
molecular cloning of pcc-dmrt1s and their specific expression patterns in pengze crucian carp (carassius auratus var. pengze) affected by 17α-methyltestosterone.dmrt1, an important transcription factor associated with testicular differentiation, is conserved among teleost, which could also be detected in ovaries. in the present study, three isoforms of pcc-dmrt1s (pcc-dmrt1a, pcc-dmrt1b and pcc-dmrt1c) resulting from alternative splicing of the dmrt1 gene were cloned and characterized in the triploid gynogenetic fish, the pengze crucian carp. their mrna expression profiling was investigated in juvenile developmental stages, tissues of the adult fish, an ...201424445816
regulatory effect of quercetin on hazardous microcystin-lr-induced apoptosis of carassius auratus lymphocytes in vitro.microcystins (mcs) are secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria. oxidative stress is considered the major cytotoxic mechanism of microcystin-lr (mclr). quercetin (qe) is a flavonoid that can eliminate reactive oxygen species (ros) and elicit anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. this study determined the regulatory effect of qe on the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress of carassius auratus lymphocytes induced by 1 μg/l mclr in vitro after 24 h. mclr-mediated cytotoxicity and ros fo ...201424594009
effect of cadmium on the extracellular na⁺, k⁺, and ca²⁺ in the gill and small intestine of goldfish carassius auratus.in this study, the toxic effect of cadmium on extracellular na(+), k(+), and ca(2+) in the gill and small intestine of goldfish carassius auratus was determined with the technique of ion chromatograph. two-way anova indicated that the two factors (cd(2+) treatment and time) and the interaction factor had significant effect on the level of na(+), k(+), and ca(2+) in the small intestine and gill. 1.0 mg/l cd(2+) significantly increased ca(2+) level in the small intestine, but ca(2+) level in the g ...201424583410
a multi-biomarker assessment of single and combined effects of norfloxacin and sulfamethoxazole on male goldfish (carassius auratus).in the present study, the sublethal effects of norfloxacin alone and in combination with sulfamethoxazole in goldfish (carassius auratus) were investigated, the biomarkers including acetylcholinesterase (ache) in brain, 7-ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase (erod), glutathione s-transferase (gst), and superoxides dismutase (sod) activities in liver, vitellogenin (vtg) in serum and dna damage in gonad were determined after 1, 2, 4 and 7 days of exposure. brain ache activity was significantly inhibited b ...201424580816
antioxidant responses in carassius auratus and lolium perenne exposed to the laboratory pollution.experiments conducted in the laboratories can produce numerous wastes, which could potentially affect the health of the researchers. in this study, the antioxidant responses in liver of carassiua auratus and leaf of lolium perenne were investigated after chronic exposure to the air pollution in four different laboratories. the obtained data showed that oxidative stress was induced in some laboratories, as indicated by some significantly altered biochemical parameters. additionally, the toxicity ...201424561535
cardiac repair and regenerative potential in the goldfish (carassius auratus) heart.the remarkable ability of the heart to regenerate has been demonstrated in the zebrafish and giant danio, two fish members of the cyprinid family. here we use light and electron microscopy to examine the repair response in the heart of another cyprinid, the goldfish (carassius auratus), following cautery injury to a small portion of its ventricular myocardium. we observed a robust inflammatory response in the first two weeks consisting primarily of infiltrating macrophages, heterophils, and mela ...201424548889
ocular glioneuroma with medulloepitheliomatous differentiation in a goldfish (carassius auratus).an intraocular mass in the left eye causing chronic severe exophthalmia in an adult female goldfish (carassius auratus) is described. the fish shared an aquarium with another goldfish found dead with gross and microscopic lesions consistent with mycobacteriosis. histological examination of the left eye, histochemical (periodic acid-schiff [pas], alcian blue, ziehl-neelsen) and immunohistochemical tests (glial fibrillary acidic protein, human neuronal protein, vimentin, and cytokeratin ae1/ae3) w ...201424532696
comparative antioxidant status in freshwater fish carassius auratus exposed to eight imidazolium bromide ionic liquids: a combined experimental and theoretical study.imidazolium bromide ionic liquids such as 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromides ([amim]br) and 1-alkyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bromides ([ammim]br) are common-use organic salts. however, data on comparative toxicological effects of these ils are lacking for fish. in this study, a combined experimental and theoretical approach was applied to compare and analyze the effects of these ils on biochemical biomarkers in liver of carassius auratus treated with different concentrations (2 and 20mg/l) for ...201424530736
perfluorinated alkyl substances in water, sediment, plankton and fish from korean rivers and lakes: a nationwide survey.water, sediment, plankton, and blood and liver tissues of crucian carp (carassius auratus) and mandarin fish (siniperca scherzeri) were collected from six major rivers and lakes in south korea (including namhan river, bukhan river, nakdong river, nam river, yeongsan river and sangsa lake) and analyzed for perfluorinated alkyl substances (pfass). perfluorooctane sulfonate (pfos) was consistently detected at the greatest concentrations in all media surveyed with the maximum concentration in water ...201424529450
the stimulatory effect of led light spectra on genes related to photoreceptors and skin pigmentation in goldfish (carassius auratus).this study aimed to assess differences in genes related to skin color of goldfish (carassius auratus) exposed to light-emitting diodes (leds): red, green, and purple. we investigated differences in the expression of mammalian-like melanopsin (opn4m), rhodopsin (rh), melanin-concentrating hormone (mch), melanin-concentrating hormone receptor (mch-r), and proopiomelanocortin (pomc) in goldfish exposed to different led light spectra. opn4m, rh, mch, and mch-r mrna levels were significantly higher i ...201424522793
evolutionary history of two divergent dmrt1 genes reveals two rounds of polyploidy origins in gibel carp.polyploidy lineages, despite very rare in vertebrates, have been proposed to play significant role in speciation and evolutionary success, but the occurrence history and consequences are still largely unknown. in this study, we used the conserved dmrt1 to analyze polyploidy occurrence and evolutionary process in polyploid gibel carp. we identified two divergent dmrt1 genes and respectively localized the two genes on three homologous chromosomes. subsequently, the corresponding full-length cdnas ...201424859683
metal accumulation and antioxidant defenses in the freshwater fish carassius auratus in response to single and combined exposure to cadmium and hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes.the effects of cadmium, hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and their mixture on metal accumulation and antioxidant defenses were studied using the goldfish carassius auratus as the test organism. the fish were exposed to 0.1 mg/l cd, 0.5 mg/l oh-mwcnts, or 0.1 mg/l cd+0.5 mg/l oh-mwcnts for 3 and 12 days. then, the cd concentration was determined in the gill, liver and muscle. moreover, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase), glut ...201424857893
role of oleoylethanolamide as a feeding regulator in goldfish.oleoylethanolamide (oea) is a bioactive lipid mediator, produced in the intestine and other tissues, which is involved in energy balance regulation in mammals, modulating feeding and lipid metabolism. the purpose of the present study was to investigate the presence and possible role of oea in feeding regulation in goldfish (carassius auratus). we assessed whether goldfish peripheral tissues and brain contain oea and their regulation by nutritional status. oea was detected in all studied tissues ...201424855680
inhibitory effects of β-endorphin on cortisol release from goldfish (carassius auratus) head kidney: an in vitro study.β-endorphin (β-end) is an endogenous opioid peptide derived from the common precursor proopiomelanocortin, together with adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (msh). although the roles of acth and msh in fish are well known, the roles of circulating β-end have not been elucidated. in the present study, we evaluated the biological roles of β-end in the goldfish. first, we cloned the cdnas of the delta opioid receptor (dor), kappa opioid receptor (kor), and mu opioi ...201424837496
partial cloning, tissue distribution and effects of epigallocatechin gallate on hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa reductase mrna transcripts in goldfish (carassius auratus).epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), the major active component of the green tea, has recently been found to inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa reductase (hmgcoar) activity in vitro and to modulate lipogenesis in vivo. in this study we have evaluated the effects of short-term in vivo exposure to egcg (6 μg g(-1) bw or 9 μg g(-1) bw) on hepatic hmgcoar gene expression of goldfish (carassius auratus). we initially characterized a partial sequence of goldfish hmgcoar suggesting that the obtained fr ...201424835314
sequence analysis and subcellular localization of crucian carp carassius auratus viperin.human viperin is known as an interferon (ifn)-inducible antiviral protein and localizes to endoplasmic reticulum (er) via its n-terminal amphipathic α-helix. little is known about subcellular localization of fish viperin. herein, we characterized subcellular localization of a fish viperin from crucian carp carassius auratus. crucian carp viperin is nearly identical to the other viperin proteins in sequence, with the exception of the first n-terminal 70 amino acids that are defined as n-terminal ...201424825429
the antidepressant tranylcypromine alters cellular proliferation and migration in the adult goldfish brain.the goldfish (carassius auratus) is a widely studied vertebrate model organism for studying cell proliferation in the adult brain, and provide the experimental advantage of growing their body and brain throughout their ∼30-year life time. cell proliferation occurs in the teleost brain in widespread proliferation zones. increased cell proliferation in the brain has been linked to the actions of certain antidepressants, including tranylcypromine (tcp), which is used in the treatment of depression. ...201424816924
protective role of oligomeric proanthocyanidin complex against hazardous nodularin-induced oxidative toxicity in carassius auratus lymphocytes.nodularin (nod) is a hazardous material widely detected in water blooms. fish immune cells are extremely vulnerable to nod-induced oxidative stress. oligomeric proanthocyanidin complex (opc), extracted from grapeseed, was used as an antioxidant to eliminate reactive oxygen species and prevent apoptotic effects. carassius auratus lymphocytes were treated with different concentrations (0, 10, 100, and 1,000 μg/l) of opc and a constant dose (100 μg/l) of nod for 12h in vitro. opc inhibited mitosis ...201424794815
bioaccumulation of microcystins (mcs) in four fish species from lake taihu, china: assessment of risks to humans.microcystins (mcs) are the toxic products of harmful algal blooms and they accumulate in fish. the accumulation of mcs in fish living in different trophic levels from different parts of lake taihu was determined. this information was then used to evaluate the risks posed by the mcs in fish to human health. the concentrations of three mcs, mc-lr, mc-yr and mc-rr, were quantified in the following four fish species: silver carp (hypophthalmichthys molitrix), bighead carp (aristichthys nobilis), cru ...201424784747
heme oxygenase-1 (ho-1) mediated respiratory responses to hypoxia in the goldfish, carassius auratus.in this study we investigated the role of heme oxygenase-1 (ho-1) in modulating the hypoxic and hyperoxic ventilatory responses of goldfish (carassius auratus) acclimated to 7 and 25°c. ho-1 was present in the neuroepithelial cells (necs; putative branchial o2 chemoreceptors) of fish acclimated to 7°c only. hypoxia exposure increased gill ho-1 activity in 7°c fish (14.0±1.4 to 42.5±3.2pmolbilirubinmin(-1)mgprotein(-1)). inhibition of ho-1 activity with zinc protophorphyrin ix (znppix) increased ...201424780551
control of breathing in in vitro brain stem preparation from goldfish (carassius auratus; linnaeus).in vitro brain stem preparations from goldfish (carassius auratus) were used to first determine whether this species possesses central chemoreceptors able to modulate respiratory activity. preparations were superfused with an artificial cerebrospinal fluid (acsf); fictive breathing was recorded extracellularly by placing a suction electrode on cranial nerve vii. reducing the level of o2 in the gas mixture used to bubble the acsf from a hyperoxic level (80% or 98.7% o2) to a relative hypoxic leve ...201424769710
developmental toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in artificially fertilized crucian carp (carassius auratus) embryo.2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (tcdd) is a persistent bioaccumulative environmental contaminant that is an endocrine disruptor. embryos of various fish species are responsive to tcdd and have been used as an alternative method to the acute toxicity test with juvenile and adult fish. the tcdd test has similar endpoints of developmental toxicity. however, their sensitivity and signs of tcdd-induced toxicity are different depending on fish species and its habit. crucian carp (carassius auratus ...201424751158
an integrated approach combining chemical analysis and an in vivo bioassay to assess the estrogenic potency of a municipal solid waste landfill leachate in qingdao.various adverse effects related to landfill leachate have made leachates an important issue in past decades, and it has been demonstrated that landfill leachate is an important source of environmental estrogens. in this study, we employed chemical analysis of some already evaluated estrogenic substances, in combination with a bioassay using several specific biomarkers (e.g., plasma vitellogenin and sex steroids, enzyme activity of gonad gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and gonadosomatic index) to ...201424743634
anti-oxidative defences are modulated differentially in three freshwater teleosts in response to ammonia-induced oxidative stress.oxidative stress and the antioxidant response induced by high environmental ammonia (hea) were investigated in the liver and gills of three freshwater teleosts differing in their sensitivities to ammonia. the highly ammonia-sensitive salmonid oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), the less ammonia sensitive cyprinid cyprinus carpio (common carp) and the highly ammonia-resistant cyprinid carassius auratus (goldfish) were exposed to 1 mm ammonia (as nh4hco3) for 0 h (control), 3 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, ...201424740135
seasonal changes and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg) effects on innate immune genes expression in goldfish (carassius auratus).we profiled the expression of a group of proinflammatory immune genes, comprising tnfα-1, tnfα-2, ifn-γ, il1β-1, il1β-2, ccl-1, and cxcl-8 in liver, head kidney, gills, and spleen of goldfish, during the reproductive cycle and in response to injection of the hormone human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg). most genes showed higher expression during the breeding season in both sexes. however, activation of immune responses was much stronger in female goldfish. injection with hcg, an analog of luteini ...201424709628
extracts deriving from olive mill waste water and their effects on the liver of the goldfish carassius auratus fed with hypercholesterolemic diet.the present research aims to evaluate the beneficial effects of polyphenols derived from waste water from a olive mill, obtained by non-plastic molecular imprinting device, in a hypercholesterolemic diet on carassius auratus, commonly known as goldfish that was selected as experimental model. the study was conducted with morphological and histochemical analyses and also the data were supported by immunohistochemical analysis. results show the beneficial activity of polyphenols with a reduction o ...201424708587
goldfish brain and heart are well protected from ni²⁺-induced oxidative stress.after 96 h goldfish exposure to 10, 25 or 50 mg/l of ni(2+) no ni accumulation was found in the brain, but lipid peroxide concentration was by 44% elevated in the brain, whereas carbonyl protein content was by 45-45% decreased in the heart. high molecular mass thiol concentration was enhanced by 30% in the heart, while in the brain low molecular mass thiol concentration increased by 28-88%. superoxide dismutase activity was by 27% and 35% increased in the brain and heart, respectively. glutathio ...201424704544
distribution and quantitative detection of gabaa receptor in carassius auratus gibelio.gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain, is synthesized from glutamate and metabolized to succinic semialdehyde by glutamic acid decarboxylase (gad) and gaba transaminase (gaba-t), respectively. the fast inhibitory effect of gaba is mediated by gaba type a (gabaa) receptors that are associated with several neurological disorders, and gabaa receptors are targets of several therapeutic agents. to date, information on the distribution and quantity of gabaa recep ...201424687758
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