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identification of factors influencing the occurrence of milk spot livers in slaughtered pigs: a novel approach to understanding ascaris suum epidemiology in british farmed pigs.ascariosis is the most important internal parasitism present worldwide in farmed pigs. milk spots are healing lesions occurring when ascaris suum larvae migrate through the liver. this study aimed to identify current husbandry practices (e.g. wet/compound feeding, outdoors/indoors production, bedded/slatted floors) that influence the prevalence of milk spots in batches of slaughtered pigs, accounting for geographical locations and seasonality. farm information was accessed through the british fa ...201020667659
kinetics of inactivation of indicator pathogens during thermophilic anaerobic digestion.thermophilic anaerobic sludge digestion is a promising process to divert waste to beneficial use, but an important question is the required temperature and holding time to achieve a given degree of pathogen inactivation. in this study, the kinetics of inactivation of ascaris suum and vaccine strain poliovirus type 1 (pvs-1), selected as indicators for helminth ova and enteric viruses respectively, were determined during anaerobic digestion at temperatures ranging from 51 to 56 °c. inactivation o ...201020692678
rnai-mediated silencing of a novel ascaris suum gene expression in infective larvae.in the present study, the potential of rna interference (rnai) as a gene silencing tool and the resultant effects on ascaris suum larval development was examined by targeting a gene (represented by the est 06g09) specifically expressed in the infective larvae of a. suum. balb/c mice were infected with rnai-treated larvae. the results showed that the target gene was silenced after soaking for 72 h, and the survival rate of the rnai-treated larvae was reduced by 17.25% (p<0.01). a significant diff ...201020717832
mapping neuropeptide expression by mass spectrometry in single dissected identified neurons from the dorsal ganglion of the nematode ascaris suum.we have developed a method for dissecting single neurons from the nematode ascaris suum, in order to determine their peptide content by mass spectrometry (ms). in this paper, we use maldi-tof ms and tandem ms to enumerate and sequence the peptides present in the two neurons, ala and rid, that comprise the dorsal ganglion. we compare the peptide content determined by ms with the results of immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization of previously isolated peptides af2, af8 and 6 peptides encode ...201020806053
molecular cloning of an immunogenic protein of baylisascaris procyonis and expression in escherichia coli for use in developing improved serodiagnostic assays.larva migrans caused by baylisascaris procyonis is an important zoonotic disease. current serological diagnostic assays for this disease depend on the use of the parasite's larval excretory-secretory (es) antigens. in order to identify genes encoding es antigens and to generate recombinant antigens for use in diagnostic assays, construction and immunoscreening of a b. procyonis third-stage larva cdna expression library was performed and resulted in identification of a partial-length cdna clone e ...201020926699
ascaris and ascariasis.ascaris lumbricoides and ascaris suum are widespread parasitic nematodes of humans and pigs respectively. recent prevalence data suggests that approximately 1.2 billion people are infected. adult worms exhibit an overdispersed frequency distribution in their hosts and individuals harbouring heavy burdens display associated morbidity. in this review, we describe the parasite, its distribution and measures undertaken to control infection.201020934531
molecular genetic evidence for polyandry in ascaris suum.the aim of this study was to determine whether single ascaris suum female could mate with multiple males. seven sex-linked microsatellite markers were employed and paternal genetic analyses were conducted. totally, 62 offspring individuals from three single females were screened, and the numbers of fathers in each family were determined using allele counting methods and the program gerud, version 2.0. the seven sex-linked microsatellite loci showed high polymorphism and revealed that one out of ...201020949281
pas-1, an ascaris suum protein, modulates allergic airway inflammation via cd8+γδtcr+ and cd4+cd25+foxp3+ t cells.we have previously demonstrated that pas-1, a 200 kda protein from ascaris suum, has a potent immunomodulatory effect on humoral and cell-mediated responses induced by apas-3 (an allergenic protein from a. suum) or unrelated antigens. in this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which pas-1 is able to induce this effect on an allergic airway inflammation induced by ova in mice. c57bl/6 mice were adoptively transferred on day 0 with seven different pas-1-primed cell populations: pas-1-primed ...201021044123
inactivation of ascaris suum by short-chain fatty acids.ascaris suum eggs were inactivated in distilled water and digested sludge by butanoic, pentanoic, and hexanoic acids. the fatty acids (short-chain fatty acids [scfa]) were effective only when protonated and at sufficient concentrations. the conjugate bases were not effective at the concentrations evaluated. predictions from an inhibition model (50% inhibitory concentration [ic(50)]) based on quantitative structure-activity relationships were congruent with inactivation data.201021057018
ovicidal activity of seven pochonia chlamydosporia fungal isolates on ascaris suum eggs.the ovicidal effect of the nematophagous fungus pochonia chlamydosporia on eggs of ascaris suum was tested under laboratory conditions. a. suum eggs were plated on 2% water-agar with seven fungal isolates (isol. 5, isol. 31, isol. 1, vc1, isol. 12, isol. 22 and vc4) and control without fungus. after 5, 7, 10, 14, 15 and 21 days of incubation, approximately 100 eggs were removed from the plates and classified according to the following parameters: type 1, biochemical and physiological effect with ...201021088892
prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in growing pigs in kabale district in uganda.during the last 30 years, pig production in uganda and neighbouring counties has increased markedly. pigs are mainly kept as a source of income for small-scale farmers; however, the pig production is subject to several constraints, one of them being worm infections. a study was carried out in rural communities in kabale district in the south western part of uganda in september and october 2007 in order to estimate the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode parasites in pigs based on coprologica ...201021088893
ascariasis in japan: is pig-derived ascaris infecting humans?human ascariasis is caused by infection with the common roundworm ascaris lumbricoides, although the pig roundworm ascaris suum has also been reported to infect humans and develop into the adult stage. to elucidate whether pig-derived ascaris infects humans in japan, 9 ascaris isolates obtained from japanese patients and a further 9 ascaris isolates of pig origin were analyzed to determine their internal transcribed spacer-1 sequences. six of the 9 clinical isolates showed the ascaris genotype w ...201021099099
involvement of k(+) channels in the augmented nasal venous responsiveness to nitric oxide in rat model of allergic rhinitis.one of the factors of nasal obstruction observed in allergic rhinitis is thought to be a dilatation of microveins in nasal mucosa, although the exact mechanism(s) is not fully understood. in nasal mucosae of repeatedly antigen challenged rats, no-induced venodilatation itself is augmented. in the present study, the roles of k(+) channels in sodium nitroprusside (no donor; snp)-induced venodilatation of nasal mucosae in antigen-challenged rats were investigated.201021108952
effects of high pressure processing on hatching of eggs of the zoonotic rat tapeworm hymenolepis diminuta.high hydrostatic pressure processing (hpp) is an effective non-thermal treatment to remove pathogens from a variety of food and food products. it has been extensively examined using prokaryotic organisms but has had limited study on eukaryotic organisms. treatment using hpp has been shown to be effective in inactivating nematode larvae in food and ascaris suum eggs. nothing is known on the efficacy of hpp on tapeworm cysts or eggs. eggs of important zoonotic tapeworms including echinococcus and ...201021131130
presidential address. sanitizing sewage sludge: the intersection of parasitology, civil engineering, and public health. 201021158605
potential risk of zoonotic infections in recreational areas visited by sus scrofa and vulpes vulpes. case study--wolin island, poland.the relation between intestinal parasite prevalence in wild boars and red foxes and the sanitary condition of the soil in recreational estates were determined. the analysis was made based on 36 samples of boar faeces and 22 samples of fox faeces, collected in their habitat as well as 60 samples of soil from two recreational areas. two methods were used for faecal samples--flotation and direct faecal smear; and flotation in nano3 for soil samples examination. zoonotic nematode eggs were recovered ...201021174955
neuropeptide physiology in helminths.parasitic worms come from two distinct, distant phyla, nematoda (roundworms) and platyhelminthes (flatworms). the nervous systems of worms from both phyla are replete with neuropeptides and there is ample physiological evidence that these neuropeptides control vital aspects of worm biology. in each phyla, the physiological evidence for critical roles for helminth neuropeptides is derived from both parasitic and free-living members. in the nematodes, the intestinal parasite ascaris suum and the f ...201021189675
functional response to inhaled salbutamol and/or ipratropium bromide in ascaris suum-sensitised cats with allergen-induced bronchospasms.knowledge about the use of inhaled bronchodilators in cats with so-called 'feline asthma' is limited and relies on the experience of clinicians treating these patients. a randomised controlled four-way crossover study was therefore designed to compare the effects of salbutamol (sal, 100 μg), ipratropium bromide (ib, 20 μg) and a combination of both (sal/ib, 100 μg/20 μg), delivered through a pressurised metered-dose inhaler (pmdi) connected to a spacing chamber, on allergen-induced bronchospasms ...201019699123
temperature and deactivation of microbial faecal indicators during small scale co-composting of faecal matter.small scale co-composting of faecal matter from dry toilet systems with shredded plant material and food waste was investigated in respect to heat development and deactivation of faecal indicators under tropical semiarid conditions. open (uncovered) co-composting of faecal matter with shredded plant material alone did not generate temperatures high enough (<55 degrees c) to reduce the indicators sufficiently. the addition of food waste and confinement in chambers, built of concrete bricks and wo ...201019889525
nematicidal activity of two monoterpenoids and ser-2 tyramine receptor of caenorhabditis elegans.in vitro cultures of two nematodes (caenorhabditis elegans and ascaris suum) were established to study the nematicidal activity of three monoterpenoids (thymol, carvacrol and p-cymene). toxicity of thymol and carvacrol was found for the two nematodes tested. the study was then aimed to address whether nematode tyramine receptor (tyrr) could interact with the two compounds by using hek293 mammalian cells transfected with a c. elegans tyrr (ser-2) sequence, in hope of developing a high-throughput ...201019896925
prevalence of nematodes in danish industrialized sow farms with loose housed sows in dynamic groups.the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of nematodes in sows and gilts in modern pig herds which practiced loose housing of sows and gilts. seventy hundred and ninety fecal samples were examined from seventy-nine farms. oesophagostomum spp. was found in 15% of farms and ascaris suum was found in 76% of the farms. trichuris suis was found in a very few instances. no other nematodes were found. the prevalence of oesophagostomum spp. within an infected farm was approximately 50% and ...201019897307
sanitation composting process in different seasons. ascaris suum as model.the influence of aerobic composting of organic wastes (straw, sawdust, wood brash and sludge from wwtp) on the viability of the model parasite eggs were studied in production conditions of the industrial composting plant topvar, inc. in topolcany, slovak republic. during summer and winter seasons (2005-2006), the survival of non-embryonated ascaris suum eggs was evaluated with respect to aerobic composting processes and air temperature, which varied from -6 degrees c to +12 degrees c in winter a ...201019932605
anthelmintic effects of phytogenic feed additives in ascaris suum inoculated pigs.two experiments were performed to determine the anthelmintic effect of some phytogenic feed additives on a mild infection of ascaris suum in growing and finishing pigs. usually, an infection of a. suum is controlled by using conventional synthetic drugs. organic farmers, however, prefer a non-pharmaceutical approach to worm control. therefore, phytotherapy could be an appropriate alternative. in the first experiment, a commercial available organic starter diet was supplemented with 3% of a herb ...201019954891
genetic influence on the kinetics and associated pathology of the early stage (intestinal-hepatic) migration of ascaris suum in mice.the generative mechanism(s) of aggregation and predisposition to ascaris lumbricoides and a. suum infections in their host population are currently unknown and difficult to elucidate in humans and pigs for ethical/logistical reasons. a recently developed, optimized murine model based on 2 inbred strains, putatively susceptible (c57bl/6j) and resistant (cba/ca) to infection, was exploited to elucidate further the basis of the contrasting parasite burdens, most evident at the pulmonary stage. we e ...201019765333
inhaled vs subcutaneous effects of a dual il-4/il-13 antagonist in a monkey model of asthma.pitrakinra is a recombinant protein derived from human interleukin-4 (il-4) that binds to il-4ralpha and acts as a competitive antagonist of il-4 and il-13. the studies reported here compare the dose-ranging effects of pitrakinra on allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (ahr) and airway eosinophilia when administered subcutaneously (s.c.) or by inhalation to the ascaris suum-sensitive cynomolgus monkey for the purpose of elucidating the primary site of pitrakinra's anti-asthmatic action.201019796211
incentive mechanisms for liver lesion control in finishing pigs in the netherlands.liver lesion prevalence in slaughtered finishing pigs in the netherlands remained relatively high from the mid-1990s until 2004, although sufficient measures existed to control the main cause, an infection with the roundworm ascaris suum. in july 2004 a new incentive mechanism was installed to induce finishing pig producers to increase control of a. suum infections. this paper compares the effectiveness of two dutch incentive mechanisms: a collective insurance - in place prior to july 2004 - and ...201019819576
induction of dominant lethal mutations by ascaris trypsin inhibitor in male mice.trypsin inhibitor (ati) isolated from ascaris suum, a gastrointestinal nematode parasite, was tested for the induction of dominant lethal mutations in male mice. dominant lethal effects of ati for the main stages of germ cell development were analyzed by mating at specific time points after dosing. three groups of adult balb/c males received 50, 100 or 250mg/kg body weight (bw) single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of ati in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (pbs). the control group received con ...201019737609
origin and evolution of the unique tetra-domain hemoglobin from the hydrothermal vent scale worm branchipolynoe.hemoglobin is the most common respiratory pigment in annelids. it can be intra or extracellular, and this latter type can form large multimeric complexes. the hydrothermal vent scale worms branchipolynoe symmytilida and branchipolynoe seepensis express an extracellular tetra-domain hemoglobin (hb) that is unique in annelids. we sequenced the gene for the single-domain and tetra-domain globins in these two species. the single-domain gene codes for a mature protein of 137 amino acids, and the tetr ...201019755665
prophylactic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and luteolin on airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in cats with experimentally-induced asthma.the aim of this study was to assess the preventive effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega3 pufa) and luteolin supplementation on allergen-induced inflammation in eight ascaris suum (as)-sensitised cats. airway responsiveness (ar) tests were performed and venous blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf) collected before and following a single (as-stimulated) allergen exposure, as well as at the end of a 4-week treatment period, which was followed by a second as-challenge. the o ...201019231257
intestinal parasite infections in pigs and beef cattle in rural areas of chungcheongnam-do, korea.the present study was performed to investigate the infection status of intestinal parasites in pigs and beef cattle in rural areas of chungcheongnam-do, korea. from november 2009 to april 2010, a total of 241 fecal samples of pigs and beef cattle (136 and 105, respectively) were examined by direct smear and centrifugal sedimentation methods. the overall positive rates of intestinal parasites among pigs and beef cattle were 73.5% and 4.8%, respectively, and the double-infection rate was 10.3% in ...201021234241
validation of ethnoveterinary medicinal treatments. 201121269773
phylogeography of ascaris lumbricoides and a. suum from china.in order to obtain further understanding of genetic structure and evolutionary relationship of ascaris from humans and pigs, phylogeography study on 12 populations from six endemic regions in china was conducted using mitochondrial dna markers (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and nad1) and the software programs of dnasp 5.0, arlequin 3.0, mega 4.0, and network 4.5.1.6. results showed that (a) genetic diversity of ascaris varied with hosts and locations, but no distinct geographical distrib ...201121301872
does meatiness of pigs depend on the level of gastro-intestinal parasites infection?the aim of the present paper was to determine an influence of the presence and a level of intestine parasites infection on the quality of pork carcass expressed by the content of meat in carcass (meatiness) in pigs. the experimental part of the study was conducted on pigs farm produced in a closed cycle. the population in the study included 120 fattening pigs maintained in two keeping systems: group i--60 individuals kept on slatted floor, and group ii--60 individuals kept on deep litter. all th ...201121334086
the role of intelectin-2 in resistance to ascaris suum lung larval burdens in susceptible and resistant mouse strains.the underlying mechanism of predisposition to ascaris infection is not yet understood but host genetics are thought to play a fundamental role. we investigated the association between the intelectin-2 gene and resistance in f2 mice derived from mouse strains known to be susceptible and resistant to infection. ascaris larvae were isolated from murine lungs and the number of copies of the intelectin-2 gene was determined in f2 mice. intelectin-2 gene copy number was not significantly linked to lar ...201121349217
prevalence and risk factors associated with intestinal parasites in pigs in chongqing, china.from 2007 to 2009, the prevalence of intestinal parasites was investigated in intensive and extensive pig farms in chongqing, china. a total of 2971 samples from both sexes and five age categories (breeding boars, breeding sows, fatteners, growers and weaners) were evaluated by standard methods for the presence of helminth ova and protozoan oocysts, cysts and/or trophozoites. of the 2971 pigs sampled, 362(12.18%) were infected with ascaris suum, 301(10.13%) with trichuris suis, 301(10.13%) with ...201121349561
antigen challenge influences various transcription factors of rat bronchus: protein/dna array study.although the transcription factors are required for expression of the proinflammatory cytokines and immune proteins which are involved in airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation of bronchial asthma, the antigen-induced alterations of the transcription factors in bronchi have not yet been revealed. therefore, in order to profile the alteration pattern of the transcription factors after antigen challenge in bronchi, we used protein/dna arrays. rats were sensitized and repeatedly challenged wit ...201121354352
effect of short-term oral and inhaled corticosteroids on airway inflammation and responsiveness in a feline acute asthma model.the objective of this study was to investigate whether high-dose inhaled fluticasone propionate (fp), alone or in combination with salmeterol (sal), is as effective as oral prednisolone in reducing airway inflammation and obstruction in cats with experimentally-induced acute asthma. six cats sensitised to ascaris suum (as) were enrolled in a prospective controlled therapeutic trial and underwent four aerosol challenges, at 1-month intervals with as allergen. the allergen - stimulated animals rec ...201121354836
toxocara and ascaris seropositivity among patients suspected of visceral and ocular larva migrans in the netherlands: trends from 1998 to 2009.toxocara canis, toxocara cati and ascaris suum are roundworms of dogs, cats and pigs, respectively, that can also infect humans. these zoonotic helminths have a worldwide distribution and are also endemic in the netherlands. infection with toxocara sp. may result in visceral larva migrans (vlm) or ocular larva migrans (olm) caused by the migrating larvae. although a. suum has been reported to occasionally mature to the adult stage in humans, clinical cases of vlm suspected to be caused by a. suu ...201121365288
lactobacillus rhamnosus hn001 attenuates allergy development in a pig model.probiotics have been studied as immunomodulatory agents of allergy. several human probiotic trials tracking the development of eczema and other forms of allergy have yielded inconsistent results. a recent infant study demonstrated that pre and postnatal lactobacillus rhamnosus hn001 (hn001) supplementation decreased the prevalence of eczema and ige associated eczema. however, the influence of hn001 on the incidence of wheeze, asthma, and/or other allergic manifestations has yet to be reported.201121386995
a specific antibody to neuropeptide af1 (knefirfamide) recognizes a small subset of neurons in ascaris suum: differences from caenorhabditis elegans.a monoclonal antibody, af1-003, highly specific to the ascaris suum neuropeptide af1 (knefirfamide), was generated. this antibody binds strongly to af1 and extremely weakly to other peptides with c-terminal firfamide: af5 (sgkptfirfamide), af6 (firfamide), and af7 (agprfirfamide). it does not recognize 35 other af (a. suum fmrfamide-like) peptides at the highest concentration tested, nor does it recognize fmrfamide. when crude peptide extracts of a. suum are fractionated by two-step hplc, the on ...201121452223
on the mode of action of emodepside: slow effects on membrane potential and voltage-activated currents in ascaris suum.background and purpose nematode parasites infect humans and domestic animals. treatment and prophylaxis relies on anthelmintic drugs because there are no effective vaccines. emodepside, a cyclooctadepsipeptide, is a more recently introduced drug which has a novel mode of action involving a calcium-activated potassium slo-1 channel in c. elegans, sometimes mediated by a latrophilin (lat) receptor. emodepside breaks resistance to the classical anthelmintics. the purpose of our experiments was to e ...201121486286
discovery of neuropeptides in the nematode ascaris suum by database mining and tandem mass spectrometry.liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms) was used to discover peptides in extracts of the large parasitic nematode ascaris suum. this required the assembly of a new database of known and predicted peptides. in addition to those already sequenced, peptides were either previously predicted to be processed from precursor proteins identified in an a. suum library of expressed sequence tags (ests) or newly predicted from a library of a. suum genome survey sequences (gsss ...201121524146
solution structure of a repeated unit of the aba-1 nematode polyprotein allergen of ascaris reveals a novel fold and two discrete lipid-binding sites.nematode polyprotein allergens (npas) are an unusual class of lipid-binding proteins found only in nematodes. they are synthesized as large, tandemly repetitive polyproteins that are post-translationally cleaved into multiple copies of small lipid binding proteins with virtually identical fatty acid and retinol (vitamin a)-binding characteristics. they are probably central to transport and distribution of small hydrophobic compounds between the tissues of nematodes, and may play key roles in nut ...201121526216
neurobiology of plant parasitic nematodes.the regulatory constraints imposed on use of chemical control agents in agriculture are rendering crops increasingly vulnerable to plant parasitic nematodes. thus, it is important that new control strategies which meet requirements for low toxicity to non-target species, vertebrates and the environment are pursued. this would be greatly facilitated by an improved understanding of the physiology and pharmacology of these nematodes, but to date, these microscopic species of the phylum nematoda hav ...201121538093
effects of palmitoylethanolamide on the cutaneous allergic inflammatory response in ascaris hypersensitive beagle dogs.palmitoylethanolamide (pea) is an endogenous lipid mediator with anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic properties. the main objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of pea on the cutaneous allergic inflammatory reaction induced by different immunological and non-immunological stimuli in hypersensitive dogs. six spontaneously ascaris hypersensitive beagle dogs were challenged with intradermal injections of ascaris suum extract, substance p and anti-canine ige, before and after ...201121601500
complete mitochondrial genomes of baylisascaris schroederi, baylisascaris ailuri and baylisascaris transfuga from giant panda, red panda and polar bear.roundworms of the genus baylisascaris are the most common parasitic nematodes of the intestinal tracts of wild mammals, and most of them have significant impacts in veterinary and public health. mitochondrial (mt) genomes provide a foundation for studying epidemiology and ecology of these parasites and therefore may be used to assist in the control of baylisascariasis. here, we determined the complete sequences of mtdnas for baylisascaris schroederi, baylisascaris ailuri and baylisascaris transf ...201121621593
high pressure processing treatment prevents embryonation of eggs of trichuris vulpis and ascaris suum and induces delay in development of eggs.high hydrostatic pressure processing (hpp) is an effective non-thermal treatment used to inactivate pathogens from a variety of food and food products. it has been extensively examined using prokaryotic organisms and protozoan's but has had limited study on metazoans. treatment using hpp has been shown to be effective in inactivating nematode larvae in food and preventing embryonation of ascaris suum eggs. we conducted experiments using eggs of the canine whipworm trichuris vulpis collected from ...201121632180
rnai effector diversity in nematodes.while rna interference (rnai) has been deployed to facilitate gene function studies in diverse helminths, parasitic nematodes appear variably susceptible. to test if this is due to inter-species differences in rnai effector complements, we performed a primary sequence similarity survey for orthologs of 77 caenorhabditis elegans rnai pathway proteins in 13 nematode species for which genomic or transcriptomic datasets were available, with all outputs subjected to domain-structure verification. our ...201121666793
fate of the pathogen indicators phage φx174 and ascaris suum eggs during the production of struvite fertilizer from source-separated urine.human urine has the potential to be a sustainable, locally and continuously available source of nutrients for agriculture. phosphate can be efficiently recovered from human urine in the form of the mineral struvite (mgnh(4)po(4)·6h(2)o). however, struvite formation may be coupled with the precipitation of other constituents present in urine including pathogens, pharmaceuticals, and heavy metals. to determine if struvite fertilizer presents a microbiological health risk to producers and end users ...201121807394
morphological changes of ascaris spp. eggs during their development outside the host.abstract information on the infective stage of ascaris lumbricoides and the pathological damage caused by the parasite is widely available in the literature. however, information about early embryonic development of a. lumbricoides and its life cycle outside the host is limited. the purpose of this study was to describe the morphological changes within the developing embryo during incubation in vitro at 28 c, as well as to explore differences in eggs viability during incubation. ascaris suum egg ...201121801007
biological control of ascaris suum eggs by pochonia chlamydosporia fungus.ascaris suum is a gastrointestinal nematode parasite of swines. the aim of this study was to observe pochonia chlamydosporia fungus on biological control of a. suum eggs after fungus passage through swines gastrointestinal tract. eighteen pigs, previously dewormed, were randomly divided into three groups: group 1, treated with the fungus isolate vc4; group 2, treated with the fungus isolate vc1 and group 3 did not receive fungus (control). in the treated groups, each animal received a 9 g single ...201121796329
molecular and catalytic properties of an arginine kinase from the nematode ascaris suum.we amplified the cdna coding for arginine kinase (ak) from the parasitic nematode ascaris suum, cloned it in pmal plasmid and expressed the enzyme as a fusion protein with the maltose-binding protein. the whole cdna was 1260 bp, encoding 400 amino acids, and the recombinant protein had a molecular mass of 45,341 da. ascaris suum recombinant ak showed significant activity and strong affinity ( k _{m}^{arg} = 0.126\hairsp mm) for the substrate l-arginine. it also exhibited high catalytic efficienc ...201121781373
new insights into the mechanism of fertilization in nematodes.fertilization results from the fusion of male and female gametes in all sexually reproducing organisms. much of nematode fertility work was focused on caenorhabditis elegans and ascaris suum. the c. elegans hermaphrodite produces a limited number of sperm initially and then commits to the exclusive production of oocytes. the postmeiotic differentiation called spermiogenesis converts sessile spermatids into motile spermatozoa. the motility of spermatozoa depends on dynamic assembly and disassembl ...201121749902
the polyprotein allergens of nematodes (npas) - structure at last, but still mysterious.we are engaged in structural and functional studies of several types of lipid binding protein that are only found in nematodes. amongst these are the nematode polyprotein allergens (npas) and we now report the solution structure of aba-1a (as-npa-a1), the most repeated unit within the npa array of ascaris suum, which is almost identical in amino acid sequence to that of ascaris lumbricoides. the protein forms a slightly flattened, compact, globular fold consisting of a long central helix that pa ...201121741973
sedimentation of helminth eggs in water.helminth parasite eggs in low quality water represent health risks when used for irrigation of crops. the settling velocities of helminth eggs (ascaris suum, trichuris suis, and oesophagostomum spp.) and wastewater particles were experimentally determined in tap water and in wastewater using owen tubes. the settling velocities of eggs in tap water was compared with theoretical settling velocities calculated by stoke's law using measurements of size and density of eggs as well as density and visc ...201121741063
risk factors associated with occurrence of nematodes in free range pigs in busia district, kenya.nematode infections are a serious constraint to pig production, especially where free range pig keeping is practiced. this study investigated the epidemiology of nematodes in free range pigs in busia district, kenya. three hundred and six pigs from 135 farms were sampled for faeces that were analysed for nematode eggs per gram (epg) of faeces using the mcmaster technique. the nematode eggs were also identified to genus and species based on morphology. a questionnaire on risk factors was also adm ...201121833678
helminth parasites in pigs: new challenges in pig production and current research highlights.helminths in pigs have generally received little attention from veterinary parasitologists, despite ascaris suum, trichuris suis, and oesophagostomum sp. being common worldwide. the present paper presents challenges and current research highlights connected with these parasites. in danish swine herds, new indoor production systems may favour helminth transmission and growing knowledge on pasture survival and infectivity of a. suum and t. suis eggs indicates that they may constitute a serious thr ...201121684689
deep small rna sequencing from the nematode ascaris reveals conservation, functional diversification, and novel developmental profiles.eukaryotic cells express several classes of small rnas that regulate gene expression and ensure genome maintenance. endogenous sirnas (endo-sirnas) and piwi-interacting rnas (pirnas) mainly control gene and transposon expression in the germline, while micrornas (mirnas) generally function in post-transcriptional gene silencing in both somatic and germline cells. to provide an evolutionary and developmental perspective on small rna pathways in nematodes, we identified and characterized known and ...201121685128
eosinophilic pneumonia due to visceral larva migrans possibly caused by ascaris suum: a case report and review of recent literatures.we report the case of a 62-year-old man who developed eosinophilic pneumonia due to visceral larva migrans (vlm) that was possibly caused by ascaris suum. the patient, a resident of the middle kyushu area who was found of eating raw porcine liver, complained of dry cough without dyspnea. the chest radiography showed a migration of infiltrative shadow. transbronchial lung biopsy of the right middle lobe revealed massive infiltration of eosinophils. the multi-dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ...201121937827
changes in cyclic nucleotides, locomotory behavior, and body length produced by novel endogenous neuropeptides in the parasitic nematode ascaris suum.recent technical advances have rapidly advanced the discovery of novel peptides, as well as the transcripts that encode them, in the parasitic nematode ascaris suum. here we report that many of these novel peptides produce profound and varied effects on locomotory behavior and levels of cyclic nucleotides in a. suum. we investigated the effects of 31 endogenous neuropeptides encoded by transcripts afp-1, afp-2, afp-4, afp-6, afp-7, and afp-9-14 (afp: ascaris fmrfamide-like precursor protein) on ...201121854812
distribution and characteristics of abfs, cecropins, nemapores, and lysozymes in nematodes.several groups of antimicrobial effector molecules have been identified in nematodes, but most studies have been limited to caenorhabditis elegans and, to a lesser extent, ascaris suum. although these two species are not closely related, they are not representative of overall nematode diversity. this study utilized available sequence information to investigate whether four groups of antimicrobial effectors (defensin-like antibacterial factors [abfs], cecropins, saposin domain-containing proteins ...201121978453
developmentally programmed, rna-directed genome rearrangement in tetrahymena.developmentally programmed genome rearrangement has been observed in a variety of eukaryotes from vertebrates to worms to protists, and it provides an interesting exception to the general rule of the constancy of the genome. dna elimination in the ciliated protozoan tetrahymena is one of the most well-characterized programmed genome rearrangement events. dna elimination in the newly formed macronucleus of tetrahymena is epigenetically regulated by the dna sequence of the parental macronucleus. d ...201122103557
A novel C-type lectin identified by EST analysis in tissue migratory larvae of Ascaris suum.C-type lectins (CTLs) are a group of proteins which bind to carbohydrate epitopes in the presence of Ca(2+), which have been described in a wide range of species. In this study, a cDNA sequence coding a putative CTL has been identified from the cDNA library constructed from the pig round worm Ascaris suum lung L3 (LL3) larvae, which was designated as A. suum C-type lectin-1 (As-CTL-1). The 510 nucleotide open reading frame of As-CTL-1 cDNA encoded the predicted 169 amino acid protein including a ...201122006188
Determinants of nucleotide-binding selectivity of malic enzyme.Malic enzymes have high cofactor selectivity. An isoform-specific distribution of residues 314, 346, 347 and 362 implies that they may play key roles in determining the cofactor specificity. Currently, Glu314, Ser346, Lys347 and Lys362 in human c-NADP-ME were changed to the corresponding residues of human m-NAD(P)-ME (Glu, Lys, Tyr and Gln, respectively) or Ascaris suum m-NAD-ME (Ala, Ile, Asp and His, respectively). Kinetic data demonstrated that the S346K/K347Y/K362Q c-NADP-ME was transformed ...201121980421
nucleic acid transfection and transgenesis in parasitic nematodes.summarytransgenesis is an essential tool for assessing gene function in any organism, and it is especially crucial for parasitic nematodes given the dwindling armamentarium of effective anthelmintics and the consequent need to validate essential molecular targets for new drugs and vaccines. two of the major routes of gene delivery evaluated to date in parasitic nematodes, bombardment with dna-coated microparticles and intragonadal microinjection of dna constructs, draw upon experience with the f ...201121880161
ascaris suum draft genome.parasitic diseases have a devastating, long-term impact on human health, welfare and food production worldwide. more than two billion people are infected with geohelminths, including the roundworms ascaris (common roundworm), necator and ancylostoma (hookworms), and trichuris (whipworm), mainly in developing or impoverished nations of asia, africa and latin america. in humans, the diseases caused by these parasites result in about 135,000 deaths annually, with a global burden comparable with tha ...201122031327
Salmeterol or doxycycline do not inhibit acute bronchospasm and airway inflammation in cats with experimentally-induced asthma.The objective of this study was to determine if inhaled salmeterol, a long-acting ß(2)-adrenergic agonist, and oral doxycycline, a tetracycline antibiotic displaying matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitory activity, reduce airway inflammation and obstruction in cats with experimentally-induced asthma. Eight Ascaris suum (AS)-sensitised cats were enrolled in a prospective study in which they underwent four AS-challenges at 1month intervals. The challenged animals were given no treatment or were ...201122136877
national monitoring of ascaris suum related liver pathologies in english abattoirs: a time-series analysis, 2005-2010.ascaris suum is the most important internal parasite in farmed pigs world-wide. in england, the bpex pig health scheme (bphs) monitors the prevalence of ascariosis in slaughtered finished pigs by identifying milk spots - the healing lesions caused by a. suum larvae migration through the liver. this study investigates the trend of milk spot lesions from july 2005 to december 2010 to identify the progress made by the industry in controlling this parasitic disease. for visual explorations, the mont ...201121889266
structural basis for nematode eif4e binding an m(2,2,7)g-cap and its implications for translation initiation.metazoan spliced leader (sl) trans-splicing generates mrnas with an m(2,2,7)g-cap and a common downstream sl rna sequence. the mechanism for eif4e binding an m²²⁷g-cap is unknown. here, we describe the first structure of an eif4e with an m(2,2,7)g-cap and compare it to the cognate m⁷g-eif4e complex. these structures and nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) data indicate that the nematode ascaris suum eif4e binds the two different caps in a similar manner except for the loss of a single hydrogen bond ...201121965542
Comparative transcriptome sequencing of germline and somatic tissues of the Ascaris suum gonad.Ascaris suum (large roundworm of pigs) is a parasitic nematode that causes substantial losses to the meat industry. This nematode is suitable for biochemical studies because, unlike C. elegans, homogeneous tissue samples can be obtained by dissection. It has large sperm, produced in great numbers that permit biochemical studies of sperm motility. Widespread study of A. suum would be facilitated by more comprehensive genome resources and, to this end, we have produced a gonad transcriptome of A. ...201121962222
mitochondrial fumarate reductase as a target of chemotherapy: from parasites to cancer cells.recent research on respiratory chain of the parasitic helminth, ascaris suum has shown that the mitochondrial nadh-fumarate reductase system (fumarate respiration), which is composed of complex i (nadh-rhodoquinone reductase), rhodoquinone and complex ii (rhodoquinol-fumarate reductase) plays an important role in the anaerobic energy metabolism of adult parasites inhabiting hosts. the enzymes in these parasite-specific pathways are potential target for chemotherapy. we isolated a novel compound, ...201122226661
in vitro and in vivo efficacy of monepantel (aad 1566) against laboratory models of human intestinal nematode infections.few effective drugs are available for soil-transmitted helminthiases and drug resistance is of concern. in the present work, we tested the efficacy of the veterinary drug monepantel, a potential drug development candidate compared to standard drugs in vitro and in parasite-rodent models of relevance to human soil-transmitted helminthiases.201122216366
investigation of parasitic and bacterial diseases in pigs with analysis of hematological and serum biochemical profile.the present study was undertaken to evaluate various disease conditions prevalent in slaughtered pigs and zoonotic importance. the study was conducted on two hundred non-descript pigs slaughtered at an organized slaughter house, mumbai. the animals included in the study were randomly selected. post mortem examination of the animals was performed to note various disease conditions and tissues were collected for histopathology. direct examination of stool was found negative for parasites. gross an ...201123542948
the effect of a diet with fructan-rich chicory roots on intestinal helminths and microbiota with special focus on bifidobacteria and campylobacter in piglets around weaning.the restrictions on the use of antibiotic and anthelmintic treatments in organic pig farming necessitate alternative non-medical control strategies. therefore, the antibiotic and parasite-reducing effect of a fructan-rich (prebiotic) diet of dried chicory was investigated in free-ranging piglets. approximately half of 67 piglets from nine litters were experimentally infected with ascaris suum and trichuris suis in the suckling period (1 to 7 weeks of age) and 58 of the piglets were challenged da ...201122440024
immunizing pigs with ascaris suum haemoglobin increases the inflammatory response in the liver but fails to induce a protective immunity.to determine whether purified ascaris suum haemoglobin (ashb) is a suitable vaccine candidate for the control of ascaris infections, pigs were vaccinated with ashb in combination with quila adjuvant and challenged with a. suum eggs. the number of liver lesions and worms in the intestine was assessed on day 14, 28 and 56 post-infection (p.i.). no significant differences were found in the number of worms recovered between vaccinated and control pigs on any of these days. however, significantly mor ...201121204852
ascaris suum: rnai mediated silencing of enolase gene expression in infective larvae.ascaris suum is an important parasite of pigs that causes tremendous economic losses globally to agriculture and animal husbandry annually. rna interference (rnai) technology has been described as a successful and useful approach for the elucidation of gene function in parasitic nematodes. in the present study, rnai was used to silence the expression of a gene encoding enolase in a. suum by soaking infective larvae in double-stranded rna derived from an est (representing as-enol-1) selected from ...201120691683
dynamical insight into caenorhabditis elegans eif4e recognition specificity for mono-and trimethylated structures of mrna 5' cap.specific recognition and binding of the ribonucleic acid 5' termini (mrna 5' cap) by the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4e (eif4e) is a key, rate limiting step in translation initiation. contrary to mammalian and yeast eif4es that discriminate in favor of 7-methylguanosine cap, three out of five eif4e isoforms from the nematode caenorhabditis elegans as well as eif4es from the parasites schistosome mansoni and ascaris suum, exhibit dual binding specificity for both 7-methylguanosine-an ...201120535623
three independent techniques localize expression of transcript afp-11 and its bioactive peptide products to the paired avk neurons in ascaris suum : in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry, and single cell mass spectrometry.we utilized three independent techniques, immunocytochemistry (icc), single cell mass spectrometry (ms), and in situ hybridization (ish), to localize neuropeptides and their transcripts in the nervous system of the nematode ascaris suum . af11 (sdigisepnflrfa) is an endogenous peptide with potent paralytic effects on a. suum locomotory behavior. a highly specific antibody to af11 showed robust immunostaining for af11 in the paired avk neurons in the ventral ganglion. we traced the processes from ...201223509978
an anomaly within the genital system in a female ascaris suum goeze.the authors describe an individual of the female ascaris suum goeze with a unique genital system. a female with such an anomaly was found during laboratory classes of invertebrate zoology at the faculty of biology and environmental protection, ncu. the specimen was about 200 mm long, and the total length of the reproductive system was 1970 mm. further comparative analysis between unchanged and changed individuals revealed differences in the length of individual sections of the studied system, as ...201223444801
cloning and characterization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 subunits from ascaris suum - a parasitic nematode highly adapted to changes of oxygen conditions during its life cycle.the parasitic nematode ascaris suum successfully adapts to a significant decrease in oxygen availability during its life cycle by altering its metabolic system dramatically. however, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms of adaptation to hypoxic environments in a. suum. in multicellular organisms, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (hif-1), a heterodimeric transcription factor composed of hif-1α and hif-1β subunits, is a master regulator of genes involved in adaptation to hypoxia. in the prese ...201223268347
survival of weed seeds and animal parasites as affected by anaerobic digestion at meso- and thermophilic conditions.anaerobic digestion of residual materials from animals and crops offers an opportunity to simultaneously produce bioenergy and plant fertilizers at single farms and in farm communities where input substrate materials and resulting digested residues are shared among member farms. a surplus benefit from this practice may be the suppressing of propagules from harmful biological pests like weeds and animal pathogens (e.g. parasites). in the present work, batch experiments were performed, where survi ...201223266071
duplex quantitative real-time pcr assay for the detection and discrimination of the eggs of toxocara canis and toxocara cati (nematoda, ascaridoidea) in soil and fecal samples.toxocarosis is a zoonotic disease caused by toxocara canis (t. canis) and/or toxocara cati (t. cati), two worldwide distributed roundworms which are parasites of canids and felids, respectively. infections of humans occur through ingestion of embryonated eggs of t. canis or t. cati, when playing with soils contaminated with dogs or cats feces. accordingly, the assessment of potential contamination of these areas with these roundworms eggs is paramount.201223216873
are ascaris lumbricoides and ascaris suum a single species?since the original description and naming of ascaris lumbricoides from humans by linnaeus in 1758 and later of ascaris suum from pigs by goeze 1782, these species have been considered to be valid. four hypotheses relative to the conspecificity or lack thereof (and thus origin of these species) are possible: 1) ascaris lumbricoides (usually infecting humans) and ascaris suum (recorded mostly from pigs) are both valid species, with the two species originating via a speciation event from a common a ...201222348306
detailed transcriptome description of the neglected cestode taenia multiceps.the larval stage of taenia multiceps, a global cestode, encysts in the central nervous system (cns) of sheep and other livestock. this frequently leads to their death and huge socioeconomic losses, especially in developing countries. this parasite can also cause zoonotic infections in humans, but has been largely neglected due to a lack of diagnostic techniques and studies. recent developments in next-generation sequencing provide an opportunity to explore the transcriptome of t. multiceps.201223049872
ascaris suum enolase is a potential vaccine candidate against ascariasis.ascariasis caused by ascaris is the most common parasite problem in humans and pigs worldwide. no vaccines are available for the prevention of ascaris infections. in the present study, the gene encoding ascaris suum enolase (as-enol-1) was amplified, cloned and sequenced. amino acid sequence alignment indicated that as-enol-1 was highly conserved between different nematodes and shared the highest identity (87%) with enolase from anisakis simplex s.l. the recombinant pvax-enol was successfully ex ...201222465737
trichinella spiralis: monoclonal antibody against the muscular larvae for the detection of circulating and fecal antigens in experimentally infected rats.in this work we search for antigens of trichinella spiralis in sera and stool of rats experimentally infected. the kinetic of antibodies to excretory and secretory (es) antigens of muscle larvae (ml) was also determined. wistar rats were infected with 15 ml per gram of body weight and blood samples were collected weekly for 10 weeks. antibodies were studied using an indirect elisa. for detection of circulating antigens and coproantigens, a sandwich elisa was developed with the use of polyclonal ...201223026455
comparative analyses of the complete mitochondrial genomes of ascaris lumbricoides and ascaris suum from humans and pigs.ascaris lumbricoides and ascaris suum are parasitic nematodes living in the small intestine of humans and pigs, and can cause the disease ascariasis. for long, there has been controversy as to whether the two ascaridoid taxa represent the same species due to their significant resemblances in morphology. however, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome data have been lacking for a. lumbricoides in spite of human and animal health significance and socio-economic impact globally of these parasites. ...201222075400
viability of six species of larval and non-larval helminth eggs for different conditions of temperature, ph and dryness.helminth eggs are the most difficult biological parasites to inactivate in wastewater and sludge. in developing countries, in particular, they are present in high concentrations and are the cause of many diseases that impact seriously on the human population. the process conditions for affordable inactivation are very variable, leading to different inactivation efficiencies. temperature, dryness, ph and the developmental stage of the eggs must be taken into consideration to achieve complete inac ...201222794801
assessing the zoonotic potential of ascaris suum and trichuris suis: looking to the future from an analysis of the past.the two geohelminths, ascaris lumbricoides and trichuris trichiura, infect more than a billion people worldwide but are only reported sporadically in the developed part of the world. in contrast, the closely related species a. suum and t. suis in pigs have a truly global distribution, with infected pigs found in most production systems. in areas where pigs and humans live in close proximity or where pig manure is used as fertilizer on vegetables for human consumption, there is a potential risk o ...201222423595
silencing of germline-expressed genes by dna elimination in somatic cells.chromatin diminution is the programmed elimination of specific dna sequences during development. it occurs in diverse species, but the function(s) of diminution and the specificity of sequence loss remain largely unknown. diminution in the nematode ascaris suum occurs during early embryonic cleavages and leads to the loss of germline genome sequences and the formation of a distinct genome in somatic cells. we found that ∼43 mb (∼13%) of genome sequence is eliminated in a. suum somatic cells, inc ...201223123092
inhibitory effect of topical adelmidrol on antigen-induced skin wheal and mast cell behavior in a canine model of allergic dermatitis.adelmidrol is a semisynthetic derivative of azelaic acid and analogue of the anti-inflammatory compound palmitoylethanolamide (pea). based upon its physicochemical properties, adelmidrol is suitable for topical application. the main objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a topical adelmidrol emulsion on early and late inflammatory responses in hypersensitive dogs. repeated intradermal injections of ascaris suum extract were performed in both lateral thoracic areas of six ...201223181761
quantitative evaluation of viability- and apoptosis-related genes in ascaris suum eggs under different culture-temperature conditions.ascaris suum eggs are inactivated by composting conditions; however, it is difficult to find functional changes in heat-treated a. suum eggs. here, unembryonated a. suum eggs were incubated at 20°c, 50°c, and 70°c in vitro, and the gene expression levels related to viability, such as eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4e (if4e), phosphofructokinase 1 (pfk1), and thioredoxin 1 (trx1), and to apoptosis, such as apoptosis-inducing factor 1 (aif1) and cell death protein 6 (cdp6), were evaluate ...201222949754
effect of temperature on embryonation of ascaris suum eggs in an environmental chamber.the influence of temperature on the development and embryonation of ascaris suum eggs was studied using coarse sand medium in an environmental chamber with 50% humidity. the time required for development and embryonation of eggs was examined under 3 different temperature conditions, 5°c, 25°c, and 35°c. a. suum eggs did not develop over 1 month at the temperature of 5°c. however, other temperature conditions, 25°c and 35°c, induced egg development to the 8-cell-stage at days 5-6 after incubation ...201222949753
identifying associations between pig pathologies using a multi-dimensional machine learning methodology.abattoir detected pathologies are of crucial importance to both pig production and food safety. usually, more than one pathology coexist in a pig herd although it often remains unknown how these different pathologies interrelate to each other. identification of the associations between different pathologies may facilitate an improved understanding of their underlying biological linkage, and support the veterinarians in encouraging control strategies aimed at reducing the prevalence of not just o ...201222937883
transformation: how do nematode sperm become activated and crawl?nematode sperm undergo a drastic physiological change during spermiogenesis (sperm activation). unlike mammalian flagellated sperm, nematode sperm are amoeboid cells and their motility is driven by the dynamics of a cytoskeleton composed of major sperm protein (msp) rather than actin found in other crawling cells. this review focuses on sperm from caenorhabditis elegans and ascaris suum to address the roles of external and internal factors that trigger sperm activation and power sperm motility. ...201222903434
feasibility study for the detection of trichinella spiralis in a murine model using mid-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (mid-ftir) with attenuated total reflectance (atr) and soft independent modelling of class analogies (simca).fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (atr) and soft independent modelling by class analogies (simca) was used to assess the feasibility of detecting trichinella spiralis in a murine model. the selected ftir wavenumber range was 1700-900 cm(-1) and the first derivative of the spectra was subjected to simca analysis. the simca model developed for rat meat spiked with t. spiralis larvae was successfully apply to classify non-infected from infected rat mea ...201222874013
useable diffraction data from a multiple microdomain-containing crystal of ascaris suum as-p18 fatty-acid-binding protein using a microfocus beamline.as-p18 is a fatty-acid-binding protein from the parasitic nematode ascaris suum. although it exhibits sequence similarity to mammalian intracellular fatty-acid-binding proteins, it contains features that are unique to nematodes. crystals were obtained, but initial diffraction data analysis revealed that they were composed of a number of `microdomains'. interpretable data could only be collected using a microfocus beamline with a beam size of 12 × 8 µm.201222869127
synthesis of n²-modified 7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphates as nematode translation inhibitors.preparative scale synthesis of 14 new n(2)-modified mononucleotide 5' mrna cap analogues was achieved. the key step involved use of an s(n)ar reaction with protected 2-fluoro inosine and various primary and secondary amines. the derivatives were tested in a parasitic nematode, ascaris suum, cell-free system as translation inhibitors. the most effective compound with ic(50) ∼0.9μm was a n(2)-p-metoxybenzyl-7-methylguanosine-5'-monophosphate 35.201222748379
galactosylated fucose epitopes in nematodes: increased expression in a caenorhabditis mutant associated with altered lectin sensitivity and occurrence in parasitic species.the modification of α1,6-linked fucose residues attached to the proximal (reducing-terminal) core n-acetylglucosamine residue of n-glycans by β1,4-linked galactose ("galfuc" epitope) is a feature of a number of invertebrate species including the model nematode caenorhabditis elegans. a pre-requisite for both core α1,6-fucosylation and β1,4-galactosylation is the presence of a nonreducing terminal n-acetylglucosamine; however, this residue is normally absent from the final glycan structure in inv ...201222733825
possible regulatory role of galectin-9 on ascaris suum-induced eosinophilic lung inflammation in mice.galectin-9 (gal-9) is a member of the galectin family of lectins that exhibit binding affinity for β-galactosides. we found a t cell line-derived gal-9 with novel eosinophil chemoattractant activity, but its role in eosinophilic inflammation of the lung is unknown. we evaluated the role of gal-9 in ascaris suum-induced eosinophilic lung inflammation in mice.201222627368
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