Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| differentiation of bacillus anthracis from other bacillus cereus group bacteria with the pcr. | variation among isolates of bacillus anthracis was examined by using restriction fragmentation patterns and the pcr performed with arbitrary and sequence-specific oligonucleotide primers. the patterns were compared with the patterns generated from strains of closely related species belonging to the "bacillus cereus group" of bacteria, including b. cereus, bacillus thuringiensis, and bacillus mycoides. all b. anthracis profiles were identical for each of 18 restriction enzymes, each of 10 arbitra ... | 1994 | 8123566 |
| [bacterial infections in felines in zoological gardens]. | the significance of selected bacterial infections of felines in zoological gardens is discussed. anthrax and malleus are in germany of historical interest only, tuberculosis went down very strongly. isolated cases of pseudotuberculosis must be expected in future. infections with bacteria of the genera chlamydia, pasteurella and of the family enterobacteriaceae are also considered. the significance of clostridium perfringens in the so called tiger disease is discussed. | 1994 | 8129702 |
| anthrax control and research, with special reference to national programme development in africa: memorandum from a who meeting. | the prevalence of anthrax in both animal and human populations has been increasing in africa. it was therefore appropriate for this who meeting to be convened in an endemic area of the western province of zambia in 1992. the participants reviewed anthrax epidemiology and control in some african countries, elaborated national anthrax control and research programmes in africa, discussed international cooperation and work plans, and elaborated recommendations for anthrax control in africa. the disc ... | 1994 | 8131249 |
| [a species-specific dna probe for identifying toxic strains of anthrax pathogens]. | on the plasmid dna pox01 of the anthrax pathogen two bamhi fragments were localized which facilitate detection of the bacillus anthracis strains carrying pxo1 replicon. these fragments, after complete hydrolysis of plasmid dna by hindiii, were cloned on the vector plasmids puc19 and pbr322 by the "shot-gun" method in escherichia coli cells. it is shown that the 900 bp bamhi/hindiii fragment from the pzat1 recombinant plasmid has an ability for specific hybridization with dna of toxigenic strains ... | 1994 | 8133849 |
| epidemiology, surveillance and control of the principal infectious animal diseases in africa. | the author presents detailed information on traditional methods, the majority of which remain in use, for the recognition, prevention and treatment of the principal infectious diseases prevalent on the african continent. the information provided relates to the observations and practices of peoples in three main regions, namely west, east and southern africa. data are presented for ten diseases of major importance, with the widest range of practices being recorded for the control of foot and mout ... | 1994 | 8038440 |
| anthrax in switzerland during the early 19th century. | the progress of a devastating case of enzootic anthrax is investigated by means of documents found in the archives of a private farm. these reports initiated a detailed historical study of the anthrax situation in switzerland at the time, notably in the north-west of the country. | 1994 | 8038451 |
| anthrax: virulence and vaccines. | 1994 | 8042830 | |
| the three bacillus anthracis toxin genes are coordinately regulated by bicarbonate and temperature. | the two bacillus anthracis toxins are composed of three proteins, protective antigen, lethal factor, and edema factor. the structural genes for these three components are located on the virulence plasmid pxo1. we constructed transcriptional fusions between the regulatory region of each of these genes and lacz. each construct was then inserted as a single copy at the corresponding toxin gene locus on pxo1, resulting in three isogenic strains. two environmental factors, bicarbonate and temperature ... | 1994 | 8051039 |
| anthrax protective antigen forms oligomers during intoxication of mammalian cells. | the protective antigen component (pa) of anthrax toxin binds to receptors on target cells and conveys the toxin's edema factor (ef) and lethal factor (lf) components into the cytoplasm. pa (83 kda) is processed by a cellular protease, yielding a 63-kda fragment (pa63), which binds ef and/or lf. when exposed to acidic ph, pa63 inserts into membranes and forms ion-conductive channels. by electron microscopy, a significant fraction of purified pa63 was found to be in the form of a multi-subunit rin ... | 1994 | 8051159 |
| the sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979. | in april and may 1979, an unusual anthrax epidemic occurred in sverdlovsk, union of soviet socialist republics. soviet officials attributed it to consumption of contaminated meat. u.s. agencies attributed it to inhalation of spores accidentally released at a military microbiology facility in the city. epidemiological data show that most victims worked or lived in a narrow zone extending from the military facility to the southern city limit. farther south, livestock died of anthrax along the zone ... | 1994 | 7973702 |
| efficacy of a standard human anthrax vaccine against bacillus anthracis spore challenge in guinea-pigs. | the efficacy of an anthrax vaccine licensed for human use, mdph-pa, was tested in guinea-pigs intramuscularly challenged with 10, 100 or 1000 ld50 of spores from two virulent strains of bacillus anthracis, vollum 1b and ames. as demonstrated in other investigations, immunization with mdph-pa provided better protection against challenge with the vollum 1b strain than with the ames strain, although vaccine efficacy against the ames strain was better than previously reported. enzyme-linked immunoso ... | 1994 | 7975827 |
| [a case of the cutaneous form of anthrax]. | 1994 | 7831895 | |
| role of macrophage oxidative burst in the action of anthrax lethal toxin. | major symptoms and death from systemic bacillus anthracis infections are mediated by the action of the pathogen's lethal toxin on host macrophages. high levels of the toxin are cytolytic to macrophages, whereas low levels stimulate these cells to produce cytokines (interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), which induce systemic shock and death. | 1994 | 8790597 |
| furin activates pseudomonas exotoxin a by specific cleavage in vivo and in vitro. | we have demonstrated that the native proenzymatic form of pseudomonas exotoxin a can be cleaved at its specific activation site by furin in intact chinese hamster ovary cells or in vitro by furin in isolated membrane fractions from these cells. we have compared the activity of furin in cell membrane fractions with that of purified, recombinant human furin. we have verified that rpe.40, a pseudomonas toxin-resistant mutant cell strain, is mutant in the fur gene, and we have demonstrated that thes ... | 1994 | 7989356 |
| information on which to base assessments of risk from environments contaminated with anthrax spores. | although there has been a considerable amount of research conducted into bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, the data are widely disseminated in the scientific literature and are therefore not always easy to assimilate. in view of continuing concern about potential anthrax contamination in environmental materials and sites, this review brings together the currently available information relating to the health hazards from b. anthracis. the relevance of the available information f ... | 1994 | 7995358 |
| human cowpox 1969-93: a review based on 54 cases. | this survey of the clinical and epidemiological features of human cowpox, a rare but relatively severe zoonotic infection, is based on 54 cases, many unpublished, which we have studied since 1969. patients present with painful, haemorrhagic pustules or black eschars, usually on the hand or face, accompanied by oedema, erythema, lymphadenopathy, and systemic involvement. severe, occasionally fatal, cases occur in eczematous and immunosuppressed individuals, although cowpox has not yet been report ... | 1994 | 7999588 |
| impaired neutrophil function in the cutaneous form of anthrax. | spontaneous and bacillus anthracis induced luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of neutrophils was studied in six patients with the cutaneous form of anthrax. spontaneous chemiluminescence in anthrax was decreased compared to the healthy controls (p < 0.05). b. anthracis, opsonized by complement-containing sera from patients, induced chemiluminescence in neutrophils from control donors but not from patients. b. anthracis, opsonized by complement-free sera from the patients, did not cause an incre ... | 1994 | 8002089 |
| protein synthesis is required for expression of anthrax lethal toxin cytotoxicity. | anthrax lethal toxin, which is composed of two proteins, i.e., protective antigen and lethal factor, is cytolytic to mouse peritoneal macrophages and the macrophage-like cell line j774a.1. after exposure of cells to lethal toxin, inhibition of protein synthesis occurred only slightly before the onset of cytolysis. thus, cell death did not appear to be due to inhibition of protein synthesis. however, prior treatment of j774a.1 cells with cycloheximide or puromycin, which inhibited protein synthes ... | 1994 | 8005682 |
| identification of capsule-forming bacillus anthracis spores with the pcr and a novel dual-probe hybridization format. | anthrax is a fatal infection of humans and livestock that is caused by the gram-positive bacterium bacillus anthracis. the virulent strains of b. anthracis are encapsulated and toxigenic. in this paper we describe the development of a pcr technique for identifying spores of b. anthracis. two 20-mer oligonucleotide primers specific for the capb region of 60-mda plasmid pxo2 were used for amplification. the amplification products were detected by using biotin- and fluorescein-labeled probes in a n ... | 1994 | 8017940 |
| [visceral form of human anthrax imported from africa]. | widespread vaccination has largely eliminated anthrax in europe (the last case was reported in france in 1972) but the disease remains endemic in many developing countries. the usual cutaneous presentation (malignant pustules) is much more familiar than the various visceral manifestations including digestive tract, pulmonary or meningeal signs. we report a case of a 33-year-old immigrant living in france who was hospitalized for asthenia, dyspnoea, mucopurulant expectoration and moderate diarrho ... | 1994 | 8022724 |
| an outbreak of anthrax meningoencephalitis. | we report a common-source outbreak of anthrax meningoencephalitis in chittoor district in andhra pradesh, southern india, in october 1990. the source of infection was the carcass of a sheep. of 5 persons who skinned and cut up its meat for human consumption, 4 developed anthrax meningoencephalitis and one a malignant pustule. another person who wrapped the meat in a cloth and carried it home on his head developed a malignant pustule on his forehead and also meningoencephalitis. all subjects with ... | 1994 | 8036676 |
| ecology and epidemiology of anthrax in the etosha national park, namibia. | analysis of mortality records has revealed distinct patterns in the incidence of anthrax in elephant and plains ungulates. the seasonal peak among the former is in november at the end of the dry season, while among the latter it occurs in march towards the end of the rainy season. among elephants, there has been a notable spread of the disease to the west of the park. age and sex analyses indicate that, except for zebra, proportionally greater numbers of adult males die of anthrax among the spec ... | 1994 | 7898901 |
| [the differential diagnosis of anthrax in man]. | the paper reports group cases of the disease running as anthrax. the disease was not identified etiologically. the authors hold that it is important to make differential diagnosis of anthrax with necrobacillosis, pasteurellosis and contact pustular viral dermatitis. laboratory and clinical diagnostic techniques are specified. | 1994 | 7900012 |
| anthrax edema toxin differentially regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 by increasing intracellular cyclic amp. | bacillus anthracis exotoxins mediate most of the symptomatology of severe anthrax. in addition to a clinical syndrome reminiscent of septic shock, which may be mediated by cytokines produced by macrophages stimulated with lethal toxin, infected patients show profound edema at sites of infection. edema is mediated by edema toxin (et), which comprises of a binding molecule, protective antigen, and an active moiety, edema factor, which possesses intrinsic adenylyl cyclase activity. intracellular cy ... | 1994 | 7927706 |
| fusions of anthrax toxin lethal factor with shiga toxin and diphtheria toxin enzymatic domains are toxic to mammalian cells. | to investigate the ability of anthrax toxin lethal factor (lf) to translocate foreign proteins into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells and to characterize the structural requirements of this process, fusion proteins containing a portion of lf and the catalytic domains of either diphtheria toxin or shiga toxin were constructed. previous work showed that residues 1 to 254 of anthrax toxin lethal factor (lf1-254) are sufficient for binding to the protective antigen component of the toxin and that port ... | 1994 | 7927776 |
| cytotoxic effects of a chimeric protein consisting of tetanus toxin light chain and anthrax toxin lethal factor in non-neuronal cells. | the light chain of tetanus toxin is a zinc endoprotease that inhibits neurotransmitter release by selective proteolysis of the synaptic vesicle-associated protein synaptobrevin/vesicle-associated membrane protein. cellubrevin is a homologue of synaptobrevin that is found in most cell types and is also a substrate for tetanus toxin. the lack of receptors for tetanus toxin on most cell types has made studies of tetanus toxin action in non-neuronal cells difficult. to characterize tetanus toxin eff ... | 1994 | 7929330 |
| [post anthrax vaccine delayed hypersensitivity. ii--delayed hypersensitivity in humans vaccinated against anthrax]. | to detect cell immunity characterized by delayed postvaccination hypersensitivity to anthrax in man and assess its dynamics, vaccination using unencapsulated live anthrax vaccine was performed in 668 healthy volunteers. vaccination was performed either by scarification (n = 172), subcutaneous injection (n = 202), or low-dose (n = 202) or high-dose (n = 83) inhalation. the anthraxin intradermal tests were performed in each patient at various times during the year following vaccination (d7, d15, d ... | 1994 | 7934778 |
| anthrax in a dog. | 1994 | 7941238 | |
| [febrile syndrome and pustular-necrotic lesion]. | 1994 | 7948116 | |
| the chymotrypsin-sensitive site, ffd315, in anthrax toxin protective antigen is required for translocation of lethal factor. | the protective antigen (pa) component of anthrax toxin contains two sites that are uniquely sensitive to proteolytic cleavage. cleavage at the sequence rkkr167 by the cellular protease furin is absolutely required for toxicity, whereas cleavage by chymotrypsin or thermolysin at the sequence ffd315 inactivates the protein, apparently by blocking the ability of pa to translocate the catalytic moieties of the toxins, lethal factor (lf) and edema factor (ef), to the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. to s ... | 1994 | 7961869 |
| effect of different plasmids on colonization of mouse tissues by the aromatic amino acid dependent salmonella typhimurium sl 3261. | the stability of plasmids pbr322, puc19 and pbluescript and their effect on bacterial colonization of mice was determined. s. typhimurium sl 3261 carrying high copy number plasmids colonized spleen and liver tissues poorly compared to low copy number plasmids. after inoculation into mice, the stability of the plasmids appeared to be inversely related to the plasmid's size and complexity. mouse-passaging a pbluescript-based recombinant plasmid expressing the protective antigen of bacillus anthrac ... | 1994 | 7968459 |
| evaluation of bacillus subtilis strain is53 for the production of bacillus anthracis protective antigen. | an asporogenous strain of bacillus subtilis, is53, transformed with plasmid ppa102, produces the protective antigen (pa) component of the tripartite toxin of b. anthracis. addition of yeast extract was required to support growth and pa production in all the media examined. protective antigen expression was down-regulated during exponential growth and extracellular proteases caused marked degradation of the mature protein. | 1994 | 7765396 |
| [comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of fluoroquinolones in experimental anthrax infection]. | comparative antibacterial activity and protective efficacy of ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin and lomefloxacin were estimated in a model of anthrax. the mics of the three drugs determined by the method of serial dilutions for three vaccinal strains of bacillus anthracis were 0.5 to 1.0 microgram/ml. the protective efficacy of the chemotherapeutics in experimental anthrax induced by the spores of the vaccinal strain 71/12, tsenkovsky was evaluated in mathematically designed four-factor experiments. it ... | 1994 | 7848000 |
| zinc content of the bacillus anthracis lethal factor. | we present evidence that the anthrax toxin lethal factor binds multiple zinc atoms. results from atomic adsorption spectroscopy indicate that lethal factor contains approximately three zinc atoms per toxin molecule. lethal factor treated with edta and o-phenanthroline contained a similar number of zinc atoms, indicating that all three zinc atoms are tightly bound to the protein. lethal factor contains the highly conserved zinc-binding consensus sequence, hexxh, that is present in all known zinc ... | 1994 | 7851740 |
| anthrax toxin lethal factor contains a zinc metalloprotease consensus sequence which is required for lethal toxin activity. | comparison of the anthrax toxin lethal factor (lf) amino acid sequence with sequences in the swiss protein database revealed short regions of similarity with the consensus zinc-binding site, hexxh, that is characteristic of metalloproteases. several protease inhibitors, including bestatin and captopril, prevented intoxication of macrophages by lethal toxin. lf was fully inactivated by site-directed mutagenesis that substituted ala for either of the residues (h-686 and h-690) implicated in zinc b ... | 1994 | 7854123 |
| lao people's democratic republic veterinary public health project. | from may 21 to june 4, 1993, a collaborative training project involving u.s. army veterinary personnel, the lao-american integrated rural development project, and the lao department of livestock and veterinary services occurred in the houa muang district of houa phan province in northeastern laos. the project focus was control of the major animal diseases of economic or public health importance in the area to include, but not limited to, hemorrhagic septicemia, anthrax, swine fever (hog cholera) ... | 1994 | 7870320 |
| characterization of spo0a homologues in diverse bacillus and clostridium species identifies a probable dna-binding domain. | spo0a is a phosphorylation-activated transcription factor of bacillus subtilis. it is a member of the response regulator superfamily of bacterial signal transduction proteins and controls many of the changes in gene expression that occur during the transition into stationary phase and during the initiation of sporulation. to identify the domains of spo0a most critical for determining its structural and functional features, presumptive homologues of the spo0a gene were characterized in a collecti ... | 1994 | 7885226 |
| bacillus anthracis protective antigen, expressed in salmonella typhimurium sl 3261, affords protection against anthrax spore challenge. | the protective antigen (pa) gene from bacillus anthracis has been expressed in salmonella typhimurium sl 3261 (aroa). expression was achieved by cloning the gene after the plac promoter in a high copy number plasmid. the recombinant pa was exported into the periplasm. this construct was unstable in vivo and also reduced the colonization ability of the host s. typhimurium. mouse-passaging of the recombinant salmonella resulted in a strain with enhanced colonization ability and increased stability ... | 1994 | 7887017 |
| anthrax. | 1994 | 7888525 | |
| [a case for diagnosis: anthrax of the eyelids]. | 1994 | 7632010 | |
| a particular class of virulence factors: calmodulin-activated bacterial adenylate cyclases. | 1994 | 7696748 | |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a recombinant baculovirus-expressed bacillus anthracis protective antigen (pa): measurement of human anti-pa antibodies. | we developed an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) which does not require purified protective antigen (pa) for detection of human antibodies to bacillus anthracis pa. lysates of spodoptera frugiperda (sf-9) cells infected with recombinant baculovirus containing the pa gene were used as the source of pa to develop the elisa. recombinant pa from crude sf-9 cell lysates or pa purified from b. anthracis sterne strain was captured by an anti-pa monoclonal antibody coated onto m ... | 1994 | 7496927 |
| the channel formed in planar lipid bilayers by the protective antigen component of anthrax toxin. | anthrax toxin consists of three proteins: edema factor (ef, 89 kda), lethal factor (lf, 90 kda), and protective antigen (pa, 83 kda). the former two gain access to the cytosol, where they exert their respective toxic effects on a cell, only in binary combination with pa. the proposed pathways of ef and lf transport consists of (i) pa attaching to a membrane receptor; (ii) its proteolytic cleavage into two fragments, of which the larger, 63 kda piece (pa63) remains attached to the receptor; (iii) ... | 1994 | 7512762 |
| formaldehyde solution effectively inactivates spores of bacillus anthracis on the scottish island of gruinard. | gruinard island was heavily contaminated with the spores of virulent bacillus anthracis during biological weapons trials in world war ii. however, an extensive survey in 1979 showed that most of the island was not contaminated. in the early 1980s, a more intensive survey revealed that the contamination was largely confined to the top 8 cm of the soil in a 2.6-ha area of the 211-ha island. small-scale tests showed that the spores could be inactivated by drenching the soil with fluid biocides. a s ... | 1994 | 16349444 |
| comparative analysis of the 16s to 23s ribosomal intergenic spacer sequences of bacillus thuringiensis strains and subspecies and of closely related species. | bacillus thuringiensis spacer regions between the 16s and 23s rrnas were amplified with conserved primers, designated 19-mer and 23-mer primers. a spacer region of 144 bp was determined for all of 6 b. thuringiensis strains, 7 b. thuringiensis subspecies, and 11 b. thuringiensis field isolates, as well as for the closely related species bacillus cereus and bacillus anthracis. computer analysis and alignment of nucleotide sequences identified three mutations and one deletion in the intergenic spa ... | 1995 | 7538281 |
| effect of anthrax toxin's lethal factor on ion channels formed by the protective antigen. | protective antigen (pa), a component of anthrax toxin, mediates translocation of the toxin's lethal and edema factors (lf and ef, respectively) to the cytoplasm, via a pathway involving their release from an acidic intracellular compartment. pa63, a 63-kda proteolytic fragment of pa, can be induced to form ionconductive channels in the plasma membrane of mammalian cells by acidification of the medium. these channels are believed to be comprised of dodecyl sulfate-resistant oligomers (heptameric ... | 1995 | 7543106 |
| a case of anthrax septicaemia in a london teaching hospital. | 1995 | 7550591 | |
| nasal anthrax in boston. | 1995 | 7568363 | |
| [introduction to the commemorative session of the centennial of the death of louis pasteur]. | when elected a member of académie de médecine in 1873, pasteur was well known for his achievements in chemistry, fermentation and silk worm diseases. he denied spontaneity of diseases, their cause are living germs. passionate disputations took place in academy on subjects of septicaemia, childbirth fever, or fowl cholera. in 1881, his success was obtained by vaccination of sheep against epidemic anthrax: his method of virus action softening was available for many human infections diseases, in sp ... | 1995 | 7583455 |
| guidelines for vaccination of horses. the american association of equine practitioners' vaccination guidelines subcommittee of the avma council on biologic and therapeutic agents. | 1995 | 7591939 | |
| a nested pcr method for the detection of bacillus anthracis in environmental samples collected from former tannery sites. | a nested pcr has been developed to detect bacillus anthracis spores in natural soil and waste samples which may be heavily contaminated by organic and inorganic compounds as is the case at former tannery sites. outer and inner pairs of primers were designed from the protective antigen gene of the plasmid px01 as well as from the genes b and c of the capsule region of the plasmid px02. the dna was prepared from an enrichment broth after killing the vegetative cells by h2o2 treatment. the method a ... | 1995 | 7600011 |
| sensitive detection of biotoxoids and bacterial spores using an immunomagnetic electrochemiluminescence sensor. | extremely sensitive detection of various biotoxoids and bacterial spores using the commercial origen analyzer was achieved by capture on antibody-conjugated micron sized magnetic beads (mbs) followed by binding of ruthenium (ii) trisbipyridal chelate (ru(bpy)2+3-labelled reporter antibodies. immunomagnetically captured target materials were collected on a magnet. electrochemiluminescence (ecl) was evoked from the ru(bpy)3(2+)-tagged reporter antibodies by application of an electrical potential. ... | 1995 | 7612203 |
| purification and characterization of the major surface array protein from the avirulent bacillus anthracis delta sterne-1. | many prokaryotic organisms possess surface layer (s-layer) proteins that are components of the outermost cell envelope. with immunogold labeling, it was demonstrated that the protein extractable antigen 1 (ea1) was localized on the outer surface and specifically to cell wall fragments from bacillus anthracis which retained the s layer. when grown in rich medium under aerobic conditions, the avirulent strain delta sterne-1 released large amounts of ea1 into the medium. this ea1 had no higher-orde ... | 1995 | 7730281 |
| the infection hazards of human cadavers. | cadavers may pose infection hazards to people who handle them. none of the organisms that caused mass death in the past--for example, plague, cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis, anthrax, smallpox--is likely to survive long in buried human remains. items such as mould spores or lead dust are much greater risks to those involved in exhumations. infectious conditions and pathogens in the recently deceased that present particular risks include tuberculosis, group a streptococcal infection, gastrointesti ... | 1995 | 7749455 |
| differentiation of bacillus anthracis and other 'bacillus cereus group' bacteria using is231-derived sequences. | sequences based on the conserved 20 bp inverted repeat of is231 variants were used as polymerase chain reaction-based fingerprinting primers of the member species of the bacillus cereus group (b. anthracis, b. cereus, b. thuringiensis and b. mycoides), because of their close association with transposons, principally tn4430 in b. thuringiensis. fingerprints of b. anthracis were simple, and specifically allowed its identification and sub-differentiation from other members of the group. fingerprint ... | 1995 | 7750728 |
| intestinal anthrax in a two-year-old child. | 1995 | 7638018 | |
| genetic variability of bacillus anthracis and related species. | we evaluated the abilities of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and sequences of intergenic spacer regions (isrs) between two highly conserved genes, 16s-23s rdna and gyrb-gyra isrs, to detect variation in strains of bacillus anthracis as well as two closely related species, b. cereus atcc 14579 and b. mycoides atcc 6462. for each restriction enzyme, (noti, sfii, and smai), the pfge banding patterns for three b. anthracis strains (ames, vollum, and sterne) were identical. however, closely ... | 1995 | 7665658 |
| pathology of experimental inhalation anthrax in the rhesus monkey. | the inhalation form of anthrax, although rare, is nearly always fatal because of the rapid progression of the disease with little host response until the terminal stages of the disease. the gulf war heightened the concern that anthrax could be used as a biologic weapon. past studies modeling pathologic changes in human inhalation anthrax have used the rhesus monkey. | 1995 | 7474943 |
| acting against anthrax. us military veterinarian helps haitians and their animals. | 1995 | 7493881 | |
| protective immunity induced by bacillus anthracis toxin-deficient strains. | the two toxins secreted by bacillus anthracis are composed of binary combinations of three proteins: protective antigen (pa), lethal factor (lf), and edema factor (ef). six mutant strains that are deficient in the production of one or two of these toxin components have been previously constructed and characterized (c. pezard, e. duflot, and m. mock, j. gen. microbiol. 139:2459-2463, 1993). in this work, we examined the antibody response to the in vivo production of pa, lf, and ef in mice immuniz ... | 1995 | 7890396 |
| evaluation of the biolog system for the identification of bacillus anthracis. | the potential of the biolog system for the identification of bacillus anthracis was evaluated. in-house generated databases allowed the correct identification of 19 of 20 isolates of b. anthracis within 24 h. five strains of the closely related b. cereus/thuringiensis group were misidentified as b. anthracis. for this reason the test could only serve as a primary screen with further testing being required to confirm identity. in addition 20% of all the strains of bacilli examined during the stud ... | 1995 | 7766114 |
| the ecology of anthrax spores: tough but not invincible. | bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax, a serious and often fatal disease of wild and domestic animals. central to the persistence of anthrax in an area is the ability of b. anthracis to form long-lasting, highly resistant spores. understanding the ecology of anthrax spores is essential if one hopes to control epidemics. studies on the ecology of anthrax have found a correlation between the disease and specific soil factors, such as alkaline ph, high moisture, and high organic cont ... | 1995 | 7773917 |
| protective antigen-binding domain of anthrax lethal factor mediates translocation of a heterologous protein fused to its amino- or carboxy-terminus. | the edema factor (ef) and lethal factor (lf) components of anthrax toxin require anthrax protective antigen (pa) for binding and entry into mammalian cells. after internalization by receptor-mediated endocytosis, pa facilitates the translocation of ef and lf across the membrane of an acidic intracellular compartment. to characterize the translocation process, we generated chimeric proteins composed of the pa recognition domain of lf (lfn; residues 1-255) fused to either the amino-terminus or the ... | 1995 | 7783638 |
| anthrax: from mesopotamia to molecular biology. | 1995 | 7784488 | |
| pseudomonas exotoxin-mediated selection yields cells with altered expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. | the alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2m) receptor/low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (lrp) is important for the clearance of proteases, protease-inhibitor complexes, and various ligands associated with lipid metabolism. while the regulation of receptor function is poorly understood, the addition of high concentrations of the 39-kd receptor-associated protein (rap) to cells inhibits the binding and/or uptake of many of these ligands. previously, we (kounnas, m.z., r.e. morris, m.r. thom ... | 1995 | 7790352 |
| live bacterial vaccines for animals. | 1995 | 7796957 | |
| proteolytic activation of bacterial toxins by eukaryotic cells is performed by furin and by additional cellular proteases. | before intoxication can occur, anthrax toxin protective antigen (pa), pseudomonas exotoxin a (pe), and diphtheria toxin (dt) must be activated by proteolytic cleavage at specific amino acid sequences. previously, it was shown that pa and dt can be activated by furin. in chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells, wild-type (rkkr) and cleavage site mutants of pa, each administered with a modified form of anthrax toxin lethal factor (the n terminus of lethal factor fused to pe domain iii), had the followin ... | 1995 | 7806387 |
| identification and characterization of a trans-activator involved in the regulation of encapsulation by bacillus anthracis. | production of the plasmid-pxo2-encoded capsule by bacillus anthracis is required for full virulence of the organism. the induction of capsule synthesis in vitro requires growth in the presence of bicarbonate and co2; however, little else is known about the regulation of capsule synthesis and the role it plays in the expression of virulence. recently, transposon tn917 mutagenesis of b. anthracis plasmid pxo2 identified genes involved in capsule production and genes associated with virulence in in ... | 1995 | 7828912 |
| the transformation frequency of plasmids into bacillus anthracis is affected by adenine methylation. | plasmids pltv1 and phv33, capable of replicating in both gram+ and gram- bacterial hosts (shuttle vectors), when derived from the escherichia coli strain hb101, were inactive in an electro-transformation assay employing the bacillus anthracis strains delta ames-1 and delta v1b-1 as recipients. the same plasmids isolated from the dna methyltransferase (mtase)-deficient e. coli strain gm2929 (dam, dcm), were able to transform the b. anthracis strains at a frequency of 10(2)-10(3) transformants/mic ... | 1995 | 7828932 |
| experimental anthrax vaccines: efficacy of adjuvants combined with protective antigen against an aerosol bacillus anthracis spore challenge in guinea pigs. | the efficacy of several human anthrax vaccine candidates comprised of different adjuvants together with bacillus anthracis protective antigen (pa) was evaluated in guinea pigs challenged by an aerosol of virulent b. anthracis spores. the most efficacious vaccines tested were formulated with pa plus monophosphoryl lipid a (mpl) in a squalene/lecithin/tween 80 emulsion (slt) and pa plus the saponin qs-21. the pa+mpl in slt vaccine, which was lyophilized and then reconstituted before use, demonstra ... | 1995 | 8701593 |
| [the biological penetration of an intestinal wound]. | 1995 | 9053150 | |
| [an outbreak of anthrax in amur province in 1954 (from experience in the diagnosis and control of anthrax)]. | 1995 | 9381857 | |
| characterization of the bacillus anthracis s-layer: cloning and sequencing of the structural gene. | bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium, is the etiological agent of anthrax. the gene coding for the s-layer protein (sap) was cloned on two contiguous fragments in escherichia coli, and the complete sequence of the structural gene was determined. the protein, sap, is composed of 814 residues, including a classical prokaryotic 29-amino-acid signal peptide. the mature form has a calculated molecular mass of 83.7 kda and a molecular mass of 94 kda on a sodium dodecyl sulfate- ... | 1995 | 7836294 |
| in vitro processing of anthrax toxin protective antigen by recombinant pc1 (spc3) and bovine intermediate lobe secretory vesicle membranes. | protective antigen (pa), an 83-kda protein produced by bacillus anthracis, requires proteolytic activation at a tetrabasic site (rkkr167) before it can combine with either edema factor or lethal factor on the cell surface. the complex is then endocytosed and the target cell intoxicated. previous work has demonstrated that furin, a ubiquitously distributed, subtilisin-like protease, can perform this cleavage. in this study, another member of the furin family, pc1 (spc3), was tested as a putative ... | 1995 | 7840657 |
| investigation, control and epizootiology of anthrax in a geographically isolated, free-roaming bison population in northern canada. | in july 1993 anthrax caused significant mortality in an isolated, free-ranging population of bison (bos bison athabascae) west of great slave lake in the northwest territories. there was no previous record of anthrax in this area. an emergency response was undertaken to reduce the scale of environmental contamination and dissemination of anthrax spores and hence to reduce the likelihood of future outbreaks. one-hundred-and-seventy-two bison, 3 moose (alces alces), and 3 black bear (ursus america ... | 1995 | 8548686 |
| a case of cutaneous anthrax. | a 63-year-old man developed black crusts on the parietal scalp that showed mixed infections of dermatophytes and bacillus anthracis on culture. the lesions improved with bifonazole, griseofulvin and bacampicillin hydrochloride. although cutaneous anthrax is now a very rare disease, the mortality is high in untreated cases. if a patient has black crusts, anthrax should be differentiated firstly. | 1995 | 8553357 |
| [errors in the diagnosis of anthrax]. | 1995 | 8577111 | |
| the atxa gene product activates transcription of the anthrax toxin genes and is essential for virulence. | bacillus anthracis plasmid pxo1 carries the structural genes for the three anthrax toxin proteins, cya (edema factor), lef (lethal factor), and pag (protective antigen). expression of the toxin genes by b. anthracis is enhanced during growth under elevated levels of co2. this co2 effect is observed only in the presence of another pxo1 gene, atxa, which encodes a transactivator of anthrax toxin synthesis. here we show that transcription of atxa does not appear to differ in cells grown in 5% co2 c ... | 1995 | 8577251 |
| rapid bioassay for detection of bacillus anthracis in mice. | a rapid-bioassay method (rba) of diagnosing anthrax was developed in mice. a standard rba consisted of intraperitoneal inoculation of a suspected culture or of a suspension of raw infected animal tissues in four pairs of mice. at 60, 120 and 180 min after inoculation, two mice were killed and smears and impression smears were made from the peritoneal fluid, heart blood, spleen, liver, and kidneys, and then fixed, stained and microscopically examined. encapsulated rods seen in microscopy confirme ... | 1995 | 8578916 |
| molecular tools for the study of transcriptional regulation in bacillus anthracis. | bacillus anthracis produces two toxins composed of three proteins. genetic tools were constructed to study the regulation of toxin synthesis. they included transcriptional fusions with various reporter genes, in replicative and integrative vectors. the reporter gene xyle, encoding catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, may be valuable for screening of strong promoters, as expression of the gene can be visualized directly and the studies of regulation in b. anthracis. therefore, transcriptional fusions betwee ... | 1995 | 8584795 |
| [the isolation and purification of the protective antigen and the edema factor from the culture filtrate of bacillus anthracis sti-1]. | a rapid method for producing a protective antigen (pa) and edema factor (ef), components of anthrax toxin, is described. the specific features of the method are as follows: addition of a mixture of protease inhibitors to the culture fluid; simultaneous concentration on a fiber filter and adsorption on hydroxylapatite, followed by non-linear gradient a phosphate concentration; purification of elution of a phosphate concentration; purification of eluates from salts via electrodialysis. resultant f ... | 1995 | 8587516 |
| alert: a clinical case simulator program for serious, communicable, and rare diseases. | alert is an intelligent tutoring system (its) based on clinical case simulation. its purpose is to assist in the training of general practitioners regarding the diagnosis and the control of serious, communicable, and rare diseases, such as anthrax, plague, and smallpox. alert provides both monitoring techniques and treatment protocols and is structured into two independent sections: one devoted to the simulation of the clinical case and the other to detailed description of disease. | 1995 | 8591406 |
| [the cellular mechanisms of antianthrax immunity]. | the influence of the vaccination of mice and volunteers on the activity of natural killer cells (nkc) and k cells, the effectors of natural and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity of cells, was studied. both types of killer cells were found to take an active part in the vaccinal process during the whole term of observation. the changes revealed in this study were characterized by two phases. at the first contact with the antigen a rise in the activity of killer cells was observed; this rise was then ... | 1995 | 8525739 |
| [zoeros pasha's report presented to the sultinate on his return from paris]. | the ottoman empire dispatched a committee consisting of zoeros pasha, the president, dr. hüseyin remzi and veterinarian hüseyin hüsnü, who were members sent to learn how the method of the vaccination of rabies was practiced in paris in 1886. zoeros pasha relates their studies in paris, as well as his idea on the novelties he observed there and comments on the advantages of them in case of application in the empire, in his report dated december 29th of 1886, prepared on his return from paris. zoe ... | 1995 | 11625087 |
| a labourer with a spot on his chest. | 1996 | 8538350 | |
| [technology of the production of antigens against soil-borne diseases in madagascar]. | there are two important soilborne diseases in madagascar: anthrax and blackleg. the history of vaccine production is described, which is especially marked by the success since the introduction of biofermenter technology. | 1996 | 8593157 |
| fulminant meningitis due to bacillus anthracis in 11-year-old girl during ramadan. | 1996 | 8622353 | |
| the vacuolar atpase proton pump is required for the cytotoxicity of bacillus anthracis lethal toxin. | the nature of the cytopathic effect exerted by the lethal factor toxin (lf) of bacillus anthracis on sensitive cells is unknown. the toxin requires the passage through acidic vesicles in order to exert its effect within the cytosol. here, we show that bafilomycins and concanamycin a, selective inhibitors of the vacuolar atpase proton pump, are the most powerful known inhibitors of lf macrophage toxicity. these inhibitors are fully active long after lf addition to macrophages, suggesting that lf ... | 1996 | 8647272 |
| enhancing immunoelectrochemiluminescence (iecl) for sensitive bacterial detection. | immunoelectrochemiluminescence (iecl) as an alternative method versus immunochemiluminescent and immunofluorescent methods can be used for versatile applications in biological agent detection. although iecl offered high reproducibility and sensitive detection capability for soluble antigens and nucleic acids in aqueous phase, the iecl assays are not optimal and many factors which can affect the iecl performance still remain unclear. further iecl kinetic studies, improvement of antibody biotinyla ... | 1996 | 8699023 |
| identification of a region of genetic variability among bacillus anthracis strains and related species. | the identification of a region of sequence variability among individual isolates of bacillus anthracis as well as the two closely related species, bacillus cereus and bacillus mycoides, has made a sequence-based approach for the rapid differentiation among members of this group possible. we have identified this region of sequence divergence by comparison of arbitrarily primed (ap)-pcr "fingerprints" generated by an m13 bacteriophage-derived primer and sequencing the respective forms of the only ... | 1996 | 8550456 |
| [vaccines against anthrax in animals, from louis pasteur to our day]. | the authors outline the history of vaccination against anthrax in animals, from the end of the 19th century to the present time. the three main steps in the production of specific vaccines are described in detail: production of vaccines from live, encapsulated bacteria, followed by vaccines from live, unencapsulated bacteria and, finally, subunit vaccines. advantages and disadvantages of these three types of vaccine, some of which are still in use today, are described and discussed. | 1996 | 9376647 |
| factors associated with human anthrax outbreak in the chikupo and ngandu villages of murewa district in mashonaland east province, zimbabwe. | to determine factors associated with human anthrax. | 1996 | 9130412 |
| [detection of the functionally active domains in the molecule of protective antigen of the anthrax exotoxin]. | using the limited proteolysis method, we established that the protective antigen (pa) molecule consists of four functionally active domains. the shielding domain occupies an area in the linear structure of the molecule pa with nh4-terminal up to lys166 and plays an important role in the proteolytic activation of pa. the associative domain situated in the arg167-met266 region is responsible for interactions with either lethal or edematous factors in self-assembly of the toxic complexes of the let ... | 1996 | 8999312 |
| [detection of the functionally active domains in the molecule of the lethal factor of the anthrax exotoxin]. | three functional domains were revealed in the molecule of the lethal factor of b. anthracis. they are located in the linear structure of the molecula as follows: the associative domain occupies the area from lys39 to met242, the stabilizing domain from leu517 to lys614, and the effector domain still further to the cooh-terminal lys mino acid. | 1996 | 8999313 |
| anthrax: memorandum from a who meeting. | the risk of anthrax can be reduced through international collaboration in health education and training, promotion of research, and provision of scientific and technical advice. these issues were discussed by a who working group on anthrax in september 1995, and this memorandum presents their priority concerns and recommendations in several areas: surveillance, epidemiology, diagnosis in humans and in animals, prevention and control, and international cooperation. | 1996 | 9002326 |
| the timing of immunization affects the development of diabetes in rodents. | insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus (iddm) is an autoimmune disease that can be altered by immune modulation. nod mice and bb rats have been used as models of spontaneous iddm. the development of diabetes in these animals has been altered by several different immune modulators using relatively high doses for the size of the animal. the effect of pharmaceutical doses of vaccines on the development of diabetes in these rodents has not been adequately studied. | 1996 | 9020406 |
| bovine anthrax in eastern ontario. | 1996 | 9111696 | |
| anthrax in northern alberta. | 1996 | 9111698 | |
| expression and purification of anthrax toxin protective antigen from escherichia coli. | anthrax toxin consists of three separate proteins, protective antigen (pa), lethal factor (lf), and edema factor (ef). pa binds to the receptor on mammalian cells and facilitates translocation of ef or lf into the cytosol. pa is the primary component of several anthrax vaccines. in this study we expressed and purified pa from escherichia coli. the purification of pa from e. coli was possible after transporting the protein into the periplasmic space using the outer membrane protein a signal seque ... | 1996 | 9172780 |
| [the characteristics of the interaction of bacillus anthracis with host phagocytes in relation to the plasmid spectrum of the causative agent]. | the study revealed that after the intraperitoneal inoculation of spores of b. anthracis strains with different plasmid composition into guinea pigs the active germination of the spores both outside and inside the cells of the host occurred as early as on hour 2 of their interaction with the macroorganism. the further fate of the infective agent and the character of its interaction with peritoneal exudate cells depended on the plasmid composition of the bacilli. thus, the presence of toxin-format ... | 1996 | 8701646 |