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the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae): from taxonomy to control.rhipicephalus sanguineus, commonly known as the brown dog tick, is a three-host tick that feeds primarily on dogs and occasionally on other hosts, including humans. r. sanguineus ticks are widely distributed around the world and they are known vectors of pathogens, such as babesia canis, ehrlichia canis, and rickettsia conorii. the increasing number of cases of human parasitism by r. sanguineus ticks reported in the literature indicates that the interaction between humans and r. sanguineus ticks ...200818280045
protective heterologous immunity against fatal ehrlichiosis and lack of protection following homologous challenge.the roles of antibodies and memory t cells in protection against virulent ehrlichia have not been completely investigated. in this study, we addressed these issues by using murine models of mild and fatal ehrlichiosis caused by related monocytotropic ehrlichia strains. mice were primed with either ehrlichia muris or closely related virulent ehrlichiae transmitted by ixodes ovatus (ioe) ticks given intraperitoneally or intradermally. all groups were reinfected intraperitoneally, 30 days later, wi ...200818285501
toward prevention of cowdriosis.mass production of ehrlichia ruminantium variants from different regions of sub-saharan africa is one of the difficulties that must be overcome in producing a heartwater vaccine. vaccine productivity can be limited by endogenous induction of interferon (ifn), which inhibits the propagation of ehrlichia ruminantium (er) in cell culture. different kinds of endothelial cells, in which er multiply efficiently, could be grown in a scalable way in vuelife teflon bags on cytodex 3 microcarriers where b ...200819120230
[detection of co-infection with lyme spirochetes and spotted fever group rickettsiae in a group of haemaphysalis longicornis].the present study was conducted to investigate the infection of lyme disease, spotted fever, ehrlichiosis (anaplasmosisin) in wild animals and ticks in the mountain areas of zhejiang province.200819173967
serological and molecular prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and ehrlichia species in dogs from minnesota.a population of 731 naturally exposed pet dogs examined at a private practice in baxter, minnesota, an area endemic for lyme disease and anaplasmosis, was tested by serological and molecular methods for evidence of exposure to or infection with selected vector-borne pathogens. serum samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi, and ehrlichia canis antibodies and for dirofilaria immitis antigen. blood samples from 273 dogs we ...200818302532
experimental use of the attenuated ehrlichia ruminantium (welgevonden) vaccine in merino sheep and angora goats.the attenuated ehrlichia ruminantium (welgevonden) stock provides protection against a virulent homologous needle challenge in merino sheep and boer goats against heartwater. in this study, cryopreserved stabilates were tested for their suitability as a vaccine in merino sheep. vaccination did not produce disease and upon challenge with the virulent homologous stock all animals were fully protected. the vaccination protected all except one animal out of 5 challenged 12 months after immunization. ...200819178891
optimization of proteomic sample preparation procedures for comprehensive protein characterization of pathogenic systems.mass spectrometry-based proteomics is a powerful analytical tool for investigating pathogens and their interactions within a host. the sensitivity of such analyses provides broad proteome characterization, but the sample-handling procedures must first be optimized to ensure compatibility with the technique and to maximize the dynamic range of detection. the decision-making process for determining optimal growth conditions, preparation methods, sample analysis methods, and data analysis technique ...200819183792
[microbiological diagnosis of emerging bacterial pathogens: anaplasma, bartonella, rickettsia, and tropheryma whipplei].ehrlichia/anaplasma, bartonella, rickettsia and tropheryma whipplei (formerly called whippelii) are fastidious bacterial organisms, considered the causative agents of potentially severe emerging and re-emerging diseases with repercussions on public health. the recent availability of advanced molecular biology and cell culture techniques has led to the implication of many of these species in human pathologies. these issues are extensively covered in number 27 of the seimc microbiological procedur ...200819100178
the added value of peripheral blood cell morphology in the diagnosis and management of infectious diseases--part 1: basic concepts.as automated blood cell analysers and sophisticated diagnostic technologies become widespread, requests for peripheral blood smear (pbs) examination--for the diagnosis of infectious diseases--diminish. yet, pbs examination can provide rapid and invaluable information on infection--host susceptibility, aetiology, severity, and systemic impact. besides direct visualisation of certain microorganisms (for example, plasmodium, ehrlichia), pbs examination may detect characteristic footprints left by v ...200819103815
pathologic evidence of ehrlichiosis in calves inoculated with ehrlichia chaffeensis.an immunocompetent animal disease model based on infection with ehrlichia chaffeensis would facilitate research toward understanding mechanisms responsible for the broad range of clinical signs associated with human monocytic ehrlichiosis (hme). the adaptability of this model for the experimental feeding of tick species and stages and for testing therapies comparable to those for human diseases are additional advantages of large animal models. herein, we summarize pathology reports for calves th ...200819120184
the importance of early treatment with doxycycline in human ehrlichiosis.human ehrlichiosis is a serious disease that can be fatal if not treated appropriately. we examined patients with a clinical presentation consistent with the syndrome of ehrlichiosis and a positive blood polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test for all known ehrlichia species or anaplasma phagocytophilum admitted to barnes-jewish hospital in st. louis, mo, from 1996 to 2006. patients who had doxycycline initiated within the first 24 hours of admission to the hospital were compared with patients who ...200818344803
climate changes and suitability for the ticks amblyomma hebraeum and amblyomma variegatum (ixodidae) in zimbabwe (1974-1999).the spread of amblyomma hebraeum has been reported in zimbabwe. at the same time there was little or no spread in the distribution of amblyomma variegatum. this paper examines the climatic cycles and their trends in the period 1974-1999 with a view to explaining the abiotic causes of this spread, and of forecasting the likely tendency in climate suitability for both tick species. an annual data-set of rainfall and air temperature was used as a source for climate, together with a habitat-modeling ...200818083309
characterization of 'candidatus neoehrlichia lotoris' (family anaplasmataceae) from raccoons (procyon lotor).recently, a novel ehrlichial organism was isolated from a raccoon (procyon lotor) and the isolate (rac413) was infectious to two naïve raccoons but not laboratory mice, rats or rabbits. in this study, amplification and sequencing of four gene targets (16s rrna gene, groesl, glta and rpob) confirmed that the novel ehrlichial organism was a member of the family anaplasmataceae and was most closely related to, but distinct from, 'candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis' tk4456(r) and is58. rac413 shared ...200819060060
[vector-borne parasites of dogs on the islands of cabo verde].during an animal welfare campaign on the islands of cape verde (in the capital praia on the island of santiago) a total of 57 dogs were examined for ectoparasites and blood parasites. 84% of the animals were infested with arthropods, mostly ticks. haemotropic parasites were examined via blood smear, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and/or serology. 23 dogs had single infections, five multiple infections with haemoparasites. in eight dogs ehrlichia canis and in one amaplasma phagocytophilum were d ...200819066773
incidence of various tick-borne microorganisms in rodents and ticks of central slovakia.in this study, we detected rickettsia helvetica, candidatus midichloria mitochondrii, anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia muris, candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis, and bartonella sp. infections in wild rodents and ticks collected from the vegetation of central slovakia. the microorganisms were identified by pcr and sequencing. yellow-necked mice (apodemus flavicollis) were infected with e. muris and bartonella sp., while ticks ixodes ricinus collected from the vegetation were infected with r. ...200818999892
defining the immune response to ehrlichia species using murine models.pathogenic bacteria belonging to the family anaplasmataceae include species of the genera ehrlichia and anaplasma. ehrlichia chaffeensis, first known as the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis, also infects several vertebrate hosts including white-tailed deer, dogs, coyotes and goats. e. chaffeensis is transmitted from the bite of an infected hard tick, such as amblyomma americanum. e. chaffeensis and other tick-transmitted pathogens have adapted to both the tick and vertebrate host ...200819028013
molecular detection of ehrlichia chaffeensis in amblyomma parvum ticks, argentina. 200819046533
[seroepidemiological evidence of human exposure to anaplasma sp in santiago, chile].to find more evidence of human exposure to anaplasma sp in chile, we studied 108 contacts of dogs with canine ehrlichiosis (ce) (risk group) and 61 persons without tick or ce cases contact (control group). a survey including risk factors and history of diseases compatible with ehrlichiosis/ anaplasmosis was applied to the risk group. serum igg anti-anaplasma sp antibodies were determined in both groups.200818949148
host surveys, ixodid tick biology and transmission scenarios as related to the tick-borne pathogen, ehrlichia canis.the ehrlichioses have been subject to increasing interest from veterinary and public health perspectives, but experimental studies of these diseases and their etiologic agents can be challenging. ehrlichia canis, the primary etiologic agent of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, is relatively well characterized and offers unique advantages and opportunities to study interactions between a monocytotropic pathogen and both its vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. historically, advances in tick-borne dise ...200818963493
host cell-specific protein expression in vitro in ehrlichia ruminantium.ehrlichia ruminantium, a tick-transmitted pathogen, is the causative agent of heartwater in ruminants. in this study, a proteomic approach was used to identify host cell-specific e. ruminantium proteins encoded by the map1 multigene family, expressed in vitro in bovine endothelial and tick cell cultures. two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry analysis was used to establish the identities of immunodominant proteins. proteins extracted from e. ruminantium-infected endo ...200818006251
genetic diversity of ehrlichia ruminantium in amblyomma variegatum ticks and small ruminants in the gambia determined by restriction fragment profile analysis.understanding genetic diversity of ehrlichia ruminantium in host and vector populations is an important prerequisite to controlling heartwater by vaccination in traditional livestock systems in sub-saharan africa. we carried out a study in two phases: (i) evaluating the usefulness of the pcr-rflp assay based on the map1 coding sequence of e. ruminantium as a discriminatory tool to characterise genetic diversity, (ii) applying the technique to field samples from amblyomma variegatum ticks and sma ...200817646061
laboratory maintenance of ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia canis and recovery of organisms for molecular biology and proteomics studies.tick-borne illnesses are emerging as a major concern for human health in recent years. these include the human monocytic ehrlichiosis caused by the amblyomma americanum tick-transmitted bacterium, ehrlichia chaffeensis; human ewingii ehrlichiosis caused by ehrlichia ewingii (also transmitted by a. americanum ticks); and human granulocytic anaplasmosis caused by the ixodes scapularis tick-transmitted pathogen, anaplasma phagocytophilum. likewise, tick-borne rickettsial pathogens are also a major ...200818770537
isolation and molecular detection of ehrlichia from vertebrate animals.human monocytic ehrlichiosis (hme), caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis, was first recognized in 1986. infection with this pathogen can be fatal in immune compromised and elderly humans. e. chaffeensis can also infect dogs and several wild animals. the clinical symptoms of hme include fever, headache, malaise, myalgia, confusion, rash, lymphadenopathy, and nausea. white-tailed deer serve as the major reservoir host for the natural maintenance of e. chaffeensis. e. canis is primarily responsible for ...200818770538
succinate dehydrogenase gene arrangement and expression in anaplasma phagocytophilum.dna sequencing of the region directly downstream of the anaplasma phagocytophilum (strain mrk) 16s rrna gene identified homologues of sdhc and sdhd; however, further sequencing by gene walking failed to identify additional sdh gene homologues. the sequence downstream of sdhd identified a partial gene, pep1, predicted to encode a protein >35.3 kda with 26.3% identity to a hypothetical ehrlichia canis protein with no known function. the recently completed sequence of the a. phagocytophilum genome ...200818378408
tick-borne ehrlichiosis infection in human beings.human monocytic ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne infectious disease transmitted by several tick species, especially amblyomma spp caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis. e. chaffeensis is an obligatory intracellular, tick-transmitted bacterium that is maintained in nature in a cycle involving at least one and perhaps several vertebrate reservoir hosts. two additional ehrlichia spp, anaplasma (formerly ehrlichia) phagocytophila (the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis [hge]) and e. ewingii (a cause of ...200819248653
ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in dogs in south korea.ehrlichia chaffeensis is one of the causative agents of canine ehrlichiosis and human monocytic ehrlichiosis (hme). canine ehrlichiosis caused by e. chaffeensis was diagnosed in two dogs in south korea based on clinical findings, and the diagnosis was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and dna sequencing. a 5-year-old intact male american pit bull terrier allowed outdoors was found to be concurrently infected with babesia gibsoni and e. chaffeensis. the major clinical findings were let ...200818399775
amblyomma variegatum in cattle in marie galante, french antilles: prevalence, control measures, and infection by ehrlichia ruminantium.we report marie galante as one of the caribbean islands most heavily infested by the tropical bont tick (tbt) amblyomma variegatum which is associated with two major diseases of ruminants: heartwater and dermatophilosis. in 2005, a survey was undertaken to assess the prevalence of tbt infestation in cattle, the prevalence of ehrlichia ruminantium infection in tbts, and the tick control measures implemented by livestock owners. a random sample of 195 cattle herds out of 1885 recorded on the islan ...200818406061
a quantitative real-time pcr assay for ehrlichia ruminantium using pcs20.heartwater is a tick borne disease that affects ruminants and wild animals in africa south of the sahara. it is caused by ehrlichia ruminantium and transmitted by the tick amblyomma hebraeum. the protocols currently used to detect heartwater take several days to complete. here, we describe the development of a pcs20 quantitative real-time pcr taqman probe assay to detect e. ruminantium in livestock blood and ticks from the field. the assay is based on the conserved pcs20 gene region of e. rumina ...200818511221
microbial communities and interactions in the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum.to quantify microbial composition and interactions, we identified prokaryotic communities in the lone star tick (amblyomma americanum) based on 16s rrna gene sequences and direct probing. the lone star tick is the vector of emerging diseases and host to additional symbionts of unknown activity, and is representative of other blood-sucking arthropods. we evaluated the potential for vertical (transovarial) transmission by molecular analysis of microbial symbionts from egg and larval clutches. dire ...200819378409
serological reactivity to ehrlichia canis, anaplasma phagocytophilum, neorickettsia risticii, borrelia burgdorferi and rickettsia conorii in dogs from northwestern spain.the aim of the present work was to investigate the seroprevalence against ehrlichia canis (ec), anaplasma phagocytophilum (ap), neorickettsia risticii (nr), rickettsia conorii (rc), and borrelia burgdorferi (bb) in two different clusters of canine samples from northwestern spain. cluster 1 included 479 dogs presented at veterinary clinics located in ourense and pontevedra. cluster ii included 170 dogs from the public kennel of ourense. all 649 canine serum samples were analyzed by immunofluoresc ...200818597660
detection of a theileria species in dogs in south africa.a theileria species was detected by pcr in blood samples collected from dogs in the pietermaritzburg area and was also found in dogs presented at the outpatients clinic of the onderstepoort veterinary academic hospital (ovah), in the pretoria area, south africa. in the pietermaritzburg area, 79 of the 192 samples were positive, while 3 out of 1137 of the onderstepoort samples were positive. three positive samples from pietermaritzburg were co-infected with ehrlichia canis. pcr positive samples w ...200818687528
microbial pathogens in ticks, rodents and a shrew in northern gyeonggi-do near the dmz, korea.a total of 1,618 ticks [420 individual (adults) and pooled (larvae and nymphs) samples], 369 rodents (apodemus agrarius, rattus norvegicus, tscherskia triton, mus musculus, and myodes regulus), and 34 shrews (crocidura lasiura) that were collected in northern gyeonggi-do near the demilitarized zone (dmz) of korea during 2004-2005, were assayed by pcr for selected zoonotic pathogens. from a total of 420 individual and pooled tick dna samples, anaplasma (a.) phagocytophilum (16), a. platys (16), e ...200818716449
canine infection by rickettsiae and ehrlichiae in southern brazil.this study evaluated the infection caused by rickettsia and ehrlichia agents among dogs in southern brazil. a total of 389 dogs were tested by the indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) for rickettsia rickettsii, rickettsia parkeri, rickettsia amblyommii, rickettsia rhipicephali, rickettsia bellii, and ehrlichia canis. overall, 42.4% (165/389) of the dogs were seroreactive to at least one rickettsia species, but only 11 canine sera reacted with another rickettsia species without reacting with r ...200818606772
potential effects of mixed infections in ticks on transmission dynamics of pathogens: comparative analysis of published records.ticks are often infected with more than one pathogen, and several field surveys have documented nonrandom levels of coinfection. levels of coinfection by pathogens in four tick species were analyzed using published infection data. coinfection patterns of pathogens in field-collected ticks include numerous cases of higher or lower levels of coinfection than would be expected due to chance alone, but the vast majority of these cases can be explained on the basis of vertebrate host associations of ...200818648996
epidemiological and molecular study of ehrlichia canis in dogs in bahia, brazil.the objective of the present article was an epidemiological and molecular study of ehrlichia canis in dogs of ilhéus and itabuna in bahia, as well as an evaluation of associated risk factors. blood samples were collected from 153 dogs and dna was extracted and analyzed by the nested-polymerase chain reaction, using one pair of primers to detect ehrlichia bacteria and another pair to detect the presence of e. canis. of the 153 animals, 12 (7.8%) were polymerase chain reaction-positive for e. cani ...200818752193
enhanced spatial models for predicting the geographic distributions of tick-borne pathogens.disease maps are used increasingly in the health sciences, with applications ranging from the diagnosis of individual cases to regional and global assessments of public health. however, data on the distributions of emerging infectious diseases are often available from only a limited number of samples. we compared several spatial modelling approaches for predicting the geographic distributions of two tick-borne pathogens: ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichi ...200818412972
predicting the emergence of tick-borne infections based on climatic changes in korea.granulocytic anaplasmosis (ga) and monocytic ehrlichiosis (me) are maintained in wild rodent reservoirs and tick vectors in the republic of korea. this study investigated the prevalence of 2 tick-borne pathogens, anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia chaffeensis, in wild rodents and ticks in central korea to identify any significant associations with existing or changing climatic conditions. specifically, the goal of this study was to develop simple models for the probability of occurrence of ...200818429692
experimental and field studies on the suitability of raccoons (procyon lotor) as hosts for tick-borne pathogens.we investigated the experimental susceptibility and natural exposure of raccoons (procyon lotor) to five tick-borne pathogens of human and veterinary importance, ehrlichia canis, e. chaffeensis, e. ewingii, anaplasma phagocytophilum (apvariant 1 and ap-ha hge-1 strains), and borrelia lonestari. infections were assessed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) testing, and/or culture isolation methods for at least 30 days postinoculation (dpi). two e. chaffeensis-in ...200818429696
serosurvey of pathogens in domestic dogs on the border of noël kempff mercado national park, bolivia.the threat of disease transmission from domestic animals to wildlife has become recognized as an increasing concern within the wildlife community in recent years. domestic dogs pose a significant risk as reservoirs for infectious diseases, especially for wild canids. as part of a multifaceted ecologic study of maned wolves and other canids in the large, remote noël kempff mercado national park (nkmnp) in northeastern bolivia, 40 domestic dogs in two villages and at two smaller settlements border ...200818432094
geographic distribution and genetic diversity of the ehrlichia sp. from panola mountain in amblyomma americanum.a novel ehrlichia, closely related to ehrlichia ruminantium, was recently discovered from panola mountain state park, ga, usa. we conducted a study to determine if this agent was recently introduced into the united states.200818433500
natural and experimental infection of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from the united states with an ehrlichia sp. closely related to ehrlichia ruminantium.an ehrlichia sp. (panola mountain [pm] ehrlichia sp.) closely related to ehrlichia ruminantium was recently detected in a domestic goat experimentally infested with lone star ticks (lsts, amblyomma americanum) collected from georgia, usa. the infected goat exhibited pyrexia and mild clinical pathologic abnormalities consistent with ehrlichiosis. at least two other ehrlichia species (ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia ewingii) are maintained in nature by a cycle involving lsts as the primary vec ...200818436670
tick-borne diseases in north carolina: is "rickettsia amblyommii" a possible cause of rickettsiosis reported as rocky mountain spotted fever?cases of rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf) in north carolina have escalated markedly since 2000. in 2005, we identified a county in the piedmont region with high case numbers of rmsf. we collected ticks and examined them for bacterial pathogens using molecular methods to determine if a novel tick vector or spotted fever group rickettsiae (sfgr) might be emerging. amblyomma americanum, the lone star tick, comprised 99.6% of 6,502 specimens collected in suburban landscapes. in contrast, dermacen ...200818447622
the first report of human illness associated with the panola mountain ehrlichia species: a case report.two species of ehrlichia are known to cause human illness. several other species have been discovered in ticks and animals, and recent reports suggest that some of these ehrlichia species might be human pathogens. we report here the first association of a recently discovered pathogen, the panola mountain ehrlichia species, with a case of human illness.200818447934
validation of an in-clinic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for diagnosis of borrelia burgdorferi infection in horses.confirmation of borrelia burgdorferi infection in horses has required enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) or western blot tests performed by reference laboratories. an in-clinic c6 elisa snap kit has been marketed for dogs. this canine kit was evaluated for horses using serum from experimentally infected ponies. serum samples originated from 2 previous studies. in the first study, 7 ponies were exposed to b. burgdorferi-infected ticks; 4 ponies served as uninfected controls. serum samples ...200818460618
ehrlichia ewingii infection delays spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis through stabilization of mitochondria.the uncultivable obligate intracellular bacterium ehrlichia ewingii, previously known only as a canine pathogen, is the most recently recognized agent of human ehrlichiosis. e. ewingii is the only ehrlichia species known to infect neutrophils. in the blood or in ex vivo culture, neutrophils generally have a short life span. in the present study, we investigated the effect of e. ewingii infection on spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils. e. ewingii infection significantly delayed dog neutrophil ap ...200818462160
genetic and antigenic diversities of major immunoreactive proteins in globally distributed ehrlichia canis strains.the extent of knowledge regarding the diversity of globally distributed ehrlichia canis strains has been limited to information gained from a few evolutionarily conserved genes. in this study, e. canis strains from the united states (strain jake [us]), brazil (strain são paulo [br]), and israel (strain 611 [is] and ranana [is-r]) were used to examine the antigenic and genetic diversities of four well-characterized major immunoreactive protein genes/proteins. gp36 and gp200 were the most divergen ...200818480237
proteomic analysis of and immune responses to ehrlichia chaffeensis lipoproteins.ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligately intracellular gram-negative bacterium and is the etiologic agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (hme). although e. chaffeensis induces the generation of several cytokines and chemokines by leukocytes, e. chaffeensis lacks lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. bioinfomatic analysis of the e. chaffeensis genome, however, predicted genes encoding 15 lipoproteins and 3 posttranslational lipoprotein-processing enzymes. the present study showed that by use of mu ...200818490460
adrenal gland hemorrhage in patients with fatal bacterial infections.a wide spectrum of adrenal gland pathology is seen during bacterial infections. hemorrhage is particularly associated with meningococcemia, while abscesses have been described with several neonatal infections. we studied adrenal gland histopathology of 65 patients with bacterial infections documented in a variety of tissues by using immunohistochemistry. the infections diagnosed included neisseria meningitidies, group a streptococcus, rickettsia rickettsii, streptococcus pneumoniae, staphylococc ...200818500257
molecular detection of tick-borne protozoal and ehrlichial infections in domestic dogs in south africa.a total of 1,138 blood specimens were collected over a 6-year period (2000-2006) from domestic dogs in south africa. specimens from domestic dogs were obtained from the onderstepoort veterinary academic hospital (ovah) in pretoria, the society for the prevention of cruelty to animals (johannesburg, durban, east london and bloemfontein) and private practices from four provinces (gauteng, mpumalanga, kwazulu-natal and western cape). all specimens were screened for babesia, theileria, hepatozoon an ...200818502588
rickettsial seroepidemiology among farm workers, tianjin, people's republic of china.high seroprevalence rates for anaplasma phagocytophilum (8.8%), coxiella burnetii (6.4%), bartonella henselae (9.6%), and rickettsia typhi (4.1%) in 365 farm workers near tianjin, people's republic of china, suggest that human infections with these zoonotic bacteria are frequent and largely unrecognized. demographic features of seropositive persons suggest distinct epidemiology, ecology, and risks.200818507907
identification of 19 polymorphic major outer membrane protein genes and their immunogenic peptides in ehrlichia ewingii for use in a serodiagnostic assay.ehrlichia ewingii, a tick-transmitted rickettsia previously known only as a canine pathogen, was recently recognized as a human pathogen. e. ewingii has yet to be cultivated, and there is no serologic test available to diagnose e. ewingii infection. previously, a fragment (505 bp) of a single e. ewingii gene homologous to 1 of 22 genes encoding ehrlichia chaffeensis immunodominant major outer membrane proteins 1 (omp-1s)/p28s was identified. the purposes of the present study were to (i) determin ...200818094116
prevalence of ehrlichia canis, anaplasma platys, babesia canis vogeli, hepatozoon canis, bartonella vinsonii berkhoffii, and rickettsia spp. in dogs from grenada.to identify the tick-borne pathogens in dogs from grenada, we conducted a serologic survey for ehrlichia canis in 2004 (104 dogs) and a comprehensive serologic and molecular survey for a variety of tick-borne pathogens in 2006 (73 dogs). in 2004 and 2006, 44 and 32 dogs (42.3% and 43.8%) were seropositive for e. canis, respectively. in 2006, several tick-borne pathogens were identified by serology and pcr. dna of e. canis, anaplasma platys, babesia canis vogeli, hepatozoon canis, and bartonella ...200818160223
rickettsia amblyommii infecting amblyomma americanum larvae.polymerase chain reaction analysis of amblyomma americanum adults, nymphs, and larvae from aberdeen proving ground, md (apg), revealed a very high prevalence of a spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsia. restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and sequence analysis identified "rickettsia amblyommii." this organism is not yet described or well studied, and its pathogenicity is unknown; however, investigations of the organism are warranted because of its high prevalence in a. americanum. this ...200818171102
vector-borne infections in cats: molecular study in barcelona area (spain).previous serological surveys have reported the presence of different organisms in cats from spain but little reports exist about the exact identity of these organisms. the purpose of the study reported here was to assess the presence of dna of several vector-borne infections in a population of cats from barcelona area. one hundred blood samples obtained from cats admitted to the uab-vth were entered into the study and classified as healthy (n=48) or unhealthy (n=52). edta-blood samples were assa ...200818079064
infectious diseases of dogs and cats on isabela island, galapagos.vaccination and importation of dogs and cats are prohibited in the galapagos, resulting in a uniquely isolated population. the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of infectious diseases of dogs and cats that impact their health, could spill over to native wildlife, or sentinel diseases of concern to humans.200818289290
bartonella dna in the blood and lymph nodes of golden retrievers with lymphoma and in healthy controls.although lymphoma is the most common neoplastic process reported in dogs, its precise etiology is unknown. golden retrievers are more likely to develop lymphoma, suggesting a breed predisposition; however, other factors, including environment, immunity, and infection, are likely contributors to oncogenesis.200818289294
a variable-length pcr target protein of ehrlichia chaffeensis contains major species-specific antibody epitopes in acidic serine-rich tandem repeats.ehrlichia chaffeensis and e. canis have a small subset of tandem repeat (tr)-containing proteins that elicit strong host immune responses and are associated with host-pathogen interactions. in a previous study, we molecularly characterized a highly conserved 19-kda major immunoreactive protein (gp19) of e. canis and identified the corresponding tr-containing ortholog variable-length pcr target (vlpt) protein in e. chaffeensis. in this study, the native 32-kda vlpt protein was identified and the ...200818212082
use of drosophila s2 cells as a model for studying ehrlichia chaffeensis infections.ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligate intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis. although this pathogen grows in several mammalian cell lines, no general model for eukaryotic cellular requirements for bacteria replication has yet been proposed. we found that drosophila s2 cells are permissive for the growth of e. chaffeensis. we saw morulae (aggregates of bacteria) by microscopy, detected the e. chaffeensis 16s rrna gene by reverse transcriptase pcr, and used ...200818245255
application of 10% imidacloprid/50% permethrin to prevent ehrlichia canis exposure in dogs under natural conditions.canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (cme) caused by ehrlichia canis is the most known canine tick-borne disease (tbd) spread throughout the world. preventing tick bites is a priority to reduce the risk of tbds and it was the aim of the present study to evaluate the efficacy of a combination of imidacloprid 10% and permethrin 50% (imper) (advantix; bayer ag, germany) in a spot-on formulation to control cme under field conditions. on january-march 2005, 845 dogs from two kennels in southern italy (kenne ...200818359166
expression and porin activity of p28 and omp-1f during intracellular ehrlichia chaffeensis development.ehrlichia chaffeensis, an obligatory intracellular gram-negative bacterium, must take up various nutrients and metabolic compounds because it lacks many genes involved in metabolism. nutrient uptake by a gram-negative bacterium occurs primarily through pores or channels in the bacterial outer membrane. here we demonstrate that isolated e. chaffeensis outer membranes have porin activities, as determined by a proteoliposome swelling assay. the activity was partially blocked by an antibody that rec ...200818359808
acute infection with human monocytic ehrlichiosis: the tip of the iceberg? 200818364633
clinical and hematological signs associated with dogs naturally infected by hepatozoon sp. and with other hematozoa: a retrospective study in uberlândia, minas gerais, brazil.an evaluation was made of the clinical and hematological aspects of 115 dogs infected naturally by hepatozoon sp. and treated at the hospital school of the faculty of veterinary medicine in uberlândia, mg, brazil. of the 115 dogs for whom peripheral blood films were evaluated, 89 (77.39%) presented parasitemia by hepatozoon sp. solely, while 26 (22.61%) had combination of hepatozoon sp., babesia sp. and ehrlichia sp. young male dogs less than a year old, of undefined breed (ub), were the most co ...200818304739
composition of the surface proteome of anaplasma marginale and its role in protective immunity induced by outer membrane immunization.surface proteins of tick-borne, intracellular bacterial pathogens mediate functions essential for invasion and colonization. consequently, the surface proteome of these organisms is specifically relevant from two biological perspectives, induction of protective immunity in the mammalian host and understanding the transition from the mammalian host to the tick vector. in this study, the surface proteome of anaplasma marginale, a tick-transmitted bacterial pathogen, was targeted by using surface-s ...200818316389
ehrlichia chaffeensis in child, venezuela. 200818325283
two usa ehrlichia spp. cause febrile illness in goats.ehrlichia spp. are not currently recognized as a cause of illness in goats in the usa, but three ehrlichia are enzootic in lone star ticks (amblyomma americanum) in the eastern usa, and related bacteria in other countries cause illness in goats. we exposed naïve goats to ehrlichia-infected amblyomma and demonstrated that infection and clinical illness can be caused by two usa species, e. ewingii and the recently discovered panola mountain ehrlichia sp. clinical features in all five goats are des ...200818328644
a study of cross-reactivity in serum samples from dogs positive for leishmania sp., babesia canis and ehrlichia canis in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect fluorescent antibody test.to verify the presence of cross-reaction among leishmaniosis, ehrlichiosis and babesiosis in serological diagnostics used in human visceral leishmaniasis control programs, serum samples from leishmaniasis endemic and non-endemic areas were collected and tested by indirect fluorescent antibody (ifat) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). all serum samples from endemic areas were positive for leishmania sp., by elisa and ifat, 51% positive for babesia canis and 43% for ehrlichia canis by ...200818554433
factors associated with the occurrence of epistaxis in natural canine leishmaniasis (leishmania infantum).canine leishmaniasis (canl) is a common cause of epistaxis in dogs residing in endemic areas. the pathogenesis of canl-associated epistaxis has not been fully explored because of the limited number of cases reported so far.200818564224
fever and rash. 200818566359
regulation of type iv secretion apparatus genes during ehrlichia chaffeensis intracellular development by a previously unidentified protein.the type iv secretion (t4s) system is critical for the virulence of several pathogens. in the rickettsial pathogen ehrlichia chaffeensis, the virbd genes are split into two operons, the virb3-virb6 (preceded by sodb) and virb8-vird4 operons. between these two operons, there are duplications of virb4, virb8, and virb9. in this study we found that transcription of all five loci was downregulated prior to the release of e. chaffeensis from host thp-1 cells and was upregulated at the initiation of e ...200818192398
detection of ehrlichia canis by pcr in different tissues obtained during necropsy from dogs surveyed for naturally occurring canine monocytic ehrlichiosis.a molecular study for the detection of ehrlichia canis was carried out on tissues obtained at necropsy from randomly selected dogs with the intention of investigating naturally-occurring canine ehrlichiosis. the tissues evaluated for the presence of e. canis included lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and blood. eight of the 18 dogs included were found to be positive for e. canis by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequencing of the 16s rrna gene. two dogs were positive for anaplasma pl ...200817368942
a heterologous prime/boost immunisation strategy protects against virulent e. ruminantium welgevonden needle challenge but not against tick challenge.heterologous prime/boost immunisation strategies using the ehrlichia ruminantium 1h12 pcmviubs_orfs [pretorius a, collins ne, steyn hc, van strijp f, van kleef m, allsopp ba. protection against heartwater by dna immunisation with four ehrlichia ruminantium open reading frames. vaccine 2007;25(12):2316-24] were investigated in this study. all the animals immunised twice with a recombinant (r) dna cocktail of four 1h12 pcmviubs_orfs followed by a r1h12 protein and those immunised 3x with 1h12 plas ...200818602727
cd11c expression identifies a population of extrafollicular antigen-specific splenic plasmablasts responsible for cd4 t-independent antibody responses during intracellular bacterial infection.although t-independent immunity is known to be generated against bacterial capsular and cell wall polysaccharides expressed by a number of bacterial pathogens, it has not been studied in depth during intracellular bacterial infections. our previous study demonstrated that ehrlichia muris, an obligate intracellular tick-borne pathogen, generates protective classical ti responses in cd4 t cell-deficient c57bl/6 mice. we found that e. muris t-independent immunity is accompanied by the expansion of ...200818606692
a survey for infection with dirofilaria immitis, ehrlichia canis, borrelia burgdorferi, and babesia canis in feral and client-owned dogs in the turks and caicos islands, british west indies.the frequency of infection with dirofilaria immitis and babesia canis and seropositivity to ehrlichia canis and borrelia burgdorferi in feral and client-owned dogs was determined. feral dogs were 14.8 and 11.2 times more likely to be seropositive to d. immitis and e. canis, respectively, than were client-owned dogs. none of the dogs tested positive for b. burgdorferi or b. canis.200818624070
coinfection with four genera of bacteria (borrelia, bartonella, anaplasma, and ehrlichia) in haemaphysalis longicornis and ixodes sinensis ticks from china.we studied coinfection with four genera of bacteria--borrelia, bartonella, anaplasma, and ehrlichia--in ticks collected between december 2005 and november 2006 from zhejiang province and liaoning province. four hundred fifty haemaphysalis longicornis and 86 ixodes sinensis ticks were collected and divided into 236 groups. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) or nested pcr was used to detect the bacteria. the amplicons were sequenced and compared to published sequences. phylogenic analysis was perform ...200818637722
serum cardiac troponin i concentration in dogs with ehrlichiosis.ehrlichiosis is a multisystemic disease with the potential to cause cardiomyocyte injury in naturally infected dogs.200818638021
molecular detection of babesia rossi and hepatozoon sp. in african wild dogs (lycaon pictus) in south africa.blood specimens from wild dogs (n=301) were obtained from de wildt cheetah and wildlife centre (pretoria) and five game reserves (4 in the north-west province and 1 in limpopo province), south africa. specimens were screened for babesia, theileria, hepatozoon and ehrlichia/anaplasma species using pcr and reverse line blot (rlb) assays. positive results were obtained in 18 (6%) wild dogs. sixteen specimens were found positive for babesia rossi and two dogs were hepatozoon sp. positive. it appears ...200818752897
[microorganisms of the order rickettsiales in taiga tick (ixodes persulcatus sch.) from the pre-ural region].the pcr and sequence analysis revealed dna ehrlichia muris, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and rickettsia spp. in the i. persulcatus ticks and blood samples from a patients with acute febrile illness occurring after a tick bite, registered in the seasonal peak of the tick activity of one of the highly endemic areas of russia (perm region). these data confirmed the validity a diagnosis of hme and hga, which were made earlier on the basis of the clinical-serologic survey. in 10.0% of the tested taiga ...200818756787
molecular characterization of thai ehrlichia canis and anaplasma platys strains detected in dogs.canine monocytic ehrlichiosis caused by ehrlichia canis is of veterinary importance worldwide. in thailand, there has been little information available on e. canis and its phylogeny. the objective of this study was to characterize and establish molecular structure and phylogeny of thai ehrlichia and anaplasma strains. genus-specific primers for ehrlichia and anaplasma were used to amplify the 16s rrna gene from naturally infected canine blood samples, and these amplicon sequences were compared w ...200817643354
canine vector-borne diseases in brazil.abstract: canine vector-borne diseases (cvbds) are highly prevalent in brazil and represent a challenge to veterinarians and public health workers, since some diseases are of great zoonotic potential. dogs are affected by many protozoa (e.g., babesia vogeli, leishmania infantum, and trypanosoma cruzi), bacteria (e.g., anaplasma platys and ehrlichia canis), and helminths (e.g., dirofilaria immitis and dipylidium caninum) that are transmitted by a diverse range of arthropod vectors, including tick ...200818691408
total, membrane, and immunogenic proteomes of macrophage- and tick cell-derived ehrlichia chaffeensis evaluated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and maldi-tof methods.ehrlichia chaffeensis, a tick-transmitted rickettsial, is the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis. to examine protein expression patterns, we analyzed total, membrane, and immunogenic proteomes of e. chaffeensis originating from macrophage and tick cell cultures. total proteins resolved by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and subjected to liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry allowed identification of 134 and 116 proteins from macrophage- and tic ...200818710870
differential strain-specific diagnosis of the heartwater agent: ehrlichia ruminantium.ehrlichia ruminantium is the causative agent of heartwater, a major tick-borne disease of livestock in africa introduced in the caribbean and threatening to emerge and spread in the american mainland. complete genome sequencing was done for two isolates of e. ruminantium of differing phenotype, isolates gardel (erga) from guadeloupe island and welgevonden (erwe) originating from south africa and maintained in guadeloupe. the type strain of e. ruminantium (erwo), previously isolated and sequenced ...200817644446
in vitro isolation of ehrlichia ruminantium from ovine blood into ixodes scapularis (ide8) cell cultures.four stocks of ehrlichia ruminantium (welgevonden, ball3, nonile and blaauwkrans), the causative agent of heartwater in domestic ruminants, were isolated into ixodes scapularis (ide8) tick cells using the leukocyte fraction of the blood of infected sheep. organisms of two of the e. ruminantium stocks (welgevonden and blaauwkrans) propagated in ide8 cells were also successfully used to infect bovine endothelial cells. all stocks were successfully propagated in ide8 cells using dulbecco's modified ...200818788205
the prevalence of serum antibodies to ehrlichia ruminantium infection in ranch cattle in tanzania: a cross-sectional study.serum samples collected in a cross-sectional survey of grazing cattle on manyara ranch, monduli district, tanzania, were tested by indirect major antigenic protein 1 fragment b (map 1-b) elisa to determine the seroprevalence of ehrlichia ruminantium and to assess ranch-level risk factors for heartwater. heartwater-exposed cattle were widespread on the ranch and overall seroprevalence was 50.3% (95% ci, 44.9-55.6), enough to indicate an endemically unstable situation. multivariate logistic regres ...200818846851
cultivation and molecular identification of ehrlichia canis and ehrlichia chaffeensis from a naturally co-infected dog in venezuela.diagnosis of canine ehrlichiosis in venezuela is normally performed by examination of buffy coat smears (bcs). characteristic inclusion bodies are frequently observed in leukocytes and platelets from dogs with clinical signs of the disease.200818761516
retrospective clinical and molecular analysis of conditioned laboratory dogs (canis familiaris) with serologic reactions to ehrlichia canis, borrelia burgdorferi, and rickettsia rickettsii.dogs are susceptible to different tickborne infections, including members of the anaplasmataceae (ehrlichia canis, e. ewingii, e. chaffeensis, anaplasma phagocytophilum, a. platys), borrelia burgdorferi, and rickettsia rickettsii. these diseases can manifest with clinical signs including fever, anorexia, malaise, lameness, rash, and bleeding episodes; however, these signs are nonpathognomonic, and infections can occur in the absence of clinical signs. hematologic abnormalities can include leukop ...200818947166
comparison between different polymerase chain reaction methods for the diagnosis of ehrlichia canis infection.the aim of this study was to compare different polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods for the detection of ehrlichia canis in blood samples and to relate these results to clinical findings and serology to e. canis using the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test. nine seropositive and nine seronegative dogs were included in this study. dna was extracted once and used in one simple pcr and five nested pcr protocols previously described. in selected dogs (three seropositive and one seronegative ...200819120188
amblyomma variegatum ticks and heartwater on three caribbean islands.amblyomma variegatum tick infestation, tick infection by ehrlichia ruminantium (er), and er genetic diversity were studied in the caribbean islands of guadeloupe, marie-galante, and antigua between 2003 and 2005. nested pcr for pcs20 was used to detect er, while er strains were characterized by sequencing or by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) profiles of map-1 pcr products. in 2003 in guadeloupe, the prevalence of tick-infested herds was 35.6%. in marie-galante 79.1% of herds in ...200819120208
the application of pcr and reverse line blot hybridization to detect arthropod-borne hemopathogens of dogs and cats in trinidad.arthropod-borne diseases are important causes of morbidity and mortality of companion animals in trinidad. as clinical signs are vague, more sensitive methods to diagnose these diseases based on the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) followed by reverse line blot hybridization (rlb) of amplified products are being developed. an rlb of 14 oligonucleotide probes coupled with polymerase chain-amplified regions of 16s rrna or 18s rrna genes of hemoparasites from cats and dogs detected ehrlichia canis, ...200819120209
antibiotic clearance of ehrlichia canis from dogs infected by intravenous inoculation of carrier blood.ehrlichia canis is the etiologic agent of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (cme) and is a useful model for zoonotic tick-borne pathogens, many of which infect dogs. the purpose of this study was to evaluate rifampin and doxycycline regimens for clearance of e. canis infections in addition to alleviation of cme. beagles were infected with e. canis by intravenous inoculation with carrier blood and treated with either rifampin or doxycycline after the acute phase of cme. improved hematological values ...200819120226
science and popular participation in the investigation of heartwater in south africa, c. 1870-1950.during the late nineteenth century, settler farmers in southern africa identified heartwater as a damaging disease of small stock and cattle. they advanced various explanations of the disease, including the theory that it was caused by the bite of ticks. around 1900, the american entomologist c.p. lousbury demonstrated that heartwater was transmitted by the bont tick. he also worked out the life cycle and life habits of the tick. subsequently, farmers developed methods of controlling ticks by di ...200820055238
attenuated vaccines for animal diseases. 200819178885
[seasonal dynamics of amblyomma ticks (acari:ixodidae) in an urban park of londrina city, parana, brazil].ticks are important to public health due to diseases they transmit to animals and humans and, economic losses they cause to livestock production. among other agents, such as babesia, ehrlichia, anaplasma, the rickettsia are the most important pathogens transmitted by ticks in brazil. worldwide there are about 870 tick species described and, of these, 55 species were already reported in brazil, being the genus amblyomma the most numerous with 33 species. the a. cajennense is the principal tick in ...200820059815
[ehrlichia canis in dogs attended in a veterinary hospital from botucatu, são paulo state, brazil].this study investigated the etiology of canine ehrlichiosis and possible clinical and epidemiological data associated with the infection in 70 dogs suspect of ehrlichiosis attended at the veterinary hospital of the são paulo state university in botucatu city during 2001 and 2002. dogs were evaluated by clinical-epidemiological and hematological data and molecular analysis by partial amplification and dna sequencing of the ehrlichial dsb gene. e. canis dna was amplified and sequenced in 28 (40.0% ...200919772777
innovative approach for transcriptomic analysis of obligate intracellular pathogen: selective capture of transcribed sequences of ehrlichia ruminantium.whole genome transcriptomic analysis is a powerful approach to elucidate the molecular mechanisms controlling the pathogenesis of obligate intracellular bacteria. however, the major hurdle resides in the low quantity of prokaryotic mrnas extracted from host cells. our model ehrlichia ruminantium (er), the causative agent of heartwater, is transmitted by tick amblyomma variegatum. this bacterium affects wild and domestic ruminants and is present in sub-saharan africa and the caribbean islands. be ...200920034374
persistent infection contributes to heterologous protective immunity against fatal ehrlichiosis.human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (hme), an emerging and often life-threatening tick-transmitted disease, is caused by the obligately intracellular bacterium ehrlichia chaffeensis. hme is modeled in c57bl/6 mice using ehrlichia muris, which causes persistent infection, and ixodes ovatus ehrlichia (ioe), which is either acutely lethal or sublethal depending on the dose and route of inoculation. a persistent primary e. muris infection, but not a sublethal ioe infection, protects mice against an or ...200919805532
heartwater: an abridged historical account.heartwater was first recognised and recorded in south africa as early as 1838. since then the disease has been described from almost all the countries in africa south of the sahara, from certain islands around africa and from a number of islands in the caribbean. most of the research on the disease, at least until fairly recently, was conducted in south africa. progress in research on the disease has been slow but a few important findings are highlighted in this paper.200920458858
evaluation of a serum-based pcr assay for the diagnosis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis.the aim of this study was to estimate the relative diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay in the serum of dogs with naturally occurring non-myelosuppressive canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (cme), and to investigate the association between pcr positivity and immunofluorescence antibody (ifa) titres for ehrlichia canis. serum samples obtained from 38 dogs with non-myelosuppressive cme and 12 healthy dogs were analyzed retrospectively. each serum sample was ...200919419823
a confusing case of canine vector-borne disease: clinical signs and progression in a dog co-infected with ehrlichia canis and bartonella vinsonii ssp. berkhoffii.abstract : bartonella spp. are important pathogens in human and veterinary medicine, and bartonellosis is considered as an emerging zoonosis that is being reported with increasing frequency. of 22 known species and subspecies of bartonella, seven have been isolated from dogs, causing disease manifestations similar to those seen in human beings. the wide variety of clinical signs and the possible chronic progression of disease manifestations are illustrated in the case of an infected labrador ret ...200919426442
clinical relevance of annual screening using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (snap 3dx) for canine ehrlichiosis.eighty-six dogs were selected based upon ehrlichia (e.) canis snap 3dx positive results to determine clinical relevance of annual e. canis screening. immunofluorescence assay showed 72 (84%) of 86 dogs were seroreactive for e. canis. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) revealed that 12 (14%) of 86 dogs had ehrlichia deoxyribonucleic acid; seven had e. canis, four had e. ewingii, and one was coinfected with e. chaffeensis and e. ewingii. thrombocytopenia (<164,000 platelets/microl) was found in 28 (3 ...200919411647
a suspected case of lyme borreliosis in a hunting dog in korea.a two-year-old male pointer had been presented with anorexia, cachexia, and weight loss of 10-day duration. upon physical examination, fever, lethargy, superficial lymph node enlargement, and tick infestation were noted. the only abnormality in cbc and serum chemistry analyses was mild hyperglobulinemia. spleen was enlarged by radiography, and the lymph nodes showed neutrophilic lymphadenitis by cytological examination. a polymerase chain reaction test for babesiosis and commercial elisa tests f ...200919255531
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