Publications

cloning and characterization of the eae gene from a dog attaching and effacing escherichia coli strain 4221.	we have cloned and determined the nucleotide sequence of the eae gene from a dog attaching and effacing (a/e) escherichia coli (depec) strain 4221. when comparing the predicted amino acid sequence of the eaedepec to that of the eae proteins from enteropathogenic e. coli (epec), enterohaemorrhagic e. coli o157:h7 (ehec), citrobacter freundii biotype 4280, and a swine a/e e. coli strain o45 (pepec), the overall sequence identity was 84, 81, 83 and 83%, respectively, with the greatest divergence at ...	1997	9084152
antimicrobial susceptibilities of blood culture isolates obtained before and after the introduction of ciprofloxacin.	the in-vitro susceptibilities of 1658 blood culture isolates to ciprofloxacin and 13 other antimicrobial agents were determined, and compared with the results for isolates obtained before and after the availability of ciprofloxacin in 1989. only six (0.6%) of 995 enterobacteriaceae were resistant to the fluoroquinolones tested; all of the ciprofloxacin-resistant strains were isolated after 1989 (p = 0.04). no significant increase in ciprofloxacin resistance was found in pseudomonas aeruginosa or ...	1997	9096194
fosfomycin tromethamine. a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy as a single-dose oral treatment for acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections.	fosfomycin tromethamine is a phosphonic acid bactericidal agent with in vitro activity against most urinary tract pathogens. it is particularly active against escherichia coli, and citrobacter, enterobacter, klebsiella, serratia and enterococcus spp. there appears to be little cross-resistance between fosfomycin and other antibacterial agents, possibly because it differs from other agents in its general chemical structure and site of action. in its new formulation as the oral tromethamine salt, ...	1997	9098664
effects of tyrosine ring fluorination on rates and equilibria of formation of intermediates in the reactions of carbon-carbon lyases.	the interactions of ring fluorinated analogs of tyrosine with tyrosine phenol-lyase and tryptophan indole-lyase (tryptophanase) were studied by rapid-scanning stopped-flow spectrophotometry. the reaction of l-tyrosine with tyrosine phenol-lyase resulted in rapid formation of a small absorbance peak at 500 nm, attributed to a quinonoid intermediate. the reaction of 3-fluoro-l-tyrosine with tyrosine phenol-lyase resulted in a peak at 500 nm with much higher absorbance, as did the reaction of 3,5-d ...	1997	9119037
degradation of commercial detergent products by microbial populations of the lagos lagoon.	the biodegradability potentials of three detergent products with the trade names omo, teepol and sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) by the native bacteria of the lagos lagoon was carried out using the lagoon die-away method. physicochemical parameters of the water samples showed that the lagoon in apapa was more polluted than at the university of lagos. in 12 days, approximately 30, 60 and 97% of omo, teepol and sds respectively were degraded. sds with an alkyl sulfate moiety as surfactant supported t ...	1997	9449783
multicenter evaluation of antimicrobial resistance to six broad-spectrum beta-lactams in colombia using the etest method. the colombian antimicrobial resistance study group.	the need for comprehensive and quantitative accurate antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems has become acute as a guide to problem recognition and to focus local interventions. a multilaboratory (10 medical centers) colombia surveillance project was initiated in early 1997 to monitor the potency and spectrum of six (cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefoperazone/sulbactam, aztreonam, and imipenem) broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents tested against 100 organisms per participant center (80 ...	1997	9458984
[an epidemic outbreak of food poisoning in a children's health-promotion camp].		1997	9460887
studies on antimicrobial effect of the antihistaminic phenothiazine trimeprazine tartrate.	the antibacterial and bactericidal activities of the antihistamine trimeprazine were studied against 243 strains of bacteria which included both gram positive and gram negative types. the susceptibility of these bacterial strains to trimeprazine was assessed by determining their minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) which was found to be between 10 and 100 micrograms/ml. nineteen strains of staphylococcus spp. and salmonella spp. were trimeprazine. most of the strains belonging to bacillus spp. ...	1997	9468728
[treatment of lower respiratory tract infections in the elderly].	sixty outpatients at the age of 65 to 75 years with exacerbated chronic bronchitis were treated with antibiotics: amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (20 patients), cefaclor (20 patients) and ciprofloxacin (20 patients). the treatment course in all the cases was 5 days. bacteriological tests of the sputum specimens and estimation of the isolate antibiotic susceptibility by the disk diffusion method were applied to all the patients before and after the treatment. 73 per cent of the patients had mixed inf ...	1997	9480649
in vitro activity of fosfomycin trometamol against pathogens from urinary tract infections: a spanish multicenter study.	the in-vitro susceptibilities of a total of 1371 urinary tract pathogens to fosfomycin trometamol were determined. according to the nccls breakpoints, enterobacteriaceae and gram-positive microorganisms were, in general, very sensitive to this antimicrobial. more than 90.0% of the escherichia coli and citrobacter spp. and more than 70.0% of the klebsiella pneumoniae, k. oxytoca, enterobacter spp., proteus mirabilis, staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci and enterococcus spp. st ...	1997	9491838
an homogeneous fluorescence polymerase chain reaction assay to identify salmonella.	we have developed a semiquantitative homogeneous fluorescence assay that combines polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification with direct fluorescence detection (hf-pcr). the assay eliminates the need to perform gel electrophoresis on test samples. using a set of salmonella-specific primers, this system was used to verify suspect colonies from culture plates as salmonella. the fluorescence signal is generated by a nucleic acid dye, yo-pro-1, that is included in the amplification reaction. this ...	1997	9056213
the responses of lucilia cuprina to odours from sheep, offal and bacterial cultures.	the responses of gravid female lucilia cuprina to odours from sheep urine, faeces and gut mucus, and to odours from liver/sodium sulphide mixtures was tested using a bioassay which measured the movement and probing response of walking flies. the same bioassay was used to test the response to odours from cultures of bacteria isolated from liver/sodium sulphide and liver/water mixtures. a significant movement towards odours from faeces, gut mucus and urine was observed. odours from cultures of the ...	1997	9061678
cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding the ampc beta-lactamase of morganella morganii.	the chromosomal beta-lactamase gene of a clinical isolate of morganella morganii was cloned in escherichia coli and sequenced. the beta-lactamase had a pi of 7.4 and conferred a typical ampc susceptibility pattern. the insert obtained was found to encode a protein of 379 amino acids. its deduced amino acid sequence revealed it to be a class c beta-lactamase: 39-56% identity with chromosomal ampc beta-lactamases of serratia marcescens, yersinia enterocolitica, citrobacter freundii, enterobacter c ...	1997	9066104
a reassessment of the in-vitro activity of colistin sulphomethate sodium.	the in-vitro activity of colistin sulphomethate sodium was compared with that of other commonly used antimicrobial agents against 377 recent clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria (including 94 strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with cystic fibrosis) and 16 organisms with defined resistance patterns. colistin was active against most strains of p. aeruginosa (mic90 4 mg/l), shigella spp. (mic90 0.5 mg/l), salmonella spp. (mic90 1 mg/l), acinetobacter spp. (mic90 2 mg/l), citroba ...	1997	9069549
characterization of the 6'-n-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase gene aac(6')-im [corrected] associated with a suli-type integron.	the amikacin resistance gene aac(6')-im [corrected] from citrobacter freundii cf155 encoding an aminoglycoside 6'-n-acetyltransferase was characterized. the gene was identified as a coding sequence of 521 bp located down-stream from the 5' conserved segment of an integron. the sequence of this aac(6')-im [corrected] gene corresponded to a protein of 173 amino acids which possessed 64.2% identity in a 165-amino-acid overlap with the aac(6')-ia gene product (f.c. tenover, d. filpula, k.l. phillips ...	1997	9021185
bacterial strains isolated from eggs and their resistance to currently used antibiotics: is there a health hazard for consumers?	in order to study the putative transfer of antibiotic resistance from poultry to humans, hens' eggs were examined for the presence of various pathogens. staphylococcus, enterobacter, escherichia, proteus and pseudomonas spp. were the most frequently isolated genera. sensitivity tests, performed with the kirby-bauer technique, showed the presence of resistant strains of staphylococcus aureus (to penicillin-g, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, cefalosporins, oxacillin, gentamycin, chloramph ...	1997	9023039
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by citrobacter diversus: case report.		1997	8994770
the most frequent aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms--changes with time and geographic area: a reflection of aminoglycoside usage patterns? aminoglycoside resistance study groups.	the aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms revealed by two surveys in europe and other countries have been compared to those revealed in earlier studies. mechanisms have become more complex in all bacterial groups. in providencia, serratia, pseudomonas, acinetobacter, and staphylococcus species isolates, genus-specific mechanisms were very common, and it was not possible to see differences between different geographic areas. in other enterobacteriaceae, the increasing complexity of mechanisms was ...	1997	8994779
the crystal structure of citrobacter freundii tyrosine phenol-lyase complexed with 3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, together with site-directed mutagenesis and kinetic analysis, demonstrates that arginine 381 is required for substrate specificity.	the x-ray structure of tyrosine phenol-lyase (tpl) complexed with a substrate analog, 3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, shows that arg 381 is located in the substrate binding site, with the side-chain nh1 4.1 a from the 4'-oh of the analog. the structure has been deduced at 2.5 a resolution using crystals that belong to the p2(1)2(1)2 space group with a = 135.07 a, b = 143.91 a, and c = 59.80 a. to evaluate the role of arg 381 in tpl catalysis, we prepared mutant proteins replacing arginine wi ...	1997	9174368
dialysis catheter 'fibrin-sheath stripping': a cautionary tale!		1997	9175070
[changes in the microbial picture during the production of poultry salami].	changes in microbiological parameters during the production of fine poultry salami was monitored in a private poultry-processing plant in kosice within a period of six months. this product consists of meat paste or mechanically deboned poultry meat (mdpm), which is produced with the help of a protecon mpb 30 e deboning machine, pork trimmings, water (in the form of crushed ice), salt, spices, and garlic paste. the main raw food material (hand-boned meat and skin from poultry carcasses intended f ...	1997	9182395
[identification of citrobacter species and their occurrence in raw products and foods].	fifty-nine strains of bacteria were tested in study that were isolated from raw materials and foods (raw milk, farm milking parlors, sausage meat, raw potatoes, cheese, frozen oven-ready foods, confectionery products, cold dishes), and they were included in the genus citrobacter using a commercial diagnostic kit enterotest 16 (lachema a.s., brno), numeric identification program tnw (czech collection of microorganisms, faculty of science of masaryk university at brno) and identification key (o'ha ...	1997	9182396
in-vitro microbiological assessment of a new penem, men 10700.	the in-vitro antibacterial activity of men 10700, a novel penem, has been compared with that of ritipenem, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, cefotaxime and co-amoxiclav against 539 strains taken from 17 genera. men 10700 was most active against staphylococci and streptococci (mic90 < 0.5 mg/l), slightly less active against escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter spp., citrobacter spp., moraxella catarrhalis and peptostreptococci (mic90 0.5-2 mg/l), moderately active against enterococcus fae ...	1997	9184355
rational use of antibiotics in neonatal infections.	review of the management of neonatal infections is done with the aim of guiding the clinician on appropriate therapy. minimum investigations should include a white blood cell count including the l:t ratio and a blood culture. the bulk of infections at kenyatta national hospital newborn unit are caused by klebsiela, citrobacter and staphylococcus aureus. during the 1990's considerable resistance to gentamicin has developed. currently, cephalosporins chloramphenicol have the best sensitivity patte ...	1997	9185409
widespread occurrence of integrons causing multiple antibiotic resistance in bacteria.		1997	9193388
citrobacter freundii and fatal neutropenic enterocolitis following adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.		1997	9209673
reservoirs of nosocomial pathogens in neonatal intensive care unit.	a total of 256 swabs taken from different areas of neonatal intensive care units (icu) in kcg hospital and amc hospital, bangalore were bacteriologically investigated for prevalence, source and spread of nosocomial bacteria. culture studies revealed growth in 217 (84.8%) swab samples indicating considerable contamination of different areas of the units and sources of infection. klebsiella pneumoniae (27.3%) was the predominant organism followed by esch coli (16.8%), staph aureus (11.7%), staph e ...	1997	9212573
[the effect of cefepime on ceftazidime, cefotaxime and imipenem resistant strains of acinetobacter, xanthomonas, pseudomonas, flavobacterium, sphingobacterium and on producers of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (esbl) with resistance transfer].	the new cephalosporins with heterocyclic positively charged substituent at position c3 belong to the 4th generation cephalosporins. it is not evident, whereas these antibiotics are effective against cefotaxime-ceftazidime-resistant bacteria. we investigated the efficiency of the cefepime (maxipime, bms) against acinetobacter sp., x. maltophilia, pseudomonas sp., flavobacterium sp., sphingobacterium sp. and against strains with production of esbl (extended spectrum beta-lactamases) (enterobacter ...	1997	9221190
in-vitro activity of trovafloxacin against sensitive and resistant aerobic bacteria using the standard microdilution broth method and etest.	a comparison of mics of trovafloxacin (cp-99,219) determined by the standard microdilution broth method versus the etest was performed for multiple strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. a comparison was also made of the in-vitro activity of trovafloxacin versus ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. the mic50 and mic90 were determined by both methods for each species tested. the etest resulted in mics one to two dilutions higher than the microdilution broth method. trovafloxacin was the mos ...	1997	9222068
infectious crystalline keratopathy caused by gram-negative bacteria.	to identify the characteristics and outcomes of infectious crystalline keratopathy caused by gram-negative bacteria.	1997	9222227
binding of monoclonal antibody 4b1 to homologs of the lactose permease of escherichia coli.	the conformationally sensitive epitope for monoclonal antibody (mab) 4b1, which uncouples lactose from h+ translocation in the lactose permease of escherichia coli, is localized in the periplasmic loop between helices vii and viii (loop vii/viii) on one face of a short helical segment (sun j, et al., 1996, biochemistry 35;990-998). comparison of sequences in the region corresponding to loop vii/viii in members of cluster 5 of the major facilitator superfamily (mfs), which includes five homologou ...	1997	9232651
sensitivity to ph, product inhibition, and inhibition by nad+ of 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase purified from enterobacter agglomerans cncm 1210.	because of its key role in the metabolism of glycerol during fermentation, 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase (ec 1.1.1.202) of enterobacter agglomerans cncm 1210 was purified to homogeneity and studied with respect to its sensitivity to ph and to nucleotide and 1,3-propanediol concentrations. enzyme activity was optimal at ph 7.8. the enzyme was competitively inhibited by nad+ (ki of 0.29 mm), and 1,3-propanediol exerted a strong inhibitory effect according to a mixed-type inhibition with a ki of 13 ...	1997	9238108
citrobacter koseri osteomyelitis in an infant.	a 3-week-old infant developed left shoulder swelling and was found to have septic arthritis and osteomyelitis of the humerus caused by citrobacter koseri (formerly c. diversus). citrobacter species are gram-negative rods that are best known for their propensity to cause neonatal meningitis, ventriculitis and concomitant brain abscess. non-central nervous system infections are rare. the present case illustrates that neonatal osteomyelitis caused by unusual organisms can present to pediatricians i ...	1997	9241910
[new data on the specificity and genetic control of the capsular antigen (f1) in yersinia pestis].	the specific features of the synthesis of antigenic fractions f1, obtained from the strains of different species of enterobacteria and their hybrids inheriting y. pestis plasmid pyt, were determined at different cultivation temperatures and the preparations of these antigenic fractions were characterized. preparations containing the diagnostic antigenic determinant f1 were obtained from disintegrated bacteria of y. pestis plasmid-free strain and microbial cells of klebsiella pneumoniae, citrobac ...	1997	9245136
role of the colicin a lysis protein in the expression of the colicin a operon.	the involvement of the cal gene, which encodes the colicin a lysis protein, in the expression of the colicin a operon is demonstrated. colicin a synthesis by escherichia coli was studied at various temperatures in cells containing either the wild-type colicin a operon or the colicin a operon with the cal gene deleted. the amount of colicin a produced was lower in cells containing the colicin a operon devoid of the cal gene than in wild-type cells. in cells treated with the antibiotic globomycin, ...	1997	9245818
localization of enzymically enhanced heavy metal accumulation by citrobacter sp. and metal accumulation in vitro by liposomes containing entrapped enzyme.	a heavy-metal-accumulating citrobacter sp. has been used for the treatment of metal-laden industrial wastes. metal uptake is mediated via a cell-bound phosphatase that liberates inorganic phosphate which precipitates with heavy metals as cell-bound metal phosphate. a phosphatase-efficient mutant accumulated little uo(2)2+, while a phosphatase-overproducing mutant accumulated correspondingly more metal, with a uranium loading equivalent to the bacterial dry weight achieved after 6 h exposure of r ...	1997	9245830
citrobacter freundii and fatal neutropenic enterocolitis following adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.	neutropenic enterocolitis is increasingly being recognized as a life-threatening complication of chemotherapy, mainly for haematological and lymphoproliferative malignancies. it is under-recognized clinically, with the diagnosis often being made on post-mortem examination. although active medical management is generally preferred, surgical intervention may be indicated. we report a case of fatal neutropenic enterocolitis, secondary to citrobacter freundii, following adjuvant chemotherapy for bre ...	1997	9269550
molecular epidemiology of an outbreak due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteria in a french hospital.	between june 1992 and june 1993, 128 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteria (123 klebsiella pneumoniae, 3 escherichia coli, 1 enterobacter aerogenes, and 1 citrobacter diversus) were collected in a french university hospital. these isolates were recovered mainly from patients hospitalized in intensive care and neurosurgery units. the 128 strains were divided into 14 antibiotypes (atbs; atb1 to atb14); 102 of 103 nonredundant isolates were shown to produce an shv-4-related exte ...	1997	9272388
the tpl promoter of citrobacter freundii is activated by the tyrr protein.	the ability of microorganisms to degrade l-tyrosine to phenol, pyruvate, and ammonia is catalyzed by the inducible enzyme l-tyrosine phenol lyase (ec 4.1.99.2). to investigate possible mechanisms for how the synthesis of this enzyme is regulated, a variety of biochemical and genetic procedures was used to analyze transcription from the tpl promoter of citrobacter freundii atcc 29063 (c. braakii). by computer analysis of the region upstream of the tpl structural gene, two segments of dna bearing ...	1997	9294452
characterization and amino acid sequence analysis of a new oxyimino cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class a beta-lactamase from serratia fonticola cuv.	serratia fonticola cuv produces two isoenzymes (forms i and ii) with beta-lactamase activity which were purified by a five-step procedure. the isoenzymes had identical kinetic parameters and isoelectric point (pi = 8.12). they were characterized by a specific activity towards benzylpenicillin of 1650 u/mg. the beta-lactamase hydrolyzed benzylpenicillin, amoxycillin, ureidopenicillins, first- and second-generation cephalosporins. carboxypenicillins and isoxazolylpenicillins were hydrolyzed to a l ...	1997	9300809
glycerol conversion to 1,3-propanediol by clostridium pasteurianum: cloning and expression of the gene encoding 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase.	when grown on glycerol as sole carbon and energy source, cell extracts of clostridium pasteurianum exhibited activities of glycerol dehydrogenase, dihydroxyacetone kinase, glycerol dehydratase and 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase. the genes encoding the latter two enzymes were cloned by colony hybridization using the dhat gene of citrobacter freundii as a heterologous dna probe and expressed in escherichia coli. the native molecular mass of 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase (dhat) is 440,000 da. the dh ...	1997	9311132
mutations in the gyra and parc genes associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of citrobacter freundii.	we determined partial sequences of the gyra and parc genes of citrobacter freundii type strain, and then examined 38 c. freundii clinical strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections for the association of alterations in gyra and parc with susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. our results suggest that in c. freundii dna gyrase may be a primary target of quinolones, that an amino acid change at thr-83 or asp-87 in gyra is sufficient to decrease susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, an ...	1997	9311142
effect of vancomycin on intestinal flora of patients who previously received antimicrobial therapy.	to evaluate the ecological disturbances of peroral vancomycin administration following cephalosporin administration, 20 healthy volunteers received cefuroxime axetil tablets (250 mg) perorally twice a day for 1 week, and 10 of these volunteers subsequently received vancomycin capsules (125 mg) perorally four times daily for 7 days. the concentration of vancomycin in feces after 1 week of vancomycin administration was high (mean +/- sd, 520 +/- 197 mg/kg), which correlated with the ecological dis ...	1997	9314469
distribution of a sub-class of bacterial abc polar amino acid transporter and identification of an n-terminal region involved in solute specificity.	a new sub-class of binding protein-dependent transporter with specificity for a broad range of polar amino acids has been identified by sequence comparison, in rhizobium leguminosarum, rhodobacter capsulatus, escherichia coli and pseudomonas fluorescens. southern blotting and pcr analysis has shown that transporters from this new sub-class are widely distributed in gram-negative bacteria, including, in addition to the above, citrobacter freundii, erwinia carotovorum and rhizobium meliloti. abc t ...	1997	9315727
molecular epidemiology of a nosocomial outbreak due to shv-4-producing strains of citrobacter diversus.	over a 6-month period, eight strains of citrobacter diversus (citrobacter koseri) resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and monobactams were isolated from seven colonized and/or infected patients from the same intensive care unit. all strains harbored a single large conjugative plasmid which mediated an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase of the shv-4 type (ceftazidimase phenotype; enzyme pi, 7.8; plasmid dna hybridization with a blashv-specific probe). all strains were characterized by ant ...	1997	9316908
occurrence and detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in members of the family enterobacteriaceae at a veterans medical center: seek and you may find.	a total of 907 consecutive isolates of members of the family enterobacteriaceae recovered during a 20-week period were tested for production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) by the double-disk (dd) potentiation method. of 84 dd-positive isolates, 83 (9.2%) produced esbls based on isoelectric focusing. shv-derived esbls and several tem-derived esbls were present in nine species, including the first isolate of citrobacter koserii and morganella morganii known to harbor an shv-derived e ...	1997	9316913
molecular epidemiology of acquisition of ceftazidime-resistant gram-negative bacilli in a nonoutbreak setting.	we prospectively studied the acquisition of ceftazidime-resistant gram-negative bacilli (caz-rgn) in two surgical intensive care units (sicu) during a nonoutbreak period. surveillance cultures were obtained from patients at the time of admission and serially thereafter. caz-rgn isolates were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). three hundred and forty-three patients were enrolled from whom 1,621 baseline and follow-up cultures were obtained. the most common species isolated from pat ...	1997	9316915
citrobacter sedlakii meningitis and brain abscess in a premature infant.	citrobacter sedlakii was isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures of a 5-day-old premature infant with sepsis, meningitis, and brain abscess. this newly described organism was difficult to identify due to discrepancies between the vitek and api 20e identification systems. to our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of c. sedlakii from cerebrospinal fluid.	1997	9316937
inducible amp c beta-lactamase producing gram-negative bacilli from blood stream infections: frequency, antimicrobial susceptibility, and molecular epidemiology in a national surveillance program (scope).	a surveillance study of nosocomial blood stream infections [surveillance and control of pathogens of epidemiologic importance (scope)] was conducted during a 14-month period in 1995 to 1996 in approximately 50 american medical centers. among the 4725 blood stream infections, the etiologic agent was enterobacter spp. in 230, citrobacter freundii in 24, and serratia marcescens in 65. the vast majority of these isolates (89%) had been sent to the university of iowa including 198 enterobacter spp. ( ...	1997	9327251
mechanism of suppression of piperacillin resistance in enterobacteria by tazobactam.	resistance to piperacillin in several isolates of citrobacter freundii and enterobacter cloacae was investigated and confirmed to occur at a frequency of 10(-7) to 10(-6). development of resistance to piperacillin was significantly suppressed by tazobactam but not by clavulanic acid. to elucidate the mechanism by which resistance suppression occurs, the effect of piperacillin plus tazobactam on the induction of ampc beta-lactamase was analyzed by monitoring the beta-galactosidase activity of an ...	1997	9333044
propanediol utilization genes (pdu) of salmonella typhimurium: three genes for the propanediol dehydratase.	the propanediol utilization (pdu) operon of salmonella typhimurium encodes proteins required for the catabolism of propanediol, including a coenzyme b12-dependent propanediol dehydratase. a clone that expresses propanediol dehydratase activity was isolated from a salmonella genomic library. dna sequence analysis showed that the clone included part of the pduf gene, the pduabcde genes, and a long partial open reading frame (orf1). the clone included 3.9 kbp of pdu dna which had not been previousl ...	1997	9352910
neonatal meningitis and multiple brain abscesses due to citrobacter diversus.	we report a fatal sporadic case of neonatal citrobacter diversus meningitis with rapid clinical progression. at autopsy, multiple brain abscesses and abscesses in the spinal cord had complicated purulent meningitis. septic omphalitis was identified as the most likely portal of entry.	1997	9353837
carbapenem resistance in a clinical isolate of citrobacter freundii.	carbapenem resistance was studied in two sets of citrobacter freundii strains: (i) strain cfr950, resistant to imipenem (mic, 16 microg/ml) and isolated in vivo during imipenem therapy, and strain cfr950-rev, the spontaneous, imipenem-susceptible revertant of cfr950 selected in vitro, and (ii) strains cfr801 and cfr802, two imipenem-resistant mutants selected in vitro from the susceptible clinical isolate cfr800. in all strains, whether they were imipenem-susceptible or -resistant strains, produ ...	1997	9371332
cloning and characterization of an aminoglycoside 6'-n-acetyltransferase gene from citrobacter freundii which confers an altered resistance profile.	a novel gene encoding a 6'-n-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase, aac(6')-in, has been cloned and sequenced from citrobacter freundii 13996-19, a clinical isolate from venezuela. this gene mediates resistance to amikacin, 2'-n-ethylnetilmicin, isepamicin, kanamycin, netilmicin, and tobramycin. the aac(6')-in gene is 573 nucleotides in length and encodes a putative protein of 190 amino acids. aac(6')-in is most closely related to aac(6')-im and aac(6')-ie, demonstrating 64.4% and 62.3% similarity, r ...	1997	9371347
characterization of blatem-3 and blashv-4 beta-lactamase-encoding genes in citrobacter diversus.		1997	9371377
vertical transmission of a citrobacter infection.	citrobacter species have rarely been described as-etiological factors of intraamniotic infections. citrobacter is not a normal inhabitant of the female genital tract. vertical transmission of citrobacter from mother to fetus has rarely been reported. a 21-year-old primigravida presented to labor and delivery at 40 6/7 weeks' gestation complaining of ruptured membranes, painful uterine contractions, and fever. an intraamniotic infection was diagnosed and antibiotics begun. she was subsequently de ...	1997	9376007
3-methylaspartate ammonia-lyase as a marker enzyme of the mesaconate pathway for (s)-glutamate fermentation in enterobacteriaceae.	the enzyme 3-methylaspartase (3-methylaspartate ammonia-lyase, ec 4. 3.1.2) was found in the cells of enteric bacteria, especially in the genera citrobacter and morganella, that were grown under anoxic and oxygen-limited conditions. the enzymes were purified to homogeneity from the cell-free extracts of 18 active strains and had similar enzymological properties such as action on columns, specific activity, molecular weight, subunit structure, and n-terminal amino acid sequence similarity. the pr ...	1997	9385136
antibiotic susceptibility of blood culture isolates of enterobacteriaceae from six norwegian hospitals 1991-1992.	from august 1991 to february 1992, each of the six largest hospitals throughout norway collected 84 to 107 consecutive blood culture isolates of enterobacteriaceae, altogether 571 isolates. the distribution of various species and genera at the different hospitals was uniform; escherichia coli being most prevalent (57-67%), followed by klebsiella spp. (12-18%) and proteus mirabilis (7-11%). twenty-one and 4% of e. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin and cefuroxime, respectively, and 11% of ...	1997	9393556
citrobacter farmeri bacteremia in a child with short-bowel syndrome.	a case of sepsis in a pediatric patient due to the newly described citrobacter species c. farmeri is described. factors predisposing this child to infection included short-bowel syndrome requiring total parenteral nutrition.	1997	9399558
production of escherichia coli group i-like heat-labile enterotoxin by enterobacteriaceae isolated from environmental water.	strains of klebsiella oxytoca (2), citrobacter freundii (2), enterobacter cloacae (1) and escherichia coli (1) isolated from environmental water were identified as heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) producing strains by immunological methods and polymerase chain amplification. a 322 bp amplified fragment was obtained with specific primers ltr and ltl, and hybridized to a digoxigenin-labelled ltb probe only under low stringency conditions, and not with a cholera toxin probe. these results suggest that ...	1997	9418038
comparison of viab regions of vi-positive organisms.	we cloned the vipr genes from salmonella paratyphi c, s. dublin, and citrobacter freundii strains and compared them with the s. typhi sequence to clarify the genetic relationship of the viab regions of vi-positive organisms. viab regions were divided into two groups based on their sequences, the salmonella and c. freundii groups. the vipr coding sequences of the salmonella group were identical. southern blot hybridization results using the full-length viab region as a probe support these finding ...	1997	9418239
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of cs-834, a novel oral carbapenem.	cs-834 is a novel oral carbapenem antibiotic. this compound is an ester-type prodrug of the active metabolite r-95867. the antibacterial activity of r-95867 was tested against 1,323 clinical isolates of 35 species and was compared with those of oral cephems, i.e., cefteram, cefpodoxime, cefdinir, and cefditoren, and that of a parenteral carbapenem, imipenem. r-95867 exhibited a broad spectrum of activity covering both gram-positive and -negative aerobes and anaerobes. its activity was superior t ...	1997	9420035
regulation of whole blood tumor necrosis factor production upon endotoxin stimulation after severe blunt trauma.	trauma has been recognized to be accompanied by alterations of leukocyte functions such as cytokine release. the regulatory principles involved in these changes are still poorly defined. to further characterize leukocyte function after multiple trauma, endotoxin-stimulated tumor necrosis factor (tnf) production of trauma patients' whole blood and a possible regulatory mechanism were studied.	1997	9420099
detection and speciation of bacteria through pcr using universal major cold-shock protein primer oligomers.	the detection of bacteria using pcr is a well-established diagnostic technique. however, conventional pcr requires the use of dna primer oligomers that are specific to the target organism and, as a consequence, a sample can only be tested for the presence of that specific target. a significant advantage would be to probe a sample for the presence of any bacteria, followed by identification. to achieve this it is necessary to identify a dna sequence common to all bacteria. here we demonstrate tha ...	1997	9439003
cloning of a transaminase gene of citrobacter freundii and the gene dosage effect on l-phenylalanine production through transaminase reaction.		1997	12501345
comparative in vitro activity of meropenem versus other extended-spectrum antimicrobial agents against 2,085 clinical isolates tested in 13 brazilian centers.	meropenem is a parenteral carbapenem antibacterial agent with a very broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. it is the second agent of its class to become available in brazil. the in vitro antibacterial activity of meropenem was compared with imipenem and four other antimicrobial agents in a multicenter study. this study involved 13 clinical microbiology laboratories, 10 of which came from 8 brazilian states. a total of 2,085 clinical isolates consecutively collected between december 1995 and ...	1997	11105151
differentiation and susceptibility of citrobacter isolates from patients in a university hospital.	objective: recently a publication of brenner et al. introduced 11 genetically distinct species within the genus citrobacter. these newly recognized citrobacter species can be classified by means of their biochemical characteristics. the aim of this study was to examine the distribution and susceptibility of citrobacter isolates in our patient population. methods: a total of 126 samples---containing a citrobacter species---was collected from 116 hospitalized patients during a 6-month period. orga ...	1997	11864076
high frequency of antibiotic resistance among gram-negative isolates in intensive care units at 10 swedish hospitals.	objective: to investigate the resistance rates among gram-negative isolates in swedish intensive care units (icus). methods: during 1994-95, members of the swedish study group collected, on clinical indication, 502 consecutive initial isolates of gram-negative bacteria from patients admitted to icus at 10 swedish hospitals and performed minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) determinations with the etest. breakpoints were defined according to the criteria of the swedish reference group for antib ...	1997	11864106
cq-397 and cq-414: antimicrobial activity and spectrum of two fluoroquinolone---cephalosporin, dual-action compounds with carboxamido bonds.	objective: to evaluate the potential spectrum of activity of two novel dual-action compounds with carboxamido bonds (cq-397 and cq-414; laboratorios aranda, san rafael, mexico) against human pathogens. methods: approximately 800 gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic clinical bacteria were tested in vitro using the mueller-hinton broth microdilution method of the national committee of clinical laboratory standards. results: cq-397 (cefamandole+enrofloxacin) and cq-414 (cefamandole+norfloxacin) ...	1997	11864130
beta-lactamases: quantity and resistance.	rates of enzyme-mediated catalysis are proportional to enzyme quantity, so increasing the amount of beta-lactamase should increase resistance. kinetic considerations support this argument for both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. direct relationships between resistance and enzyme quantity are most obvious with constitutive beta-lactamases, e.g. the tem types from gram-negative bacteria. as the level of tem enzyme rises, so do the mics of substrates and the concentrations of inhibitors r ...	1997	11869238
antimicrobial activity and durability of a novel antimicrobial-impregnated bladder catheter.	the main objective of this study was to examine the antimicrobial activity and durability of a novel indwelling bladder catheter impregnated with minocycline and rifampin. thirty antimicrobial-impregnated bladder catheters were inserted transurethrally in spinal cord-injured patients and removed, in six groups of five catheters each, at 3, 7, 10, 14, 17 or 21 days. removed catheters had detectable zones of inhibition against two different clinical isolates of each of the 10 tested uropathogens ( ...	1997	18611809
microbially enhanced chemisorption of nickel into biologically synthesized hydrogen uranyl phosphate: a novel system for the removal and recovery of metals from aqueous solutions.	ni(2+) was removed quantitatively from aqueous flows by columns loaded with polycrystalline hydrogen uranyl phosphate (hup) bound to immobilized cells of citrobacter sp. the columns functioned effectively in ni uptake/regeneration cycles; five cycles were completed without significant decrease in the ni-removing capacity of the column. the influence of ph, temperature, and flow rate on the ni-removing capacity of the columns was examined. the composition of the ni/hup cell-bound deposits was con ...	1997	18634098
effect of substrate concentration and nitrate inhibition on product release and heavy metal removal by a citrobacter sp.	a citrobacter sp. accumulates heavy metals as cell-bound metal phosphates, utilizing phosphate released by the enzymatic cleavage of a phosphomonoester substrate. the effect of increased substrate (glycerol 2-phosphate, g2p) concentration on phosphate release and heavy metal accumulation was evaluated using a stirred tank reactor (str) and a plug flow reactor (pfr). a significant improvement in metal removal was achieved with increased substrate concentration using immobilized citrobacter cells ...	1997	18636593
oro-pharyngeal protozoa in captive bustards: clinical and pathological considerations.	an oro-pharyngeal protozoal survey was carried out in captive bustards in the united arab emirates. .endolimax spp., .entamoeba gallinarum, acanthamoeba spp., .naegleria spp. and .coccidia spp. were the protozoa isolated from the oro-pharynx of clinically normal birds. the protozoa species involved in oro-pharyngeal diseases were .trichomonas gallinae and .entamoeba anatis. most of the protozoa observed in clinical cases were associated with severe secondary bacterial infections possibly due to ...	1998	18484038
bioremediation of phenol by alkaliphilic bacteria isolated from alkaline lake of lonar, india.	phenol is an industrially important compound which has a wide range of applications. being highly soluble in water, it appears as the major pollutant in waste waters arising from both phenol manufacturing and from industrial units that utilise phenol. because of its toxicity, bioremediation of phenol is necessary. since some of the phenol-bearing industrial waste waters are alkaline in nature, use of alkaliphilic bacteria for bioremediation of phenol was investigated. alkaliphilic bacteria were ...	1998	21182701
dna shuffling of a family of genes from diverse species accelerates directed evolution.	dna shuffling is a powerful process for directed evolution, which generates diversity by recombination, combining useful mutations from individual genes. libraries of chimaeric genes can be generated by random fragmentation of a pool of related genes, followed by reassembly of the fragments in a self-priming polymerase reaction. template switching causes crossovers in areas of sequence homology. our previous studies used single genes and random point mutations as the source of diversity. an alte ...	1998	9440693
purification and characterization of acid-type phosphatases from a heavy-metal-accumulating citrobacter sp.	an acid phosphatase from a heavy-metal-accumulating strain of a citrobacter sp. was resolved into two forms on the basis of their nonbinding (phosphatase i) or binding (phosphatase ii) behaviour on the cation-exchange resin sp-sephadex c50. both holoenzymes had a molecular mass of 103-108 kda as determined by superose q-6 column chromatography in the presence of 150 mm kcl and a subunit molecular mass of 27 kda as determined by sds-page; the enzyme was tetrameric. both enzymes had a pi approxima ...	1998	9446688
detection of intimins alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, four intimin derivatives expressed by attaching and effacing microbial pathogens.	intimins are outer membrane proteins expressed by enteric bacterial pathogens capable of inducing intestinal attachment-and-effacement lesions. a eukaryotic cell-binding domain is located within a 280-amino-acid (int280) carboxy terminus of intimin polypeptides. polyclonal antiserum was raised against int280 from enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) serotypes o127:h6 and o114:h2 (anti-int280-h6 and anti-int280-h2, respectively), and western blot analysis was used to explore the immunological ...	1998	9508292
aminoglycoside 6'-n-acetyltransferase variants of the ib type with altered substrate profile in clinical isolates of enterobacter cloacae and citrobacter freundii.	three clinical isolates, enterobacter cloacae ec1562 and ec1563 and citrobacter freundii cfr564, displayed an aminoglycoside resistance profile evocative of low-level 6'-n acetyltransferase type ii [aac(6')-ii] production, which conferred reduced susceptibility to gentamicin but not to amikacin or isepamicin. aminoglycoside acetyltransferase assays suggested the synthesis in the three strains of an aac(6') which acetylated amikacin practically as well as it acetylated gentamicin in vitro. both c ...	1998	9527761
radiological case of the month. neonatal brain abscess caused by citrobacter diversus.		1998	9529471
stool colonization of healthcare workers with selected resistant bacteria.	we examined the carriage of selected resistant bacteria in the stools of healthcare workers who provided direct patient care. neither vancomycin-resistant enterococci, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, nor clostridium difficile was recovered from the 55 stool specimens collected. a ceftazidime-resistant citrobacter freundii was isolated from one specimen. we conclude that the stool of healthcare workers is colonized infrequently with these resistant organisms.	1998	9475348
in vivo analysis of sequence requirements for processing and degradation of the colicin a lysis protein signal peptide.	the lipid modification and processing of a number of colicin lysis proteins take place exceedingly slowly and result in the release of a stable signal peptide. it is possible that this peptide or the presence of lipid-modified precursors which result from the slow processing plays a role in the release of colicins and in the quasilysis that occurs in induced colicinogenic cultures. we used in vitro mutagenesis and pulse-chase radiolabeling and immunoprecipitation to examine the reasons for the s ...	1998	9620949
neonatal citrobacter meningitis: neurosonographic observations.		1998	9623480
inhibitory effect of bacterial attachment on candidal growth due to adherence with mannose-sensitive pili.	a bacterial strain with affinity to candida albicans was successfully obtained from a natural environment. an uncovered petri dish containing a suspension of heat-killed c. albicans cells was allowed to stand in a laboratory for several days. some bacteria which had adhered to the candidal cells were tested for their ability to agglutinate the cells. a bacterial strain, designated later as cab-1, was found to agglutinate candidal cells through bridging by mannose-sensitive pili. cab-1 showed sim ...	1998	9623920
a comparison between single-dose fosfomycin trometamol (monuril) and a 5-day course of trimethoprim in the treatment of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection in women.	this study is a comparison of the microbiological and clinical efficacy of single-dose fosfomycin trometamol therapy and a 5 day course of trimethoprim in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection in female patients. urine dip-slide samples were obtained from 547 female patients aged 18-65 by 22 general practitioners (gps) participating in the study from 21 centres in the uk. all patients were diagnosed as having a urinary tract infection by their gp on the basis of history and clin ...	1998	9624542
[selective screening of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli depending on hemolysis on beutin's washed sheep blood agar plates].	recently, beutin et al have studied hemolysin production in a large number of serologically diverse verotoxin (vt) producing escherichia coli (vtec) strains and found a close association between hemolysin production and vt production. this study was to examine whether hemolysin production on sheep blood agar can be used as an epidemiological marker for microbiological screening of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec). in comparison of hemolysis on washed blood agar plates prepared in our la ...	1998	9585695
citrobacter freundii empyema in a patient with occult pulmonary histoplasmosis.	the genus citrobacter includes three species of organisms that are uncommonly associated with human infection. when they are pathogenic, there are usually one or more associated respiratory, urinary, skin-soft tissue, and central nervous system infections and neonatal sepsis. these infections occur in the wake of significant systemic illness or complicate antibiotic usage. rarely, infection has been associated with active tuberculosis. the authors report a case of citrobacter freundii empyema in ...	1998	9587088
chromosomally encoded ampc-type beta-lactamase in a clinical isolate of proteus mirabilis.	a clinical strain of proteus mirabilis (cf09) isolated from urine specimens of a patient displayed resistance to amoxicillin (mic >4,096 microg/ml), ticarcillin (4,096 microg/ml), cefoxitin (64 microg/ml), cefotaxime (256 microg/ml), and ceftazidime (128 microg/ml) and required an elevated mic of aztreonam (4 microg/ml). clavulanic acid did not act synergistically with cephalosporins. two beta-lactamases with apparent pis of 5.6 and 9.0 were identified by isoelectric focusing on a gel. substrate ...	1998	9593136
interactions of beta-lactamases with sanfetrinem (gv 104326) compared to those with imipenem and with oral beta-lactams.	sanfetrinem is a trinem beta-lactam which can be administered orally as a hexatil ester. we examined whether its beta-lactamase interactions resembled those of the available carbapenems, i.e., stable to ampc and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases but labile to class b and functional group 2f enzymes. the comparator drugs were imipenem, oral cephalosporins, and amoxicillin. mics were determined for beta-lactamase expression variants, and hydrolysis was examined directly with representative enzymes ...	1998	9593145
comparison of in vitro activity of trovafloxacin against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms with quinolones and beta-lactam antimicrobial agents.	the in vitro activity of trovafloxacin against 721 gram-negative and 498 gram-positive organisms was determined by the standard microdilution broth method using commercially prepared frozen microtiter plates. the activity of trovafloxacin was compared to ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, ampicillin/sulbactam (1:1), piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftriaxone, and imipenem. trovafloxacin had equal or greater activity compared with the other agents tested against citrobacter diversus, en ...	1998	9597391
bacteriology of the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses in chronic sinusitis.	the bacteriology of chronic sinusitis was studied by using swab and mucosal specimens from both the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. the specimens of the maxillary sinus were taken through translabial antroscopy. the specimens of the ethmoid sinus were taken after removing the ethmoid bulla during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (fess). eighty-six samples of each type of specimen were collected. among the maxillary sinus samples, the culture rate was 60.5 per cent from the swab specimens and 3 ...	1998	9876374
analysis of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli serotype o157:h7 by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies.	to develop a rapid and specific method to detect and/or identify enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7, two mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were prepared. specificities of these two mabs (1d9 and 3e8) were determined by flow cytometry method (fcm). mabs 3e8 and 1d9 were found to react with e. coli o157:h7, citrobacter freundii and salmonella group n (o:30), but not with escherichia hermannii. with a mixture containing strains of e. coli o157:h7 and e. coli o6:h1, two different peaks appe ...	1998	9879532
abdominal ascites in electric eels (electrophorus electricus) associated with hepatic hemosiderosis and elevated water ph.	six electric eels (electrophorus electricus) from various centers that house aquatic organisms presented clinically with abdominal distension following prolonged exposure to elevated environmental ph. postmortem examination revealed marked ascites. culture of the abdominal fluid from three of the eels yielded either aeromonas hydrophila or citrobacter freundii, which were most likely secondary invaders. histopathology showed marked iron accumulation in both hepatocytes and hepatic macrophage agg ...	1998	10065849
structure-based design of beta-lactamase inhibitors. 1. synthesis and evaluation of bridged monobactams.	bridged monobactams are novel, potent, mechanism-based inhibitors of class c beta-lactamases, designed using x-ray crystal structures of the enzymes. they stabilize the acyl-enzyme intermediate by blocking access of water to the enzyme-inhibitor ester bond. bridged monobactams are selective class c beta-lactamase inhibitors, with half-inhibition constants as low as 10 nm, and are less effective against class a and class b enzymes (half-inhibition constants > 100 microm) because of the different ...	1998	9767633
structure-based design of beta-lactamase inhibitors. 2. synthesis and evaluation of bridged sulfactams and oxamazins.	a series of bridged monocyclic beta-lactams activated by various groups on the beta-lactam nitrogen (x = och2co2h, oso3h) has been synthesized and evaluated. among them, the bridged sulfactams (x = oso3h) were found to be effective beta-lactamase inhibitors. they inhibit both class a and class c beta-lactamases.	1998	9767634
the prognostic factors of adult gram-negative bacillary meningitis.	seventy-seven patients with gram-negative bacillary meningitis (gnbm), 57 males and 20 females, aged 17-86 years, were identified at kaohsiung chang gung memorial hospital, over an 11-year period. fifty-four infections were community-acquired, and 23 were nosocomial; 49 were spontaneous and 28 occurred after head surgery or neurosurgery. the organisms most frequently involved were klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli, and acinetobacter. rarer pathogens included citroba ...	1998	9777518
phylogenetic position of phytopathogens within the enterobacteriaceae.	the almost complete 16s rdna sequences of twenty nine plant-associated strains, representing species of the genera erwinia, pantoea and enterobacter were determined and compared with those of other members of the enterobacteriaceae. the species of the genus erwinia may be divided into three phylogenetic groups. cluster i represents the true erwinias and comprises e. amylovora, e. mallotivora, e. persicinus, e. psidii, e. rhapontici and e. tracheiphila. we propose to unite the species of cluster ...	1998	9779605
[citrobacter freundii, a rare cause of hepatic abscess].		1998	9780433
[an additional dehydrogenase or oxidation-reduction test in the classification of enterobacteria].	the dehydrogenase (dhg) or oxidation-reduction test is proposed for use together with the determination of such enzymes as hydrolases, cytochrome oxidase, dehydrocarboxylase, urease, etc. 200 citrobacter freundii cultures and 76 strains of enteropathogenic escherichia (epe) were studied with the determination of their dhg activity in semiliquid mannitol and in kligler's medium. the study revealed that this test, characterized by the reduction of the indicator, similarly to that in salmonellae an ...	1998	9783392
[the use of random amplification of polymorphous bacterial dna for the typing of bacteria in the genus citrobacter].	to obtain the profiles of randomly amplified dna, isolated from bacteria of the genus citrobacter, the method of polymerase chain reaction was used. nine oligonucleotides were evaluated for the possibility of their use as primers for the amplification of random polymorphous sequences of dna; of these, 2 oligonucleotides which generated profiles, sufficiently reproducible and typical for different c. freundii and c. diversus strains, were selected. the possibility of using the above oligonucleoti ...	1998	9783404