Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| fluoroquinolone drug class update. | 2000 | 16389400 | |
| in vitro activities of sitafloxacin (du-6859a) and six other fluoroquinolones against 8,796 clinical bacterial isolates. | the in vitro activities of sitafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, trovafloxacin, levofloxacin, clinafloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin against 5,046 gram-negative bacteria, 3,344 gram-positive cocci, and 406 anaerobes were determined. sitafloxacin was the most active agent against gram-positive cocci and anaerobes. against enterobacteriaceae and nonfermenters, its activity was either equivalent to or better than that of clinafloxacin. | 2000 | 10722524 |
| applications of flow cytometry to clinical microbiology. | classical microbiology techniques are relatively slow in comparison to other analytical techniques, in many cases due to the need to culture the microorganisms. furthermore, classical approaches are difficult with unculturable microorganisms. more recently, the emergence of molecular biology techniques, particularly those on antibodies and nucleic acid probes combined with amplification techniques, has provided speediness and specificity to microbiological diagnosis. flow cytometry (fcm) allows ... | 2000 | 10755996 |
| antibiotic resistance in community-acquired pulmonary pathogens. | among infectious diseases, pneumonia is still the ;;captain of the men of death.'' etiologic diagnosis is often unreliable; consequently, clinicians must know epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia for optimizing empiric antibiotic therapy. in recent years, all major pulmonary pathogens have become more and more resistant to conventional antibiotics. penicillin-resistant and even multiresistant pneumococci have spread worldwide, but primarily in the united states, some european countries, ... | 2000 | 16088716 |
| the antibiotic treatment of severe community-acquired pneumonia admitted to the critical care unit. | community-acquired pneumonias (cap) are still caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, hemophilus influenzae, or moraxella catarrhalis. legionella and chlamydia pneumoniae have been defined as important atypical pathogens causing cap. klebsiella causes cap primarily in patients with chronic alcoholism or in chronic care facilities. normal hosts do not present with "unusual pathogens'' e.g., staphylococcus aureus or pseudomonas aeruginosa. the clinical severity of a bacterial pneumonia has important p ... | 2000 | 16088719 |
| treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: antibiotic therapy. | acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (aecb) is a condition associated with increased morbidity and mortality. bacterial infections are the most frequent cause of exacerbations. the most common bacterial etiologies include haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and streptococcus pneumonia. the diagnosis of aecb is often based on the clinical presentation, but microbiological assessment, including gram stain and sputum culture should be done. antibiotic therapy should be used in patien ... | 2000 | 16088723 |
| pd-140248 (parke-davis & co). | pd-140248 is an isomerase inhibitor and topoisomerase ii inhibitor under development by parke-davis and co as a potential treatment for bacterial infection. although no details of active development have been published in the scientific literature since 1996, in september 1999, the company confirmed that pd-140248 is still in active development [338530]. the compound is one of two new pyrrolidinyl naphthyridines (the other compound being pd-131628) with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity ... | 2000 | 16107942 |
| summary of canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: an evidence-based update by the canadian infectious disease society and the canadian thoracic society. | community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is a serious illness with a significant impact on individual patients and society as a whole. over the past several years, there have been significant advances in the knowledge and understanding of the etiology of the disease, and an appreciation of problems such as mixed infections and increasing antimicrobial resistance. the development of additional fluoroquinolone agents with enhanced activity against streptococcus pneumoniae has been important as well.it w ... | 2000 | 18159296 |
| bacterial resistance in the new millennium. its impact on antibiotic selection for respiratory tract infections. | the targets of antibiotic intervention in respiratory tract infections continue to change. for example, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of beta-lactams for streptococcus pneumoniae have increased up to 100-fold in recent years. because the mechanism of resistance in this respiratory tract pathogen is an alteration in penicillin-binding proteins, the higher the mic of penicillin, the higher the mics of all beta-lactams. macrolide resistance in s pneumoniae is highly prevalent in many ... | 2000 | 19667544 |
| acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. guidelines for antibiotic selection. | an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (aecb) is frequently caused by viral infection. because of the impairment of mucociliary clearance, secondary bacterial infection is likely to ensue. haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, and moraxella catarrhalis account for about 50% of all episodes of aecb. the best approach to antibiotic selection for bacterial exacerbations is stratification by exacerbation type, patient type, or antibiotic type. | 2000 | 19667546 |
| rhinosinusitis. an overview of current management measures in acute and chronic infection. | rhinosinusitis is a common inflammatory bacterial infection of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. viral infection is often the inciting event. the ensuing inflammation obstructs the narrow ostiomeatal complex, causing facial pain and pressure, nasal obstruction, congestion, postnasal drainage, and mucopurulence. the exacerbation of symptoms after 5 to 7 days or their persistence for more than 10 days indicates acute rhinosinusitis. acute infection lasts less than 4 weeks and resolves comple ... | 2000 | 19667547 |
| eye disorders: bacterial conjunctivitis. | 2000 | 10986192 | |
| determination of mic quality control ranges for abt-733, a novel ketolide antimicrobial agent. quality control study group. | 2000 | 10917777 | |
| selective iga deficiency (sigad) and common variable immunodeficiency (cvid). | 2000 | 10792368 | |
| the pharmacokinetics of oral fleroxacin and ciprofloxacin in plasma and sputum during acute and chronic dosing. | to examine the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and fleroxacin in plasma and sputum of patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis or bronchiectasis following the first dose and again during the third day of treatment. | 2000 | 10606835 |
| postantibiotic effects of grepafloxacin compared to those of five other agents against 12 gram-positive and -negative bacteria. | the postantibiotic effect (pae) (10x the mic) and the postantibiotic sub-mic effects (0.125, 0.25, and 0.5x the mic) were determined for six compounds against 12 strains. measurable paes ranged between 0 and 1.8 h for grepafloxacin, 0 and 2.2 h for ciprofloxacin, 0 and 3. 1 h for levofloxacin, 0 and 2.2 h for sparfloxacin, 0 and 2.4 h for amoxicillin-clavulanate and 0 and 4.8 h for clarithromycin. reexposure to subinhibitory concentrations increased the paes against some strains. | 2000 | 10602746 |
| frequency of low-level bacteremia in children from birth to fifteen years of age. | a single blood culture inoculated with a small volume of blood is still frequently being used for the diagnosis of bacteremia in children because of the continued belief by many that bacteria are usually found in high concentrations in the blood of pediatric patients with sepsis. to determine the importance of both blood volume cultured and the number of culture devices required for the reliable detection of pathogens in our pediatric population, blood from children from birth to 15 years of age ... | 2000 | 10834973 |
| rapid identification of bacteria from positive blood cultures by fluorescence-based pcr-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the 16s rrna gene. | bacteremia continues to result in significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients who are immunocompromised. currently, patients with suspected bacteremia are empirically administered broad-spectrum antibiotics, as definitive diagnosis relies upon the use of blood cultures, which impose significant delays in and limitations to pathogen identification. to address the limitations of growth-based identification, the sequence variability of the 16s rrna gene of bacteria was targeted fo ... | 2000 | 10655337 |
| pharmacokinetics and tolerability of gemifloxacin (sb-265805) after administration of single oral doses to healthy volunteers. | gemifloxacin (known as sb-265805 or lb-20304) is a potent, novel fluoroquinolone compound with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of oral gemifloxacin were characterized in healthy male volunteers after a single dose of 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, 600, or 800 mg. multiple serum and urine samples were collected and analyzed for gemifloxacin using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. safety assessments included vital signs, 12 ... | 2000 | 10817716 |
| multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and tolerability of gemifloxacin administered orally to healthy volunteers. | gemifloxacin mesylate (sb-265805-s, lb-20304a) is a potent, novel fluoroquinolone agent with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of oral gemifloxacin were characterized in two parallel group studies in healthy male volunteers after doses of 160, 320, 480, and 640 mg once daily for 7 days. multiple serum or plasma and urine samples were collected on days 1 and 7 and were analyzed for gemifloxacin by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc)-fluore ... | 2001 | 11158752 |
| pharmacokinetics of the new ketolide telithromycin (hmr 3647) administered in ascending single and multiple doses. | telithromycin (hmr 3647) is a novel ketolide antimicrobial with good activity against both common and atypical respiratory pathogens, including many resistant strains. this randomized, three-period crossover study determined the dose proportionality of telithromycin pharmacokinetics after single and multiple dosing in healthy subjects. in each treatment period, subjects received a single oral dose of 400, 800 or 1,600 mg of telithromycin followed 4 days later by the same dose once daily for 7 da ... | 2001 | 11120961 |
| in vitro activities of ertapenem (mk-0826) against clinical bacterial isolates from 11 north american medical centers. | this study compared the in vitro activities of the new long-half-life carbapenem ertapenem (also known as mk-0826 and l-749,345) with those of imipenem, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and ciprofloxacin against 5,558 recent clinical isolates from 11 north american medical centers. we confirmed the greater activity of ertapenem than of imipenem against the enterobacteriaceae and the greater activity of imipenem against pseudomonads and gram-positive bacteria. | 2001 | 11353653 |
| cd45ra and cd45ro isoforms in infected malnourished and infected well-nourished children. | the aim of this study was to determine if the distribution in vivo of cd4(+)cd45ra(+)/cd45ro(-) (naive), cd4(+)cd45ra(+)/cd45ro(+) (ddull) and cd4(+)cd45ro(+) (memory) lymphocytes differs in malnourished infected and well-nourished infected children. the expression of cd45ra (naive) and cd45ro (memory) antigens on cd4(+) lymphocytes was analysed by flow cytometry in a prospectively followed cohort of 15 malnourished infected, 12 well-nourished infected and 10 well-nourished uninfected children. ... | 2001 | 11737063 |
| in vitro antibacterial activities of af 3013, the active metabolite of prulifloxacin, against nosocomial and community italian isolates. | af 3013, the active metabolite of prulifloxacin, was tested to determine its inhibitory and bactericidal activities against 396 nosocomial and 258 community italian isolates. compared with that of ciprofloxacin, its activity (assessed in mic and minimal bactericidal concentration tests) was generally similar or greater against gram-positive bacteria and greater against gram-negative bacteria. in time-kill assays using selected isolates, its bactericidal activity was comparable to that of ciprofl ... | 2001 | 11709353 |
| pharmacokinetics of cefepime during continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients. | the pharmacokinetics of cefepime were studied in 12 adult patients in intensive care units during continuous venovenous hemofiltration (cvvh) or continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (cvvhdf) with a multiflow60 an69hf 0.60-m(2) polyacrylonitrile hollow-fiber membrane (hospal industrie, meyzieu, france). patients (mean age, 52.0 +/- 13.0 years [standard deviation]; mean weight, 96.7 +/- 18.4 kg) received 1 or 2 g of cefepime every 12 or 24 h (total daily doses of 1 to 4 g/day) by intravenous in ... | 2001 | 11600370 |
| cytolytic complement activity in otitis media with effusion. | otitis media with effusion (ome) is a chronic inflammation persisting in the middle ear cavity of at least 8 weeks duration. middle ear effusion (mee; n = 38), samples from children suffering from ome were investigated for their direct cytolytic activity or an ability to enhance complement lysis of unsensitized bystander cells. thirteen of the 38 mees had direct endogenous haemolytic activity and 27 samples had an ability to enhance serum-initiated lysis. using an enzyme immunoassay, high levels ... | 2001 | 11472396 |
| invasive fungal sinusitis and meningitis due to arthrographis kalrae in a patient with aids. | we report the first described case of arthrographis kalrae pansinusitis and meningitis in a patient with aids. the patient was initially diagnosed with arthrographis kalrae pansinusitis by endoscopic biopsy and culture. the patient was treated with itraconazole for approximately 5 months and then died secondary to pneumocytis carinii pneumonia. postmortem examination revealed invasive fungal sinusitis that involved the sphenoid sinus and that extended through the cribiform plate into the inferio ... | 2001 | 11158158 |
| explosive pleuritis. | the objective of the present paper is to describe the clinical and computed tomography features of 'explosive pleuritis', an entity first named by braman and donat in 1986, and to propose a case definition. a case report of a previously healthy, 45-year-old man admitted to hospital with acute onset pleuritic chest pain is presented. the patient arrived at the emergency room at 15:00 in mild respiratory distress; the initial chest x-ray revealed a small right lower lobe effusion. the subsequent c ... | 2001 | 18159325 |
| macrolides: a canadian infectious disease society position paper. | since the introduction of erythromycin in 1965, no new compounds from the macrolide antimicrobial class were licensed in canada until the 1990s. clarithromycin and azithromycin, since their introduction, have become important agents for treating a number of common and uncommon infectious diseases. they have become prime agents in the treatment of respiratory tract infections, and have revolutionized the management of both genital chlamydial infections, by the use of single-dose therapy with azit ... | 2001 | 18159344 |
| a critical review of oxazolidinones: an alternative or replacement for glycopeptides and streptogramins? | to review the available data on the oxazolidinones linezolid and eperezolid. | 2001 | 18159365 |
| macrolide resistance conferred by base substitutions in 23s rrna. | 2001 | 11120937 | |
| virulence functions of autotransporter proteins. | 2001 | 11179284 | |
| acute infectious conjunctivitis in childhood. | to review the etiology, clinical features and management of acute infectious conjunctivitis in children after the newborn period. | 2001 | 20084257 |
| analysis of the expression of the putatively virulence-associated neisserial protein rmpm (class 4) in commensal neisseria and moraxella catarrhalis strains. | the rmpm protein has been reported to be present only in pathogenic neisseria species. in the present study we demonstrate that this protein is also present at least in n. lactamica and n. sicca strains. the n. lactamica protein reacts with a rmpm-specific monoclonal antibody (185,h-8), having a molecular mass ( approximately 31 kda) slightly lower than that of the meningococcal rmpm, and mouse antibodies from sera against outer membrane vesicles from both n. lactamica and n. sicca strains cross ... | 2001 | 11377862 |
| tetracycline antibiotics: mode of action, applications, molecular biology, and epidemiology of bacterial resistance. | tetracyclines were discovered in the 1940s and exhibited activity against a wide range of microorganisms including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, chlamydiae, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae, and protozoan parasites. they are inexpensive antibiotics, which have been used extensively in the prophlylaxis and therapy of human and animal infections and also at subtherapeutic levels in animal feed as growth promoters. the first tetracycline-resistant bacterium, shigella dysenteriae, was isolated i ... | 2001 | 11381101 |
| the microbiology and management of acute and chronic rhinosinusitis. | although most cases of rhinosinusitis are benign, the disruption of quality of life due to disease symptoms leads patients to seek early medical care. ongoing debates dispute the definition, bacteriology, and medical management of chronic sinusitis, while the criteria for acute sinusitis are relatively well established. chronic rhinosinusitis remains poorly categorized, and authors differ in opinions of symptoms, time course, and bacteriology of the infections, as well as proper medical manageme ... | 2001 | 11384550 |
| lung concentrations of telithromycin after oral dosing. | concentrations of telithromycin were measured in plasma, bronchial mucosa (bm), epithelial lining fluid (elf) and alveolar macrophages (am) following multiple oral doses. concentrations were determined using a microbiological assay. there were 20 subjects in the study, allocated to three nominal time periods: 2, 12 and 24 h. mean concentrations in plasma, bm, elf and am for 2, 12 and 24 h were as follows: 2 h, 1.86 mg/l, 3.88 mg/kg, 14.89 mg/l and 69.32 mg/l; 12 h, 0.23 mg/l, 1.41 mg/kg, 3.27 mg ... | 2001 | 11389116 |
| susceptibility of canadian isolates of haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and streptococcus pneumoniae to oral antimicrobial agents. | we measured the susceptibility of canadian isolates of three respiratory tract pathogens (haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and streptococcus pneumoniae) to several currently approved antimicrobial agents by two different methods. we also measured the susceptibility of isolates to seven fluoroquinolones. beta-lactamase was produced by 123/566 (21.7%) of h. influenzae isolates compared with 178/200 (89%) of m. catarrhalis isolates. for s. pneumoniae 83/374 (22.2%) isolates were penici ... | 2001 | 11397615 |
| pharmacodynamics of ceftriaxone and cefixime against community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens. | over the last decade or so there has been a growing interest in routes of antimicrobial administration other than by the conventional intravenous route for institutionalized patients and for some outpatients. both oral (po) and intramuscular (im) routes of administration are less costly than giving antimicrobial agents by vein (iv). in addition, fewer complications such as catheter-related sepsis and phlebitis are associated with non-iv routes of administration. furthermore, a reduced-dosage, re ... | 2001 | 11397619 |
| crossover assessment of serum bactericidal activity of grepafloxacin, ofloxacin and clarithromycin against respiratory pathogens after oral administration to healthy volunteers. | serum bactericidal activity was studied in a crossover manner in 10 volunteers, after 2-day administration of grepafloxacin 600 mg qd, ofloxacin 400 mg bid and clarithromycin 500 mg bid. bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and klebsiella pneumoniae, was estimated using a standardized microdilution method. grepafloxacin was highly active against gram-negative organisms and adequate against pneumococci (mean, 1: ... | 2001 | 11397620 |
| activity of bms284756 against 2,681 recent clinical isolates of haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis: report from the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program (2000) in europe, canada and the united states. | although the isolation and detection of fluoroquinolone-resistant haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis has been a very rare occurrence, newer agents in the quinolone class must be evaluated to determine their comparative potencies and to develop in vitro testing methods. bms284756 is an investigational desfluoro(6)-quinolone with a spectrum of activity most similar to recently introduced agents such as gatifloxacin and trovafloxacin. this compound was compared to levofloxacin, gatifl ... | 2001 | 11404068 |
| macrolide-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae in canada during 1998-1999: prevalence of mef(a) and erm(b) and susceptibilities to ketolides. | in this study (1998-1999), we collected 215 macrolide-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from an ongoing canadian respiratory organism surveillance study involving 23 centers representing all regions of canada. the prevalence of erythromycin-resistant s. pneumoniae was 8% (215 of 2,688). of the 215 isolates, 48.8% (105 of 215) were pcr positive for mef(a) and 46.5% (100 of 215) were pcr positive for erm(b). the ketolides telithromycin and abt-773 demonstrated excellent activity against ... | 2001 | 11408241 |
| comparative in vitro activity of abt-773, a novel antibacterial ketolide. | the in vitro activities of abt-773, erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin were compared. abt-773 was the most active compound against macrolide-susceptible streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, listeria monocytogenes, and enterococcus spp. and multidrug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae. it also had good activity against gram-negative and atypical respiratory tract pathogens and helicobacter pylori. | 2001 | 11408246 |
| [pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of azithromycin (zithromac), a novel 15-membered ring macrolide antibacterial agent]. | azithromycin (zithromac), a 15-membered ring macrolide antibacterial agent, was approved to be manufactured in japan in march 2000. it showed good in vitro and/or in vivo antibacterial activities against staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, peptostreptococcus micros, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae. its activity against h. influenzae was particularly more potent than that of currently used macrolide ... | 2001 | 11411344 |
| concentrations of gatifloxacin in plasma and pulmonary compartments following a single 400 mg oral dose in patients undergoing fibre-optic bronchoscopy. | the concentrations of gatifloxacin achieved after a single 400 mg oral dose were measured in plasma, epithelial lining fluid (elf), alveolar macrophages (ams) and bronchial mucosa (bm) using a microbiological assay. fourteen patients undergoing fibre-optic bronchoscopy were studied. mean plasma, elf, ams and bm concentrations, respectively, at 2, 4 and 12 h were as follows: 2 h: 3.96 mg/l, 6.00 mg/l, 69.10 mg/l, 6.24 mg/kg; 4 h: 3.22 mg/l, 6.16 mg/l, 77.32 mg/l, 5.32 mg/kg; 12 h: 1.74 mg/l, 2.98 ... | 2001 | 11418513 |
| microbiology of otitis media in the paris, france, area from 1987 to 1997. | to investigate epidemiologic trends in the bacteriology of acute otitis media, data were recorded during a 10-year period by the same group of investigators during clinical studies in pediatric outpatients. | 2001 | 11419497 |
| ecological effects on the oro- and nasopharyngeal microflora in children after treatment of acute otitis media with cefuroxime axetil or amoxycillin-clavulanate as suspensions. | to evaluate if the extent of normal microflora disturbances differed between treatment with amoxycillin-clavulanate administered in an active form and cefuroxime axetil administered as an inactive prodrug. | 2001 | 11422249 |
| the crisis of resistant pathogens in respiratory tract infections--use of pharmacodynamic principles. | infectious disease experts and public health officials continue to warn the medical community and the public that more strains of respiratory tract pathogens are becoming resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to eradicate them. the inappropriate use of antibiotics to treat viral infections has contributed to the development of multidrug resistance in the 3 key bacterial pathogens that cause respiratory tract infections: streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrh ... | 2001 | 11424585 |
| development of a pcr assay for identification of staphylococci at genus and species levels. | we have developed a pcr-based assay which allows the detection of staphylococci at the genus level by targeting the tuf gene, which encodes the elongation factor tu. degenerate pcr primers derived from consensus regions of several tuf genes were used to amplify a target region of 884 bp from 11 representative staphylococcal species. subsequently, the entire nucleotide sequence of these amplicons was determined. the analysis of a multiple alignment of these sequences revealed regions conserved am ... | 2001 | 11427566 |
| direct detection of legionella species from bronchoalveolar lavage and open lung biopsy specimens: comparison of lightcycler pcr, in situ hybridization, direct fluorescence antigen detection, and culture. | we developed a rapid thermocycling, real-time detection (also known as real-time pcr) method for the detection of legionella species directly from clinical specimens. this method uses the lightcycler (roche molecular biochemicals, indianapolis, ind.) and requires approximately 1 to 2 h to perform. both a legionella genus pcr assay and legionella pneumophila species-specific pcr assay were designed. a total of 43 archived specimens from 35 patients were evaluated, including 19 bronchoalveolar lav ... | 2001 | 11427579 |
| bacteriological and pcr analysis of clinical material aspirated from otitis media with effusions. | otitis media with effusions (ome) can lead to significant hearing loss in childhood. although previous studies have shown that bacterial dna is present in a significant percentage of effusions sterile by culture, whether the dna represents viable organisms or 'fossilized remains' is unknown. the aim of the present study was the determination of streptococcus pneumonia, moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenza in the clinical materials from ome. for this purpose, effusion samples aspirated ... | 2001 | 11434953 |
| levofloxacin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae: second look. | 2001 | 11441827 | |
| in vitro activity of abt-773 versus macrolides and quinolones against resistant respiratory tract pathogens. | abt-773, a novel ketolide, was compared to erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, and gemifloxacin against antibiotic-resistant strains recently isolated from patients with respiratory tract infections. mics were determined by agar dilution using standard nccls methodology. abt-773 (mic(90) 0.06 mg/l) was more active than the macrolides (mic(90) > or = 2 mg/l) and fluoroquinolones (mic(90) > or = 0.5 mg/l) against penicilli ... | 2001 | 11448561 |
| comparative in vitro activity of gemifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and ofloxacin in a north american surveillance study. | the in vitro activity of gemifloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, was compared to three marketed fluoroquinolones; ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and ofloxacin against over 4,000 recent clinical isolates covering 29 species isolated in the united states and canada between 1997-1999. based on mic(90)s, gemifloxacin was the most potent fluoroquinolone tested against a majority of gram-positive isolates: streptococcus pneumoniae, penicillin resistant s. pneumoniae, macrolide resistant s. pneumoniae, cipro ... | 2001 | 11448564 |
| once-daily oral gatifloxacin versus oral levofloxacin in treatment of uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections: double-blind, multicenter, randomized study. | this was a double-blind, multicenter study in which 410 adults (> or =18 years of age) with uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections (sstis) were randomized to receive either 400 mg of gatifloxacin orally once daily or 500 mg of levofloxacin orally once daily for 7 to 10 days. the study protocol called for four assessments-before and during treatment, at the end of treatment, and posttreatment. efficacy evaluations included clinical response and bacterial eradication rates. of 407 treated p ... | 2001 | 11451697 |
| in vitro activities of abt-773, a new ketolide, against aerobic and anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis. | the comparative in vitro activities of abt-773 against 207 aerobic and 162 anaerobic antral sinus puncture isolates showed that erythromycin-resistant pneumococcal strains were susceptible to abt-773 (< or =0.125 microg/ml); the mic at which 90% of the isolates tested were inhibited for haemophilus influenzae and other haemophilus spp. was 4 microg/ml; and all moraxella spp. and beta-lactamase-producing prevotella species strains were inhibited by < or =0.125 microg/ml. among the anaerobes teste ... | 2001 | 11451698 |
| the efficacy and safety of two oral moxifloxacin regimens compared to oral clarithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. | an international multi-centre, randomized, prospective, double-blind study compared oral moxifloxacin (200 mg or 400 mg once daily for 10 days) with oral clarithromycin (500 mg, twice daily for 10 days) in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (cap). the clinical success rate in the evaluable population at the primary efficacy assessment, 3-5 days after the end of study treatment, was 93.9% in patients treated with 200 mg moxifloxacin; 94.4%, with 400 mg moxifloxacin; and 94.3%, with cla ... | 2001 | 11453311 |
| bacteriology of acute otitis media in a cohort of finnish children followed for the first two years of life. | timely information on the bacteriology of primary, noncomplicated acute otitis media (aom) may today be needed more than ever, because of the increasing antimicrobial resistance of its major bacterial causes and because of the potential of new pneumococcal and other bacterial vaccines for prevention of aom. | 2001 | 11465836 |
| bacteriology and beta-lactamase activity in acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. | to assess the bacteriology of beta-lactamase (bl) enzyme activity in sputum of 40 patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (aecb). | 2001 | 11468101 |
| comparison of the bact/alert pf pediatric fan blood culture bottle with the standard pediatric blood culture bottle, the pedi-bact. | the performance of the bact/alert pf (organon-teknika corp., durham, n.c.), a new nonvented pediatric fan blood culture bottle, was compared to that of the original pediatric bottle, the pedi-bact, with matched aerobic cultures obtained from two separate facilities. a total of 244 clinically significant isolates were recovered from 4,015 compliant pairs. among the positive cultures, 170 (70%) isolates were detected in both the bact/alert pf and the pedi-bact bottles, while 47 (19%) isolates were ... | 2001 | 11474007 |
| development of conventional and real-time pcr assays for detection of legionella dna in respiratory specimens. | the development and validation of a pcr assay based on the use of new 16s ribosomal dna (rdna)-targeted primers to detect legionella dna in respiratory specimens are described. the assay was originally developed as conventional pcr followed by electrophoretic detection and was then adapted to lightcycler format with sybr green i detection and melting curve analysis. the 73 legionella pneumophila strains tested were amplified with both applications. in addition, 21 and 23 out of 27 other legionel ... | 2001 | 11474011 |
| susceptibility of a variety of clinical isolates to linezolid: a european inter-country comparison. | using standardized in vitro susceptibility tests, 3382 bacteria recently isolated from skin, blood or respiratory tract infections were analysed for their susceptibility to linezolid, a new oxazolidinone, and a number of comparator antibacterial agents. isolates originated in france, italy, germany, spain, sweden, the netherlands and the uk. laboratories in each country independently conducted broth microdilution susceptibility tests using nccls methods and epsilonometry (etest). isolates of gra ... | 2001 | 11474632 |
| genetic trends in a population evolving antibiotic resistance. | the evolution of antibiotic resistance provides a well-documented, rapid, and recent example of a selection driven process that has occurred in many bacterial species. an exhaustive collection of moraxella catarrhalis that spans a transition to chromosomally encoded penicillin resistance was used to analyze genetic changes accompanying the transition. the population was characterized by high haplotypic diversity with 148 distinct haplotypes among 372 isolates tested at three genomic regions. the ... | 2001 | 11475047 |
| the microbiologic and immunologic basis for recurrent otitis media in children. | otitis media is very common in children. a subpopulation of children, representing 5-10% of the general population, are otitis prone and they experience 4 or more episodes of acute otitis media (aom) in the first year of life. nasopharyngeal colonization with the three major middle ear pathogens, s. pneumoniae, nontypeable h. influenzae and m. catarrhalis is frequent in otitis prone children and is directly related to the frequency of aom. colonization stimulates the production of mucosal as wel ... | 2001 | 11475577 |
| effect of amoxycillin with or without clavulanate on adenoid bacterial flora. | the effect of antimicrobial therapy with amoxycillin (amx) or co-amoxiclav (amc) on the adenoid bacterial flora of 45 children with recurrent otitis media (rom), scheduled for elective adenoidectomy, was studied. patients were randomized before surgery into three groups of 15, having had either no antibiotic therapy (control), or 10 days of therapy with amx or amc. core adenoid tissues were quantitatively cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. polymicrobial aerobic-anaerobic flora was pres ... | 2001 | 11481299 |
| isolation and characterization of a novel igd-binding protein from moraxella catarrhalis. | a novel surface protein of the bacterial species moraxella catarrhalis that displays a high affinity for igd (mid) was solubilized in empigen and isolated by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. the apparent molecular mass of monomeric mid was estimated to approximately 200 kda by sds-page. the mid gene was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. the complete mid nucleotide gene sequence was determined, and the deduced amino acid sequence consists of 2123 residues. the sequence of m ... | 2001 | 11489995 |
| infectious etiologies in acute exacerbation of copd. | acute exacerbation (ae) is a frequent episode during the prolonged chronic course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), which entails significant morbidity and mortality. the purpose of this study was to determine the frequency distribution of infectious etiologies in these episodes. two hundred forty hospitalizations for aecopd were included in a prospective, purely serologically based study. paired sera were obtained for each of the hospitalizations and were tested using immunofluor ... | 2001 | 11502375 |
| in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of tak-083, an agent for treatment of helicobacter pylori infection. | the antibacterial activity of tak-083 was tested against 54 clinical isolates of helicobacter pylori and was compared with those of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole. the growth-inhibitory activity of tak-083 was more potent than that of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, or metronidazole (the mics at which 90% of the strains are inhibited were 0.031, 0.125, 64, and 8 microg/ml, respectively). the antibacterial activity of tak-083 was highly selective against h. pylori; there was a >30-fo ... | 2001 | 11502514 |
| efficacies of abt-773, a new ketolide, against experimental bacterial infections. | abt-773 is a novel ketolide effective against antibacterial-resistant respiratory tract pathogens. the pharmacokinetic profile of abt-773 was studied in rats and consisted of a mean peak concentration in plasma of 1.07 microg/ml and an area under the concentration-time curve (auc) of 12.03 microg. h/ml when the compound was delivered at a dose of 25 mg/kg of body weight. it concentrated in rat lung tissue, with a lung tissue-to-plasma ratio of 29 based on the auc. in acute systemic infections in ... | 2001 | 11502533 |
| multi-resistance to antimicrobial agents for the ten most frequently isolated bacterial pathogens. | cross-resistance and multi-resistance to selected antibiotics was determined for escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter cloacae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, enterococcus faecalis, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. amikacin-resistant enterobacteriaceae often showed cross-resistance to ss-lactam antibiotics. only 1% of the escherichia coli isolates showed resistance to more than four antibiotics ... | 2001 | 11516938 |
| effects of moxifloxacin on neutrophil phagocytosis, burst production, and killing as determined by a whole-blood cytofluorometric method. | 2001 | 11523529 | |
| microbiological profile of telithromycin, the first ketolide antimicrobial. | telithromycin, the first of the ketolide antimicrobials, has been specifically designed to provide potent activity against common and atypical/intracellular or cell-associated respiratory pathogens, including those that are resistant to beta-lactams and/or macrolide-lincosamide-streptograminb (mls(b)) antimicrobials. against gram-positive cocci, telithromycin possesses more potent activity in vitro and in vivo than the macrolides clarithromycin and azithromycin. it retains its activity against e ... | 2001 | 11523558 |
| pcr detection and molecular identification of chlamydiaceae species. | recent taxonomic developments, based on 16s and 23s rrna gene sequences, have divided the family chlamydiaceae into two genera and nine species, of which five have been found to infect humans. few simple methods are available to detect and identify all species sensitively and specifically. in this study the suitability of the omp2 gene as a target for molecular identification of chlamydiaceae is demonstrated. phylogenetic analysis of partial omp2 gene sequences from all nine species agrees with ... | 2001 | 11526131 |
| quantitative detection of streptococcus pneumoniae in nasopharyngeal secretions by real-time pcr. | streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of community-acquired pneumonia. however, in this setting the diagnostic sensitivity of blood cultures is below 30%. since during such infections changes in the amounts of s. pneumoniae may also occur in the upper respiratory tract, quantification of these bacteria in nasopharnygeal secretions (npss) may offer a suitable diagnostic approach. real-time pcr offers a sensitive, efficient, and routinely reproducible approach to quantification. using pri ... | 2001 | 11526140 |
| identification and characterization of variable-number tandem repeats in the yersinia pestis genome. | yersinia pestis, the infamous plague-causing pathogen, appears to have emerged in relatively recent history. evidence of this fact comes from several studies that document a lack of nucleotide diversity in the y. pestis genome. in contrast, we report that variable-number tandem repeat (vntr) sequences are common in the y. pestis genome and occur frequently in gene coding regions. larger tandem repeat arrays, most useful for phylogenetic analysis, are present at an average of 2.18 arrays per 10 k ... | 2001 | 11526147 |
| pneumococcal carriage in children in the netherlands: a molecular epidemiological study. | in 1999, engelen and coworkers investigated colonization in amsterdam among 259 children attending 16 day-care centers (dccs) and among 276 children who did not attend day-care centers (ndccs). a 1.6- to 3.4-fold increased risk for nasopharyngeal colonization was observed in children attending dccs compared with ndcc children, while no difference in antibiotic resistance was found between groups. the serotype and genotype distributions of 305 nasopharyngeal streptococcus pneumoniae isolates of t ... | 2001 | 11526169 |
| copd: management of acute exacerbations and chronic stable disease. | acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) are treated with oxygen (in hypoxemic patients), inhaled beta2 agonists, inhaled anticholinergics, antibiotics and systemic corticosteroids. methylxanthine therapy may be considered in patients who do not respond to other bronchodilators. antibiotic therapy is directed at the most common pathogens, including streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. mild to moderate exacerbations of copd are usu ... | 2001 | 11529259 |
| genome of the bacterium streptococcus pneumoniae strain r6. | streptococcus pneumoniae is among the most significant causes of bacterial disease in humans. here we report the 2,038,615-bp genomic sequence of the gram-positive bacterium s. pneumoniae r6. because the r6 strain is avirulent and, more importantly, because it is readily transformed with dna from homologous species and many heterologous species, it is the principal platform for investigation of the biology of this important pathogen. it is also used as a primary vehicle for genomics-based develo ... | 2001 | 11544234 |
| population dynamics of streptococcus mitis in its natural habitat. | the purpose of this study was to examine the genetic structure of the typical commensal streptococcus mitis biovar 1 in its natural habitat in the human oral cavity and pharynx and to investigate the role that selected microbial properties and host, spatial, and temporal factors play in determining the structure of the bacterial population. consecutive samples were collected from buccal and pharyngeal mucosal surfaces of two infants, their four parents, and two elderly individuals over a period ... | 2001 | 11553543 |
| in vitro activity of abt-773 against legionella pneumophila, its pharmacokinetics in guinea pigs, and its use to treat guinea pigs with l. pneumophila pneumonia. | the activity of abt-773 was studied against extracellular and intracellular legionella pneumophila and for the treatment of guinea pigs with l. pneumophila pneumonia. the abt-773 mic at which 50% of isolates are inhibited (mic(50)) for 20 different legionella sp. strains was 0.016 microg/ml, whereas the mic(50)s of clarithromycin and erythromycin were 0.032 and 0.125 microg/ml, respectively. abt-773 (1 microg/ml) was bactericidal for two l. pneumophila strains grown in guinea pig alveolar macrop ... | 2001 | 11557455 |
| nasopharyngeal carriage of antimicrobial-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae among young children attending 79 kindergartens and day care centers in hong kong. | resistance to penicillin and multiple antimicrobial agents among streptococcus pneumoniae strains is becoming an increasing problem worldwide and in asia. to determine the prevalence of carriage of s. pneumoniae isolates not susceptible to penicillin in young children, we obtained nasopharyngeal swab specimens from 1,978 children (ages, 2 to 6 years) attending 79 day care centers or kindergartens. three hundred eighty-three strains of s. pneumoniae were isolated from these children. fifty-eight ... | 2001 | 11557466 |
| in vitro activity of the ketolide abt-773. | the in vitro activities of abt-773, azithromycin, erythromycin, and clindamycin were compared by testing 1,223 clinical isolates selected to represent different species and phenotypes. abt-773 was particularly potent against staphylococci (the mic at which 90% of the strains tested were inhibited [mic(90)] was < or =0.06 microg/ml), including all strains that were macrolide resistant but clindamycin susceptible. streptococcus pneumoniae and other streptococci were inhibited by low concentrations ... | 2001 | 11557491 |
| comparison of once-daily versus twice-daily administration of cefdinir against typical bacterial respiratory tract pathogens. | in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model, a twice-daily cefdinir dosing regimen was more effective than a once-daily regimen against common bacterial respiratory pathogens in producing 3-log(10) killing and preventing the occurrence of regrowth at 24 h. twice-daily administration is likely the more appropriate cefdinir dosing strategy for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. | 2001 | 11557496 |
| [susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (1999)]. | from october 1999 to september 2000, we collected the specimen from 430 patients with lower respiratory tract infections in 17 institutions in japan, and investigated the susceptibilities of isolated bacteria to various antibacterial agents and antibiotics and patients' characteristics. of 515 strains that were isolated from specimen (mainly from sputum) and assumed to be bacteria causing in inflammation, 506 strains were investigated. the breakdown of the isolated bacteria were: staphylococcus ... | 2001 | 11560054 |
| role of nasopharyngeal culture in antibiotic prescription for patients with common cold or acute sinusitis. | the aim of the present study was to assess the hypothesis that, when present in nasopharyngeal secretions, streptococcus pneumoniae. haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis play a pathogenic role early in the course of an upper respiratory tract infection. adults with a clinical diagnosis of acute sinusitis or common cold were enrolled. participants were randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to receive azithromycin 500 mg daily or placebo for 3 days. the effect of treatment on sym ... | 2001 | 11561799 |
| antimicrobial resistance mechanisms: what's hot and what's not in respiratory pathogens. | community respiratory tract pathogens comprise streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and a few other select, but less frequent, species such as atypical bacteria, staphylococci, and some gram-negative organisms. in addition to an array of virulence factors, these bacteria have also developed a propensity to withstand a range of antimicrobial agents. these resistance mechanisms occur as either target site or antibiotic modifications or antibiotic transportation ... | 2001 | 11562895 |
| overcoming antimicrobial resistance: profile of a new ketolide antibacterial, telithromycin. | antimicrobial resistance amongst common respiratory pathogens has increased worldwide at an alarming rate and now threatens the clinical usefulness of a number of antibacterial agents. a major concern is the selection of resistance in the community, which tends to parallel the (often inappropriate) overuse of such agents. such problems highlight the need for new antibacterial agents that retain activity against bacterial strains resistant to existing agents, and have a low potential to select fo ... | 2001 | 11566972 |
| activity of the ketolide antibacterial telithromycin against typical community-acquired respiratory pathogens. | community-acquired respiratory tract infections (rtis) are among the most prevalent infectious diseases in the developed world. they cause considerable morbidity, resulting in a major impact on public health both clinically and socioeconomically. the bacterial pathogens most commonly associated with community-acquired rtis are streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis, with streptococcus pyogenes predominating in pharyngitis. over the past years, each of these pa ... | 2001 | 11566974 |
| evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test for detection of streptococcus pneumoniae antigen in urine samples from adults with community-acquired pneumonia. | streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia but is undoubtedly underdiagnosed. isolation of s. pneumoniae from blood is specific but lacks sensitivity, while isolation of s. pneumoniae from sputum may represent colonization. we evaluated a new immunochromatographic test (now s. pneumoniae urinary antigen test; binax, portland, maine) that is simple to perform and that can detect s. pneumoniae antigen in urine within 15 min. urine samples from 420 adults with ... | 2001 | 11574562 |
| diagnostic yield of a pcr assay in focal complications of brucellosis. | in order to evaluate the diagnostic yield of a pcr assay for patients with focal complications of brucellosis, we studied by pcr and by conventional microbiological techniques 34 nonblood samples from 32 patients with different focal forms of brucellosis. the samples from patients with brucellosis were paired to an equal number of control samples from the same locations of patients whose illnesses had different etiologies. thirty-three of the 34 nonblood samples (97%) from the brucellosis patien ... | 2001 | 11574607 |
| antibacterial compounds of licorice against upper airway respiratory tract pathogens. | the antibacterial activity of compounds obtained from licorice was measured against upper airway respiratory tract bacteria such as streptococcus pyogenes, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. among the tested compounds, licoricidin exhibited the highest activity against all tested microorganisms with an mic of 12.5 microg/ml. three coumarin derivatives, glycyrol, glycyrin and glycycoumarin also showed antibacterial activity. | 2001 | 11575586 |
| negative pressure tympanograms in children less than 2 years of age--different bacterial findings in otitis media by tympanometric results. | the interpretation of negative pressure tympanograms as indicators of the presence of middle ear fluid has been ambiguous. our purpose was to assess the occurrence and implications of negative pressure tympanograms and to study their association with bacterial pathogens in otitis media. | 2001 | 11576632 |
| in vitro antimicrobial activity of gar-936 tested against antibiotic-resistant gram-positive blood stream infection isolates and strains producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. | gar-936, a new, semisynthetic glycylcycline, has shown good antibacterial activity against a wide range of clinically important gram-positive and -negative aerobic bacteria including streptococcus pneumoniae, hemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, most enterobacteriaceae, staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus spp. the purpose of this study was to determine the activity of gar-936 against a range of gram-positive and -negative bloodstream isolates including many str ... | 2001 | 11576790 |
| comparative in vitro activity of gemifloxacin against gram-positive and gram-negative clinical isolates in argentina. | the in vitro activity of gemifloxacin against 1,000 clinical isolates of 147 streptococcus pneumoniae (115, penicilin susceptible; 26, intermediate penicillin-resistant and 6, penicillin-resistant), 127 hemophilus influenzae (109, beta lactamasa non-producer; 18, beta lactamase producers), 95 streptococcus pyogenes (6, azytromycin-resistant), 84 moraxella catarrhalis (79, beta lactamase producers), 110 staphilococcus aureus (89, methicillin-susceptible; 21, methicilin-resistant), 98 eenterococcu ... | 2001 | 11576792 |
| rationale for treating community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections with amoxicillin/sulbactam combination through pharmacodynamic analysis in the setting of aminopenicillin-resistant organisms. | in order to establish a rationale for treating community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections, we assess here the pharmacodynamics of amoxicillin/sulbactam, 500mg/500mg, a formulation marketed in argentina since 1988 and currently available in 17 countries, against the major pathogens, in comparison with that of a novel formulation (875mg/125mg, see j chemother 2000; 12: 223-227). in time-kill studies, both bactericidal and inhibitory activity were seen in the 1.5- and 6-h sera, obtained ... | 2001 | 11589483 |
| [utility of prolonged incubation and terminal subcultures of blood cultures from immunocompromised patients]. | the value of blind terminal subcultures (7 and 30 days) and prolonged incubation (30 days) of blood cultures from immunosuppressed patients was analyzed in the fundación favaloro, the fundación para la lucha contra las enfermedades neurológicas de la infancia and the hospital de niños ricardo gutiérrez. a total of 2707 blood cultures and 369 patients were included (transplantation of solid organs 154, oncohematologic disorders 106 and solid tumors 109). bact-alert bottles were incubated at 35 de ... | 2001 | 11594009 |
| rigid nasal endoscopy versus sinus puncture and aspiration for microbiologic documentation of acute bacterial maxillary sinusitis. | sinus puncture and aspiration is an invasive procedure that hinders patient enrollment in studies of acute bacterial maxillary sinusitis (abms). pain and minor bleeding also limit its potential diagnostic utility in clinical practice. cultures obtained by rigid nasal endoscopy were compared with those from sinus puncture and aspiration in 53 patients with abms; 46 patients were assessable. considering recovery of haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, or streptococcus pneumoniae from pun ... | 2001 | 11595989 |
| high incidence of erythromycin resistance among clinical isolates of streptococcus agalactiae in taiwan. | the in vitro susceptibilities of 266 isolates of streptococcus agalactiae determined by the agar dilution method showed that 6% of isolates were nonsusceptible to penicillin and 46% was resistant to erythromycin. of the erythromycin-resistant isolates, 86.3% had the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (mls) resistance phenotype (constitutive mls, 85.5%; inducible mls, 0.8%) and 13.7% had the m phenotype. | 2001 | 11600380 |
| antimicrobial susceptibilities of 1,730 haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in spain in 1998-1999. | a beta-lactamase prevalence of 23% was found among 1,730 haemophilus influenzae isolates. ampicillin susceptibility was 70%, and 12% of beta-lactamase-negative strains presented diminished susceptibility to ampicillin (blnar phenotype). susceptibility of 90% was found for cefaclor and clarithromycin, whereas it was nearly 100% for cefotaxime, cefixime, azithromycin, and cefuroxime. ciprofloxacin-resistant (0.1%) and beta-lactamase-positive amoxicillin/clavulanate-resistant (blpacr) phenotypes (0 ... | 2001 | 11600386 |
| in vivo efficacy of telithromycin (hmr3647) against streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae. | the in vivo activity of telithromycin against erythromycin a- and penicillin g-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae was superior to that of azithromycin, clarithromycin, cefdinir, and levofloxacin. in respiratory tract infections caused by erythromycin a-susceptible s. pneumoniae or haemophilus influenzae in mice, telithromycin was more effective than clarithromycin and comparable to azithromycin. | 2001 | 11600393 |