Publications

conserved myc transcription factors play a key role in jasmonate signaling both in tomato and arabidopsis.	jasmonates (ja) are important regulators of plant defense responses that activate expression of many wound-induced genes including the tomato proteinase inhibitor ii (pin2) and leucine aminopeptidase (lap) genes. elements required for ja induction of the lap gene are all present in the -317 to -78 proximal promoter region. using yeast one-hybrid screening, we have identified the bhlh-leu zipper jamyc2 and jamyc10 proteins, specifically recognizing a t/g-box aacgtg motif in this promoter fragment ...	2004	15231736
two genetic loci produce distinct carbohydrate-rich structural components of the pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm matrix.	pseudomonas aeruginosa forms biofilms, which are cellular aggregates encased in an extracellular matrix. molecular genetics studies of three common autoaggregative phenotypes, namely wrinkled colonies, pellicles, and solid-surface-associated biofilms, led to the identification of two loci, pel and psl, that are involved in the production of carbohydrate-rich components of the biofilm matrix. the pel gene cluster is involved in the production of a glucose-rich matrix material in p. aeruginosa str ...	2004	15231777
two c-p lyase operons in pseudomonas stutzeri and their roles in the oxidation of phosphonates, phosphite, and hypophosphite.	dna sequencing and analysis of two distinct c-p lyase operons in pseudomonas stutzeri wm88 were completed. the htxabcdefghijklmn operon encodes a hypophosphite-2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase (htxa), whereas the predicted amino acid sequences of htxb to htxn are each homologous to the components of the escherichia coli phn operon, which encodes c-p lyase, although homologs of e. coli phnf and phno are absent. the genes in the htx operon are cotranscribed based on gene organization, and the presence o ...	2004	15231805
evidence that the algi/algj gene cassette, required for o acetylation of pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate, evolved by lateral gene transfer.	pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, isolated from chronically infected patients with cystic fibrosis, produce the o-acetylated extracellular polysaccharide, alginate, giving these strains a mucoid phenotype. o acetylation of alginate plays an important role in the ability of mucoid p. aeruginosa to form biofilms and to resist complement-mediated phagocytosis. the o-acetylation process is complex, requiring a protein with seven transmembrane domains (algi), a type ii membrane protein (algj), and a pe ...	2004	15231808
arabidopsis cyp86a2 represses pseudomonas syringae type iii genes and is required for cuticle development.	pseudomonas syringae relies on type iii secretion system to deliver effector proteins into the host cell for parasitism. type iii genes are induced in planta, but host factors affecting the induction are poorly understood. here we report on the identification of an arabidopsis mutant, att1 (for aberrant induction of type three genes), that greatly enhances the expression of bacterial type iii genes avrpto and hrpl. att1 plants display enhanced disease severity to a virulent strain of p. syringae ...	2004	15241470
psychrophilic pseudomonas syringae requires trans-monounsaturated fatty acid for growth at higher temperature.	a psychrophilic bacterium, pseudomonas syringae (lz4w) from antarctica, was used as a model system to establish a correlation, if any, between thermal adaptation, trans-fatty acid content and membrane fluidity. in addition, attempts were made to clone and sequence the cti gene of p. syringae (lz4w) so as to establish its characteristics with respect to the cti of other pseudomonas spp. and also to in vitro mutagenize the cti gene so as to generate a cti null mutant. the bacterium showed increase ...	2004	15241658
the solution structure of type iii effector protein avrpto reveals conformational and dynamic features important for plant pathogenesis.	pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, the causative agent of bacterial speck disease of tomato, uses a type iii secretion system (ttss) to deliver effector proteins into the host cell. in resistant plants, the bacterial effector protein avrpto physically interacts with the host pto kinase and elicits antibacterial defense responses. in susceptible plants, which lack the pto kinase, avrpto acts as a virulence factor to promote bacterial growth. the solution structure of avrpto reveals a functional cor ...	2004	15242602
packaging motor from double-stranded rna bacteriophage phi12 acts as an obligatory passive conduit during transcription.	double-stranded rna viruses sequester their genomes within a protein shell, called the polymerase complex. translocation of ssrna into (packaging) and out (transcription) of the polymerase complex are essential steps in the life cycle of the dsrna bacteriophages of the cystoviridae family (phi6-phi14). both processes require a viral molecular motor p4, an ntpase, which bears structural and functional similarities to hexameric helicases. in effect, switching between the packaging and the transcri ...	2004	15247341
where does bacterial replication start? rules for predicting the oric region.	three methods, based on dna asymmetry, the distribution of dnaa boxes and dnaa gene location, were applied to identify the putative replication origins in 120 chromosomes. the chromosomes were classified according to the agreement of these methods and the applicability of these methods was evaluated. dna asymmetry is the most universal method of putative oric identification in bacterial chromosomes, but it should be applied together with other methods to achieve better prediction. the three meth ...	2004	15258248
synthesis of a d-rhamnose branched tetrasaccharide, repeating unit of the o-chain from pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (cerasi) 435.	the first synthesis of a d-rhamnose branched tetrasaccharide, corresponding to the repeating unit of the o-chain from pseudomonas syringae pv. cerasi 435, as methyl glycoside is reported. the approach used is based on the synthesis of an opportune building-block, that is the methyl 3-o-allyl-4-o-benzoyl-alpha-d-rhamnopyranoside, which was then converted into both a glycosyl acceptor and two different protected glycosyl trichloroacetimidate donors. successive couplings of these three compounds af ...	2004	15261583
the origin of phospholipids of the enveloped bacteriophage phi6.	the phospholipid class and molecular species compositions of bacteriophage phi6 and its host pseudomonas syringae were determined quantitatively using tlc and liquid-chromatography/electrospray ionization mass-spectrometry. in addition, the fatty acid compositions of the phospholipids were analyzed by gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry. the phage contained significantly more phosphatidylglycerol (pg) and less phosphatidylethanolamine (pe) than the host cytoplasmic (cm) and outer (om) membranes ...	2004	15262506
a type ii protein secretory pathway required for levansucrase secretion by gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus.	the endophytic diazotroph gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus secretes a constitutively expressed levansucrase (lsda, ec 2.4.1.10) to utilize plant sucrose. lsda, unlike other extracellular levansucrases from gram-negative bacteria, is transported to the periplasm by a signal-peptide-dependent pathway. we identified an unusually organized gene cluster encoding at least the components lsdg, -o, -e, -f, -h, -i, -j, -l, -m, -n, and -d of a type ii secretory system required for lsda translocation acros ...	2004	15262940
the homogentisate pathway: a central catabolic pathway involved in the degradation of l-phenylalanine, l-tyrosine, and 3-hydroxyphenylacetate in pseudomonas putida.	pseudomonas putida metabolizes phe and tyr through a peripheral pathway involving hydroxylation of phe to tyr (phhab), conversion of tyr into 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (tyrb), and formation of homogentisate (hpd) as the central intermediate. homogentisate is then catabolized by a central catabolic pathway that involves three enzymes, homogentisate dioxygenase (hmga), fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (hmgb), and maleylacetoacetate isomerase (hmgc), finally yielding fumarate and acetoacetate. whereas t ...	2004	15262943
nucleotide sequence and evolution of the five-plasmid complement of the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola es4326.	plasmids are transmissible, extrachromosomal genetic elements that are often responsible for environmental or host-specific adaptations. in order to identify the forces driving the evolution of these important molecules, we determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the five-plasmid complement of the radish and arabidopsis pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola es4326 and conducted an intraspecific comparative genomic analysis. to date, this is the most complex fully sequenced plasmid ...	2004	15262947
genome sequence of the enterobacterial phytopathogen erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica and characterization of virulence factors.	the bacterial family enterobacteriaceae is notable for its well studied human pathogens, including salmonella, yersinia, shigella, and escherichia spp. however, it also contains several plant pathogens. we report the genome sequence of a plant pathogenic enterobacterium, erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (eca) strain scri1043, the causative agent of soft rot and blackleg potato diseases. approximately 33% of eca genes are not shared with sequenced enterobacterial human pathogens, including s ...	2004	15263089
vascular associated death1, a novel gram domain-containing protein, is a regulator of cell death and defense responses in vascular tissues.	the hypersensitive response (hr) is a programmed cell death that is commonly associated with plant disease resistance. a novel lesion mimic mutant, vad1 (for vascular associated death1), that exhibits light conditional appearance of propagative hr-like lesions along the vascular system was identified. lesion formation is associated with expression of defense genes, production of high levels of salicylic acid (sa), and increased resistance to virulent and avirulent strains of pseudomonas syringae ...	2004	15269331
gene transfer and expression of recombinant proteins in moderately halophilic bacteria.	moderately halophilic bacteria (mhb) of the genera halomonas and chromohalobacter have been used as hosts for the expression of heterologous proteins of biotechnological interest, thus expanding their potential to be used as cell factories for various applications. this chapter deals with the methodology for the construction of recombinant plasmids, their transfer to a number of mhb, and the assaying of the corresponding heterologous proteins activity. the transferred genes include (1) inaz, enc ...	2004	15269426
mapkkkalpha is a positive regulator of cell death associated with both plant immunity and disease.	many plant pathogens cause disease symptoms that manifest over days as regions of localized cell death. localized cell death (the hypersensitive response; hr) also occurs in disease-resistant plants, but this response appears within hours of attempted infection and may restrict further pathogen growth. we identified a map kinase kinase kinase gene (mapkkkalpha) that is required for the hr and resistance against pseudomonas syringae. significantly, we found that mapkkkalpha also regulates cell de ...	2004	15272302
specific changes in the arabidopsis proteome in response to bacterial challenge: differentiating basal and r-gene mediated resistance.	alterations in the proteome of arabidopsis thaliana leaves during early responses to challenge by pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (dc3000) were analysed using two-dimensional (2d) gel electrophoresis. protein changes characteristic of the establishment of basal resistance and r-gene mediated resistance were examined by comparing responses to dc3000, a hrp mutant and dc3000 expressing avrrpm1 respectively. the abundance of selected transcripts was also analysed in genechip experiments. her ...	2004	15276439
the o-polysaccharide of pseudomonas syringae pv. mori ncppb 1656 is a beta-(1-->2)-linked homopolymer of l-rhamnose.	the o-polysaccharide from the lipopolysaccharide of the phytopathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. mori ncppb 1656 was studied by sugar analysis along with 1h and 13c nmr spectroscopy and found to be a new beta-(1-->2)-linked homopolymer of l-rhamnose.	2004	15013414
fusicoccin activates pathogen-responsive gene expression independently of common resistance signalling pathways, but increases disease symptoms in pseudomonas syringae-infected tomato plants.	fusicoccin (fc), an activator of the plant plasma membrane h+-atpase, induces several components of plant pathogen resistance responses, including defence hormone biosynthesis and pathogenesis-related (pr) gene expression. the mechanism by which these responses occur, and the effect they have on plant-pathogen interactions is unknown. here, we show that pr gene expression in response to fc in tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill.) plants does not strictly require the common defence hormones, sal ...	2004	15014997
crystal structure of the type iii effector avrb from pseudomonas syringae.	avrb is a pseudomonas syringae type iii effector protein that is translocated into host plant cells during attempted pathogenesis. arabidopsis harboring the corresponding resistance protein rpm1 can detect avrb and mount a rapid host defense response, thus avoiding active infection. in the plant cell, avrb induces phosphorylation of rin4, a key component in avrb/rpm1 recognition. although the avrb/rpm1 system is among the best characterized of the numerous bacterial effector/plant resistance pro ...	2004	15016364
universally occurring phenylpropanoid and species-specific indolic metabolites in infected and uninfected arabidopsis thaliana roots and leaves.	a total of eleven alkali-released, aromatic compounds were identified by hplc, ms and nmr analyses in cell wall extracts from arabidopsis thaliana roots. nine of them together constituted the three complete series of 4-hydroxy-, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy, and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-substituted benzaldehydes, benzoic acids and cinnamic acids. the other two were indolic metabolites: indole-3-carboxylic acid and indole-3-carbaldehyde. qualitatively similar, but quantitatively distinct profiles were obta ...	2004	15016565
bacterial biota in the human distal esophagus.	the esophagus, like other luminal organs of the digestive system, provides a potential environment for bacterial colonization, but little is known about the presence of a bacterial biota or its nature. by using broad-range 16s rdna pcr, biopsies were examined from the normal esophagus of four human adults. the 900 pcr products cloned represented 833 unique sequences belonging to 41 genera, or 95 species-level operational taxonomic units (slotu); 59 slotu were homologous with culture-defined bact ...	2004	15016918
silencing of the mitogen-activated protein kinase mpk6 compromises disease resistance in arabidopsis.	here, we use a loss-of-function approach to demonstrate that the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) mpk6 plays a role in resistance to certain pathogens. mpk6-silenced arabidopsis showed no apparent morphological phenotype or reduced fertility, indicating mpk6 is not required for development. however, resistances to an avirulent strain of peronospora parasitica and avirulent and virulent strains of pseudomonas syringae were compromised, suggesting that mpk ...	2004	15020743
identification of a novel steroid inducible gene associated with the beta hsd locus of comamonas testosteroni.	comamonas testosteroni is a soil bacterium, which can use a variety of steroids as carbon and energy source. even if it can be estimated that the complete degradation of the steroid nucleus requires more than 20 enzymatic reactions, the complete molecular characterization of the genes encoding these steroid degradative enzymes as well as the genetic organization of them remain to be elucidated. we have previously reported the cloning and nucleotide sequence of two steroid-inducible genes, beta h ...	2004	15026087
hetr homodimer is a dna-binding protein required for heterocyst differentiation, and the dna-binding activity is inhibited by pats.	hetr plays a key role in regulation of heterocyst differentiation. when the cys-48 residue of the hetr from anabaena sp. pcc 7120 was replaced with an ala residue, the mutant hetr (hetr(c48a)) could not dimerize, indicating that hetr forms a homodimer through a disulfide bond. the anabaena strain c48, containing the hetrc48a gene, could not produce hetr homodimer and failed to form heterocyst. we show that hetr is a dna-binding protein and that its homodimerization is required for the dna bindin ...	2004	15051891
mutagenic dna repair potential in pseudomonas spp., and characterization of the rulabpc operon from the highly mutable strain pseudomonas cichorii 302959.	we assessed the tolerance to ultraviolet b (uvb; 290-320 nm) radiation and uvb-induced mutability in 28 pseudomonas spp. and four burkholderia cepacia strains. the uvb survival of 23 (72%) of the strains was elevated (>46% survival following irradiation with a 2250 j m-2 dose), and 17 (53%) strains were defined as mutable by uvb. a mutagenic dna repair determinant was cloned and characterized from the highly mutable strain p. cichorii 302959 and shown by sequence analysis to be an allele of rula ...	2004	15052319
a dynamic mathematical model to clarify signaling circuitry underlying programmed cell death control in arabidopsis disease resistance.	plant cells undergo programmed cell death in response to invading pathogens. this cell death limits the spread of the infection and triggers whole plant antimicrobial and immune responses. the signaling network connecting molecular recognition of pathogens to these responses is a prime target for manipulation in genetic engineering strategies designed to improve crop plant disease resistance. moreover, as alterations to metabolism can be misinterpreted as pathogen infection, successful plant met ...	2004	15058987
comparative genomics of gene-family size in closely related bacteria.	the wealth of genomic data in bacteria is helping microbiologists understand the factors involved in gene innovation. among these, the expansion and reduction of gene families appears to have a fundamental role in this, but the factors influencing gene family size are unclear.	2004	15059260
gldi is a lipoprotein that is required for flavobacterium johnsoniae gliding motility and chitin utilization.	cells of flavobacterium johnsoniae glide rapidly over surfaces by an unknown mechanism. seven genes (glda, gldb, gldd, gldf, gldg, gldh, and ftsx) that are required for gliding motility have been described. complementation of the nonmotile mutants uw102-41, uw102-85, and uw102-92 identified another gene, gldi, that is required for gliding motility. gldi mutants formed nonspreading colonies, and individual cells were completely nonmotile. they were also resistant to bacteriophages that infect wil ...	2004	15060031
characterization of the cis-acting regulatory element controlling hrpb-mediated activation of the type iii secretion system and effector genes in ralstonia solanacearum.	the ability of ralstonia solanacearum to cause disease on plants depends on its type iii secretion system (ttss) encoded by hrp genes. the expression of hrp genes and known ttss substrates is coordinately regulated by hrpb, a member of the arac family of transcriptional regulators. two hrpb-regulated promoters (hrpy and popabc) were characterized by deletion analysis, and the hrpb-dependent activation of these promoters was found to be conferred by a 25-nucleotide dna element, the hrp(ii) box (t ...	2004	15060033
genetic analysis of the salmonella enterica type iii secretion-associated atpase invc defines discrete functional domains.	an essential component of all type iii secretion systems is a highly conserved atpase that shares significant amino acid sequence similarity to the beta subunit of the f(0)f(1) atpases and is thought to provide the energy for the secretion process. we have performed a genetic and functional analysis of invc, the atpase associated with the salmonella enterica type iii secretion system encoded within its pathogenicity island 1. through a mutagenesis analysis, we have identified amino acid residues ...	2004	15060043
characterization of cfa1, a monofunctional acyl carrier protein involved in the biosynthesis of the phytotoxin coronatine.	cfa1 was overproduced in escherichia coli and pseudomonas syringae, and the degree of 4'-phosphopantetheinylation was determined. the malonyl-coenzyme a:acyl carrier protein transacylase (fabd) of p. syringae was overproduced and shown to catalyze malonylation of cfa1, suggesting that fabd plays a role in coronatine biosynthesis. highly purified cfa1 did not exhibit self-malonylation activity.	2004	15060056
the timing of senescence and response to pathogens is altered in the ascorbate-deficient arabidopsis mutant vitamin c-1.	the ozone-sensitive arabidopsis mutant vitamin c-1 (vtc1) is deficient in l-ascorbic acid (asa) due to a mutation in gdp-man pyrophosphorylase (conklin et al., 1999), an enzyme involved in the asa biosynthetic pathway (smirnoff et al., 2001). in this study, the physiology of this asa deficiency was initially investigated in response to biotic (virulent pathogens) stress and subsequently with regards to the onset of senescence. infection with either virulent pseudomonas syringae or peronospora pa ...	2004	15064386
evolution of the core genome of pseudomonas syringae, a highly clonal, endemic plant pathogen.	pseudomonas syringae is a common foliar bacterium responsible for many important plant diseases. we studied the population structure and dynamics of the core genome of p. syringae via multilocus sequencing typing (mlst) of 60 strains, representing 21 pathovars and 2 nonpathogens, isolated from a variety of plant hosts. seven housekeeping genes, dispersed around the p. syringae genome, were sequenced to obtain 400 to 500 nucleotides per gene. forty unique sequence types were identified, with most ...	2004	15066790
identification of the bacterial community of maple sap by using amplified ribosomal dna (rdna) restriction analysis and rdna sequencing.	the bacterial community of maple sap was characterized by analysis of samples obtained at the taphole of maple trees for the 2001 and 2002 seasons. among the 190 bacterial isolates, 32 groups were formed according to the similarity of the banding patterns obtained by amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis (ardra). a subset of representative isolates for each ardra group was identified by 16s rrna gene fragment sequencing. results showed a wide variety of organisms, with 22 different genera ...	2004	15066796
urease-encoding genes in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria.	many but not all ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (aob) produce urease (urea amidohydrolase, ec 3.5.1.5) and are capable of using urea for chemolithotrophic growth. we sequenced the urease operons from two aob, the beta-proteobacterium nitrosospira sp. strain npav and the gamma-proteobacterium nitrosococcus oceani. in both organisms, all seven urease genes were contiguous: the three structural urease genes ureabc were preceded and succeeded by the accessory genes ured and ureefg, respectively. green f ...	2004	15066830
proline accumulation and atp5cs2 gene activation are induced by plant-pathogen incompatible interactions in arabidopsis.	accumulation of free l-proline (pro) is a typical stress response incited by osmotic injuries in plants and microorganisms. although the protective role of pro in osmotic stress is not well understood, it is thought to function as compatible osmolyte or as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ros). here we show that, in arabidopsis thaliana, pro biosynthesis can be activated by incompatible plant-pathogen interactions triggering a hypersensitive response (hr). pro accumulates in leaf tissues ...	2004	15077666
feedback control of the arabidopsis hypersensitive response.	the plant hypersensitive response (hr) to avirulent bacterial pathogens results from programmed cell death of plant cells in the infected region. ion leakage and changes in signaling components associated with hr progression were measured. these studies compared arabidopsis mutants affecting feedback loops with wild-type plants, with timepoints taken hourly. in response to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 x avrb, npr1-2 mutant plants showed increased ion leakage relative to wild-type plant ...	2004	15077668
bacterial disease resistance in arabidopsis through flagellin perception.	plants and animals recognize microbial invaders by detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) such as flagellin. however, the importance of flagellin perception for disease resistance has, until now, not been demonstrated. here we show that treatment of plants with flg22, a peptide representing the elicitor-active epitope of flagellin, induces the expression of numerous defence-related genes and triggers resistance to pathogenic bacteria in wild-type plants, but not in plants carry ...	2004	15085136
structural and genetic characterization of glycosylation of type a flagellin in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	type a flagellins from two strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa, strains pak and jj692, were found to be glycosylated with unique glycan structures. in both cases, two sites of o-linked glycosylation were identified on each monomer, and these sites were localized to the central, surface-exposed domain of the monomer in the assembled filament. the pak flagellin was modified with a heterogeneous glycan comprising up to 11 monosaccharide units that were o linked through a rhamnose residue to the prote ...	2004	15090491
enzymatic characterization of a prokaryotic urea carboxylase.	we identified the first prokaryotic urea carboxylase (uca) from a member of the alpha subclass of the class proteobacteria, oleomonas sagaranensis. this enzyme (o. sagaranensis uca) was composed of 1,171 amino acids, and its n-terminal region resembled the biotin carboxylase domains of various biotin-dependent carboxylases. the c-terminal region of the enzyme harbored the met-lys-met motif found in biotin carboxyl carrier proteins. the primary structure of the enzyme was 45% identical to that of ...	2004	15090492
divergence and redundancy of 16s rrna sequences in genomes with multiple rrn operons.	the level of sequence heterogeneity among rrn operons within genomes determines the accuracy of diversity estimation by 16s rrna-based methods. furthermore, the occurrence of widespread horizontal gene transfer (hgt) between distantly related rrn operons casts doubt on reconstructions of phylogenetic relationships. for this study, patterns of distribution of rrn copy numbers, interoperonic divergence, and redundancy of 16s rrna sequences were evaluated. bacterial genomes display up to 15 operons ...	2004	15090503
origin and diversity of alginate lyases of families pl-5 and -7 in sphingomonas sp. strain a1.	sphingomonas sp. strain a1 has three endotype alginate lyases (a1-i, a1-ii [family pl-7], and a1-iii [family pl-5]), each of which is encoded by a single gene. in addition to those of these lyases, a gene (the a1-ii' gene) showing significant identity with the a1-ii gene was present in the bacterial genome and coded for an alginate lyase with broad substrate specificity. since no expression of a1-ii' was observed even in bacterial cells grown on alginate, the a1-ii' gene was thought to be a sile ...	2004	15090531
segmentally variable genes: a new perspective on adaptation.	genomic sequence variation is the hallmark of life and is key to understanding diversity and adaptation among the numerous microorganisms on earth. analysis of the sequenced microbial genomes suggests that genes are evolving at many different rates. we have attempted to derive a new classification of genes into three broad categories: lineage-specific genes that evolve rapidly and appear unique to individual species or strains; highly conserved genes that frequently perform housekeeping function ...	2004	15094797
light conditions influence specific defence responses in incompatible plant-pathogen interactions: uncoupling systemic resistance from salicylic acid and pr-1 accumulation.	in incompatible plant-pathogen interactions, disease resistance is generated by rapid activation of a multitude of plant defence reactions. little is known about the dependency of these resistance responses on external factors. the plasticity of plant defence mechanisms in terms of light conditions is studied here. interaction of arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh. with an avirulent strain of pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola in the dark resulted in increased apoplastic bacterial growth and there ...	2004	15098125
functional transfer of salmonella pathogenicity island 2 to salmonella bongori and escherichia coli.	the type iii secretion system (t3ss) encoded by the salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi2) has a central role in systemic infections by salmonella enterica and for the intracellular phenotype. intracellular s. enterica uses the spi2-encoded t3ss to translocate a set of effector proteins into the host cell, which modify host cell functions, enabling intracellular survival and replication of the bacteria. we sought to determine whether specific functions of the spi2-encoded t3ss can be transferr ...	2004	15102800
the defh9-iaam auxin-synthesizing gene increases plant fecundity and fruit production in strawberry and raspberry.	the defh9-iaam gene fusion which is expressed specifically in placenta/ovules and promotes auxin-synthesis confers parthenocarpic fruit development to eggplant, tomato and tobacco. transgenic defh9-iaam eggplants and tomatoes show increased fruit production due mainly to an improved fruit set. however, the weight of the fruits is also frequently increased.	2004	15113427
analysis of nitric oxide signaling functions in tobacco cells challenged by the elicitor cryptogein.	nitric oxide (no) has recently emerged as an important cellular mediator in plant defense responses. however, elucidation of the biochemical mechanisms by which no participates in this signaling pathway is still in its infancy. we previously demonstrated that cryptogein, an elicitor of tobacco defense responses, triggers a no burst within minutes in epidermal sections from tobacco leaves (nicotiana tabacum cv xanthi). here, we investigate the signaling events that mediate no production, and anal ...	2004	15122020
a novel cost of r gene resistance in the presence of disease.	resistance responses can impose fitness costs when pests are absent. here, we test whether the induction of resistance can decrease fitness even in plants under attack; we call this potential outcome a net cost with attack. using lines in which genetic background was controlled, we investigated whether susceptible arabidopsis thaliana plants can outperform r gene resistant plants when infected with pathogens. for the r gene rps2, there was a fitness benefit of resistance in the presence of intra ...	2004	15122498
the pseudomonas syringae genome encodes a combined mannuronan c-5-epimerase and o-acetylhydrolase, which strongly enhances the predicted gel-forming properties of alginates.	alginates are industrially important, linear copolymers of beta-d-mannuronic acid (m) and its c-5-epimer alpha-l-guluronic acid (g). the g residues originate from a postpolymerization reaction catalyzed by mannuronan c-5-epimerases (mes), leading to extensive variability in m/g ratios and distribution patterns. alginates containing long continuous stretches of g residues (g blocks) can form strong gels, a polymer type not found in alginate-producing bacteria belonging to the genus pseudomonas. h ...	2004	15123694
silencing of subfamily i of protein phosphatase 2a catalytic subunits results in activation of plant defense responses and localized cell death.	the central importance of protein phosphorylation in plant defense responses has been demonstrated by the isolation of several disease-resistance genes that encode protein kinases. in addition, there are many reports of changes in protein phosphorylation accompanying plant responses to pathogens. in contrast, little is known about the role of protein dephosphorylation in regulating plant defenses. we report that expression of the lepp2ac1 gene, which encodes a catalytic subunit of the heterotrim ...	2004	15125764
negative cross-communication among wheat rhizosphere bacteria: effect on antibiotic production by the biological control bacterium pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84.	phenazine antibiotic production in the biological control bacterium pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84 is regulated in part via the phzr/phzi n-acyl homoserine lactone (ahl) system. previous work showed that a subpopulation of the wheat rhizosphere community positively affected phenazine gene expression in strain 30-84 via ahl signals (e. a. pierson, d. w. wood, j. a. cannon, f. m. blachere, and l. s. pierson iii, mol. plant-microbe interact. 11:1078-1084, 1998). in the present work, a second subpop ...	2004	15128573
citrx thioredoxin interacts with the tomato cf-9 resistance protein and negatively regulates defence.	to identify proteins involved in tomato cf-9 resistance protein function, a yeast two-hybrid screen was undertaken using the cytoplasmic c-terminus of cf-9 as bait. a thioredoxin-homologous clone, interacting specifically with cf-9, was identified and called citrx (cf-9-interacting thioredoxin). virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) of citrx resulted in an accelerated cf-9/avr9-triggered hypersensitive response in both tomato and nicotiana benthamiana, accompanied by enhanced accumulation of react ...	2004	15131698
the role of the jasmonate response in plant susceptibility to diverse pathogens with a range of lifestyles.	plants defend themselves against attack from insects and pathogens with various resistance strategies. the jasmonate and salicylate signaling pathways are two induced responses that protect plants against these attackers. knowledge of the range of organisms that are affected by each response is important for understanding how plants coordinate their defenses against multiple attackers and the generality of effect of different resistance mechanisms. the jasmonate response is known to protect plan ...	2004	15133157
proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry as a new tool for real time analysis of root-secreted volatile organic compounds in arabidopsis.	plant roots release about 5% to 20% of all photosynthetically-fixed carbon, and as a result create a carbon-rich environment for numerous rhizosphere organisms, including plant pathogens and symbiotic microbes. although some characterization of root exudates has been achieved, especially of secondary metabolites and proteins, much less is known about volatile organic compounds (vocs) released by roots. in this communication, we describe a novel approach to exploring these rhizosphere vocs and th ...	2004	15141066
the hopptof locus of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 encodes a type iii chaperone and a cognate effector.	type iii secretion systems are highly conserved among gram-negative plant and animal pathogenic bacteria. through the type iii secretion system, bacteria inject a number of virulence proteins into the host cells. analysis of the whole genome sequence of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 strain identified a locus, named hopptof, that is homologous to the avirulence gene locus avrpphf in p. syringae pv. phaseolicola. the hopptof locus harbors two genes, shcf(pto) and hopf(pto), that are prece ...	2004	15141948
arabidopsis dnd2, a second cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel gene for which mutation causes the "defense, no death" phenotype.	a previous mutant screen identified arabidopsis dnd1 and dnd2 "defense, no death" mutants, which exhibit loss of hypersensitive response (hr) cell death without loss of gene-for-gene resistance. the dnd1 phenotype is caused by mutation of the gene encoding cyclic nucleotide-gated (cng) ion channel atcngc2. this study characterizes dnd2 plants. even in the presence of high titers of pseudomonas syringae expressing avrrpt2, most leaf mesophyll cells in the dnd2 mutant exhibited no hr. these plants ...	2004	15141955
regulation of ahl production and its contribution to epiphytic fitness in pseudomonas syringae.	pseudomonas syringae forms large cell aggregates that are more stress tolerant than solitary cells during epiphytic growth on plants. the differential survival of aggregates on leaves suggests that epiphytic fitness traits may be controlled in a density-dependent manner via cell-cell signaling. we investigated this hypothesis in p. syringae b728a. synthesis of n-acyl-homoserine lactone (ahl), 3-oxo-hexanoyl homoserine lactone, and the expression of the gene encoding ahl synthase ahli were maxima ...	2004	15141956
phenylpropanoids, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and peroxidases in elicitor-challenged cassava (manihot esculenta) suspension cells and leaves.	control of diseases in the key tropical staple, cassava, is dependent on resistant genotypes, but the innate mechanisms are unknown. the aim was to study phenylpropanoids and associated enzymes as possible defence components.	2004	15145789
suppression of pathogen-inducible no synthase (inos) activity in tomato increases susceptibility to pseudomonas syringae.	inducible no synthase (inos) activity is induced upon pathogen inoculation in resistant, but not susceptible, tobacco and arabidopsis plants. it was shown recently that a variant form of the arabidopsis p protein (atvarp) has inos activity. p protein is part of the glycine decarboxylase complex (gdc). it is unclear whether p protein also has inos activity and, if so, whether atvarp, p, or both, play a role in plant defense. here, we show that inos activity is induced in both resistant and suscep ...	2004	15146069
the pseudomonas syringae hopptov protein is secreted in culture and translocated into plant cells via the type iii protein secretion system in a manner dependent on the shcv type iii chaperone.	the bacterial plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae depends on a type iii protein secretion system and the effector proteins that it translocates into plant cells to cause disease and to elicit the defense-associated hypersensitive response on resistant plants. the availability of the p. syringae pv. tomato dc3000 genome sequence has resulted in the identification of many novel effectors. we identified the hopptov effector gene on the basis of its location next to a candidate type iii chaperone (t ...	2004	15150250
the global arginine regulator argr controls expression of argf in pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola but is not required for the synthesis of phaseolotoxin or for the regulated expression of argk.	in pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola the enzyme ornithine carbamoyltransferase (octase), encoded by argf, is negatively regulated by argr, similar to what has been reported for pseudomonas aeruginosa. however, production of the phaseolotoxin-resistant octase encoded by argk, synthesis of phaseolotoxin, and infectivity for bean pods occur independently of the argr protein.	2004	15150254
comparison of atpase-encoding type iii secretion system hrcn genes in biocontrol fluorescent pseudomonads and in phytopathogenic proteobacteria.	type iii protein secretion systems play a key role in the virulence of many pathogenic proteobacteria, but they also occur in nonpathogenic, plant-associated bacteria. certain type iii protein secretion genes (e.g., hrcc) have been found in pseudomonas sp. strain sbw25 (and other biocontrol pseudomonads), but other type iii protein secretion genes, such as the atpase-encoding gene hrcn, have not been found. using both colony hybridization and a pcr approach, we show here that hrcn is nevertheles ...	2004	15345390
regulation of the n-acyl homoserine lactone-dependent quorum-sensing system in rhizosphere pseudomonas putida wcs358 and cross-talk with the stationary-phase rpos sigma factor and the global regulator gaca.	quorum sensing is a cell population-density dependent regulatory system which in gram-negative bacteria often involves the production and detection of n-acyl homoserine lactones (ahls). some pseudomonas putida strains have been reported to produce ahls, and one quorum-sensing locus has been identified. however, it appears that the majority of strains do not produce ahls. in this study we report the identification and regulation of the ahl-dependent system of rhizosphere p. putida wcs358. this sy ...	2004	15345437
the pepper transcription factor capf1 confers pathogen and freezing tolerance in arabidopsis.	an erf/ap2-type transcription factor (capf1) was isolated by differential-display reverse transcription-pcr, following inoculation of the soybean pustule pathogen xanthomonas axonopodis pv glycines 8ra, which induces hypersensitive response in pepper (capsicum annuum) leaves. capf1 mrna was induced under conditions of biotic and abiotic stress. higher levels of capf1 transcripts were observed in disease-resistant tissue compared with susceptible tissue. capf1 expression was additionally induced ...	2004	15347795
genetic elucidation of nitric oxide signaling in incompatible plant-pathogen interactions.	recent experiments indicate that nitric oxide (no) plays a pivotal role in disease resistance and several other physiological processes in plants. however, most of the current information about the function of no in plants is based on pharmacological studies, and additional approaches are therefore required to ascertain the role of no as an important signaling molecule in plants. we have expressed a bacterial nitric oxide dioxygenase (nod) in arabidopsis plants and/or avirulent pseudomonas syrin ...	2004	15347797
modulation of the biological activity of a tobacco ltp1 by lipid complexation.	plant lipid transfer proteins (ltps) are small, cysteine-rich proteins secreted into the extracellular space. they belong to the pathogenesis-related proteins (pr-14) family and are believed to be involved in several physiological processes including plant disease resistance, although their precise biological function is still unknown. here, we show that a recombinant tobacco ltp1 is able to load fatty acids and jasmonic acid. this ltp1 binds to specific plasma membrane sites, previously charact ...	2004	15356262
arabidopsis rin4 negatively regulates disease resistance mediated by rps2 and rpm1 downstream or independent of the ndr1 signal modulator and is not required for the virulence functions of bacterial type iii effectors avrrpt2 or avrrpm1.	bacterial pathogens deliver type iii effector proteins into the plant cell during infection. on susceptible (r) hosts, type iii effectors can contribute to virulence. some trigger the action of specific disease resistance (r) gene products. the activation of r proteins can occur indirectly via modification of a host target. thus, at least some type iii effectors are recognized at site(s) where they may act as virulence factors. these data indicate that a type iii effector's host target might be ...	2004	15361584
arabidopsis nonsymbiotic hemoglobin ahb1 modulates nitric oxide bioactivity.	nitric oxide (no) is a widespread signaling molecule, and numerous targets of its action exist in plants. whereas the activity of no in erythrocytes, microorganisms, and invertebrates has been shown to be regulated by several hemoglobins, the function of plant hemoglobins in no detoxification has not yet been elucidated. here, we show that arabidopsis thaliana nonsymbiotic hemoglobin ahb1 scavenges no through production of s-nitrosohemoglobin and reduces no emission under hypoxic stress, indicat ...	2004	15367716
a patch of surface-exposed residues mediates negative regulation of immune signaling by tomato pto kinase.	tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) pto kinase specifically recognizes the pseudomonas effector proteins avrpto and avrptob, leading to induction of defense responses and hypersensitive cell death. structural modeling of pto combined with site-directed mutagenesis identified a patch of surface-exposed residues required for native regulation of signaling. mutations in this area resulted in constitutive gain-of-function (cgf) forms of pto that activated avrpto-independent cell death via the cognate s ...	2004	15367718
identification of mapks and their possible mapk kinase activators involved in the pto-mediated defense response of tomato.	the pto kinase mediates resistance to bacterial speck disease in tomato by activating host defenses upon recognition of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strains expressing the avrpto or avrptob proteins. previous gene-silencing experiments have indicated that mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades play a key role downstream of the pto kinase to activate host defense responses. here we use biochemical methods to demonstrate that two tomato mapks, lempk2 and lempk3, are activated in leave ...	2004	15371431
complete genomic sequence of bacteriophage b3, a mu-like phage of pseudomonas aeruginosa.	bacteriophage b3 is a transposable phage of pseudomonas aeruginosa. in this report, we present the complete dna sequence and annotation of the b3 genome. dna sequence analysis revealed that the b3 genome is 38,439 bp long with a g+c content of 63.3%. the genome contains 59 proposed open reading frames (orfs) organized into at least three operons. of these orfs, the predicted proteins from 41 orfs (68%) display significant similarity to other phage or bacterial proteins. many of the predicted b3 ...	2004	15375138
an energy taxis transducer promotes root colonization by azospirillum brasilense.	motility responses triggered by changes in the electron transport system are collectively known as energy taxis. in azospirillum brasilense, energy taxis was shown to be the principal form of locomotor control. in the present study, we have identified a novel chemoreceptor-like protein, named tlp1, which serves as an energy taxis transducer. the tlp1 protein is predicted to have an n-terminal periplasmic region and a cytoplasmic c-terminal signaling module homologous to those of other chemorecep ...	2004	15375141
genomic plasticity of the causative agent of melioidosis, burkholderia pseudomallei.	burkholderia pseudomallei is a recognized biothreat agent and the causative agent of melioidosis. this gram-negative bacterium exists as a soil saprophyte in melioidosis-endemic areas of the world and accounts for 20% of community-acquired septicaemias in northeastern thailand where half of those affected die. here we report the complete genome of b. pseudomallei, which is composed of two chromosomes of 4.07 megabase pairs and 3.17 megabase pairs, showing significant functional partitioning of g ...	2004	15377794
consequences of binding an s-adenosylmethionine analogue on the structure and dynamics of the thiopurine methyltransferase protein backbone.	in humans, the enzyme thiopurine methyltransferase (tpmt) metabolizes 6-thiopurine (6-tp) medications, commonly used for immune suppression and for the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies. genetic polymorphisms in the tpmt protein sequence accelerate intracellular degradation of the enzyme through an ubiquitylation and proteasomal-dependent pathway. research has led to the hypothesis that these polymorphisms destabilize the native structure of tpmt, resulting in the formation of misfolded or ...	2004	15379558
a key role for ald1 in activation of local and systemic defenses in arabidopsis.	the arabidopsis thaliana agd2-like defense response protein1 (ald1) mutant was previously found to be hypersusceptible to the virulent bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae and had reduced accumulation of the defense signal salicylic acid (sa). ald1 was shown to possess aminotransferase activity in vitro, suggesting it generates an amino acid-derived defense signal. we now find ald1 to be a key defense component that acts in multiple contexts and partially requires the phytoalexin deficient4 ( ...	2004	15447647
expression of rps4 in tobacco induces an avrrps4-independent hr that requires eds1, sgt1 and hsp90.	the arabidopsis rps4 gene belongs to the toll/interleukin-1 receptor/nucleotide-binding site/leucine-rich repeat (tir-nb-lrr) class of plant resistance (r) genes. it confers resistance to pseudomonas syringae carrying the avirulence gene avrrps4. transient expression of genomic rps4 driven by the 35s promoter in tobacco leaves induces an avrrps4-independent hypersensitive response (hr). the same phenotype is seen after expression of a full-length rps4 cdna. this indicates that alternative splici ...	2004	15447648
overexpression of the plasma membrane-localized ndr1 protein results in enhanced bacterial disease resistance in arabidopsis thaliana.	previous studies have established that mutations in the ndr1 gene in arabidopsis thaliana suppress the resistance response of three resistance proteins, rps2, rpm1, and rps5, to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) strain dc3000 containing the cognate effector genes, avrrpt2, avrrpm1, and avrpphb, respectively. ndr1 is a plasma membrane (pm)-localized protein, and undergoes several post-translational modifications including carboxy-terminal processing and n-linked glycosylation. expression of n ...	2004	15447649
intragenomic heterogeneity of the 16s rrna-23s rrna internal transcribed spacer among pseudomonas syringae and pseudomonas fluorescens strains.	the 16s-23s rrna internal transcribed spacer regions (its1) from 14 strains of pseudomonas syringae and p. fluorescens were sequenced. its1 exhibited significant sequence variability among different operons within a single genome. from 1 to 4 types of its1 were found in individual genomes of the p. syringae and p. fluorescens strains. a total of eight its1 types were identified among strains studied. the its1 nucleotide sequences consisted of conserved blocks including, among others, a stem-form ...	2004	15451096
replicon-specific regulation of small heat shock genes in agrobacterium tumefaciens.	four genes coding for small heat shock proteins (shsps) were identified in the genome sequence of agrobacterium tumefaciens, one on the circular chromosome (hspc), one on the linear chromosome (hspl), and two on the pat plasmid (hspat1 and hspat2). induction of shsps at elevated temperatures was revealed by immunoblot analyses. primer extension experiments and translational lacz fusions demonstrated that expression of the pat-derived genes and hspl is controlled by temperature in a regulon-speci ...	2004	15466035
antimicrobial activity of some pentacyclic triterpenes and their synthesized 3-o-lipophilic chains.	the major metabolites of diopsyros melanoxylon viz. amyrins and ursolic acid and their lipophilic 3-o-fatty acid ester chains (c12-c18), which are synthesized now under mild esterification conditions in excellent yields (80-95%), were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against a series of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. significantly these compounds were found to exhibit potent activity against gram negative bacteria pseudomonas syringae (atcc #13457) and fairly good activity a ...	2004	15467198
disabling surveillance: bacterial type iii secretion system effectors that suppress innate immunity.	many gram-negative bacterial pathogens of plants and animals are dependent on a type iii protein secretion system (ttss). ttsss translocate effector proteins into host cells and are capable of modifying signal transduction pathways. the innate immune system of eukaryotes detects the presence of pathogens using specific pathogen recognition receptors (prrs). plant prrs include the fls2 receptor kinase and resistance proteins. animal prrs include toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomer ...	2004	15469432
two arabidopsis srfr (suppressor of rps4-rld) mutants exhibit avrrps4-specific disease resistance independent of rps4.	rps4 specifies the arabidopsis disease resistance response to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato expressing avrrps4 and was cloned based on the identification of rld as a naturally occurring susceptible accession. to dissect the molecular and genetic basis of disease resistance, we used a genetic approach to identify suppressor mutations that reactivate the avrrps4-triggered defense response in rld. in this report, we describe two non-allelic srfr (suppressor of rps4-rld) mutants, srfr1 and srfr3, ...	2004	15469494
hoppton is a pseudomonas syringae hrp (type iii secretion system) cysteine protease effector that suppresses pathogen-induced necrosis associated with both compatible and incompatible plant interactions.	pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 causes bacterial speck disease in tomato, and it elicits the hypersensitive response (hr) in non-host plants such as nicotiana tabacum and nicotiana benthamiana. the compatible and incompatible interactions of dc3000 with tomato and nicotiana spp., respectively, result in plant cell death, but the hr cell death occurs more rapidly and is associated with effective plant defense. both interactions require the hrp (hr and pathogenicity) type iii secretion syst ...	2004	15469508
molecular characterization of a thij-like gene in chinese cabbage.	a cdna clone for a salicylic acid-induced gene in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) was isolated and characterized. the cabbage gene encoding a protein of 392 amino acids contained a tandem array of two thij-like sequences. thij is a thiamin biosynthesis enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of hydroxymethylpyrimidine (hmp) to hmp monophosphate. although the cabbage gene shows a similarity to bacterial thij genes, it also shares a similarity with the human dj-1, a multifuncti ...	2004	15469717
variation suggestive of horizontal gene transfer at a lipopolysaccharide (lps) biosynthetic locus in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the bacterial leaf blight pathogen of rice.	in animal pathogenic bacteria, horizontal gene transfer events (hgt) have been frequently observed in genomic regions that encode functions involved in biosynthesis of the outer membrane located lipopolysaccharide (lps). as a result, different strains of the same pathogen can have substantially different lps biosynthetic gene clusters. since lps is highly antigenic, the variation at lps loci is attributed to be of advantage in evading the host immune system. although lps has been suggested as a ...	2004	15473911
identification of an antibacterial compound, benzylideneacetone, from xenorhabdus nematophila against major plant-pathogenic bacteria.	an entomopathogenic bacterium, xenorhabdus nematophila, is known to have potent antibiotic activities to maintain monoxenic condition in its insect host for effective pathogenesis and ultimately for optimal development of its nematode symbiont, steinernema carpocapsae. in this study we assess its antibacterial activity against plant-pathogenic bacteria and identify its unknown antibiotics. the bacterial culture broth had significant antibacterial activity that increased with development of the b ...	2004	15476972
the completely sequenced plasmid pest4011 contains a novel incp1 backbone and a catabolic transposon harboring tfd genes for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation.	the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d)-degrading bacterium achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans strain est4002 contains plasmid pest4011. this plasmid ensures its host a stable 2,4-d(+) phenotype. we determined the complete 76,958-bp nucleotide sequence of pest4011. this plasmid is a deletion and duplication derivative of pd2m4, the 95-kb highly unstable laboratory ancestor of pest4011, and was self-generated during different laboratory manipulations performed to increas ...	2004	15489427
construction of an enterococcus faecalis tn917-mediated-gene-disruption library offers insight into tn917 insertion patterns.	sequencing the insertion sites of 8,865 tn917 insertions in enterococcus faecalis strain og1rf identified a hot spot in the replication terminus region corresponding to 6% of the genome where 65% of the transposons had inserted. in e. faecalis, tn917 preferentially inserted at a 29-bp consensus sequence centered on tataa, a 5-bp sequence that is duplicated during insertion. the regional insertion site preference at the chromosome terminus was not observed in another low-g+c gram-positive bacteri ...	2004	15489440
algx is a periplasmic protein required for alginate biosynthesis in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	alginate, an exopolysaccharide produced by pseudomonas aeruginosa, provides the bacterium with a selective advantage that makes it difficult to eradicate from the lungs of cystic fibrosis (cf) patients. previous studies identified a gene, algx, within the alginate biosynthetic gene cluster on the p. aeruginosa chromosome. by probing cell fractions with anti-algx antibodies in a western blot, algx was localized within the periplasm. consistent with these results is the presence of a 26-amino-acid ...	2004	15489449
use of in vivo expression technology to identify genes important in growth and survival of pseudomonas fluorescens pf0-1 in soil: discovery of expressed sequences with novel genetic organization.	studies were undertaken to determine the genetic needs for the survival of pseudomonas fluorescens pf0-1, a gram-negative soil bacterium potentially important for biocontrol and bioremediation, in soil. in vivo expression technology (ivet) identified 22 genes with elevated expression in soil relative to laboratory media. soil-induced sequences included genes with probable functions of nutrient acquisition and use, and of gene regulation. ten sequences, lacking similarity to known genes, overlapp ...	2004	15489453
impact of temperature on in planta expression of genes involved in synthesis of the pseudomonas syringae phytotoxin coronatine.	coronatine (cor) is a chlorosis-inducing phytotoxin produced by the plant-pathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae. confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to investigate in vitro and in planta expression of cor genes by two model organisms, p. syringae pv. glycinea pg4180, a pathogen of soybean, and p syringae pv. tomato dc3000, a pathogen of tomato and crucifers. previously, it was shown in vitro that the cma operon involved in cor synthesis in pg4180 is expressed in a temperature-depende ...	2004	15497402
overexpression of nterf5, a new member of the tobacco ethylene response transcription factor family enhances resistance to tobacco mosaic virus.	a new member of the tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) ap2/erf (ethylene response factor) transcription factor family, designated nterf5, has been isolated by yeast one-hybrid screening. in vitro, recombinant nterf5 protein weakly binds gcc box cis-elements, which mediate pathogen-regulated transcription of several pr (pathogenesis related) genes. nterf5 transcription is transiently activated by wounding, by infection with the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae, as well as by inoculation with toba ...	2004	15497409
innate immunity in arabidopsis thaliana: lipopolysaccharides activate nitric oxide synthase (nos) and induce defense genes.	lipopolysaccharides (lps) are cell-surface components of gram-negative bacteria and are microbe-/pathogen-associated molecular patterns in animal pathosystems. as for plants, the molecular mechanisms of signal transduction in response to lps are not known. here, we show that arabidopsis thaliana reacts to lps with a rapid burst of no, a hallmark of innate immunity in animals. fifteen lps preparations (among them burkholderia cepacia, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and erwinia carotovora) as well as lip ...	2004	15498873
the bos loci of arabidopsis are required for resistance to botrytis cinerea infection.	three botrytis-susceptible mutants bos2, bos3, and bos4 which define independent and novel genetic loci required for arabidopsis resistance to botrytis cinerea were isolated. the bos2 mutant is susceptible to b. cinerea but retains wild-type levels of resistance to other pathogens tested, indicative of a defect in a response pathway more specific to b. cinerea. the bos3 and bos4 mutants also show increased susceptibility to alternaria brassicicola, another necrotrophic pathogen, suggesting a bro ...	2004	15500471
unique features revealed by the genome sequence of acinetobacter sp. adp1, a versatile and naturally transformation competent bacterium.	acinetobacter sp. strain adp1 is a nutritionally versatile soil bacterium closely related to representatives of the well-characterized pseudomonas aeruginosa and pseudomonas putida. unlike these bacteria, the acinetobacter adp1 is highly competent for natural transformation which affords extraordinary convenience for genetic manipulation. the circular chromosome of the acinetobacter adp1, presented here, encodes 3325 predicted coding sequences, of which 60% have been classified based on sequence ...	2004	15514110
suppression of pathogen-inducible no synthase (inos) activity in tomato increases susceptibility to pseudomonas syringae.		2004	15516371
downstream divergence of the ethylene signaling pathway for harpin-stimulated arabidopsis growth and insect defense.	ethylene (et) signal transduction may regulate plant growth and defense, depending on which components are recruited into the pathway in response to different stimuli. we report here that the et pathway controls both insect resistance (ir) and plant growth enhancement (pge) in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) plants responding to harpin, a protein produced by a plant pathogenic bacterium. pge may result from spraying plant tops with harpin or by soaking seeds in harpin solution; the latter esp ...	2004	15516507