Publications

stfa '98: an international conference on slipping, tripping and falling accidents.		2001	11277502
identification of risk factors and countermeasures for slip, trip and fall accidents during the delivery of mail.	risk factors for slip, trip and fall accidents (stfa) during the delivery of mail were identified using a range of accident-centred and accident-independent methods. key factors included slippery underfoot conditions, non-weather related environmental hazards (e.g., uneven paving, steps, inadequate lighting), poor slip resistance from footwear, unsafe working practices, management safety practices, and underlying organisational influences. intervention measures were recommended that target stfa ...	2001	11277504
an investigation of underfoot accidents in a maim (merseyside accident information model) database.	underfoot accidents taken from a study of patient interviews have been analysed to investigate factors that may be implicated in the causes of the accidents. within the sample of patients in this study women holding items are more at risk than men from underfoot accidents. carrying items such as shopping and handbags may obstruct the line of sight to underfoot hazards, affect balance and adversely affect reflex corporal movements that may help prevent injury.	2001	11277506
the development and evaluation of a programme to teach cultural diversity to medical undergraduate students.	this paper describes the design (of process and content), implementation and evaluation of a component of the human diversity module developed to teach cultural diversity to undergraduate medical students. the objectives of the teaching were to enable students to gain factual and practical information about other cultures and also for them to examine their own attitudes.	2001	11260446
causality assessment of adverse effects: when is re-challenge ethically acceptable?	one of the most difficult tasks in the evaluation of a medicine is whether it causes a particular rare and unusual (idiosyncratic) adverse effect. such causality assessments are sometimes done by drug de-challenge and re-challenge. when the adverse effect is potentially serious, there is clearly an important decision to be made as to whether the re-challenge is justifiable and hence ethical. the recent controversy about the potential cardiotoxicity of fexofenadine, the fatalities associated with ...	2001	11665867
sentinel practice-based survey of the management and health of horses in northern britain.	details of the management, feeding, level of activity and routine health care of horses in scotland and the five northernmost counties in england were recorded through a stratified random sample of horse owners who had responded to a previous survey. sixty-eight per cent of the horses were kept where their owners resided, and 32 per cent were kept away from the owner's home. more than 99 per cent were turned out to grazing for at least part of the year and 81 per cent were stabled for at least p ...	2001	11678214
adverse metabolic and cardiovascular risk following treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood; two case reports and a literature review.	we report two patients who survived childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (all) following treatment with chemotherapy, total body irradiation (tbi) and bone marrow transplantation (bmt). the first case presented with an acute cerebral infarction at 23 years of age and was found to have non-ketotic diabetes and gross mixed hyperlipidaemia; the second presented with non-ketotic diabetes, hypertension, proteinuria and dyslipidaemia at age 16 years. the association of glucose intolerance with othe ...	2001	11678978
watch out guinea pigs, here i come.	we live in an age of increasing emphasis of do-it-yourself, as a mere glance at the tv schedule will prove. why not apply this same principle to your research? by becoming the guinea pig of your own experimentation you will be following a noble precedent--though maybe not a sane one!	2001	11313542
victor horsley on "trephining in pre-historic times".	victor horsley was intrigued by newly discovered, ancient trepanned skulls, especially those that revealed that the operation was performed on living patients. he examined the man-made openings as an expert on the locus of the primate motor cortex and as a surgeon who had successfully removed parts of the motor cortex to treat jacksonian epilepsy. he postulated that trepanation originated as a way to treat pain and epilepsy caused by depressed cranial fractures over the motor cortex. like broca ...	2001	11322452
mutations in the 5' region of the myotubularin-related protein 2 (mtmr2) gene in autosomal recessive hereditary neuropathy with focally folded myelin.	focally folded myelin has been recognized as a distinctive feature in some individuals with severe inherited demyelinating neuropathy, with an onset in childhood. such cases have been shown to be genetically heterogeneous. alterations in the myotubularin-related protein 2 (mtmr2) gene on chromosome 11q22 have recently been shown to give rise to this phenotype. mutations have been identified in the 3' region of the mtmr2 gene in four unrelated families, in two of whom the disorder had been mapped ...	2001	11335693
inquiry set up into porton down nerve-gas death.		2001	11346753
familial steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome and hla antigens in bengali children.	we investigated the major histocompatibility complex class i and ii loci in three bengali families with nine children affected with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (ssns). a sequence-specific primer (ssp) of dna typing method was used to detect human leukocyte antigens (hla). the unaffected siblings and their parents were also studied. similar to previous reports, there was a high frequency of hla-dr7.1 (drb10701), dr53 (dr b401011-0104) and dq2 (dqb2*0201-3) antigens in the affected chil ...	2001	11354779
non-typhoidal salmonellosis: emerging problems.	two major changes in the epidemiology of non-typhoidal salmonellosis have occurred during the second half of the 20th century. first, salmonella typhimurium strains resistant to multiple antibiotics have emerged and spread within populations of food animals. secondly, salmonella enteritidis has emerged as a major egg-associated pathogen. this article reviews available data on the origins of the human epidemics.	2001	11358718
changing rates of adenocarcinoma and adenosquamous carcinoma of the cervix in england.	a recent analysis showed little or no effect of screening on the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the cervix between 1971 and 1992. we have used additional data on cancers diagnosed in 1993-94 in england and up to 1997 in five english cancer registries to investigate more recent trends.	2001	11377601
growth of permanent mandibular teeth of british children aged 4 to 9 years.	the aim of this study was to investigate ethnic differences and describe tooth formation of mandibular permanent teeth in a group of london children.	2001	11393333
interstitial deletion of 3p22.2-p24.2: the first reported case.		2001	11403048
use of strain typing to provide evidence for specific interventions in the transmission of vtec o157 infections.	transmission of verocytotoxin (vt)-producing escherichia coli (vtec) occurs by three main routes. these comprise food- or water-borne infections, acquisition of disease by direct or indirect contact with animals and person-to-person spread. phenotypic typing of vtec belonging to serogroup o157 is achieved by phage typing and identification of vt type. these properties quickly provide evidence for the linkage of human cases and their association to potential sources. dna-based subtyping methods s ...	2001	11407546
delayed cerebral edema and fatal coma after minor head trauma: role of the cacna1a calcium channel subunit gene and relationship with familial hemiplegic migraine.	trivial head trauma may be complicated by severe, sometimes even fatal, cerebral edema and coma occurring after a lucid interval ("delayed cerebral edema"). attacks of familial hemiplegic migraine (fhm) can be triggered by minor head trauma and are sometimes accompanied by coma. mutations in the cacna1a calcium channel subunit gene on chromosome 19 are associated with a wide spectrum of mutation-specific episodic and chronic neurological disorders, including fhm with or without coma. we investig ...	2001	11409427
why did the 5th earl of derby die?	the unexpected death of ferdinando stanley, 5th earl of derby, on april 16, 1594 was an event of major political importance in the later years of queen elizabeth i of england. when he had succeeded his father at the age of 38 he became head of one of the most influential families in the country. he also had a claim to the throne if elizabeth died without naming a successor. yet within seven months of entering into his inheritance, this previously fit man was suddenly taken ill and died a fortnig ...	2001	11410215
ancient chemistry fuels new biology.	an enormous new greenhouse project in southern britain aims to heighten awareness of the human relationship with plants and the growing potential of plant-derived compounds to find new uses, reports nigel williams	2001	11413009
of microbes, mice and man.	this chapter reviews my 18 years of research in anne's unit including studies on temporal and spatial aspects of x-chromosome inactivation and imprinting and the role of methylation in x-inactivation in these processes during female mouse embryo development. to enable molecular studies of embryos, we developed a plethora of single cell assays for specific enzyme activity, gene mutation and methylation, and rna transcription. while in anne's unit, i used these same single cell assays to pioneer t ...	2001	11417891
the case of the midwife scientist.	genes controlling both testis determining and expression of the male-specific transplantation antigen, hy, are located on the short arm of the mouse y chromosome, and on the x and y-linked translocation, sxr(a). a mutation of sxr(a) was discovered in a cross between an sxr carrier male and a t16h/x female. this was designated sxr(b) and found to affect both the expression of hy and spermatogenesis, but not testis differentiation, thereby disproving ohno's hypothesis that hy controlled testis det ...	2001	11417893
non-fibrillar oligomeric species of the amyloid abri peptide, implicated in familial british dementia, are more potent at inducing apoptotic cell death than protofibrils or mature fibrils.	familial british dementia (fbd) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder, with biochemical and pathological similarities to alzheimer's disease. fbd is associated with a point mutation in the stop codon of the bri gene. the mutation extends the length of the wild-type protein by 11 amino acids, and following proteolytic cleavage, results in the production of a cyclic peptide (abri) 11 amino acids longer than the wild-type (wt) peptide produced from the normal gene bri. abri was found ...	2001	11419943
current epidemiological issues in human campylobacteriosis.		2001	11422564
association between insertion mutation in nod2 gene and crohn's disease in german and british populations.	background genetic predisposition to inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) has been shown by epidemiological and linkage studies. genetic linkage of ibd to chromosome 16 has been previously observed and replicated in independent populations. the recently identified nod2 gene is a good positional and functional candidate gene since it is located in the region of linkage on chromosome 16q12, and activates nuclear factor (nf) kappab in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides. methods we sequenced the ...	2001	11425413
screening for hiv, hepatitis b and c infection in a population seeking assisted reproduction in an inner london hospital.	the human fertilisation and embryology authority requires all sperm donors to be screened for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b and c and their semen quarantined for six months. no guidelines exist for screening prior to in vitro fertilisation or intracytoplasmic sperm injection. we prospectively analysed the prevalence of these viruses in our patients. screening detected one case of hiv (0.13%), four of hepatitis c (0.5%) and 14 new cases of hepatitis b (1.7%). the prevalence of h ...	2001	11426904
idiopathic down's syndrome cluster in ireland.		2001	11427974
human consequences of foot and mouth disease are more than described.		2001	11430377
maternal folate polymorphisms and the etiology of human nondisjunction.	attempts to identify genetic contributors to human meiotic nondisjunction have met with little, if any, success. thus, recent reports linking down syndrome to maternal polymorphisms at either of two folate metabolism enzymes, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (mthfr) and methionine synthase reductase (mtrr), have generated considerable interest. in the present report, we asked whether variation at mthfr (677c-->t) or mtrr (66a-->g) might be associated with human trisomies other than trisomy 21 ...	2001	11443546
edward albert schäfer (sharpey-schafer) and his contributions to neuroscience: commemorating of the 150th anniversary of his birth.	the year 2000 marks the 150th anniversary of the birth of edward albert schäfer (sir edward albert sharpey-schafer). affiliated first with university college, london, and then with edinburgh university, schäfer made monumental contributions to the fields of histology, physiology, endocrinology, and practical medicine. this paper traces his professional life and emphasizes his seminal contributions to the neurosciences, which include his findings in support of neuron doctrine, his research on cor ...	2001	11446263
"don't worry my good man--you won't understand our medical talk": consent to treatment today.		2001	11466239
teachers' understanding of facilitation styles with student nurses.	the notion of reflective, problem-based and experiential learning has become a significant phenomenon within nurse education. this paper will explore the general philosophies that seem to influence the interactional competences employed by 20 nurse teachers teaching pre-registration student nurses human skills. a qualitative approach was adopted using the in-depth interview for data collection. the intention was to emphasise the four types of teacher that emerged from the data, ranging from type ...	2001	11470106
assessing the influence of need to inject and drug withdrawal on drug injectors' perceptions of hiv risk behavior.	this article aims to assess the influence of the need to inject and drug withdrawal on drug injectors' perceptions of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) risk behavior inside and outside prison. complementary qualitative research methods were used with 24 drug injectors in england. it was found that when sterile injecting equipment was unavailable the need to inject and drug withdrawal were important factors on the reported readiness to share injecting equipment. this finding was broadly consiste ...	2001	11476265
food and nutrient intake in a cohort of 8-month-old infants in the south-west of england in 1993.	to investigate food and nutrient intakes in 8-month-old infants.	2001	11477469
'battered pets': sexual abuse.	a study of non-accidental injury in small animals in the uk, based on responses from a random sample of small animal practitioners, identified 6 per cent of the 448 reported cases as being sexual in nature. twenty-one cases occurred in dogs, five in cats and two in unspecified species. reasons for suspecting sexual abuse were: the type of injury; behaviour of the owner; statements from witnesses; and admission by the perpetrator. types of injury included vaginal and anorectal penetrative (penile ...	2001	11480898
seventh w.d.m. paton memorial lecture. the man who never was--walter ernest dixon frs.		2001	11487502
george ralph mines: victim of self-experimentation?		2001	11501611
prognostic significance of a novel hypoxia-regulated marker, carbonic anhydrase ix, in invasive breast carcinoma.	to assess the frequency of expression and the prognostic significance of a hypoxia-regulated marker, carbonic anhydrase ix (ca ix), in a cohort of patients with invasive breast cancer.	2001	11504747
seeking sex on the internet and sexual risk behaviour among gay men using london gyms.	to examine the association between seeking sex on the internet and sexual risk behaviour among gay men in london.	2001	11504962
permanent vegetative state and the law.		2001	11511740
john graunt, john arbuthnott, and the human sex ratio.	john graunt was the first person to compile data that showed an excess of male births over female births. he also noticed spatial and temporal variation in the sex ratio, but the variation in his data is not significant. john arbuthnott was the first person to demonstrate that the excess of male births is statistically significant. he erroneously concluded that there is less variation in the sex ratio than would occur by chance, and asserted without a basis that the sex ratio would be uniform ov ...	2001	11512687
alfred lewis galabin and the first human documentation of atrioventricular block.	using an apexcardiogram, galabin was the first person to document atrioventricular (av) block in humans. he performed his studies while working as a house officer at guy's hospital, london, united kingdom. his patient was 34 years old, experienced attacks of near syncope, and had a pulse rate that varied between 25 and 30 beats/min. a laddergram of the patient's apexcardiogram suggests advanced av block with 3 to 1 and 2 to 1 av conduction with wenckebach periodicity. we review the history of av ...	2001	11524066
to err is human: learning from mistakes.		2001	11525570
the motor unit and electromyography--the legacy of derek denny-brown.	with the development of the concept of the motor unit and new recording instruments, single motor unit action potentials (muaps) were recorded in 1929 in man by adrian and bronk and in the experimental animal by denny-brown. studies of muaps in patients with neuromuscular disease followed, and in 1938, denny-brown and pennybacker laid the foundation for clinical electromyography (emg). action potentials of single contracting or spontaneously firing motor units, termed fasciculations, were record ...	2001	11535228
novel mutations of sox10 suggest a dominant negative role in waardenburg-shah syndrome.		2001	11546831
polymorphisms in matrix metalloproteinase-1, -3, -9, and -12 genes in relation to subarachnoid hemorrhage.	intracranial aneurysm, which underlies the vast majority of subarachnoid hemorrhage incidences, has a multifactorial etiology, and the importance of genetic factors is increasingly recognized. development and rupture of intracranial aneurysms involve degradation and remodeling of the vascular wall matrix in which the matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) play an important role. the possible impact of mmp gene polymorphisms on susceptibility to intracranial aneurysms is still controversial, with confl ...	2001	11546917
gaining and maintaining consent: ethical concerns raised in a study of dying patients.	this article provides a frank discussion of the practical and ethical issues that emerged during the process of setting up and conducting a participant observation study within an inpatient hospice. a general overview of the participant observation approach is used to prefigure a discussion of its strengths and weaknesses when employed as a research and evaluation tool among palliative care populations. although participant observation provided a flexible and viable means of collecting data in t ...	2001	11554196
results of follow-up of human contacts of bovine tuberculosis in cattle during 1993-7 in north staffordshire.	the purpose of the study was to describe the results of follow up of human contacts of bovine tuberculosis. the bovine tuberculosis cases occurred on farms in north staffordshire between 1993 and 1997. a total of 162 people were identified as having close contact with cattle diagnosed as having bovine tuberculosis, or who had drunk unpasteurized milk from a herd with bovine tuberculosis. a retrospective review of chest clinic notes was performed. one hundred and thirty-eight people attended for ...	2001	11561979
delay in gmc hearing breached doctor's human rights.		2001	11576971
alpha-b crystallin gene (cryab) mutation causes dominant congenital posterior polar cataract in humans.	congenital cataracts are an important cause of bilateral visual impairment in infants. in a four-generation family of english descent, we mapped dominant congenital posterior polar cataract to chromosome 11q22-q22.3. the maximum lod score, 3.92 at recombination fraction 0, was obtained for marker d11s898, near the gene that encodes crystallin alpha-b protein (cryab). by sequencing the coding regions of cryab, we found in exon 3 a deletion mutation, 450dela, that is associated with cataract in th ...	2001	11577372
cultural values and happiness: an east-west dialogue.	happiness as a state of mind may be universal, but its meaning is complex and ambiguous. the authors directly examined the relationships between cultural values and experiences of happiness in 2 samples, by using a measurement of values derived from chinese culture and a measurement of subjective well-being balanced for sources of happiness salient in both the east and the west. the participants were university students-439 from an eastern culture (taiwan) and 344 from a western culture (the uni ...	2001	11577847
ethical approval for research involving geographically dispersed subjects: unsuitability of the uk mrec/lrec system and relevance to uncommon genetic disorders.	to assess the process involved in obtaining ethical approval for a single-centre study involving geographically dispersed subjects with an uncommon genetic disorder.	2001	11579194
application of comeap dose-response coefficients within a regulatory health impact assessment methodology. committee on the medical effects of air pollutants.	it is recognized that exposure to airborne pollutants can have a negative effect on human health. the environment agency in england and wales has a statutory responsibility under the environment act 1990 to regulate emissions to air from large industrial processes with regard to the requirements of the national air quality strategy (naqs). a technique was developed to apply pollutant dose-response relationships published by the committee on the medical effects of air pollutants (comeap) in a reg ...	2001	11585194
adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy in the real world: experience of twelve english hiv units.	in order to describe how human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) clinics in and around london are trying to optimize their patients' adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart), we performed a survey of practice and policy in the clinics using a postal questionnaire. clinics were also asked to review up to 10 randomly selected case notes of patients receiving haart and complete a questionnaire on each about how adherence was encouraged and assessed. twelve clinics took part in the proje ...	2001	11587635
curiosity, forbidden knowledge, and the reformation of natural philosophy in early modern england.	from the patristic period to the beginning of the seventeenth century curiosity was regarded as an intellectual vice. curious individuals were considered to be proud and "puffed up," and the objects of their investigations were deemed illicit, dispute engendering, unknowable, or useless. seventeenth-century projects for the advancement of learning had to distance themselves from curiosity and its dubious fruits or, alternatively, enhance the moral status of the curious sensibility. francis bacon ...	2001	11590893
molecular epidemiology of outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus within bone marrow transplantation unit.	during the winter of 1995-1996, eight of nine bone marrow transplantation (bmt) unit patients were infected with the same strain of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). this rsv strain was not detected in 20 hospitalized patients from the community, suggesting that the bmt unit infections did not occur by independent incidents of transmission from the community.	2001	11158157
postnatal malnutrition and growth retardation: an inevitable consequence of current recommendations in preterm infants?	nutrient intakes meeting recommended dietary intakes (rdis) take time to establish and once established are rarely maintained throughout hospital stay in preterm infants. a nutrient deficit, therefore, accrues. rdi are based on needs for maintenance and growth, with no provision to replace this deficit. we, therefore, hypothesized that postnatal malnutrition and growth retardation were inevitable in infants fed current rdi.	2001	11158457
philosophy: a key to open the door to critical thinking.	it has been suggested that philosophy is a bit like manure: pile it high and it rots and stinks, but spread it around and it becomes surprisingly useful. philosophical enquiry, used sparingly, can provide a means to develop critical and analytical ability in nurses. a key principle of philosophical enquiry is the development of skills to rigorously examine and debate ideas or explanations about, for example, the nature of being human. in recent years nurses have been exhorted to critically exami ...	2001	11162260
fluoride concentrations at and near the neonatal line in human deciduous tooth enamel obtained from a naturally fluoridated and a non-fluoridated area.	this study sought to obtain a precise profile of fluoride concentrations at and near the neonatal line in deciduous incisors and canines from the naturally fluoridated area (1.0--1.3 parts/10(6) f in drinking water) of west hartlepool and the non-fluoridated area (less than 0.1 parts/10(6) f in drinking water) of leeds in england. an abrasive microsampling method was used to determine the distribution of fluoride and phosphorus concentrations. the profile of fluoride concentrations in 100-microm ...	2001	11163322
extent and distribution of linkage disequilibrium in three genomic regions.	the positional cloning of genes underlying common complex diseases relies on the identification of linkage disequilibrium (ld) between genetic markers and disease. we have examined 127 polymorphisms in three genomic regions in a sample of 575 chromosomes from unrelated individuals of british ancestry. to establish phase, 800 individuals were genotyped in 160 families. the fine structure of ld was found to be highly irregular. forty-five percent of the variation in disequilibrium measures could b ...	2001	11083947
immunohistologic evidence of myocardial disease in apparently healthy relatives of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.	this study investigated whether apparently healthy relatives of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (dcm) who have left ventricular enlargement (lve) have biopsy evidence of underlying myocardial disease.	2002	11823084
old age psychiatry and the law.	old age psychiatry is no less subject to increasing legal and quasilegal restraint than other branches of the profession, but the emphases are different. two themes predominate: first, that of capacity or competence; and second, to what extent formal legal measures should be implemented in cases where incapacitated patients do not dissent from, as opposed to giving active consent to, admission to hospital or receiving treatment.	2002	11823319
psychotic illness in people with prader willi syndrome due to chromosome 15 maternal uniparental disomy.	in a population-based study of prader willi syndrome (pws), we investigated the relation between genetic subtypes of the syndrome and psychiatric morbidity. of 25 patients aged 18 years or older, seven (28%) had severe affective disorder with psychotic features, with a mean age of onset of 26 years (sd 5.9). the seven people affected, all aged 28 years or older, included all five with disomies of chromosome 15, one with a deletion in this chromosome, and one with an imprinting centre mutation in ...	2002	11809260
a major marker for normal tension glaucoma: association with polymorphisms in the opa1 gene.	normal tension glaucoma (ntg) is a major form of glaucoma, associated with intraocular pressures that are within the statistically normal range of the population. opa1, the gene responsible for autosomal dominant optic atrophy represents an excellent candidate gene for ntg, as the clinical phenotypes are similar and opa1 is expressed in the retina and optic nerve. eighty-three well-characterized ntg patients were screened for mutations in opa1 by heteroduplex analysis and bi-directional sequenci ...	2002	11810296
a genomewide linkage screen for relative hand skill in sibling pairs.	genomewide quantitative-trait locus (qtl) linkage analysis was performed using a continuous measure of relative hand skill (pegq) in a sample of 195 reading-disabled sibling pairs from the united kingdom. this was the first genomewide screen for any measure related to handedness. the mean pegq in the sample was equivalent to that of normative data, and pegq was not correlated with tests of reading ability (correlations between minus sign0.13 and 0.05). relative hand skill could therefore be cons ...	2002	11774074
characterization of paub, a novel broad-spectrum plasminogen activator from streptococcus uberis.	a bovine plasminogen activator of atypical molecular mass ( approximately 45 kda) from streptococcus uberis strain sk880 had been identified previously (l. b. johnsen, k. poulsen, m. kilian, and t. e. petersen. infect. immun. 67:1072-1078, 1999). the strain was isolated from a clinical case of bovine mastitis. the isolate was found not to secrete paua, a bovine plasminogen activator expressed by the majority of s. uberis strains. analysis of the locus normally occupied by paua revealed an absenc ...	2002	11741851
independent genome-wide scans identify a chromosome 18 quantitative-trait locus influencing dyslexia.	developmental dyslexia is defined as a specific and significant impairment in reading ability that cannot be explained by deficits in intelligence, learning opportunity, motivation or sensory acuity. it is one of the most frequently diagnosed disorders in childhood, representing a major educational and social problem. it is well established that dyslexia is a significantly heritable trait with a neurobiological basis. the etiological mechanisms remain elusive, however, despite being the focus of ...	2002	11743577
the workshop as an effective method of dissemination: the importance of the needs of the individual.	the workshop is one of a number of strategies that can be used to disseminate information. this study set out to evaluate the effectiveness of the workshop as a method of disseminating information which had as its aim the introduction of new practices. a series of workshops, attended by g and h grade nurses, were carried out in a large teaching hospital in england. the information which was disseminated concerned recruitment and retention activities for nurses which had been proposed in recent g ...	2002	11906600
howard florey, alexander fleming and the fairy tale of penicillin.	the public myth of the discovery of penicillin is an archetypal "quest story" of the type common to every human culture. but the real story of the discovery, testing and refinement of penicillin is a complex tale of accident, serendipity, oversight, conflict, the pressure of war, idiosyncratic personalities and even--the invention of history.	2002	11913920
the dental caries experience of 12-year-old children in england and wales. surveys coordinated by the british association for the study of community dentistry in 2000/2001.	this paper reports the results of standardised clinical caries examinations of 106,694 twelve-year-old children from england, wales, the isle of man and jersey. these 2000/01 coordinated surveys are the latest in a series which seek to monitor the dental health of children and to assess the delivery of dental services.	2002	11922413
structural biology and biochemistry. retrospective: max perutz (1914-2002).		2002	11923516
james blundell: the first transfusion of human blood.		2002	11886727
world war i may have allowed the emergence of "spanish" influenza.	the 1918 influenza pandemic caused 40 million deaths, and so dwarfed in mortality and morbidity the preceding pandemic of 1889 and the 1957 and 1968 pandemics. in retrospect, much can be learnt about the source, the possible subterranean spread of virus, and the genetic basis of virulence. the world health organization has urged every nation to prepare a pandemic plan for the first global outbreak of the 21st century. we present an appraisal of epidemiological and mortality evidence of early out ...	2002	11901642
the age pattern of mortality in the 1918-19 influenza pandemic: an attempted explanation based on data for england and wales.		2002	11877981
excess winter mortality: influenza or cold stress? observational study.		2002	11786453
a genomewide scan identifies two novel loci involved in specific language impairment.	approximately 4% of english-speaking children are affected by specific language impairment (sli), a disorder in the development of language skills despite adequate opportunity and normal intelligence. several studies have indicated the importance of genetic factors in sli; a positive family history confers an increased risk of development, and concordance in monozygotic twins consistently exceeds that in dizygotic twins. however, like many behavioral traits, sli is assumed to be genetically comp ...	2002	11791209
association between two tumour necrosis factor intronic polymorphisms and hla alleles.	the gene for tumour necrosis factor (tnf) lies at the telomeric end of the class iii region of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc). polymorphisms within this gene have been implicated in the genetic background of a large number of common human diseases. recently two polymorphisms, tnf +489 and +691, have been described in the first intron of tnf (+489, g to a transition; +691, g deletion) and disease associations have been reported; however, the pattern of linkage disequilibrium with othe ...	2002	11841486
sir victor horsley (1857-1916): pioneer of neurological surgery.	immortalized in surgical history for the introduction of "antiseptic wax," sir victor horsley played a pivotal role in shaping the face of standard neurosurgical practice. his contributions include the first laminectomy for spinal neoplasm, the first carotid ligation for cerebral aneurysm, the curved skin flap, the transcranial approach to the pituitary gland, intradural division of the trigeminal nerve root for trigeminal neuralgia, and surface marking of the cerebral cortex. a tireless scienti ...	2002	11841730
changes in age related seroprevalence of antibody to varicella zoster virus: impact on vaccine strategy.	to study changes in the seroprevalence of varicella zoster virus (vzv) antibody over the past 25 years with a view to determining the target age group for any future vaccination strategy.	2002	11865016
pilot study of 360 degrees assessment of personal skills to inform record of in training assessments for senior house officers.	the assessment of a trainee doctor's human skills, including teamworking, communication and maintaining trust, is difficult but necessary to confirm competence and to alert trainees and trainers of potential problems before they become intractable. this study used 360 degrees team observation reports for this purpose. the process was easy to administer and valued by trainees.	2002	11933823
infrared spectroscopy of the mineralogy of coprolites from brean down: evidence of past human activities and animal husbandry.	the mineralogy of 11 concretions from the bronze age settlement horizons at brean down near weston-super-mare, somerset, uk, has been examined by infrared spectroscopy. the concretions are found to contain calcite and apatite and, in some cases, quartz. four further concretions from the later iron age meare village, soil samples from brean down and mineralised samples of known faecal origin from a cesspit within the tudor merchant's house in tenby have been similarly examined. it is found that a ...	2002	11942402
the implications of the human rights act 1998 for the removal and detention of persons in need of care and attention.	the human rights act 1998 ('hra 1998') requires public authorities to act compatibly with the european convention on human rights ('echr'). the echr contains rights, inter alia, to liberty and to respect for private life. those rights--and, therefore, the hra 1998--may be breached by provisions in the national assistance act 1948 and the national assistance (amendment) act 1951 that enable persons in need of care and attention to be removed compulsorily to hospital. however, legal proceedings br ...	2002	11961681
genotyping of enterocytozoon bieneusi in aids patients from the north west of england.	in this study enterocytozoon bieneusi -positive faeces samples from aids patients in the north west of england were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and dna sequencing for potential zoonotic origins.	2002	11972417
predicting the home location of serial offenders: a preliminary comparison of the accuracy of human judges with a geographic profiling system.	the accuracy with which human judges, before and after 'training', could predict the likely home location of serial offenders was compared with predictions produced by a geographic profiling system known as dragnet. all predictions were derived from ten spatial displays, one for each of ten different u.s. serial murderers, indicating five crime locations. in all conditions participants were asked to place an 'x' on each spatial display corresponding to where they thought the offender lived. in t ...	2002	11979494
use of a high-fidelity simulator to develop testing of the technical performance of novice anaesthetists.	we used the delphi technique to gain a consensus from 26 consultant anaesthetists about technical tasks during general anaesthesia. we then developed a technical scoring system to assess anaesthetists undertaking general anaesthesia with rapid sequence induction.	2002	11990263
centennial of einthoven's first recording of the human electrocardiogram with the string galvanometer.		2002	11991362
epidemiology of human sapporo-like caliciviruses in the south west of england: molecular characterisation of a genetically distinct isolate.	human enteric caliciviruses have been assigned to two distinct genera: the norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) and the sapporo-like viruses (slvs). during a 3-year surveillance of gastroenteritis in the south west of england during november 1997-2000, a total of 27 clinical samples containing slvs were collected. pcr amplicons covering a region of the rna polymerase gene were obtained from 18 of the slv samples. sequence analysis of the pcr products indicated that the slv isolates could be assigned to o ...	2002	11992591
removing the labels, meeting the needs.		2002	12001389
the number of markers of pancreatic autoimmunity is proportional to the risk for type 1 diabetes mellitus in italian and english patients with organ-specific autoimmune diseases.	an 11-year prospective study was carried out in 226 patients with organ-specific autoimmune disease (osad) coming from northern italy and southern england. patients were investigated for diabetes-related autoantibodies (icas, gadabs, and ia2abs) in order to evaluate the best immunological combination in predicting type 1 dm. one hundred twenty-eight patients were ica positive (77 italian and 51 english), and 98 were ica negative. icas were detected by immunofluorescence technique on human pancre ...	2002	12021123
the impact of the european convention on human rights on medical law.		2002	12024878
the nhs plan: nurse satisfaction, commitment and retention strategies.	the nhs plan envisages a paradigm shift from a centralized, producer-led national health service (nhs) to a devolved, patient-centred health care service, fuelled by a substantial investment in human resources, beds, hospitals and infrastructure. the planned net increase of 20,000 nurses by 2004 is examined in the light of findings from a qualitative study of nurse satisfaction, commitment or intention to leave their hospital, nursing or the nhs, involving 124 nurses in four london hospitals. th ...	2002	12028798
faecal carriage of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli o157 in cattle and sheep at slaughter in great britain.	a 12-month abattoir survey was conducted between january 1999 and january 2000, to determine the prevalence of faecal carriage of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli o157 (vtec o157) in cattle and sheep slaughtered for human consumption in great britain. samples of rectum containing faeces were collected from 3939 cattle and 4171 sheep at 118 abattoirs, in numbers proportional to the throughput of the premises. the annual prevalence of faecal carriage of vtec o157 was 4.7 per cent (95 per c ...	2002	12036241
a touch of the 'flu.		2002	11970940
"i" and "we": a concordancing analysis of how doctors and patients use first person pronouns in primary care consultations.	it is widely accepted that "partnership" with patients is desirable, and that patients should be enabled to participate in decisions, but it is not clear to what extent doctor-patient interactions represent partnership in action.	2002	12356699
remediation of contaminated land and groundwater: experience in england and wales.	remediation of contaminated land and groundwater is of common international concern. the context and approach taken to the problem are, however, country-specific. a survey of remedial activity occurring within england and wales over the period 1996-1999 was commissioned by the environment agency (for england and wales) to establish a baseline against which future trends in remedial activity could be judged. this paper: explains the context of contaminated land and groundwater remediation in engl ...	2002	12357658
considering the care of the suicidal client and the case for 'engagement and inspiring hope' or 'observations'.	psychiatric/mental health (p/mh) nursing has rightly been described as a 'broad church', and one that contains many contested matters and areas of differing opinion. one such contested matter is that of the appropriate care for the person who is at risk of suicide. recent, albeit limited, debate of this issue has taken place, and the literature, such as it is, indicates two principal (though linked) positions. these can be summarized as the 'engagement and hope inspiration' position and the 'obs ...	2002	12358715
multiple realities in a study of medical consultations.	a study of doctor-patient communication offers convincing arguments for using multiple methods of data collection incorporating both meanings and practices. multiple realities emerged clearly that would have remained invisible had only one data source been used. two case studies illustrate how four factors interact to produce different versions of reality: setting, participants, time, and forms of data recording. the author discusses the apparent markedly different realities of doctors and patie ...	2002	12365590
human genome pioneers are awarded nobel prize.		2002	12376428
scientific contributions of a. v. hill: exercise physiology pioneer.	beginning in 1910, a. v. hill performed careful experiments on the time course of heat production in isolated frog muscle. his research paralleled that of the german biochemist otto meyerhof, who measured the changes in muscle glycogen and lactate during contractions and recovery. for their work in discovering the distinction between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, hill and meyerhof were jointly awarded the 1922 nobel prize for physiology or medicine. because of hill's interest in athletics, h ...	2002	12381740
the outcome of pediatric cadaveric renal transplantation in the uk and eire.	an analysis of all pediatric cadaveric renal transplant recipients in the uk and eire was undertaken to review the outcomes of pediatric cadaveric renal transplantation and to consider the implications for organ allocation procedures for pediatric recipients. factors influencing the outcome of 1,252 pediatric cadaveric renal transplants in the uk and eire in the 10-yr period from 1 january 1986 to 31 december 1995 were analyzed by cox proportional hazards regression, including analysis of four d ...	2002	12390422