Publications

structure-function study of the amino-terminal stretch of the catalase subunit molecule in oligomerization, heme binding, and activity expression.	analysis of the protein structure of bovine liver catalase suggested that the n-terminal region containing two alpha-helices may function as a linker binding to another subunit. the number of amino-acid residues in catalase from the n-alkane-assimilating yeast candida tropicalis (ctc) is the lowest of any eukaryotic catalase molecule hitherto investigated, and only one helix, corresponding to the helix alpha2 in bovine liver catalase, is estimated to be present in the same region. in the present ...	2003	12764563
progesterone increases susceptibility of gilts to uterine infections after intrauterine inoculation with infectious bacteria.	in cattle and sheep, a progestogenated uterus is susceptible to infections, but this is not well documented for pigs. therefore, the effects of day of the estrous cycle and progesterone on the susceptibility to uterine infections were evaluated. gilts (n = 5 per group) were assigned to treatments in 2 x 2 factorial arrays. in exp. 1, day of cycle and bacterial challenge were main effects. on d 0 or 8, uteri were inoculated with either 70 x 10(7) cfu of escherichia coli and 150 x 10(7) cfu of arc ...	2003	12772852
a comparison of dna extraction and purification methods to detect escherichia coli o157:h7 in cattle manure.	the extraction of dna from manure and the subsequent polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of virulence genes to detect pathogens require an effective method of purification. four different methods were assessed for their effectiveness in extracting and purifying escherichia coli o157:h7 dna from cattle manure: phenol/chloroform purification, phenol/chloroform/sepharose b4 spin columns, phenol/chloroform/polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (pvpp) spun columns, and mo bio ultraclean kit. a pcr assay ...	2003	12782372
antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from dairy cow milk samples submitted for bacterial culture: 8,905 samples (1994-2001).	to determine whether antimicrobial resistance patterns of major mastitis pathogens isolated from milk samples from dairy cows have changed over time.	2003	12784967
recombinant bovine soluble cd14 reduces severity of experimental escherichia coli mastitis in mice.	endotoxin, or lipopolysaccharide (lps), is responsible for pathogenesis of infections induced by gram-negative bacteria, such as e. coli. the cellular response to lps is modulated by interactions among lps, lps-binding protein (lbp) and cd14. accumulated evidence shows that the soluble form of cd14 (scd14) competes with membrane-bound cd14 (mcd14) for lps and plays a pivotal role in regulating bacterial infection and septic shock caused by gram-negative bacteria. recombinant bovine scd14 (rboscd ...	2003	12791240
bovine mastitis in selected areas of southern ethiopia.	a study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern ethiopia. a total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous zebu, 85 jersey and 60 holstein-friesian. were examined by clinical examination and the california mastitis (cmt) test. of these, 40.4% were positive by cmt and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevale ...	2003	12797409
pathogenicity of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli in neonatal calves and evaluation of fecal shedding by treatment with probiotic escherichia coli.	the pathogenicity and fecal shedding of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) o26:h11, o111:nm, and o157:h7 were compared in calves (< 1 week of age) with or without prior treatment with probiotic bacteria (competitive exclusion e. coli). three groups of 12 to 14 calves were used for these treatments. half of the calves in each group were perorally administered 10(10) cfu of probiotic bacteria per calf, and, 2 days thereafter, 10(8) cfu of a five-strain mixture with one of the three ehec ser ...	2003	12800990
antitumour activity and specificity as a function of substitutions in the lipophilic sector of helical lactoferrin-derived peptide.	a peptide l5 (pawrkafrwawrmlkkaa), derived from the n-terminal alpha-helical region of bovine lactoferrin (lfb 14-31), that is highly active against several tumour cell lines was reported earlier. in this study, a number of l5 analogues were designed in order to investigate how subsequent replacements of the aromatic amino acids in l5 with three amino acids representing different structural parameters influenced antitumour activity and tumour cell specificity relative to normal human cells. the ...	2003	12803496
antibiotic resistance in animals.	there is currently no systematic surveillance or monitoring of antibiotic resistance in australian animals. registration of antibiotics for use in animals is tightly controlled and has been very conservative. fluoroquinolones have not been registered for use in food producing animals and other products have been removed from the market because of human health concerns. in the late 1970s, the animal health committee coordinated a survey of resistance in salmonella and escherichia coli isolates fr ...	2003	12807287
surveillance for antibiotic resistance in veterinary pathogens from the perspective of a regional diagnostic laboratory.	the toowoomba veterinary laboratory tests for antibiotic resistance through passive surveillance of bacterial pathogens from diseased, frequently intensively managed, animals. testing is carried out on the basis of the number of animals involved, the nature and severity of the disease and the identity and significance of the bacterium, the results guiding the submitting veterinarian in implementing appropriate treatment. the antibiotics chosen for testing are those that are currently registered ...	2003	12807288
rapid sample preparation method for pcr-based detection of escherichia coli o157:h7 in ground beef.	to develop an improved, rapid and sensitive sample preparation method for pcr-based detection of escherichia coli o157:h7 in ground beef.	2003	12807462
field trials on the prophylaxis of intramammary infections in pregnant heifers.	the study was carried out in 5 farms on 174 pregnant heifers. clinical examination of the udder and bacteriological tests of quarter secretion were performed between the 8th and 3rd week before parturition, and then the animals were divided into a control group (64 heifers) and 3 experimental groups and immediately treated. a group of 32 experimental heifers was injected once with antioxidants (vitamin a--600,000 i.u.; vitamin d3--200,000 i.u.; vitamin e--1.5 mg/kg b.w., selenium--0.022 mg/kg b. ...	2003	12817782
sensitivity of methods for the isolation of escherichia coli o157 from naturally infected bovine faeces.	at present, no standard protocol has been described to detect the presence of escherichia coli o157 in cattle faeces. therefore, the sensitivity of 26 different isolation methods was determined in order to recommend a method of choice. faeces samples from 17 different beef cattle at a farm previously found positive for e. coli o157 were subdivided into a total of 40 samples. it was not known whether the 17 cattle shed e. coli o157 at the time of sampling. at another farm where cattle have been f ...	2003	12829388
glutamate counteracts the denaturing effect of urea through its effect on the denatured state.	the urea induced equilibrium denaturation behavior of glutaminyl-trna synthetase from escherichia coli (glnrs) in 0.25 m potassium l-glutamate, a naturally occurring osmolyte in e. coli, has been studied. both the native to molten globule and molten globule to unfolded state transitions are shifted significantly toward higher urea concentrations in the presence of l-glutamate, suggesting that l-glutamate has the ability to counteract the denaturing effect of urea. d-glutamate has a similar effec ...	2003	12844489
efficient hsp90-independent in vitro activation by hsc70 and hsp40 of duck hepatitis b virus reverse transcriptase, an assumed hsp90 client protein.	hsp90 is a specialized chaperone that controls the activity of many key regulator proteins such as steroid hormone receptors (shrs). hormone binding, and therefore shr activation, requires hsp90, which is loaded onto the receptors by a series of events involving hsp70, hsp40, hop, and p23. the reverse transcriptase (rt) of hepatitis b viruses, small dna-containing viruses that replicate via an rna intermediate, has been reported to depend similarly on hsp90 for enzymatic activity. using an in vi ...	2003	12851401
preparation of recombinant rat eosinophil-associated ribonuclease-1 and -2 and analysis of their biological activities.	rat eosinophils contain eosinophil-associated ribonucleases (ears) in their granules. ears are thought to be synthesized as pre-forms and stored in the granules as mature forms. however, the n-terminal amino acid of mature ear-1 and ear-2 is still controversial. therefore, we prepared two recombinant mature forms of ear-1 and ear-2 in which the n-terminal amino acids are ser24 (s) [ear-1 (s) and ear-2 (s)] and gln26 (q) [ear-1 (q) and ear-2 (q)], and analyzed their biological activities by compa ...	2003	12853122
transfer of a rifampicin-resistant escherichia coli strain among feedlot cattle.	to determine the incidence of transfer of a naturally occurring rifampicin-resistant strain of escherichia coli (rrec) among cattle in a research feedlot.	2003	12859774
susceptibility of escherichia coli and enterococcus faecium isolated from pigs and broiler chickens to tetracycline degradation products and distribution of tetracycline resistance determinants in e. coli from food animals.	one hundred escherichia coli isolates from diseased and healthy pigs, cattle and broiler chickens were screened for the presence of tetracycline resistance genes tet(a), (b), (c), (d) or (e). the tet(a) gene was the most abundant (71% of the 100 isolates) followed by tet(b) (25%). the predominance of tet(a) and tet(b) applied to all three animal species, and there was no difference between the distribution of tet(a) and tet(b) genes among non-pathogenic and pathogenic e. coli in any of the anima ...	2003	12860079
is pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans strain mz5t suitable as a probiotic? an in vitro study.	rumen bacterium pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans strain mz5t possessed a potent xylanolytic enzyme system consisting of at least 7 different xylan hydrolases with molar mass 27-145 kda. three of them were successfully isolated in active native form. this strain produced butyrate and lactate on different saccharides. cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid was also detected in the culture medium. bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances of mz5t were active against some strains of rumen bacteria and ...	2003	12879743
prevalence of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella spp. in surface waters of southern alberta and its relation to manure sources.	the oldman river watershed in southern alberta, canada, is an extensively irrigated region in which intensive agricultural practices have flourished. concern over water quality in the basin has been expressed because of high levels of enteric disease indigenous to the region. to address these concerns, we conducted a 2-year study to estimate the prevalence of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella spp. in surface water within the basin. this study is the first of its kind to identify e. coli o1 ...	2003	12897826
characterization of escherichia coli o157:h7 from downer and healthy dairy cattle in the upper midwest region of the united states.	while cattle in general have been identified as a reservoir of escherichia coli o157:h7, there are limited data regarding the prevalence and clonality of this pathogen in downer dairy cattle and the potential impact to human health that may occur following consumption of meat derived from downer dairy cattle. in the present study, conducted at two slaughter facilities in wisconsin between may and october of 2001, we established a higher prevalence of e. coli o157:h7 in fecal and/or tissue sample ...	2003	12902258
detection of escherichia coli serogroups o26, o103, o111 and o145 from bovine faeces using immunomagnetic separation and pcr/dna probe techniques.	the aim of this study was to isolate escherichia coli o26, o103, o111 and o145 from 745 samples of bovine faeces using (i) immunomagnetic separation (ims) beads coated with antibodies to lipopolysaccharide, and slide agglutination (sa) tests and (ii) pcr and dna probes for the detection of the verocytotoxin (vt) genes.	2003	12904221
genomic approach to identification of mycobacterium bovis diagnostic antigens in cattle.	differential delayed-type hypersensitivity skin testing with tuberculin purified protein derivatives from mycobacterium bovis and m. avium is the standard for diagnosing bovine tuberculosis. however, improved tests based on defined, specific antigens are urgently needed. in the present study, a combination of bioinformatics, molecular biology, and bovine models of infection were used to screen mycobacterial proteins for their potential as diagnostic reagents which could be used in a whole-blood ...	2003	12904381
presence of activatable shiga toxin genotype (stx(2d)) in shiga toxigenic escherichia coli from livestock sources.	stx2d is a recently described shiga toxin whose cytotoxicity is activated 10- to 1000-fold by the elastase present in mouse or human intestinal mucus. we examined shiga toxigenic escherichia coli (stec) strains isolated from food and livestock sources for the presence of activatable stx(2d). the stx(2) operons of stec were first analyzed by pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis and categorized as stx(2), stx(2c vha), stx(2c vhb), or stx(2d eh250). subsequently, the stx(2c ...	2003	12904389
effect of intramammary escherichia coli endotoxin in early- vs. late-lactating dairy cows.	we investigated the differences in the effect of intramammarily infused endotoxin for cows in early (el) and late (ll) lactation. in this crossover study, nine cows were challenged twice with 100 microg of intramammarily infused escherichia coli 0111:b4 lps, each cow serving its own control. systemic and local signs were recorded throughout the experiment to assess the severity of each cow's response. daily milk yield and indicators of inflammation in blood and milk were also recorded. the respo ...	2003	12906049
l-selectin and beta2-integrin expression on circulating bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes during endotoxin mastitis.	the aim of this in vivo study was to examine the effect of intramammarily administered endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, lps) on the expression of l-selectin (cd62l) and the beta2-integrin subunits cd11b and cd18 on circulating bovine pmn. six early lactating cows were infused with escherichia coli lps. the adhesion molecules under study were stained at the cell surface and analyzed flow cytometrically. in addition, some of the clinical parameters associated with adhesion molecule mobilization such ...	2003	12906050
fate of coliform bacteria in composted beef cattle feedlot manure.	the link between livestock production, manure management, and human health has received much public attention in recent years. composting is often promoted as a means of sanitizing manure to ensure that pathogenic bacteria are not spread to a wider environment during land application. in a two-year study (1998 and 1999) in southern alberta, we examined the fate of coliform bacteria during windrow composting of cattle (bos taurus) manure from feedlot pens bedded with cereal straw or wood chips. n ...	2003	12931908
acid resistance of escherichia coli o157:h7 from the gastrointestinal tract of cattle fed hay or grain.	there has been strong debate as to whether feeding cattle hay prior to slaughter will reduce the number and/or virulence of escherichia coli o157:h7 in the bovine gastrointestinal tract (git). this study addressed this issue by comparing numbers, persistence, and acid resistance of generic coliforms and e. coli o157:h7 from various gastrointestinal tract sites of cattle fed grain or hay. mature angus steers, doubly cannulated into the rumen and duodenum were inoculated with e. coli o157:h7. aliq ...	2003	12935748
subtyping intimin genes from enteropathogenic escherichia coli associated with outbreaks and sporadic cases in the united kingdom and eire.	pcr-rflp methods for subtyping the intimin gene from strains of typical and atypical enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) and verocytotoxin-producing e. coli (vtec) were compared. a novel hhai pcr-rflp method was developed that was rapid, easy to use and amplified an 1852 bp fragment of the intimin gene from all isolates examined. this method was used to investigate the intimin sub-types of epec strains associated with 14 outbreaks of diarrhoeal disease between 1967 and 2001, and 20 sporadic ...	2003	12944116
enhanced production of alpha-galactosyl epitopes by metabolically engineered pichia pastoris.	a metabolically engineered pichia pastoris strain was constructed that harbored three heterologous enzymes: an s11e mutated sucrose synthase from vigna radiata, a truncated udp-glucose c4 epimerase from saccharomyces cerevisiae, and a truncated bovine alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase. each gene has its own methanol-inducible alcohol oxidase 1 promoter and transcription terminator on the chromosomal dna of p. pastoris strain gs115. the proteins were coexpressed intracellularly under the induction ...	2003	12957908
thermodynamics of heme binding to the hasa(sm) hemophore: effect of mutations at three key residues for heme uptake.	hasa(sm) secreted by the gram-negative bacterium serratia marcescens belongs to the hemophore family. its role is to take up heme from host heme carriers and to shuttle it to specific receptors. heme is linked to the hasa(sm) protein by an unusual axial ligand pair: his32 and tyr75. the nucleophilic nature of the tyrosine is enhanced by the hydrogen bonding of the tyrosinate to a neighboring histidine in the binding site: his83. we used isothermal titration microcalorimetry to examine the thermo ...	2003	12962486
calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase, a novel therapeutic drug for lipopolysaccharide (lps)-mediated diseases, attenuates lps toxicity in mice and piglets.	it has been demonstrated that human placental alkaline phosphatase (hplap) attenuates the lipopolysaccharide (lps)-mediated inflammatory response, likely through dephosphorylation of the lipid a moiety of lps. in this study, it is demonstrated that also alkaline phosphatase derived from calf intestine (ciap) is able to detoxify lps. in mice administered ciap, 80% of the animals survived a lethal escherichia coli infection. in piglets, previous to lps detoxification, the pharmacokinetic behavior ...	2003	12970380
human serum amyloid a3 peptide enhances intestinal muc3 expression and inhibits epec adherence.	we previously determined that the n-terminal region of bovine mammary-associated serum amyloid a3 (m-saa3) increased intestinal mucin muc3 levels in ht29 human intestinal cells by approximately 2.5-fold, relative to untreated cells. this study shows that the human m-saa3 n-terminal peptide further enhances muc3 transcript levels by approximately 4.3-fold in these cells (p<0.02), implicating a species-specific interaction. furthermore, immunofluorescence and immunoblot analysis using a muc3-speci ...	2003	12504116
the conserved tflk motif of mammary-associated serum amyloid a3 is responsible for up-regulation of intestinal muc3 mucin expression in vitro.	in various mammalian species, an isoform of serum amyloid a is secreted at high concentrations into colostrum. a conserved four-amino-acid motif (tflk) is contained within the first eight n-terminal amino acid residues of this mammary-associated serum amyloid a isoform 3 (m-saa3). peptides derived from the bovine n-terminal amino acid sequence of m-saa3 were produced and added to cell culture medium of ht29 cells to study the effects on intestinal mucin gene expression. ht29 cells were grown to ...	2003	12508093
microbial contamination on beef and sheep carcases in south australia.	a total of 523 chilled beef and lamb carcases were sampled from four abattoirs and 13 very small plants (vsps) in south australia during march 2002 in order to develop a microbiological profile of meat produced for domestic consumption within the state. aerobic viable counts (avcs) and escherichia coli counts were obtained from samples taken by sponge-sampling the muscle-adipose tissue at sites designated for each species in the microbiological guidelines to the australian standard for hygienic ...	2003	12485752
comparison of shiga toxin production by hemolytic-uremic syndrome-associated and bovine-associated shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli isolates.	there is considerable diversity among shiga toxin (stx)-producing escherichia coli (stec) bacteria, and only a subset of these organisms are thought to be human pathogens. the characteristics that distinguish stec bacteria that give rise to human disease are not well understood. stxs, the principal virulence determinants of stec, are thought to account for hemolytic-uremic syndrome (hus), a severe clinical consequence of stec infection. stxs are typically bacteriophage encoded, and their product ...	2003	12571029
geographical variation in ribotype profiles of escherichia coli isolates from humans, swine, poultry, beef, and dairy cattle in florida.	waters impacted by fecal pollution can exact high risks to human health and can result in financial losses due to closures of water systems used for recreation and for harvesting seafood. identifying the sources of fecal pollution in water is paramount in assessing the potential human health risks involved as well as in assessing necessary remedial action. recently, various researchers have used the ribotyping method to identify sources of bacterial indicators (escherichia coli and enterococci) ...	2003	12571033
image analysis method for evaluation of specific and non-specific hand contamination.	to evaluate a quantifying image analysis method for assessing the degree of hand contamination and efficacy of hand washing procedures.	2003	12588557
thermal and urea-induced unfolding of the marginally stable lac repressor dna-binding domain: a model system for analysis of solute effects on protein processes.	thermodynamic and structural evidence indicates that the dna binding domains of lac repressor (laci) exhibit significant conformational adaptability in operator binding, and that the marginally stable helix-turn-helix (hth) recognition element is greatly stabilized by operator binding. here we use circular dichroism at 222 nm to quantify the thermodynamics of the urea- and thermally induced unfolding of the marginally stable laci hth. van't hoff analysis of the two-state unfolding data, highly a ...	2003	12590610
opsonic activity of serum and whey from cows immunized with the ferric citrate receptor.	the effects of immunizing dairy cows with the ferric citrate receptor, feca, on the opsonic activity of serum and whey were measured in a phagocytosis assay. fifteen cows were assigned to five blocks of three cows based on date of expected parturition. cows within a block were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 1) feca immunization, 2) immunization with a commercially available escherichia coli j5 bacterin, and 3) unimmunized controls. cows were challenged at approximately 21 dim by i ...	2003	12613859
comparison of ribotyping and repetitive extragenic palindromic-pcr for identification of fecal escherichia coli from humans and animals.	this report compares the performances of two popular genotypic methods used for tracking the sources of fecal pollution in water, ribotyping and repetitive extragenic palindromic-pcr (rep-pcr). the rep-pcr was more accurate, reproducible, and efficient in associating dna fingerprints of fecal escherichia coli with human and animal hosts of origin.	2003	12620878
comparison of methods for dna isolation from food samples for detection of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli by real-time pcr.	in this study, food samples were intentionally contaminated with escherichia coli o157:h7, and then dna was isolated by using four commercial kits. the isolated dna samples were compared by using real-time pcr detection of the shiga toxin genes. the four kits tested worked similarly.	2003	12620880
an improved enrichment broth for isolation of escherichia coli o157, with specific reference to starved cells, from radish sprouts.	an enrichment broth was developed for the efficient isolation of escherichia coli o157 from radish sprouts. the broth was buffered peptone water containing 0.5% sodium thioglycolate (stg-bpw), which was designed to allow growth of e. coli o157 in starved and unstarved states. however, this medium suppressed the growth of non-carbohydrate-fermenting obligate aerobes whose colonial appearance on sorbitol macconkey agar containing cefixime and tellurite (ct-smac) resembled that of e. coli o157. bot ...	2003	12620883
effect of lipopolysaccharide infusion on serum macromineral and vitamin d concentrations in dairy cows.	four multiparous lactating cows (175 to 220 d in milk) were used in a 4 x 4 latin square design to assess the effects of four doses (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 microg/kg of body weight) of lipopolysaccharide (lps; escherichia coli 0111:b4) on circulating concentrations of macrominerals and vitamin d metabolites. treatments were dissolved in 100 ml of sterile saline and infused intravenously over a period of 100 min. blood was sampled immediately before infusion (0 h), at 60-min intervals for 8 h, and at ...	2003	14672173
results of milk samples submitted for microbiological examination in wisconsin from 1994 to 2001.	the objective of this study was to examine the characteristics of milk samples submitted for microbiological examination at the wisconsin veterinary diagnostic laboratory between 1994 and 2001. results (n = 83,650) of microbiological testing of milk samples (n = 77,172) submitted to the wisconsin veterinary diagnostic laboratory from january 1994 until june 2001 were analyzed. submissions included milk samples obtained from cases of clinical and subclinical mastitis as well as samples obtained f ...	2003	14672176
influence of extended acid stressing in fresh beef decontamination runoff fluids on sanitizer resistance of acid-adapted escherichia coli o157:h7 in biofilms.	this study evaluated resistance to sanitizing solutions of escherichia coli o157:h7 cells forming biofilms on stainless steel coupons exposed to inoculated meat decontamination runoff fluids (washings). a previously acid-adapted culture of a rifampicin-resistant derivative of e. coli o157:h7 strain atcc 43895 was inoculated in unsterilized or sterilized combined hot-water (85 degrees c) and cold-water (10 degrees c) (50/50 [vol/vol]) composite water (w) washings (ph 6.29 to 6.47) and in w washin ...	2003	14672222
dissemination of pheu- and phev-located genomic islands among enteropathogenic (epec) and enterohemorrhagic (ehec) e. coli and their possible role in the horizontal transfer of the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee).	we have recently shown that the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) of the bovine enterohemorrhagic e. coli rw1374 (o103:h2) resides within a large pathogenicity island (pai), integrated in the vicinity of the phenylalanine trna gene phev. here we describe an additional, but lee-negative genomic island in rw1374 in the vicinity of another phenylalanine trna gene, pheu, the sequence of which is identical to phev. these two genomic islands revealed identity of the left, but a relative variability ...	2003	12635929
viability of clostridium perfringens, escherichia coli, and listeria monocytogenes surviving mild heat or aqueous ozone treatment on beef followed by heat, alkali, or salt stress.	the threat of pathogen survival following ozone treatment of meat necessitates careful evaluation of the microorganisms surviving under such circumstances. the objective of this study was to determine whether sublethal aqueous ozone treatment (3 ppm of o3 for 5 min) of microorganisms on beef surfaces would result in increased or decreased survival with respect to subsequent heat, alkali, or nacl stress. a mild heat treatment (55 degrees c for 30 min) was used for comparison. reductions in three- ...	2003	12636289
microbiological effects of hand washing at a beef carcass-breaking facility.	the hands of workers in the carcass-breaking facility at a beef packing plant were sampled by rinsing. total aerobes, coliforms, and escherichia coli were enumerated for each sample. the numbers of bacteria recovered from duplicate groups of 25 hand samples collected before and after hands were washed with an antibacterial gel, rinsed in a disinfectant solution, washed with the gel and rinsed with the disinfectant, or washed in the disinfectant for 20 s were similar for samples collected before ...	2003	12636307
rapid detection of escherichia coli o157:h7 inoculated in ground beef, chicken carcass, and lettuce samples with an immunomagnetic chemiluminescence fiber-optic biosensor.	a biosensor was evaluated with regard to its usefulness in the rapid detection of escherichia coli o157:h7 inoculated in ground beef, chicken carcass, and romaine lettuce samples. the biosensor consisted of a chemiluminescence reaction cell, a fiber-optic light guide, and a luminometer linked to a personal computer in conjunction with immunomagnetic separation. the samples inoculated with e. coli o157:h7 were first centrifuged and suspended in buffered peptone water and then incubated with anti- ...	2003	12636312
periparturient endocrine and metabolic changes in healthy cows and in cows affected by mastitis.	transition from pregnancy to lactation in dairy cows involves considerable metabolic adaptation. additional stress is incurred during infections such as periparturient mastitis. multiparous holstein-friesian cows kept under normal production conditions (n = 15) were used to evaluate changes in circulating metabolite and hormone concentrations from 5 days before to 5 days after calving. insulin-like growth factor binding protein (igfbp) profiles were also monitored. marked time-related changes we ...	2003	12650505
rapid purification of recombinant betab2-crystallin using hydrophobic interaction chromatography.	betab2-crystallin, the major subunit of beta-crystallins, is difficult to purify either from lens homogenate or from betah-or betal-crystallins. it has been prepared by heterologous expression in escherichia coli. most often, the methods used for purifying a recombinant globular protein employ the combination of ion-exchange with gel filtration chromatography. in the case of betab2-crystallin too, different approaches have been used to obtain the purified protein, majority of which use a combina ...	2003	12651120
novel bioluminescent assay of alkaline phosphatase using adenosine-3'-phosphate-5'-phosphosulfate as substrate and the luciferin-luciferase reaction and its application.	this paper describes a novel bioluminescent assay of alkaline phosphatase (alp) utilizing atp-sulfurylase and the luciferin-luciferase reaction. the principle governing the assay is as follows. adenosine-3'-phosphate-5'-phosphosulfate, which serves as the substrate for alp, is hydrolyzed enzymatically to produce adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (aps). aps is converted into atp by atp-sulfurylase in the presence of pyrophosphate. the atp produced is detected by the luciferin-luciferase reaction. the m ...	2003	12654306
recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors efficiently and persistently transduce chondrocytes in normal and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage.	successful gene transfer into articular cartilage is a prerequisite for gene therapy of articular joint disorders. in the present study we tested the hypothesis that recombinant adeno-associated virus (raav) vectors are capable of effecting gene transfer in isolated articular chondrocytes in vitro, articular cartilage tissue in vitro, and sites of articular damage in vivo. using an raav vector carrying the escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene (lacz) under the control of the cytomegalovirus ( ...	2003	12659680
cloning, sequencing, and heterologous expression of the murine peroxisomal flavoprotein, n1-acetylated polyamine oxidase.	the aminoacyl sequences of three regions of pure bovine n1-acetylated polyamine oxidase (pao) were obtained and used to search genbanktm. this led to the cloning and sequencing of a complete coding cdna for murine pao (mpao) and the 5'-truncated coding region of the bovine pao (bpao) gene. a search of genbanktm indicated that mpao maps to murine chromosome 7 as seven exons. the translated amino acid sequences of mpao and bpao have a -pro-arg-leu peroxisomal targeting signal at the extreme c term ...	2003	12660232
serotypes and shiga toxin genotypes among escherichia coli isolated from animals and food in argentina and brazil.	shiga toxin (stx)-producing escherichia coli (stec) strains isolated from animals and food in argentina (n=44) and brazil (n=20) were examined and compared in regard to their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics to evaluate their pathogenic potential. the clonal relatedness of stec o157 isolates (n=22) was established by phage typing (pt) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). all o157 strains studied carried eae and enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec)-hly sequences. in argentina, these s ...	2003	12554103
evaluation of frequent milkout for treatment of cows with experimentally induced escherichia coil mastitis.	to evaluate the effect of frequent milkout (fmo) on the outcome of experimentally induced escherichia coli mastitis in cows.	2003	12523483
heterogeneous surface expression of espa translocon filaments by escherichia coli o157:h7 is controlled at the posttranscriptional level.	type iii secretion systems of enteric bacteria enable translocation of effector proteins into host cells. secreted proteins of verotoxigenic escherichia coli o157 strains include components of a translocation apparatus, espa, -b, and -d, as well as "effectors" such as the translocated intimin receptor (tir) and the mitochondrion-associated protein (map). this research has investigated the regulation of lee4 translocon proteins, in particular espa. espa filaments could not be detected on the bact ...	2003	14500511
molecular characterization of escherichia coli o157 contamination routes in a cattle slaughterhouse.	in a cattle slaughterhouse, sampling was performed over a 1-week period to examine the prevalence and possible contamination routes of escherichia coli o157. each sampling day, swab samples were collected from the slaughterhouse environment before onset of slaughter, from the slaughterline, and from 20 successively slaughtered animals. isolation of e. coli o157 consisted of a 6-hour enrichment followed by immunomagnetic separation and selective plating. from the 394 samples taken, 84 (21%) were ...	2003	14503706
enterotoxigenic escherichia coli strains bind bovine milk gangliosides in a ceramide-dependent process.	diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is the main infectious disease of newborn calves. the first step of infection involves bacterial attachment to the intestinal mucosa. this adhesion is mediated by fimbriae that recognize some glycoconjugates on the host cell surface, in particular, several gangliosides. because milk also contains gangliosides, these have been suggested to serve as ligands for bacterial fimbriae and thus prevent the bacterial attachment to mucosa. the mos ...	2003	14506839
aetiology of bovine abortion in argentina.	necropsies were performed on 354 fetuses from dairy and beef herds submitted from 1994 to 2000 to the diagnostic laboratories at instituto nacional de tecnología agropecuaria, balcarce, argentina. samples from the fetuses were examined for pathogenic organisms and processed for microscopic examination. an aetiological diagnosis was made for 161 (45.5%) of the fetuses. no diagnosis was made for 193 (54.5%) fetuses. infectious agents were isolated from 122 (34.4%) of the fetuses, bacterial agents ...	2003	14509450
an evaluation of rapid methods for detecting escherichia coli o157 on beef carcasses.	numbers of escherichia coli o157 in food may be low and sensitive techniques are therefore needed for its detection. the objectives of this study were to use carcass meat samples artificially inoculated with various strains of e. coli o157 to compare the sensitivity of enrichment in three different media and to compare immunomagnetic separation followed by culture of magnetic beads to cefixime tellurite sorbitol macconkey agar with three immunoassays for the detection of e. coli o157 in the enri ...	2003	14527800
bedding and seasonal effects on chemical and bacterial properties of feedlot cattle manure.	nutrients, soluble salts, and pathogenic bacteria in feedlot-pen manure have the potential to cause pollution of the environment. a three-year study (1998-2000) was conducted at a beef cattle (bos taurus) feedlot in southern alberta, canada to determine the effect of bedding material [barley (hordeum vulgare l.) straw versus wood chips] and season on the chemical and bacterial properties of pen-floor manure. manure was sampled for chemical content (n, p, soluble salts, electrical conductivity, a ...	2003	14535334
severity of e. coli mastitis is mainly determined by cow factors.	intramammary infections of dairy cows with gram-positive bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus (major cause of mastitis) have received a lot of attention because of their major economic impact on the dairy farm through production losses induced by an increase in somatic cell count. management strategies, including greater awareness for efficient milking and hygienic measures, have limited the spread of gram-positive bacteria and resulted in a significant decrease of proportion of s. aureus isol ...	2003	14556694
vtec o157 in cattle.		2003	14567669
roles of individual enzyme-substrate interactions by alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase in catalysis and specificity.	the retaining glycosyltransferase, alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha3gt), is mutationally inactivated in humans, leading to the presence of circulating antibodies against its product, the alpha-gal epitope. alpha3gt catalyzes galactose transfer from udp-gal to beta-linked galactosides, such as lactose, and in the absence of an acceptor substrate, to water at a lower rate. we have used site-directed mutagenesis to investigate the roles in catalysis and specificity of residues in alpha3gt tha ...	2003	14621997
effect of chemical dehairing on the prevalence of escherichia coli o157:h7 and the levels of aerobic bacteria and enterobacteriaceae on carcasses in a commercial beef processing plant.	the objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that cleaning cattle hides by removing hair and extraneous matter before hide removal would result in improved microbiological quality of carcasses in commercial beef processing plants. to test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of chemical dehairing of cattle hides on the prevalence of escherichia coli o157:h7 and the levels of aerobic bacteria and enterobacteriaceae on carcasses. samples from 240 control (conventionally processed ...	2003	14627275
optimization of enrichment and plating procedures for the recovery of escherichia coli o111 and o26 from minced beef.	optimization of enrichment media and selective agars for the detection of escherichia coli o26 and o111 from minced beef.	2003	14633022
antimicrobial susceptibility and factors affecting the shedding of e. coli o157:h7 and salmonella in dairy cattle.	to examine factors affecting faecal shedding of the foodborne pathogens escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella in dairy cattle and evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates.	2003	14633110
implication of virulence factors in escherichia coil o157:h7 pathogenesis.	since the first documented outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis caused by escherichia coli o157:h7 in 1982, numerous publications have demonstrated or proposed putative components implicated in the pathogenesis of this gastrointestinal infection. indeed, escherichia coli o157:h7 pathogenesis is linked to several potential virulent factors such as verotoxins (or shiga-like toxins), components implicated in attaching/effacing of microvilli, and the enterohemolysin phenotypes. defining the precise molec ...	2003	14636040
the influence of organic load on the antimicrobial activity of different concentrations of naocl and chlorhexidine in vitro.	to evaluate bacterial growth after contact with sodium hypochlorite (naocl; 1 and 5%) and chlorhexidine (chx; 0.12, 0.5 and 1%) in vitro with or without the addition of organic material (bovine serum albumin (bsa) 0.5%).	2003	14641423
steroidal regulation of uterine resistance to bacterial infection in livestock.	postpartum uterine infections reduce reproductive efficiency and have significant animal welfare and economic consequences. postpartum uterine infections are classified as nonspecific, but arcanobacterium pyogenes and escherichia coli are usually associated with them in cattle and sheep. pyometra is the most common type of uterine infection in dairy cattle, and it is detected almost exclusively in cows with active corpora lutea. luteal progesterone typically down-regulates uterine immune functio ...	2003	14641941
protein refolding assisted by self-assembled nanogels as novel artificial molecular chaperone.	molecular chaperone-like activity for protein refolding was investigated using nanogels of self-assembly of cholesterol-bearing pullulan. nanogels effectively prevented protein aggregation (i.e. carbonic anhydrase and citrate synthase) during protein refolding from gdmcl denaturation. enzyme activity recovered in high yields upon dissociation of the gel structure in which the proteins were trapped, by the addition of cyclodextrins. the nanogels assisted protein refolding in a manner similar to t ...	2003	14572636
removal of endotoxin by reverse phase hplc abolishes anti-endothelial cell activity of bacterially expressed plasminogen kringle 5.	the success of recombinant protein expression/purification in escherichia coli depends on a high-fidelity system rendering purified proteins free of confounding contaminants such as endotoxin. here we report on the expression and purification of a cryptic plasminogen-derived domain, kringle 5, which was previously reported to specifically inhibit endothelial cell growth and, therefore, angiogenesis. using a histidine (his)-tag expression and ni(+)-nta agarose purification system identical to pre ...	2003	14579737
selection and characterization of peptide memitopes binding to ricin.	a combinatorial random peptide display library expressed in e. coli was employed to identify short, linear peptide sequences that showed affinity for ricin and could be used as reagents for detection and identification of ricin. one peptide, p3, from a collection of four short peptides showed specific binding to ricin. the kinetic analysis of this peptide binding to the ricin showed lower equilibrium binding constants for the peptide p3 than monoclonal antibody. this is attributed due to both sl ...	2003	14584927
increased levels of lps-binding protein in bovine blood and milk following bacterial lipopolysaccharide challenge.	several species of gram-negative bacteria, including escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, and various species of enterobacter, are common mastitis pathogens. all of these bacteria are characterized by the presence of endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (lps) in their outer membrane. the bovine mammary gland is highly sensitive to lps, and lps has been implicated, in part, in the pathogenesis of gram-negative mastitis. recognition of lps is a key event in the innate immune response to gram-negati ...	2003	14594231
c-reactive protein and antibacterial activity in blood plasma of colostrum-fed calves and the effect of lactulose.	several milk proteins are very important for immunological defense and can be absorbed in the intestine of calves in the first hours after birth. the influence of colostrum intake and the effect of additional lactulose application on the concentration of c-reactive protein (crp) in blood were investigated. the crp is known as a mediator of innate immunity. results were compared to the bovine acute phase protein haptoglobin, and to lactalbumin, lactoferrin, and immunoglobulins in plasma from calv ...	2003	14594250
phenotypic and molecular characteristics of typical and atypical escherichia coli o157, clinical and food isolates.	enrichment, colony isolation and confirmation are three general phases of a standard diagnostic method. e. coli o 157 (the main member of ehec group) differs metabolically from other strains of e. coli in a number of ways. most isolates are slow- or non-fermenters of sorbitol and lack the enzyme beta-glucuronidase (gud). but, a variety of atypical strains of e. coli o157 (sorbitol-fermenting variants, nonmotile and gud-positive) have been reported. the discovery of these atypical pathogenic stra ...	2003	14594402
correlation between geographic distance and genetic similarity in an international collection of bovine faecal escherichia coli o157:h7 isolates.	evidence from epidemiological and molecular studies of bovine escherichia coli o157:h7 suggests that strains are frequently transmitted across wide geographic distances. to test this hypothesis, we compared the geographic and genetic distance of a set of international bovine escherichia coli o157:h7 isolates using the mantel correlation. for a measure of genetic relatedness, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of six different restriction enzyme digests was used to generate an average dice similari ...	2003	14596534
precise and efficient cleavage of recombinant fusion proteins using mammalian aspartic proteases.	expression of recombinant proteins as translational fusions is commonly employed to enhance stability, increase solubility and facilitate purification of the desired protein. in general, such fusion proteins must be cleaved to release the mature protein in its native form. the usefulness of the procedure depends on the efficiency and precision of cleavage and its cost per unit activity. we report here the development of a general procedure for precise and highly efficient cleavage of recombinant ...	2003	14600208
immune response to a mucosally administered aflatoxin b1 vaccine.	in the present study, a mucosal vaccine was used in an effort to elicit serum igg and intestinal secretory iga against the mycotoxin aflatoxin b1 (afb) in chickens. afb was coupled to carrier proteins (bsa and porcine thyroglobulin) for use as a vaccine and elisa coating antigen, respectively. seven-day-old broiler chicks were divided into groups of 10 and immunized with one of four vaccine preparations: 1) afb-bsa conjugate alone, 2) afb-bsa linked to the b subunit of the recombinant heat-labil ...	2003	14601734
rectoanal mucosal swab culture is more sensitive than fecal culture and distinguishes escherichia coli o157:h7-colonized cattle and those transiently shedding the same organism.	enrichment and direct (nonenrichment) rectoanal mucosal swab (rams) culture techniques were developed and compared to traditional fecal culture for the detection of escherichia coli o157:h7 in experimentally infected and naturally infected cattle. holstein steers (n = 16) orally dosed with e. coli o157:h7 were sampled after bacterial colonization starting 15 days postinoculation. enrichment rams cultures (70.31% positive) were more sensitive than enrichment fecal cultures with 10 g of feces (46. ...	2003	14605119
distribution of intimin subtypes among escherichia coli isolates from ruminant and human sources.	the intimin gene eae, located within the locus of enterocyte effacement pathogenicity island, distinguishes enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) and some shiga toxin-producing e. coli (stec) strains from all other pathotypes of diarrheagenic e. coli. epec is a leading cause of infantile diarrhea in developing countries, and intimin-positive stec isolates are typically associated with life-threatening diseases such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome and hemorrhagic colitis. here we describe the dev ...	2003	14605134
toward an international standard for pcr-based detection of escherichia coli o157. part 1. assay development and multi-center validation.	as part of a major european research project, a diagnostic pcr assay, including an internal amplification control, was developed and validated in a collaborative trial for the detection of escherichia coli o157. the assay is based on amplification of sequences of the rfbe o157 gene. the collaborative trial, including 12 international laboratories, was carried out in two phases: phase (a) was performed with identical pcr reagents, including the internal control, provided by the sending laboratory ...	2003	14607420
the effect of milk production level on host resistance of dairy cows, as assessed by the severity of experimental escherichia coli mastitis.	this study investigated the possible effects of milk production level on the host resistance of dairy cows. high (n = 18) and low (n = 18) producing cows on a research farm, which respectively produced 11 443 and 7 727 kg milk in their previous lactation, were compared. to enhance the possible differences in host resistance between high and low producing cows, the animals in both groups were metabolically stressed by overfeeding during the dry period or were fed according to requirements, result ...	2003	14746768
escherichia coli 0157: h7 reservoir, transmission, diagnosis and the african situation: a review.	to provide an overview of the current understanding of verotoxigenic escherichia coli 0157:h7 (vtec) and to describe clinical picture, reservoir, transmission and diagnosis and african situations of vtec.	2003	16167744
a comparative efficacy trial between cefuroxime and cloxacillin as intramammary treatments for clinical mastitis in lactating cows on commercial dairy farms.	to assess the efficacy of a commercial intramammary preparation containing cefuroxime as a treatment for clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows.	2003	16032286
possible animal origin of human-associated, multidrug-resistant, uropathogenic escherichia coli.	the multistate occurrence of cases of urinary tract infection (uti) caused by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz)-resistant escherichia coli strains belonging to a single clonal group (designated as clonal group a [cga]) in the united states has raised an intriguing hypothesis that these infections may have been spread by contaminated food products. the present study attempted to determine if cga strains could be traced to food animals.	2004	15655743
evaluation of universal pre-enrichment broth for isolation of salmonella spp., escherichia coli o157:h7, and listeria monocytogenes from dairy farm environmental samples.	use of universal pre-enrichment broth (upb) as a primary enrichment medium for detection of salmonella spp., escherichia coli o157:h7, and listeria monocytogenes from dairy farm environmental samples was evaluated. there were no differences in bacterial growth between upb and selective primary enrichment broths for each pathogen inoculated individually or in combination at 10(1) and 10(2) colony forming units/ml. in addition, no differences were observed when upb and selective primary enrichment ...	2004	15992260
examination of heat stress and stage of lactation (early versus late) on fecal shedding of e. coli o157:h7 and salmonella in dairy cattle.	mature, healthy lactating dairy cattle were sampled on two farms in the southwestern united states to examine the effects of heat stress (experiment i) and stage of lactation (experiment ii) on the fecal shedding of e. coli o157:h7 and salmonella. to examine the effects of heat stress, fecal samples were collected from 45 cows at 7:00 am (coolest part of the day) and 5:00 pm (hottest part of the day) in august 2002 on a 250 cow dairy. the study was replicated one month later (n = 170 total sampl ...	2004	15992270
comparison of escherichia coli isolates from humans, food, and farm and companion animals for presence of shiga toxin-producing e. coli virulence markers.	the objective of this study was to characterize escherichia coli isolates from dairy cows/feedlots, calves, mastitis, pigs, dogs, parrot, iguana, human disease, and food products for prevalence of shiga toxin-producing e. coli (stec) virulence markers. the rationale of the study was that, isolates of the same serotypes that were obtained from different sources and possessed the same marker profiles, could be cross-species transmissible. multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to detec ...	2004	15992278
isolation of escherichia coli o157 from human and bovine faeces in the urbino area, italy.	we examined 476 faecal samples from subjects aged from 0 to >60 years, 283 with diarrhoea and 193 with illnesses involving other sites or clinically healthy, and 154 samples of faeces of healthy cattle, in order to define the diffusion of e. coli o157 in the urbino area. the samples were seeded by both direct streaking onto cefixime tellurite sorbitol mac conkey agar (ct-smac) and previous enrichment in cefixime tellurite tryptone soya broth for human specimens and in cefixime vancomicin trypton ...	2004	15729839
characterization of recombinant antibodies developed for capturing enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7.	escherichia coli o157:h7, an emerging cause of food-borne disease with the occurrence of an estimated 20,000 illnesses and 250 deaths each year in the united states, has now been reported from several countries worldwide. infections with this bacteria, which follows the ingestion of contaminated food by humans, causes bloody diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus), and renal disease, that can have serious health implications. the source of food contamination is usually associated with animals, ...	2004	15916089
changes in vitamin c concentrations in plasma and milk from dairy cows after an intramammary infusion of escherichia coli.	plasma and milk concentrations of ascorbic acid and dehydro-l-ascorbic acid (dhaa) were measured before and after 21 holstein cows (approximately 26 dim) were given an intramammary infusion of escherichia coli. blood, milk from the unchallenged quarters, and milk from the challenged gland were sampled immediately before challenge (d 0) and 24 h and 7 d postchallenge. plasma vitamin c (ascorbic acid + dhaa) concentrations decreased 39%, and concentrations of vitamin c and ascorbic acid in milk fr ...	2004	14765807
associations between pathogen-specific cases of clinical mastitis and somatic cell count patterns.	associations were estimated between pathogen-specific cases of clinical mastitis (cm) and somatic cell count (scc) patterns based on deviations from the typical curve for scc during lactation and compared with associations between pathogen-specific cm and lactation average scc. data from 274 dutch herds recording cm over an 18-mo period were used. pathogens found were staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, escherichia coli, streptococcus dysgalactiae, streptococcus uberis, stre ...	2004	14765815
pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in lactating cows after repeated intramuscular administrations and pharmacodynamics against mastitis isolated strains.	the plasma and milk pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibacterial compound, were evaluated in dairy cows, as well as its pharmacodynamic characteristics against mastitis-isolated pathogens. marbofloxacin was given intramuscularly as a 10% aqueous solution to dairy cows either at a single dose or at repeated doses of 2 mg/kg once daily for 3 d. blood and milk samples were collected for the determination of the concentration of marbofloxacin and of its putative metabolites: n- ...	2004	14765828
oxidized groel can function as a chaperonin.	here, we report on the facilitated reactivation (85%) of oxidatively inactivated rhodanese by an oxidized form of the molecular chaperone groel (ox-groel). reactivation by ox-groel required a reductant, and the enzyme substrate, sodium thiosulfate. also, we found that ox-groel formed a complex with oxidatively inactivated rhodanese as shown by differential centrifugation and fluorescence spectroscopy. ox-groel was obtained upon incubation of native groel for 16 h with 5 mm hydrogen peroxide. und ...	2004	14766403
role of calf-adapted escherichia coli in maintenance of antimicrobial drug resistance in dairy calves.	the prevalence of antimicrobial drug-resistant bacteria is typically highest in younger animals, and prevalence is not necessarily related to recent use of antimicrobial drugs. in dairy cattle, we hypothesize that antimicrobial drug-resistant, neonate-adapted bacteria are responsible for the observed high frequencies of resistant escherichia coli in calves. to explore this issue, we examined the age distribution of antimicrobial drug-resistant e. coli from holstein cattle at a local dairy and co ...	2004	14766551
cmp-n-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase from escherichia coli k1 is a bifunctional enzyme: identification of minimal catalytic domain for synthetase activity and novel functional domain for platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity.	escherichia coli cmp-neuac synthetase (ec 2.7.7.43) catalyzes the synthesis of cmp-neuac from ctp and neuac, which is essential for the formation of capsule polysialylate for strain k1. alignment of the amino acid sequence of e. coli cmp-neuac synthetase with those from other bacterial species revealed that the conserved motifs were located in its n termini, whereas the c terminus appeared to be redundant. based on this information, a series of deletions from the 3'-end of the cmpneuac synthetas ...	2004	14960566
protocol for evaluating the efficacy of cetylpyridinium chloride as a beef hide intervention.	the objective of this study was to establish the necessary protocols and assess the efficacy of cetylpyridinium chloride (cpc) as an antimicrobial intervention on beef cattle hides. experiments using cpc were conducted to determine (i) the methods of neutralization needed to obtain valid efficacy measurements, (ii) the effect of concentration and dwell time after treatment, (iii) the effect of cpc on hide and carcass microbial populations when cattle were treated at a feedlot and then transporte ...	2004	14968962