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[complete genomic sequence of rapidly replicating strain mb-7 of hepatitis a virus and its characterization in comparison with nucleotide sequences of other hepatitis a virus strains].complete nucleotide sequence of genomic rna of hepatitis a virus (hav) rapidly replicating strain mb-7 was determined. comparison of nucleotide and deduced amino-acid sequences demonstrated the highest level of identity of mb-7 with strain has-15 (above 99%) and high homology with other hav strains (hm 175/7, cr326, and gbm/hfs) used in production of anti-hepatitis a vaccines. mb-7 was classified as subgenotype ia. phylogenetic analysis showed that mb-7 is most closely related to the strain has- ...201020361667
[clinical features of patients with fulminant hepatitis a requiring emergency liver transplantation: comparison with acute liver failure due to other causes].according to recent prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, acute liver failure (alf) due to hav infection is observed frequently in parallel. the aim of this study was to elucidate the clinical, laboratory, and pathologic features of patients who have undergone emergency liver transplantation (lt) due to fulminant hav infection.201020375639
the infective causes of hepatitis and jaundice amongst hospitalised patients in vientiane, laos.there is little information on the diverse infectious causes of jaundice and hepatitis in the asiatic tropics. serology (hepatitis a, b, c and e, leptospirosis, dengue, rickettsia), antigen tests (dengue), pcr assays (hepatitis a, c and e) and blood cultures (septicaemia) were performed on samples from 392 patients admitted with jaundice or raised transaminases (> or =x3) to mahosot hospital, vientiane, laos over 3 years. conservative definitions suggested diagnoses of dengue (8.4%), rickettsios ...201020378138
predictors of hav/hbv vaccination completion among methadone maintenance clients.this randomized, controlled study (n = 256) was conducted to compare three interventions designed to promote hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) vaccination completion among clients undergoing methadone maintenance (mm) treatment. participants were recruited from five mm treatment sites in southern california and randomized into three groups: motivational interviewing-single (mi-single), motivational interviewing-group (mi-group); and nurse-led hepatitis health promotion (hhp). a ...201020143328
detection and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis a virus and norovirus in marine recreational waters of mexico.an investigation was conducted to determine hepatitis a virus (hav) and norovirus (nv) presence in marine recreational waters (mrws) from two mexican tourists beaches (altata and mazatlan), located at the northwestern state of sinaloa, mexico. also, binary logistic regression (blr) analyses were conducted between physicochemical parameters (temperature, turbidity and salinity) and viral organisms (hav and nv). a total of 32 mrws samples were collected from april to july of 2006. samples were pro ...201020154390
duplex real-time qrt-pcr for the detection of hepatitis a virus in water and raspberries using the ms2 bacteriophage as a process control.hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is the leading worldwide cause of acute viral hepatitis. an important aspect of viral control is rapid diagnosis. epidemiological studies have linked hepatitis a outbreaks to the consumption of drinking water or soft fruits exposed to faecal contamination. real-time reverse transcriptase pcr (qrt-pcr) is now widely used for detecting rna viruses in food samples. efficiency of viral concentration, nucleic acid extraction and the presence of potential inhibitors o ...201020188760
bacterial and viral pathogens in live oysters: 2007 united states market survey.two samples of market oysters, primarily from retail establishments, were collected twice each month in each of nine states during 2007. samples were shipped refrigerated overnight to five u.s. food and drug administration laboratories on a rotating basis and analyzed by most probable number (mpn) for total and pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus numbers and for the presence of toxigenic v. cholerae, salmonella spp., norovirus (nov), and hepatitis a virus (hav). levels of indica ...201020190085
experimental hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis): evidence of active extrahepatic site of hav replication.this work studied the replication sites of hepatitis a virus (hav) in cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis) after intravenous inoculation. the cynomolgus monkeys were inoculated with the brazilian hepatitis a virus strain (haf-203). monkeys were euthanized on days 15, 30, 45 and 60 postinoculation (pi). liver samples, submandibular salivary gland, mesenteric lymph node and tonsils were removed for virological and pathological evaluation. immunofluorescence analyses on liver and salivary gland ...201020096073
molecular characterization of sewage-borne pathogens and detection of sewage markers in an urban stream in caracas, venezuela.molecular characterization of two sewage-borne pathogens identified hepatitis a virus (hav) subgenotype ia and giardia duodenalis assemblages a and b as predominant genotypes circulating in an urban area of venezuela. this study reveals epidemiological features of human pathogens of worldwide distribution and the efficacy of molecular methods for accurate assessment of sewage pollution.201020097824
detection of enteric viruses in sewage sludge and treated wastewater effluent.sewage sludge and treated wastewater when contaminated with enteric virus and discharged into the environment, could pose a human health risk. the aim of study was to verify the presence and viability of enteric viruses in sewage sludge and treated wastewater at a local sewage plant in florianopolis city, brazil. sewage sludge was concentrated by organic flocculation and polyethylene glycol precipitation and wastewater by electronegative membrane filtration and ultrafiltration by centriprep conc ...201020107281
factors for predicting positive results for anti-hav igm retesting among initially seronegative patients.the standard diagnostic tool for acute hepatitis a is detection of anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) immunoglobulin m (igm). however, a negative result for anti-hav igm can be obtained in the early phase of infection. among clinically suspicious seronegative patients, diagnosis of hepatitis a is sometimes recorded on retesting.201020108041
[indication of determination of antibodies against hepatitis c and a viruses in the protocol for the care of young immigrants].to evaluate systematic determination of antibodies against hepatitis c virus (hcv) and hepatitis a virus (hav) within the protocols for the care of young immigrants (pcyi).201020053479
genotyping of hepatitis a virus detected in bivalve shellfish in galicia (nw spain).hepatitis a virus (hav) represents a significant public health problem due to its high persistence in the environment and its transmission through contaminated water and food. bivalve shellfish are filter feeders that can bioaccumulate human pathogens found in contaminated waters, their consumption being a potential cause of hepatitis a outbreaks. in this work, cultured and wild bivalve shellfish from the ría de vigo (galicia, nw spain) were analysed for the presence and genotyping of hav. a tot ...201020057087
is there a link between seropositivity to helicobacter pylori and hepatitis a virus? a systematic review.since hepatitis a virus (hav) is acquired primarily through the fecal-oral pathway, several investigators have used hav seropositivity as a proxy for exposure to this pathway. this paper is a critical review of the evidence relevant to the association between seropositivity to hav and helicobacter pylori, and considers the validity of comparisons for testing the hypothesis that h. pylori spreads by the fecal-oral route.201020060352
increasing incidence of hepatitis a in korean adults.hepatitis a infection is caused by the hepatitis a virus (hav), which is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. lifelong protective antibodies are present after infection. the number of cases of adult hepatitis a has progressively been increasing during the last several decades in korea. in addition, the pattern of age-specific seroprevalence of anti-hav has changed with economic growth. the prevalence of anti-hav in the 10-50-year age range has declined rapidly during the last 3 decades. as ...201020068335
an outbreak of hepatitis a in roma populations living in three prefectures in greece.an outbreak of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection affected roma populations living in three prefectures of northeastern greece. between july and november 2007, 124 cases were reported. we carried out investigations to characterize the pathogen, to identify the source of infection and the route of transmission. using the rt-pcr technique, hav strains of the same genotype were detected in all sera from a subset of patients with acute disease. these showed more than 99.8% identity, suggesting a comm ...201019941688
hepatitis a virus antibodies in immunoglobulin preparations.persons with primary immune deficiency receive intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) as antibody replacement therapy. these patients depend on the presence of protective antibody levels against circulating pathogens in ivig.201019962745
hepatitis a virus (hav) proteinase 3c inhibits hav ires-dependent translation and cleaves the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein.hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is still an important issue worldwide. a distinct set of viruses encode proteins that enhance viral cap-independent translation initiation driven by an internal ribosome entry site (ires) and suppress cap-dependent host translation. unlike cytolytic picornaviruses, replication of hav does not cause host cell shut off, and it has been questioned whether hav proteins interfere with its own and/or host translation. hav proteins were coexpressed in huh-7 cells with ...201019889140
spontaneous remission of iga nephropathy associated with resolution of hepatitis a.although most cases of immunoglobulin a (iga) nephropathy are idiopathic, several diseases are associated with iga nephropathy. of these, chronic liver disease resulting from hepatitis b or c virus infection has been reported as a secondary cause of iga nephropathy. recently, hepatitis a virus (hav)-associated kidney disease has received attention because acute kidney injury can occur as a complication of hav infection, generally caused by acute tubular necrosis or interstitial nephritis. howeve ...201020932622
hepatitis a in internationally adopted children: screening for acute and previous infections.the goal was to determine the prevalence of acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection and immunity among internationally adopted children.201020937651
role of cyp2e1 gene polymorphisms association with hepatitis risk in northeast india.to investigate hepatitis virus, genetic and environmental factors, and their interactions in predisposing patients to liver diseases in northeast india.201020939108
hepatitis a and travel amongst nova scotia postsecondary students: evidence for a targeted vs. universal immunization strategy.canadian guidelines recommend hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccination for high-risk persons, such as travelers to hav-endemic areas. the us cdc advocates universal immunization.201020955828
applied biotechnology for production of immunoglobulin y specific to hepatitis a virus.a new protocol for producing polyclonal antibody against hepatitis a virus (hav) is described. twenty hens were immunized three times with a commercial hav vaccine and hav from a cell culture with three types of adjuvants: cpg oligodeoxynucleotides (cpg-odn), incomplete freund's adjuvant and an alum adjuvant. in each of the last two booster inoculations, blood from the birds was collected and tested for hav antibodies. egg yolk was separated from egg white and immunoglobulin y (igy) antibody was ...201020971134
first full-length genomic sequence of a hepatitis a virus isolated in argentina shows recombination between subgenotypes ia and ib.a hepatitis a virus (hav) recovered in argentina from a stool sample of a sick child in the year 2006 (hav-arg/06) was entirely sequenced. phylogenetic analysis included the hav-arg/06 sequence in subgenotype ia, either considering the usual vp1-2a variable junction fragment or the full length nucleotide sequence. interestingly, a recombination event with subgenotype ib, involving a portion of the 2c-3a nonstructural proteins coding region (nucleotides 4961-5140) was detected using specific soft ...201021056065
characterization of cd8+ t-cell response in acute and resolved hepatitis a virus infection.in contrast to the infection with other hepatotropic viruses, hepatitis a virus (hav) always causes acute self-limited hepatitis, although the role for virus-specific cd8 t cells in viral containment is unclear. herein, we analyzed the t cell response in patients with acute hepatitis by utilizing a set of overlapping peptides and predicted hla-a2 binders from the polyprotein.201021056495
evaluation of different rna-extraction kits for sensitive detection of hepatitis a virus in strawberry samples.the efficiency of different commercial rna extraction kits for the detection of hepatitis a virus (hav) from seeded strawberry samples was assessed by standard rt-pcr and real time rt-pcr (rt-qpcr). the best results with standard rt-pcr were achieved with aurum™ total rna extraction kit (biorad), obtaining a detection limit of 5-6.25 pfu/mg of tissue. a slightly lower sensitivity was rendered by the rneasy® plant mini kit (qiagen) (10-12.5 pfu/mg tissue), while the total quick rna cells and tiss ...201021056773
the evolving epidemiology of hepatitis a in the united states: incidence and molecular epidemiology from population-based surveillance, 2005-2007.the incidence of hepatitis a virus (hav) disease is the lowest ever in the united states. we describe recent incidence and characteristics of cases of hav disease from 6 us sites conducting hepatitis surveillance in the emerging infections program.201021059974
comparison of effects of hepatitis e or a viral superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis b.to compare the demographics, liver function, and prognosis of chinese patients infected with chronic hepatitis b (chb) and superinfected with hepatitis e virus (hev) or hepatitis a virus (hav).201021063485
hepatitis a, b, c and hiv infections among finnish female prisoners--young females a risk group.previous prison studies have shown that the female gender is associated with higher hepatitis c prevalence. however, there are few prison studies of gender differences concerning the risk factors of hepatitis c infections. we studied the prevalence of hepatitis and hiv infections and the risk factors among finnish female prisoners.201021087630
a unique hav strain circulated in patients with acute hav infection with different risk exposures in tuscany, italy.acute hepatitis a virus (hav) is reported to be an emergent problem in several developed countries.201021094625
heat inactivation of hepatitis a virus and a norovirus surrogate in soft-shell clams (mya arenaria).the effectiveness of different thermal treatments for inactivating two viruses in clams was evaluated. soft-shell clam digestive glands experimentally contaminated with hepatitis a virus (hav) or murine norovirus (mnv) were heated for 90, 180, or 300 seconds at 85°c or 90°c in glass vials or plastic bags with 200 g of soft-shell clam meat. inactivation was measured by plaque assay and real-time reverse-transcription (rt)-polymerase chain reaction assay. measured inactivation was similar using bo ...201021126194
simultaneous recovery of bacteria and viruses from contaminated water and spinach by a filtration method.water and leafy vegetables eaten fresh are increasingly reported as being involved in food-borne illness cases. the pathogenic agents responsible for these infections are mainly bacteria and viruses and are present in very small quantities on the contaminated food matrices. laboratory techniques used to isolate or detect the contaminating agent differ enormously according to the type of microorganisms, generating time and economical losses. the purpose of this study was to optimize a single meth ...201021131086
prevalence of nucleic acid sequences specific for human parvoviruses, hepatitis a and hepatitis e viruses in coagulation factor concentrates.due to their high resistance to inactivation procedures, nonenveloped viruses such as parvovirus b19, human bocavirus (hbov), human parvovirus 4 (parv4), hepatitis a (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) pose a particular threat to blood products. virus transmission to patients treated with blood products presents an additional burden to disease. we determined the frequency and the amount of nucleic acid specific for nonenveloped viruses in recently manufactured preparations of commercial coagulatio ...201021133933
what factors determine the severity of hepatitis a-related acute liver failure?summary.  the reason(s) that hepatitis a virus (hav) infection may progress infrequently to acute liver failure are poorly understood. we examined host and viral factors in 29 consecutive adult patients with hav-associated acute liver failure enrolled at 10 sites participating in the us alf study group. eighteen of twenty-four acute liver failure sera were pcr positive while six had no detectable virus. hav genotype was determined using phylogenetic analysis and the full-length genome sequences ...201021143345
meeting vaccination quality measures for hepatitis a and b virus in patients with chronic hepatitis c infection.coinfection with hepatitis a virus (hav) or hepatitis b virus (hbv) in patients with chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. the center for medicare and medicaid services has identified hav and hbv vaccination as a priority area for quality measurement in hcv. it is unclear to what extent patients with hcv meet these recommendations. we used national data from the department of veterans affairs hcv clinical case registry to evaluate the prevalence an ...201021157783
intractable recurrent hepatitis a virus infection requiring repeated liver transplantation: a case report.although hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is usually self-limited, it may induce fulminant hepatitis. we present an unusual case of a 40-year-old, otherwise healthy man with intractable recurrent hav infection requiring retransplantation after primary liver transplantation for hav-associated fulminant liver failure. after the first living-donor liver transplantation, allograft function recovered uneventfully; however, beginning at 35 days, his serum total bilirubin concentration increased, reac ...201021168755
assessing the risk of a community outbreak of hepatitis a on blood safety in latvia, 2008.post-transfusion hepatitis a virus (hav) infection worldwide is considered a sporadic event. an outbreak of hav infection occurred in latvia between the end of 2007 and throughout 2008 with more than 2,800 confirmed cases reported over a 13-month period (incidence of 123 per 100,000 population). the majority of reported hav infection cases were in people over 18 years of age and in people living in the capitalcity, riga. we estimated that the crude risk for hav contamination of whole blood suppl ...201020739001
sentinel surveillance for patients with acute hepatitis in egypt, 2001-04.viral hepatitis is a major problem in egypt. to define the epidemiology of the disease, sentinel surveillance was established in 5 hospitals in diverse areas of the country in 2001. data were completed for patients meeting the case definition for viral hepatitis. of a total of 5909 patients evaluated, 4189 (70.9%) showed positive antibody markers for hepatitis. out of those, 40.2% had evidence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, 30.0% hepatitis b virus (hbv) and 29.8% hepatitis c virus (hcv) i ...201020799563
inhibitory effects on hav ires-mediated translation and replication by a combination of amantadine and interferon-alpha.hepatitis a virus (hav) causes acute hepatitis and sometimes leads to fulminant hepatitis. amantadine is a tricyclic symmetric amine that inhibits the replication of many dna and rna viruses. amantadine was reported to suppress hav replication, and the efficacy of amantadine was exhibited in its inhibition of the internal ribosomal entry site (ires) activities of hav. interferon (ifn) also has an antiviral effect through the induction of ifn stimulated genes (isg) and the degradation of viral rn ...201020815893
seroepidemiology of a second epidemic of hepatitis e in a population that had recorded first epidemic 30 years before and has been under surveillance since then.large-scale waterborne epidemics of hepatitis e occur in developing countries. it is not known why these epidemics occur repeatedly and selectively in adult population?201020827406
predicted 30-year protection after vaccination with an aluminum-free virosomal hepatitis a vaccine.few studies have examined the duration of protection following vaccination against hepatitis a virus (hav) with currently licensed hav vaccines. this study explored the long-term immunogenicity in individuals vaccinated with the virosomal hepatitis a virus, epaxal. adult volunteers (n = 130) previously enrolled into four different studies between 1992 and 1994 and who had completed a 0/12-month immunization regimen (primary and booster dose) were asked to participate in this follow-up study. yea ...201020827757
seroepidemiology of hepatitis a and hepatitis e viruses in aden, yemen.the burden of hepatitis a (hav) and hepatitis e (hev) infection is unknown in aden, yemen. this survey describes the prevalence of antibodies against hav and hev among individuals attending primary health care facilities in aden, yemen. five hundred and thirty eight participants, stratified by age and district population size, were enrolled and screened for anti-hav and 356 for anti-hev antibodies. the age-standardized seroprevalence of antibodies was 86.6% (95% ci 83.7-89.5) for anti-hav and 10 ...201020828772
molecular characterization of hepatitis a virus isolates from environmental and clinical samples in greece.hepatitis a virus (hav) strains detected in environmental and clinical samples were analysed to characterize the genotypes of hav circulating in greece. fifty (50) sewage samples were collected from patras (south-western greece) and alexandroupolis (north-eastern greece) from 2007 until 2009, accordingly. the clinical samples derived from an hav outbreak involved populations from three neighbouring prefectures of north-eastern greece (xanthi, rodopi, and evros). hav particles were detected by ne ...201020846383
helicobacter pylori infection in mother and infant pairs in anatolia.the aim of this prospective study was to determine the seroprevalence rates of helicobacter pylori in mother and infant pairs and to discuss the possible fecal-oral transmission route of helicobacter pylori infection in the early years of life.201020872322
hepatitis a virus genetic diversity in venezuela: exclusive circulation of subgenotype ia and evidence of quasispecies distribution in the isolates.hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is highly prevalent in latin america, including venezuela. subgenotype ia seems to circulate in an almost exclusive fashion, except in brazil. the aim of this study was the molecular characterization of the hav infection in venezuela, in order to characterize the circulating strains and to analyze the presence of quasispecies in sporadic cases and an epidemic outbreak. a total of 125 (113 sera and 12 feces) samples positive for anti-hav igm from sporadic cases a ...201020872708
spatiotemporal dynamics of viral hepatitis a in italy.viral hepatitis a is still common in italy, especially in southern regions. in this study, a metapopulation model for hepatitis a virus (hav) transmission is proposed and analyzed. analytical results on the asymptotic and transient behaviors of the system are carried out. based on the available italian movement data, a national spatial contact matrix at the regional level, which could be used for new studies on the transmission dynamics of other infectious diseases, is derived for modeling fluxe ...201020883708
hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with acute tubulointerstitial nephritis secondary to hepatitis a virus infection.hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is generally a self-limited disease, but the infection in adults can be serious, to be often complicated by acute kidney injury (aki) and rarely by virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (vahs). our patient, a 48-yr-old man, was diagnosed with hav infection complicated by dialysis-dependent aki. his kidney biopsy showed acute tubulointerstitial nephritis with massive infiltration of activated macrophages and t cells, and he progressively demonstrated features ...201020890439
analysis of 5' nontranslated region of hepatitis a viral rna genotype i from south korea: comparison with disease severities.the aim of the study was to analyze genotype i hepatitis a virus (hav) 5' nontranslated region (ntr) sequences from a recent outbreak in south korea and compare them with reported sequences from japan. we collected a total of 54 acute hepatitis a patients' sera from hav genotype i [27 severe disease (prothrombin time inr ≥ 1.50) and 27 mild hepatitis (prothrombin time inr <1.00)], performed nested rt-pcr of 5' ntr of hav directly sequenced from pcr products (∼ 300 bp), and compared them with eac ...201021203430
prevalence of igg anti-hav in patients with chronic hepatitis b and in the general healthy population in korea.few studies have investigated hepatitis a virus (hav) seroepidemiology in koreans with chronic liver disease (cld). this study compared the prevalence of igg anti-hav between the general healthy population and patients with hepatitis b virus-related cld (hbv-cld), with the aim of identifying predictors of hav prior exposure.201021415579
current issues in the management of paediatric viral hepatitis.viral hepatitis poses important problems for children. in preschoolers, hepatitis a virus (hav) infection frequently causes acute liver failure. vaccinating toddlers against hav in countries with high endemicity is expected to decrease mortality. hav vaccine demonstrates efficacy (comparable to immunoglobulin) as post-exposure prophylaxis. a recently developed vaccine against hepatitis e virus (hev) may benefit fetal health, because pregnant women are most prone to acute liver failure as a resul ...201019840256
high prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a virus among captive nonhuman primates.hepatitis a virus (hav) can infect not only humans but also several other nonhuman primates. this study has been conducted to evaluate the comprehensive anti-hav seroprevalence in captive nonhuman primate populations in thailand. the prevalence of antibodies against hav in 96 captive nonhuman primates of 11 species was evaluated by competitive enzyme immunoassay (eia). hav antibodies were found in 64.7% (11/17) of macaques, 85.7% (6/7) of langurs, 28.4% (10/35) of gibbons, and 94.6% (35/37) of o ...201019821010
clinical features of acute renal failure associated with hepatitis a virus infection.acute hepatitis a (aha) is one of the most common infectious diseases; it is usually a self-limiting disease affecting the liver. although extrahepatic manifestations are not common, some cases have been reported associated with acute renal failure. we reviewed the clinical features of patients with aha complicated by acute renal failure (arf group) and compared them with patients with noncomplicated aha (non-arf group). the medical records of 208 consecutive patients with aha who were diagnosed ...201019824944
incidence trends of viral hepatitis a, b, and c seropositivity over eight years of surveillance in saudi arabia.in saudi arabia, viral hepatitis ranked the second most common reportable viral disease in 2007, with almost 9000 new cases diagnosed in that year. the objective of this study was to determine the incidence trends of viral hepatitis seropositivity among the population served by the national guard health affairs (ngha) hospitals in the central, eastern, and western saudi arabia regions.201019540786
viral and bacterial contamination in recreational waters: a case study in the lisbon bay area.to assess the presence of viral pathogens in bathing water samples and to evaluate the interdependency of bacterial indicator counts and viral detection.201019761463
significant loss of hepatitis a ab after allogeneic hematopoietic sct in pediatric patients.loss of specific immunity after hematopoietic sct (hsct) is well documented for polio, measles, mumps and tetanus. there are limited studies reporting the loss of hepatitis a virus immunity and no reports evaluating the effect of donor immunity on hepatitis a virus (hav) immunity loss after hsct. a total of 49 of the 81 patients who received hsct at the ankara university pediatric hsct unit from january 1997 to december 2006 had hav serology tested before hsct and were evaluated for seroprevalen ...201019465941
meeting vaccination quality measures for hepatitis a and b virus in patients with chronic hepatitis c infection.coinfection with hepatitis a virus (hav) or hepatitis b virus (hbv) in patients with chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. the center for medicare and medicaid services has identified hav and hbv vaccination as a priority area for quality measurement in hcv. it is unclear to what extent patients with hcv meet these recommendations. we used national data from the department of veterans affairs hcv clinical case registry to evaluate the prevalence an ...201021254161
hepatitis a - prevention in travellers.hepatitis a is the second most common vaccine preventable infection in travellers. highly effective vaccines exist for its prevention for travellers from 12 months of age, including last minute travellers and those in special risk groups.201021301672
[new guidelines for investigating and evaluating the virucidal activity of disinfectants].the diversity of viruses that cause human infectious diseases and problems in culturing some of them, such as hepatitis a, b, and c viruses and hiv, necessitate a search for test viruses that are closely resistant to disinfectants. the early methodical documents and the new one "guidelines for investigating and evaluating the virucidal activity of disinfectants" (my 3.5.2431-08) include poliovirus (vaccine strain) as one of the test viruses. adenovirus and thermoresistant parvovirus are addition ...201021344697
inactivation of hepatitis a virus and norovirus surrogate in suspension and on food-contact surfaces using pulsed uv light (pulsed light inactivation of food-borne viruses).this study was conducted to evaluate the inactivation of murine norovirus (mnv-1) and hepatitis a virus (hav) by pulsed ultraviolet (uv) light. mnv-1 was used as a model for human norovirus. viral suspensions of about 10(6) pfu/ml were exposed to pulses of uv light for different times and at different distances in a xenon steripulse device (model rs-3000c). inactivation studies were also carried out on 1-cm(2) stainless steel and polyvinyl chloride disks with 10(5) pfu/ml. inactivation of mnv-1 ...201021356466
impact of acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection on hiv viral load in hiv-infected patients and influence of hiv infection on acute hav infection.to assess the effect of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection on hiv viral load (vl) and the influence of hiv on the clinical expression of hav infection.201121368013
prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis a among blood donors in qazvin, central iran.introduction: the hepatitis a virus (hav) is a major global health problem, especially in developing countries. althrough children aged 5-14 years are the most infected age group, all age groups are equally affected in an hav epidemic. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and related risk factors of hav among blood donors in qazvin, central iran. methods: a cross-sectional study was performed in april 2008 on a total of 351 blood donors aged 17 to 60 years. information on demogr ...201121373737
presence of enteric hepatitis viruses in the sewage and population of greater cairo.in egypt, the disease burden of viral hepatitis is one of the heaviest worldwide. we conducted a survey of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) in patients and sewage in cairo. our data showed that hav (genotype ib) was predominant over hev (genotype 3) and was circulating in the population and the environment.201121375654
use of a catalytic model to estimate hepatitis a incidence in a low-endemicity country: implications for modeling immunization policies.background: evaluating the cost-effectiveness of vaccine programs with dynamic modeling requires accurate estimates of incidence over time. because infectious diseases are often underreported, supplementary data and statistical analyses are required to estimate true incidence. this study estimates the true incidence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in canada using a catalytic model. methods: a catalytic model was used to reconcile hav seroprevalence data with the corresponding true cumulativ ...201121393559
exposure to multiple subgenotypes of hepatitis a virus during an outbreak using matched serum and saliva specimens.matched serum and saliva samples were collected simultaneously from 124 subjects exposed during a hepatitis a virus (hav) outbreak at a daycare center in rio de janeiro, brazil. all samples were tested for igm and total anti-hav antibodies by enzyme immunoassay (eia). hav was detected by nested pcr in serum, saliva, and water samples employing primers for the vp1/2a region of the viral rna; all positive products were then sequenced. the viral load of the matched samples was determined by real-ti ...201121412786
Hepatitis A virus genotype and its correlation with the clinical outcome of acute hepatitis A in Korea: 2006-2008.Korea has recently experienced a nationwide outbreak of hepatitis A. This study aimed to investigate hepatitis A virus (HAV) genotypes and to compare clinical features between patients infected with HAV genotype IA and those with genotype IIIA. From September 2006 to August 2008, 595 patients with symptomatic hepatitis A were enrolled prospectively in four hospitals in Korea. Among them, 556 patients participated in this study by providing serum or stool samples for genotypic analysis. HAV RNA w ...201122012713
Monitoring the hepatitis A virus in urban wastewater from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Hepatitis A is a viral disease with a significant public health impact, especially in developing countries. Improvements in sewage services could prevent hepatitis A virus (HAV) dissemination into the environment and minimize the risk of infection. The aim of this study was to monitor HAV for one year in urban sewage samples from the largest wastewater treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to assess environmental contamination with HAV and its dissemination after treatment by an activated sl ...201122100367
[Role of hepatitis A and E viruses in the development of autoimmune diseases].The mechanisms of development of autoimmune diseases may be associated with a complex of genetic, immune, hormonal, and infectious factors. Autoimmune diseases include a wide range of systemic and organ-specific diseases, including autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). It is currently assumed that the pathogenesis of AIH is due to compromised immune regulation in the presence of an exogenous triggering factor. Exogenous factors, such as viruses, may be triggers of AIH. There may be different ways of initi ...201121899066
major human hepatitis a virus genotype in hong kong marine waters and detection by real-time pcr.marine waters from seven sites around hong kong with varying levels of sewage pollution were analyzed for hepatitis a virus (hav) by pcr cloning and dna sequencing of the highly variable vp1/2a junction of the hav genome. phylogenetic analysis of 10 pcr clones from each of the hav-positive marine sites indicated that human hav genotype ib is the most widely distributed type in hong kong waters. a sensitive and quantitative taqman-based pcr method targeting the 5'-noncoding region (5'-ncr) of hav ...201122001296
cost-effectiveness of additional blood screening tests in the netherlands.background: during the past decade, blood screening tests such as triplex nucleic acid amplification testing (nat) and human t-cell lymphotropic virus type i or i (htlv-i/ii) antibody testing were added to existing serologic testing for hepatitis b virus (hbv), human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), and hepatitis c virus (hcv). in some low-prevalence regions these additional tests yielded disputable benefits that can be valuated by cost-effectiveness analyses (ceas). ceas are used to support decisi ...201121880046
Challenges to mapping the health risk of hepatitis A virus infection.World maps are among the most effective ways to convey public health messages such as recommended vaccinations, but creating a useful and valid map requires careful deliberation. The changing epidemiology of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in many world regions heightens the need for up-to-date risk maps. HAV infection is usually asymptomatic in children, so low-income areas with high incidence rates usually have a low burden of disease. In higher-income areas, many adults remain susceptible to the viru ...201122008459
hepatitis b virus and hepatitis c virus services offered by substance abuse treatment programs in the united states.although substance abuse treatment programs are important contact points for providing health services for hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) infections, availability of services in these programs has not been well characterized. this study evaluated the spectrum of hbv and hcv services offered by substance abuse treatment programs within the national drug abuse treatment clinical trials network. our survey of substance abuse treatment program administrators covered availability ...201122035702
Anti-hepatitis A seroprevalence among chronic viral hepatitis patients in Kelantan, Malaysia.To determine the seroprevalence of anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibodies in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and to justify the need for hepatitis A vaccination.201122039329
genetic control of hepatitis a severity and susceptibility to allergy.hepatitis a virus (hav) usually results in asymptomatic infection or mild disease, but in a small subset of patients it can lead to severe disease and even liver failure. in this issue of the jci, kim et al. identify a polymorphism associated with this increased disease risk in the gene that encodes the hav receptor--tim1. importantly, this tim1 gene polymorphism protects from the development of atopic diseases in hav-seropositive individuals.201121339636
a polymorphism in tim1 is associated with susceptibility to severe hepatitis a virus infection in humans.during infection with the hepatitis a virus (hav), most patients develop mild or asymptomatic disease. however, a small number of patients develop serious, life-threatening hepatitis. we investigated this variability in disease severity by examining 30 argentinean patients with hav-induced acute liver failure in a case-control, cross-sectional, observational study. we found that hav-induced severe liver disease was associated with a 6-amino-acid insertion in tim1/havcr1 (157insmtttvp), the gene ...201121339644
fulminant hepatitis and glomerulonephritis-a rare presentation of hepatitis a virus infection.aim: we report a case of fulminant hepatitis and glomerulonephritis by hepatitis a virus infection. methods: we observed the patient's clinical course and analyzed his data retrospectively. results: the three-year-old boy presented with features of acute renal failure and stage 2 hepatic encephalopathy. renal biopsy showed diffuse mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis with immunoglobulin m and complement 3 deposition. after receiving supportive treatment for over 6 weeks, the hepatic and r ...201121342254
a detailed comparative analysis on the overall codon usage patterns in hepatitis a virus.hepatitis a virus (hav) is a hepatotropic member of the family picornaviridae. hav has several unique biological characteristics that distinguish it from other members of this family. recent and previous studies revealed that codon usage plays a key role in hav replication and evolution. in this study, the patterns of synonymous codon usage in hav have been studied through multivariate statistical methods on 30 complete open reading frames (orfs) from the available 30 full-length hav sequences. ...201121296111
Complete coding sequence and molecular analysis of hepatitis A virus from a chimpanzee with fulminant hepatitis.Background Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infects both humans and non-human primates, in experimentally infected chimpanzees is typically milder than in humans. In 1982, Abe and Shikata reported a first case of a chimpanzee with fulminant hepatitis caused by spontaneous HAV infection, and the underlying mechanisms of the disease remain unknown. Methods To characterize denoted CFH-HAV, we conducted cloning and near full-length sequence analysis. Results Phylogenetic analyses of VP1-2A and complete se ...201122017331
Comparison of chlorine and peroxyacetic-based disinfectant to inactivate Feline calicivirus, Murine norovirus and Hepatitis A virus on lettuce.In recent years, raw fruits and vegetables have frequently been involved in foodborne transmission to humans of enteric viruses, particularly noroviruses and hepatitis A virus (HAV). Although viral contamination can occur during all steps of food processing, primary production is a critical stage on which prevention measures must be focused to minimize the risk of infection to consumers. Postharvest sanitation may be a valid technological solution for decreasing the bacterial load on fresh raw m ...201121924791
variants in abcb1, tgfb1, and xrcc1 genes and susceptibility to viral hepatitis a infection in mexican americans.hepatitis a vaccination has dramatically reduced the incidence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, but new infections continue to occur. to identify human genetic variants conferring a risk for hav infection among the three major racial/ethnic populations in the united states, we assess associations between 67 genetic variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms, 'snps') among 31 candidate genes and serologic evidence of prior hav infection using a population-based, cross-sectional study of 6779 ...201122135187
surveillance of hepatitis a and e viruses contamination in shellfish in thailand.to survey for hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) contamination in edible bivalve shellfish.201121929540
the role of immunoglobulin a in prolonged and relapsing hepatitis a virus infections.hepatitis a virus infections result in different courses of the disease, varying between normal, prolonged and relapsing. however, the reason for these heterogeneous clinical appearances is not understood. as hav/anti-hav iga immunocomplexes (hav/iga) infect hepatocytes, iga was postulated as a carrier supporting hepatotropic transport of hav, and it was speculated that this carrier mechanism contributes to the various clinical outcomes. in this study the iga-carrier mechanism was investigated i ...201122170633
Antibody persistence and immune memory in healthy adults following vaccination with a two-dose inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: long-term follow-up at 15 years.Long-term persistence of vaccine-induced immune response in adults was assessed annually for 15 years following primary immunization with a two-dose inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. In 1992, 119 and 194 subjects aged 17-40 years and naïve for hepatitis A virus (HAV) were enrolled in two studies to receive 1,440 ELISA units (El.U) of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine (Havrix™, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Belgium) according to a standard 0, 6 or an extended 0, 12 months schedule, respectively. Seru ...201121915861
Functional binding of hexanucleotides to 3C protease of hepatitis A virus.Oligonucleotides as short as 6?nt in length have been shown to bind specifically and tightly to proteins and affect their biological function. Yet, sparse structural data are available for corresponding complexes. Employing a recently developed hexanucleotide array, we identified hexadeoxyribonucleotides that bind specifically to the 3C protease of hepatitis A virus (HAV 3C(pro)). Inhibition assays in vitro identified the hexanucleotide 5'-GGGGGT-3' (G(5)T) as a 3C(pro) protease inhibitor. Using ...201122156376
Epidemiological and genetic analyses of a diffuse outbreak of hepatitis A in Japan, 2010.BACKGROUND: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is still one of the most common causative agents of acute hepatitis in Japan. Although a relatively small number of annual acute hepatitis A cases (approximately 100-150, 0.78-1.17 per million) were recently reported, a larger number of cases (346, 2.71 per million) were reported in 2010. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the causes of the 2010 HAV resurgence in Japan by using molecular epidemiological and genetic analyses. STUDY DESIGN: HAV specimens were obtained f ...201122196871
Surveillance study of hepatitis A virus RNA on fig and date samples.Ninety-one fig and 185 date samples were analyzed by RT real time PCR for the presence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) RNA. Two batches of dates tested positive and HAV RNA detected was genotyped as IA. These findings warrant further development of methods applicable to food exported from HAV endemic countries which is consumed untreated.201122138987
seroprevalence and correlates of hepatitis a among hiv-negative american men who have sex with men.hepatitis a outbreaks are well documented among men who have sex with men (msm). this analysis examines characteristics associated with hepatitis a virus (hav) infection among a large group of young adult msm from five usa cities.201121851774
disruption of tlr3 signaling due to cleavage of trif by the hepatitis a virus protease-polymerase processing intermediate, 3cd.toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) and cytosolic rig-i-like helicases (rig-i and mda5) sense viral rnas and activate innate immune signaling pathways that induce expression of interferon (ifn) through specific adaptor proteins, tir domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β (trif), and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (mavs), respectively. previously, we demonstrated that hepatitis a virus (hav), a unique hepatotropic human picornavirus, disrupts rig-i/mda5 signaling by targeting mavs for ...201121931545
hemocytes are sites of enteric virus persistence within oysters.the goal of this study was to determine how enteric viruses persist within shellfish tissues. several lines of novel evidence show that phagocytic blood cells (hemocytes) of eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) play an important role in the retention of virus particles. our results demonstrated an association of virus contamination with hemocytes but not with hemolymph. live oysters contaminated overnight with hepatitis a virus (hav) and murine norovirus (mnv) had 56% and 80% of extractable v ...201121948840
Cloning, purification and preliminary crystallographic studies of the 2AB protein from hepatitis A virus.The Picornaviridae family contains a large number of human pathogens such as rhinovirus, poliovirus and hepatitis A virus (HAV). Hepatitis A is an infectious disease that causes liver inflammation. It is highly endemic in developing countries with poor sanitation, where infections often occur in children. As in other picornaviruses, the genome of HAV contains one open reading frame encoding a single polyprotein that is subsequently processed by viral proteinases to originate mature viral protein ...201122102033
age-specific seroprevalence of hepatitis a in sari, northern islamic republic of iran.the declining incidence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in the islamic republic of iran may be reducing the population's natural immunity. this was the first systemized, population-based survey of the seroprevalence of hav antibodies in urban and rural inhabitants of sari, mazandaran province. serum from 1034 individuals aged 1-25 years in 2007 were tested for anti-hav lgg antibody using a commercial enzyme immunoassay kit. the overall seroprevalence was 38.9%. the lowest prevalence (5.2%) ...201122256409
discrimination of infectious hepatitis a viruses by propidium monoazide real-time rt-pcr.the discrimination of infectious and inactivated viruses remains a key obstacle when using quantitative rt-pcr (rt-qpcr) to quantify enteric viruses. in this study, propidium monoazide (pma) and rnase pretreatments were evaluated for the detection and quantification of infectious hepatitis a virus (hav). for thermally inactivated hav, pma treatment was more effective than rnase treatment for differentiating infectious and inactivated viruses, with hav titers reduced by more than 2.4 log(10) unit ...201123412764
work-related health effects among wastewater treatment plants workers.raw sewage contains various pathogenic organisms including bacteria, viruses, fungus, worms and protozoa. workers at wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) are exposed to these organisms as well as to h2s gas causing many health hazards.201123022842
identification of acute vaccine-preventable hepatitis in individuals with chronic hepatitis in british columbia between 1991 and 2007.in british columbia (bc), hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) vaccines are provincially funded for persons with chronic hepatitis infections.201122379482
seroepidemiology of hepatitis a in the croatian population.hepatitis a virus (hav) has a worldwide distribution, although this distribution tends to be uneven among geographical regions and population groups. the prevalence of anti-hav antibodies in the general population varies widely among countries. in europe, the seroprevalence of hav is reported to range from 32% to 88%.201122368685
is evaluation of hepatitis a immunity required or not?hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is one of the most common causes of acute hepatitis and it is a serious health problem worldwide. hav infection is a vaccine preventable disease that can produce the lifelong immunity seen in many developed countries with the vaccination schedule administered to children; however this vaccine is not used in developing countries at the present time. improvements in food and water hygiene have caused a displacement of hepatitis a infection from children to adults ...201122368677
hepatitis a virus among drug users and the role of vaccination: a review.in countries with advanced economies better health and hygiene conditions, along with the introduction, in some cases, of global vaccination, have relegated most viral hepatitis to marginal social groups and, in particular, drug users (dus). the availability of safe and effective vaccines for hepatitis a virus (hav) and b (hbv) may play a major role in combating this phenomenon. despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine for over a decade and the recommendations of international he ...201122347865
coinfection of hepatitis a virus genotype ia and iiia complicated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, prolonged cholestasis, and false-positive immunoglobulin m anti-hepatitis e virus: a case report.a 37-year-old male presented with fever and jaundice was diagnosed as hepatitis a complicated with progressive cholestasis and severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia. he was treated with high-dose prednisolone (1.5 mg/kg), and eventually recovered. his initial serum contained genotype ia hepatitis a virus (hav), which was subsequently replaced by genotype iiia hav. moreover, at the time of development of hemolytic anemia, he became positive for immunoglobulin m (igm) anti-hepatitis e virus (hev). we ...201122310798
clinico-laboratory study on children with auto-immune hepatitis in upper egypt.auto-immune hepatitis (aih) in children is a rare chronic progressive liver disorder. it is characterised serologically by high aminotransferase levels, elevated immunoglobulin g (igg) and the presence of autoantibodies. aih is divided into two types according to the autoantibody profile. this study aims to assess frequency, clinical manifestations, biochemical features and outcome of aih in children attending assuit university hospitals in upper egypt with acute icteric hepatitis and seronegati ...201122305497
seroprevalence study of hepatitis a virus in fars province, southern iran.there are several studies on seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) in adults in the middle east.201122706273
expression of a recombinant chimeric protein of hepatitis a virus vp1-fc using a replicating vector based on beet curly top virus in tobacco leaves and its immunogenicity in mice.we describe the expression and immunogenicity of a recombinant chimeric protein (hav vp1-fc) consisting of human hepatitis a virus vp1 and an fc antibody fragment using a replicating vector based on beet curly top virus (bctv) in agrobacterium-infiltrated nicotiana benthamiana leaves. recombinant hav vp1-fc was expressed with a molecular mass of approximately 68 kda. recombinant hav vp1-fc, purified using protein a sepharose affinity chromatography, elicited production of specific igg antibodies ...201121442402
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