Publications

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rethinking vector immunology: the role of environmental temperature in shaping resistance.recent ecological research has revealed that environmental factors can strongly affect insect immunity and influence the outcome of host-parasite interactions. to date, however, most studies examining immune function in mosquitoes have ignored environmental variability. we argue that one such environmental variable, temperature, influences both vector immunity and the parasite itself. as temperatures in the field can vary greatly from the ambient temperature in the laboratory, it will be essenti ...201223147703
insect micrornas: biogenesis, expression profiling and biological functions.micrornas (mirna) are a class of endogenous regulatory rna molecules 21-24 nucleotides in length that modulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level via base pairing to target sites within messenger rnas (mrna). typically, the mirna "seed sequence" (nucleotides 2-8 at the 5' end) binds complementary seed match sites within the 3' untranslated region of mrnas, resulting in either translational inhibition or mrna degradation. micrornas were first discovered in caenorhabditis elegans an ...201223165178
identification of bacterial microflora in the midgut of the larvae and adult of wild caught anopheles stephensi: a step toward finding suitable paratransgenesis candidates.to describe the midgut microbial diversity and to find the candidate bacteria for the genetic manipulation for the generation of paratransgenic anopheline mosquitoes refractory to transmission of malaria, the microbiota of wild larvae and adult anopheles stephensi mosquito midgut from southern iran was studied using a conventional cell-free culture technique and analysis of a 16s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene sequence library. forty species in 12 genera including seven gram-negative myroides, chryse ...201222074685
urban health challenges in europe.this article synthesizes diverse official reports, statistics, and scientific papers that present demographic, economic, environmental, and social trends impacting on the health and quality of life of citizens living in european cities. a literature review led to the identification of some key challenges including an aging society, migration flows, inequalities in health, global change, and risk behaviors that should be addressed in order to promote urban health. other challenges, such as food p ...201222971931
fighting malaria with engineered symbiotic bacteria from vector mosquitoes.the most vulnerable stages of plasmodium development occur in the lumen of the mosquito midgut, a compartment shared with symbiotic bacteria. here, we describe a strategy that uses symbiotic bacteria to deliver antimalaria effector molecules to the midgut lumen, thus rendering host mosquitoes refractory to malaria infection. the escherichia coli hemolysin a secretion system was used to promote the secretion of a variety of anti-plasmodium effector proteins by pantoea agglomerans, a common mosqui ...201222802646
mathematical modelling and evaluation of the different routes of transmission of lumpy skin disease virus.abstract: lumpy skin disease (lsd) is a severe viral disease of cattle. circumstantial evidence suggests that the virus is transmitted mechanically by blood-feeding arthropods. we compared the importance of transmission via direct and indirect contact in field conditions by using mathematical tools. we analyzed a dataset collected during the lsd outbreak in 2006 in a large dairy herd, which included ten separated cattle groups. outbreak dynamics and risk factors for lsd were assessed by a transm ...201222236452
highly dynamic host actin reorganization around developing plasmodium inside hepatocytes.plasmodium sporozoites are transmitted by anopheles mosquitoes and infect hepatocytes, where a single sporozoite replicates into thousands of merozoites inside a parasitophorous vacuole. the nature of the plasmodium-host cell interface, as well as the interactions occurring between these two organisms, remains largely unknown. here we show that highly dynamic hepatocyte actin reorganization events occur around developing plasmodium berghei parasites inside human hepatoma cells. actin reorganizat ...201222238609
breakpoint distribution in male-linked translocations in anopheles stephensi liston.a series of translocations involving the male chromosome and chromosome 3 was analyzed in anopheles stephensi. using three genetic markers in 3r, namely sp, dp, and bl, the recombination distance between the breakpoint and each of the three markers was assessed. on the basis of control recombination it was possible to assign the breakpoint to the chromosome relative to the three markers. it was shown that the majority of breakpoints were located in the vicinity of dp-bl and translocations were i ...20123559165
pyrosequencing-based analysis of the microbiome associated with the horn fly, haematobia irritans.the horn fly, haematobia irritans, is one of the most economically important pests of cattle. insecticides have been a major element of horn fly management programs. growing concerns with insecticide resistance, insecticide residues on farm products, and non-availability of new generation insecticides, are serious issues for the livestock industry. alternative horn fly control methods offer the promise to decrease the use of insecticides and reduce the amount of insecticide residues on livestock ...201223028533
the impact of insecticide resistance on culex pipiens immunity.because of their role as vectors of diseases, the evolution of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes has been intensively investigated. insecticide resistance is associated to a wide range of pleiotropic effects on several key life-history traits of mosquitoes such as longevity and behavior. however, despite its potential implications in pathogen transmission, the effects of insecticide resistance on mosquito immunity have received little, if any, attention. here, we investigate the impact of ins ...201223745141
isolation and efficacy of entomopathogenic fungus (metarhizium anisopliae) for the control of aedes albopictus skuse larvae: suspected dengue vector in pakistan.to isolate the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae (m. anisopliae) in the local environment, and evaluate its efficacy against the suspected dengue vector aedes albopictus in pakistan.201223569917
battling malaria iceberg incorporating strategic reforms in achieving millennium development goals & malaria elimination in india.malaria control in india has occupied high priority in health sector consuming major resources of the central and state governments. several new initiatives were launched from time to time supported by foreign aids but malaria situation has remained static and worsened in years of good rainfall. at times malaria relented temporarily but returned with vengeance at the local, regional and national level, becoming more resilient by acquiring resistance in the vectors and the parasites. national dev ...201223391787
molecular detection of acinetobacter species in lice and keds of domestic animals in oromia regional state, ethiopia.this study was conducted to determine the presence of acinetobacter and rickettsia species dna in lice and melophagus ovinus (sheep ked) of animals from oromia regional state in ethiopia. from september through november 2011, a total of 207 cattle, 85 sheep, 47 dogs and 16 cats were examined for ectoparasites. results of morphological identification revealed several species of ectoparasites: linognathus vituli (l. vituli), bovicola bovis (b. bovis) and solenopotes capillatus (s. capillatus) on c ...201223285015
csp--a model for in vivo presentation of plasmodium berghei sporozoite antigens by hepatocytes.one target of protective immunity against the plasmodium liver stage in balb/c mice is represented by the circumsporozoite protein (csp), and mainly involves its recognition by ifn-γ producing specific cd8+t-cells. in a previous in vitro study we showed that primary hepatocytes from balb/c mice process plasmodium berghei (pb) csp (pbcsp) and present csp-derived peptides to specific h-2k(d) restricted cd8+t-cells with subsequent killing of the presenting cells. we now extend these observations to ...201223272182
visualizing non infectious and infectious anopheles gambiae blood feedings in naive and saliva-immunized mice.anopheles gambiae is a major vector of malaria and lymphatic filariasis. the arthropod-host interactions occurring at the skin interface are complex and dynamic. we used a global approach to describe the interaction between the mosquito (infected or uninfected) and the skin of mammals during blood feeding.201223272060
in vivo therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine alone or in combination with primaquine against vivax malaria in kolkata, west bengal, india, and polymorphism in pvmdr1 and pvcrt-o genes.plasmodium vivax malaria, though benign, has now become a matter of concern due to recent reports of life-threatening severity and development of parasite resistance to different antimalarial drugs. the magnitude of the problem is still undetermined. the present study was undertaken to determine the in vivo efficacy of chloroquine (cq) and chloroquine plus primaquine in p. vivax malaria in kolkata and polymorphisms in the pvmdr1 and pvcrt-o genes. a total of 250 patients with p. vivax monoinfect ...201223262997
pharmacological properties of datura stramonium l. as a potential medicinal tree: an overview.india has a great wealth of various naturally occurring plant drugs which have great potential pharmacological activities. datura stramonium (d. stramonium) is one of the widely well known folklore medicinal herbs. the troublesome weed, d. stramonium is a plant with both poisonous and medicinal properties and has been proven to have great pharmacological potential with a great utility and usage in folklore medicine. d. stromonium has been scientifically proven to contain alkaloids, tannins, carb ...201223593583
evaluation of aqueous and ethanol extract of bioactive medicinal plant, cassia didymobotrya (fresenius) irwin & barneby against immature stages of filarial vector, culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae).to evaluate aqueous and ethanol extract of cassia didymobotrya leaves against immature stages of culex quinquefasciatus.201223569999
repellent properties of cardiospermum halicacabum linn. (family: sapindaceae) plant leaf extracts against three important vector mosquitoes.to determine repellent activity of hexane, ethyl acetate, benzene, chloroform and methanol extract of cardiospermum halicacabum (c. halicacabum) against culex quinquefasciatus (cx. quinquefasciatus), aedes aegypti (ae. aegypti) and anopheles stephensi (an. stephensi).201223569979
mosquito vector management with botanicals-the most effective weapons in controlling mosquito-borne diseases. 201223569926
ecology of anopheles stephensi in a malarious area, southeast of iran.district of jiroft is situated in south-east of iran which is one of the malarious regions. anopheles stephensi is considered as one of the main malaria vector in this region. ecology of this species was studied in the area to understand its vector behavior for implementation of effective vector control measures. different methods like total catch, pit shelter, night bite collection on human and animal, larval dipping methods were used for species identification, seasonal activity, anthropophili ...201222267381
resting behaviour of anopheles stephensi type form to assess its amenability to control malaria through indoor residual spray.in the present study, an attempt was made to find reasons of ineffectiveness of indoor residual spray to interrupt malaria transmission by investigating the behaviour of two variants of anopheles stepnesi, viz. type form and mysorensis in rural areas of rajasthan, india.201223135013
upwind responses of anopheles stephensi to carbon dioxide and l-lactic acid: an olfactometer study.excretion of carbon dioxide and l-lactic acid through exhalation and perspiration provides olfactory signals to mosquitoes which allow them to find and bite humans; however, mosquito species differ in this regard. this study investigated upwind responses of anopheles stephensi, mysorensis form, an important malaria vector in asia, to carbon dioxide and l-lactic acid under laboratory conditions. while a minimal dose of carbon dioxide (90 ppm) activated the mosquitoes, 10 times this amount suppres ...201223301376
vector ecology and susceptibility in a malaria-endemic focus in southern islamic republic of iran.this study aimed to carry out a malaria situation analysis, species composition and susceptibility levels of the main malaria vector, anopheles stephensi, to different insecticides in bashagard. a longitudinal survey was conducted in 2 randomly selected villages in bashagard. malaria vectors were sampled by dipping method for the larvae and hand catch, night-biting catch, total catch, and shelter pit collection for the adults. standard who susceptibility tests were used for a variety of insectic ...201223301358
larvicidal activity of essential oil and methanol extract of nepeta menthoides against malaria vector anopheles stephensi.to investigate the larvicidal activity of essential oil and methanol extract of the nepeta menthoides (n. menthoides) against main malaria vector, anopheles stephensi (an. stephensi).201223199714
bioassay evaluation on the efficacy of α-cypermethrin impregnated into long lasting insecticide treated nets using anopheles stephensi.to evaluate the bioefficacy of α-cypermethrin impregnated into long lasting insecticide treated nets (llitns-interceptor®) against main malaria vector, anopheles stephensi (an. stephensi).201223043917
identification of chemical constituents and larvicidal activity of kelussia odoratissima mozaffarian essential oil against two mosquito vectors anopheles stephensi and culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae).the larvicidal activity of essential oil extracted from an indigenous plant, kelussia odoratissima mozaffarian was evaluated against two mosquito species, anopheles stephensi and culex pipiens. the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from branch tips and leaf of this plant was determined by gc and gc/ms analysis. forty-nine constituents were identified in the oil. the main constituents of the oil were z-ligustilide (77.73%), 2-octen-1-ol acetate (6.27%), e-lig ...201223022522
larvicidal, ovicidal and pupicidal activities of gliricidia sepium (jacq.) (leguminosae) against the malarial vector, anopheles stephensi liston (culicidae: diptera).to investigate the potentiality of mosquitocidal activity of gliricidia sepium (g. sepium) (jacq.) (leguminosae).201222840446
indication of pyrethroid resistance in the main malaria vector, anopheles stephensi from iran.to investigate insecticide resistance in target species for better insecticide resistance management in malaria control programs.201222805725
mosquito larvicidal and biting deterrency activity of bud of polianthes tuberosa plants extract against anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefasciatus.mosquito control by phytochemicals is an alternative method to synthetic insecticides, as it is biodegradable and non resistant to vector mosquito. polianthes tuberosa is a perennial plant distributed in many parts of india. the present study was undertaken to scientifically evaluate the larvicide and biting deterrency activity of bud of polianthes tuberosa against culex quinquefasciatus and anopheles stephensi. crude and solvent extract [ethyl acetate, chloroform: methanol (1:1, v/v), acetone] ...201225151752
biolarvicidal and pupicidal potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using euphorbia hirta against anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae).vector control is a critical requirement in epidemic disease situations, as is an urgent need to develop new and improved mosquito control methods that are economical and effective yet safe for nontarget organisms and the environment. mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year. use of synthetic insecticides to control vector mosquitoes has caused physiological resistance and adverse environmental effects in addition to high operational cost. insecticides of ...201222562234
changes in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in indian desert malaria vector anopheles stephensi during aging.malaria parasite requires a specific time to replicate and disseminate in the mosquito's body before transmission to naïve hosts can occur. vector control has a proven record in the prevention and control of malaria. the evaluation of vector control strategies requires accurate methods of predicting mosquito age. anopheles stephensi is the principal malaria vector of the desert part of india. the objective of this study was to correlate the age of laboratory reared and field collected adults of ...201222542393
the effect of sublethal exposure to temephos and propoxur on reproductive fitness and its influence on circadian rhythms of pupation and adult emergence in anopheles stephensi liston-a malaria vector.the present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides namely, temephos and propoxur respectively, on the life history of anopheles stephensi liston (culicidae) under laboratory conditions. the late third instar larvae of the mosquito were exposed to sublethal concentrations of temephos and propoxur at lc(10), lc(30) and lc(50), respectively, and adult survivors were evaluated for fitness parameters. sublethal effects were also evaluated in subs ...201222392132
adulticidal, repellent, and ovicidal properties of indigenous plant extracts against the malarial vector, anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae).mosquito-borne diseases with an economic impact create loss in commercial and labor outputs, particularly in countries with tropical and subtropical climates. mosquito control is facing a threat because of the emergence of resistance to synthetic insecticides. extracts from plants may be alternative sources of mosquito control agents because they constitute a rich source of bioactive compounds that are biodegradable into nontoxic products and potentially suitable for use to control mosquitoes. i ...201323192528
evaluation of leaf aqueous extract and synthesized silver nanoparticles using nerium oleander against anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae).green nanoparticle synthesis has been achieved using environmentally acceptable plant extract and ecofriendly reducing and capping agents. the present study was carried out to establish the larvicidal activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles (agnps) using leaf extract of nerium oleander (apocynaceae) against the first to fourth instar larvae and pupae of malaria vector, anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae). nanoparticles are being used in many commercial applications. it was found that a ...201323239092
studies on the impact of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (agnps) in relation to malaria and filariasis vector control against anopheles stephensi liston and culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae).biosynthesized nanoparticles have been achieved using environmentally acceptable plant extract and eco-friendly reducing and capping agents. the present study was based on assessments of the larvicidal activities to determine the efficacies of synthesized silver nanoparticles (agnps) using aqueous leaf extract of vinca rosea (l.) (apocynaceae) against the larvae of malaria vector anopheles stephensi liston and filariasis vector culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae). larvae were exposed ...201323064800
integration of botanicals and microbials for management of crop and human pests.insect pests inflict damage to humans, farm animals, and crops. human and animal pests put more than 100 million people and 80 million cattle at risk worldwide. plant pests are the main reason for destroying one fifth of the world's total crop production annually. anopheles stephensi is the major vector of human malaria in middle east and south asian regions. spodoptera litura is a polyphagous pest of vegetables and field crops. because of its broad host range, this insect is also known as clust ...201323052771
population genetic structure of malaria vector anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae).malaria is a complex disease that afflicts human today. malaria epidemiology is associated with drug resistance in parasite and differential distribution and insecticide resistance in vector. efforts are being made to eradicate malaria but burden of malaria is still increasing. vector control is essential for malaria prevention strategies. knowledge of population genetic structure is pre-requisite for determining prevention strategies particularly using transgenic mosquitoes. population genetic ...201324195346
visualization and live imaging analysis of a mosquito saliva protein in host animal skin using a transgenic mosquito with a secreted luciferase reporter system.mosquitoes inject saliva into a vertebrate host during blood feeding. the analysis of mosquito saliva in host skin is important for the elucidation of the inflammatory responses to mosquito bites, the development of antithrombotic drugs, and the transmission-blocking of vector-borne diseases. we produced transgenic anopheles stephensi mosquitoes expressing the secretory luciferase protein (metluc) fused to a saliva protein (aapp) in the salivary glands. the transgene product (aapp-metluc) of tra ...201324118655
mosquito larvicidal and antimicrobial activity of synthesized nano-crystalline silver particles using leaves and green berry extract of solanum nigrum l. (solanaceae: solanales).silver nanoparticles (agnps) that are synthesized by using aqueous extracts of solanum nigrum l., is a simple, non-toxic and ecofriendly green material. the present study is based on assessments of the larvicidal and antimicrobial activities of the synthesized agnps from fresh leaves, dry leaves and green berries of s. nigrum against larvae of culex quinquefasciatus and anopheles stephensi and four human pathogenic and five fish pathogenic bacteria respectively. the synthesized nanoparticles are ...201324055718
entomopathogenic marine actinomycetes as potential and low-cost biocontrol agents against bloodsucking arthropods.a novel approach to control strategies for integrated blood-feeding parasite management is in high demand, including the use of biological control agents. the present study aims to determine the efficacy of optimized crude extract of actinomycetes strain lk1 as biological control agent against the fourth-instar larvae of anopheles stephensi and culex tritaeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae) and adults of haemaphysalis bispinosa, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae), and hippobosca ...201324013340
chromosomal inversions among insecticide-resistant strains of anopheles stephensi liston, a malaria mosquito.polytene chromosomes were prepared from the ovarian nurse cells of semi-gravid females of ten insecticide-resistant strains of anopheles stephensi. altogether, 16 heterozygous paracentric inversions, namely b/+ (11d-16c) in alphamethrin; i/+ (14b-18a) and h/+ (27b-28a) in ddt; j/+ (14a-16b) in chlorpyrifos; k/+ (11d-16b) in cyfluthrin; l/+ (11a-16c) in deltamethrin; m/+ (14b-15c) and e/+ (32a-33b) in bifenthrin; n/+ (12d-14b), f/+ (33a-36a) and g/+ (33c-34a) in propoxur; o/+ (11a-12d), h/+ (37a- ...201323982309
bioefficacy of essential oil from polygonum hydropiper l. against mosquitoes, anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefasciatus.the biological activity of essential oil extracted from the leaves of polygonum hydropiper and a compound, confertifolin, isolated from this plant was bioassayed against larva of mosquitoes, anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefasciatus. the essential oil showed the lc50 values of 189 and 243ppm; 217 and 242ppm, confertifolin (6,6,9a-trimethyl-4,5,5a,6,7,8,9,9a-octahydronaphtho[1,2-c]furan-3(1h)-one) showed the lc50 values of 2.40 and 3.09ppm; 4.07 and 4.18ppm against the second and fourth inst ...201323942240
gut microbes influence fitness and malaria transmission potential of asian malaria vector anopheles stephensi.the midgut of parasite transmitting vector, anopheles stephensi is a physiologically dynamic ecological niche of resident microbes. the gut resident microbes of anisomorphic and physiologically variable male and female a. stephensi mosquitoes were different (rani et al., 2009). to understand the possible interaction of gut microbes and mosquito host, we examined the contribution of the microbe community on the fitness of the adult mosquitoes and their ability to permit development of the malaria ...201323796588
efficacy of larvicidal and pupicidal activity of catharanthus roseus aqueous and solvent extracts against anopheles stephensi liston and culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae).to investigate the larvicidal and pupicidal activities of aqueous, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of catharanthus roseus (c. roseus) against malaria and filariasis vectors.201323790333
transcriptome analysis of anopheles stephensi embryo using expressed sequence tags.germ band retraction (gbr) stage is one of the important stages during insect development. it is associated with an extensive epithelial morphogenesis and may also be pivotal in generation of morphological diversity in insects. despite its importance, only a handful of studies report the transcriptome repertoire of this stage in insects. here, we report generation, annotation and analysis of ests from the embryonic stage (16-22 h post fertilization) of laboratoryreared anopheles stephensi mosqui ...201323660664
artificial activation of mature unfertilized eggs in the malaria vector mosquito, anopheles stephensi (diptera, culicidae).in the past decade, many transgenic lines of mosquitoes have been generated and analyzed, whereas the maintenance of a large number of transgenic lines requires a great deal of effort and cost. in vitro fertilization by an injection of cryopreserved sperm into eggs has been proven to be effective for the maintenance of strains in mammals. the technique of artificial egg activation is a prerequisite for the establishment of in vitro fertilization by sperm injection. we demonstrated that artificia ...201323619405
larvicidal activities of some iranian native plants against the main malaria vector, anopheles stephensi.malaria is considered a major health problem in iran. there are different methods for vector control. in this study we tested the larvicidal effects of some iranian plants. the methanolic extracts of 11 plants were prepared with percolation method. the larvicidal activities of them against malaria vector, anopheles stephensi were studied using world health organization standard method. all lc50 values of methanolic extracts of plants that we screened were lower than 300 ppm. the methanolic extra ...201323605596
autosomal inheritance of alphamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, resistance in anopheles stephensi-liston, a malaria mosquito.anopheles stephensi–liston (culicidae: diptera) is an important urban malarial vector in the indian sub-continent, accounting for about 15% of the total annual malaria incidence. chemical control represents a key strategy in the management of this insect vector. however, owing to erratic and continuous application of insecticides, resistance has become a common phenomenon among them and their control has become an uphill task. the genetics of alphamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid resistance was s ...201323521773
fabrication, characterization and mosquito larvicidal bioassay of silver nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous fruit extract of putranjiva, drypetes roxburghii (wall.).highly stable nanoparticles of metallic silver with average dimension of 26.6 nm were synthesized by a simple, cost-effective, reproducible and previously unexploited biogenic source viz. dried green fruits of drypetes roxburghii (wall.) (common name putranjiva). the as-synthesized silver nanoparticles (ag np) were characterized by their characteristic surface plasmon resonance absorption spectra, x-ray diffraction analysis, energy dispersive x-ray analysis and selected area electron diffraction ...201323338978
genetics of resistance to permethrin in anopheles stephensi. 201315119073
linkage study on dieldrin resistance and an inversion on the second chromosome of anopheles stephensi.in a study on the linkage between the gene for dieldrin resistance and an inversion on the second chromosome in anopheles stephensi, the two factors were found to assort independently. as dieldrin resistance can be assigned either to the third chromosome, or to a position on the second chromosome more than 50 cross-over units from the inversion.20131032324
diversity and function of bacterial microbiota in the mosquito holobiont.mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) have been shown to host diverse bacterial communities that vary depending on the sex of the mosquito, the developmental stage, and ecological factors. some studies have suggested a potential role of microbiota in the nutritional, developmental and reproductive biology of mosquitoes. here, we present a review of the diversity and functions of mosquito-associated bacteria across multiple variation factors, emphasizing recent findings. mosquito microbiota is consider ...201323688194
effects of genotypic and phenotypic variation on establishment are important for conservation, invasion, and infection biology.there is abundant evidence that the probability of successful establishment in novel environments increases with number of individuals in founder groups and with number of repeated introductions. theory posits that the genotypic and phenotypic variation among individuals should also be important, but few studies have examined whether founder diversity influences establishment independent of propagule pressure, nor whether the effect is model or context dependent. i summarize the results of 18 ex ...201324367109
the effects of ingested mammalian blood factors on vector arthropod immunity and physiology.the blood feeding behavior of disease-transmitting arthropods creates a unique intersection between vertebrate and invertebrate physiology. here, we review host blood-derived factors that persist through blood digestion to affect the lifespan, reproduction, and immune responses of some of the most common arthropod vectors of human disease.201323370408
genetic approaches to interfere with malaria transmission by vector mosquitoes.malaria remains one of the most devastating diseases worldwide, causing over 1 million deaths every year. the most vulnerable stages of plasmodium development in the vector mosquito occur in the midgut lumen, making the midgut a prime target for intervention. mosquito transgenesis and paratransgenesis are two novel strategies that aim at rendering the vector incapable of sustaining plasmodium development. mosquito transgenesis involves direct genetic engineering of the mosquito itself for delive ...201323395485
bacterial feeding, leishmania infection and distinct infection routes induce differential defensin expression in lutzomyia longipalpis.phlebotomine insects harbor bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens that can cause diseases of public health importance. lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the new world. insects can mount a powerful innate immune response to pathogens. defensin peptides take part in this response and are known to be active against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and some parasites. we studied the expression of a defensin gene from lutzomyia longipalpis to understand ...201323311993
toxoplasma gondii salvages sphingolipids from the host golgi through the rerouting of selected rab vesicles to the parasitophorous vacuole.the obligate intracellular protozoan toxoplasma gondii actively invades mammalian cells and, upon entry, forms its own membrane-bound compartment, named the parasitophorous vacuole (pv). within the pv, the parasite replicates and scavenges nutrients, including lipids, from host organelles. although t. gondii can synthesize sphingolipids de novo, it also scavenges these lipids from the host golgi. how the parasite obtains sphingolipids from the golgi remains unclear, as the pv avoids fusion with ...201323615442
experimental and clinical pharmacology of andrographis paniculata and its major bioactive phytoconstituent andrographolide.andrographis paniculata (burm. f) nees, generally known as "king of bitters," is an herbaceous plant in the family acanthaceae. in china, india, thailand, and malaysia, this plant has been widely used for treating sore throat, flu, and upper respiratory tract infections. andrographolide, a major bioactive chemical constituent of the plant, has shown anticancer potential in various investigations. andrographolide and its derivatives have anti-inflammatory effects in experimental models asthma, st ...201323634174
a novel c-type lysozyme from mytilus galloprovincialis: insight into innate immunity and molecular evolution of invertebrate c-type lysozymes.a c-type lysozyme (named as mgclyz) gene was cloned from the mussel mytilus galloprovincialis. blast analysis indicated that mgclyz was a salivary c-type lysozyme which was mainly found in insects. the nucleotide sequence of mgclyz was predicted to encode a polypeptide of 154 amino acid residues with the signal peptide comprising the first 24 residues. the deduced mature peptide of mgclyz was of a calculated molecular weight of 14.4 kd and a theoretical isoelectric point (pi) of 8.08. evolution ...201323818979
a modern understanding of the traditional and nontraditional biological functions of angiotensin-converting enzyme.angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace) is a zinc-dependent peptidase responsible for converting angiotensin i into the vasoconstrictor angiotensin ii. however, ace is a relatively nonspecific peptidase that is capable of cleaving a wide range of substrates. because of this, ace and its peptide substrates and products affect many physiologic processes, including blood pressure control, hematopoiesis, reproduction, renal development, renal function, and the immune response. the defining feature of ac ...201323257181
brevibacillus laterosporus, a pathogen of invertebrates and a broad-spectrum antimicrobial species.brevibacillus laterosporus, a bacterium characterized by the production of a unique canoe-shaped lamellar body attached to one side of the spore, is a natural inhabitant of water, soil and insects. its biopesticidal potential has been reported against insects in different orders including coleoptera, lepidoptera, diptera and against nematodes and mollusks. in addition to its pathogenicity against invertebrates, different b. laterosporus strains show a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity includ ...201326462431
midgut microbial community of culex quinquefasciatus mosquito populations from india.the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus is a ubiquitous species that serves as a major vector for west nile virus and lymphatic filariasis. ingestion of bloodmeal by females triggers a series of physiological processes in the midgut and also exposes them to infection by these pathogens. the bacteria normally harbored in the midgut are known to influence physiology and can also alter the response to various pathogens. the midgut bacteria in female cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes collected over a larg ...201324312223
experimental genetics of plasmodium berghei nfu in the apicoplast iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis pathway.eukaryotic pathogens of the phylum apicomplexa contain a non-photosynthetic plastid, termed apicoplast. within this organelle distinct iron-sulfur [fe-s] cluster proteins are likely central to biosynthesis pathways, including generation of isoprenoids and lipoic acid. here, we targeted a nuclear-encoded component of the apicoplast [fe-s] cluster biosynthesis pathway by experimental genetics in the murine malaria parasite plasmodium berghei. we show that ablation of the gene encoding a nitrogen f ...201323805304
plasmodium berghei sporozoites acquire virulence and immunogenicity during mosquito hemocoel transit.malaria is a vector-borne disease caused by the single-cell eukaryote plasmodium. the infectious parasite forms are sporozoites, which originate from midgut-associated oocysts, where they eventually egress and reach the mosquito hemocoel. sporozoites actively colonize the salivary glands in order to be transmitted to the mammalian host. whether residence in the salivary glands provides distinct and vital cues for the development of infectivity remains unsolved. in this study, we systematically c ...201324379288
the developmental transcriptome of the mosquito aedes aegypti, an invasive species and major arbovirus vector.mosquitoes are vectors of a number of important human and animal diseases. the development of novel vector control strategies requires a thorough understanding of mosquito biology. to facilitate this, we used rna-seq to identify novel genes and provide the first high-resolution view of the transcriptome throughout development and in response to blood feeding in a mosquito vector of human disease, aedes aegypti, the primary vector for dengue and yellow fever. we characterized mrna expression at 3 ...201323833213
fluctuations at a low mean temperature accelerate dengue virus transmission by aedes aegypti.environmental factors such as temperature can alter mosquito vector competence for arboviruses. results from recent studies indicate that daily fluctuations around an intermediate mean temperature (26°c) reduce vector competence of aedes aeygpti for dengue viruses (denv). theoretical predictions suggest that the mean temperature in combination with the magnitude of the diurnal temperature range (dtr) mediate the direction of these effects.201323638208
effect of triflumuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus and culex quinquefasciatus under laboratory conditions.resistance to traditional insecticides represents a threat to the control of disease vectors. the insect growth regulators (igr) are a potential alternative to control mosquitoes, including resistant populations. the chitin synthesis inhibitors (csi) are igrs, which interfere with the insect molting process and represent one major class of compounds against aedes aegypti populations resistant to the larvicide organophosphate temephos. in the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of the csi tr ...201323557173
enterobacter-activated mosquito immune responses to plasmodium involve activation of srpn6 in anopheles stephensi.successful development of plasmodium in the mosquito is essential for the transmission of malaria. a major bottleneck in parasite numbers occurs during midgut invasion, partly as a consequence of the complex interactions between the endogenous microbiota and the mosquito immune response. we previously identified srpn6 as an immune component which restricts plasmodium berghei development in the mosquito. here we demonstrate that srpn6 is differentially activated by bacteria in anopheles stephensi ...201323658788
diversity of culturable bacteria including pantoea in wild mosquito aedes albopictus.the microbiota has been shown to play an important role in the biology of insects. in recent decades, significant efforts have been made to better understand the diversity of symbiotic bacteria associated with mosquitoes and assess their influence on pathogen transmission. here, we report the bacterial composition found in field-caught aedes albopictus populations by using culture-dependent methods.201323537168
chemobiosynthesis of new antimalarial macrolides.we have synthesized new derivatives of the macrolide antibiotics erythromycin and azithromycin. novel deoxysugar moieties were attached to these standard antibiotics by biotransformation using a heterologous host. the resulting compounds were tested against several standard laboratory and clinically isolated bacterial strains. in addition, they were also tested in vitro against standard and drug-resistant strains of human malaria parasites (plasmodium falciparum) and the liver stages of the rode ...201323208707
aerobic microbial community of insectary population of phlebotomus papatasi.microbes particularly bacteria presenting in the gut of haematophagous insects may have an important role in the epidemiology of human infectious disease.201325629067
erk signaling couples nutrient status to antiviral defense in the insect gut.a unique facet of arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) infection is that the pathogens are orally acquired by an insect vector during the taking of a blood meal, which directly links nutrient acquisition and pathogen challenge. we show that the nutrient responsive erk pathway is both induced by and restricts disparate arboviruses in drosophila intestines, providing insight into the molecular determinants of the antiviral "midgut barrier." wild-type flies are refractory to oral infection by arboviru ...201323980175
malaria infection does not affect the sensitivity of peripheral receptor neurons in anopheles stephensi.mosquitoes transmit many important diseases including malaria, dengue and yellow fever. disease transmission from one vertebrate host to another depends on repeated blood feedings by single mosquitoes. in order for the mosquito to acquire the blood that it needs to complete oogenesis, the insect must locate a suitable host. olfactory cues (including carbon dioxide) released by the host and detected by the mosquito are the primary signals that vector insects use for host location. previous studie ...201323642231
sustained activation of akt elicits mitochondrial dysfunction to block plasmodium falciparum infection in the mosquito host.the overexpression of activated, myristoylated akt in the midgut of female transgenic anopheles stephensi results in resistance to infection with the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum but also decreased lifespan. in the present study, the understanding of mitochondria-dependent midgut homeostasis has been expanded to explain this apparent paradox in an insect of major medical importance. given that akt signaling is essential for cell growth and survival, we hypothesized that sustained ...201323468624
mosquito larvicidal potential of gossypium hirsutum (bt cotton) leaves extracts against aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi larvae.we aimed to extract the ingredients from leaves of gossypium hirsutum (bt cotton) using different solvents and evaluate for potential use to control different larval stages of mosquito species, aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi.201325629069
reduction of aedes aegypti vector competence for dengue virus under large temperature fluctuations.diurnal temperature fluctuations can fundamentally alter mosquito biology and mosquito-virus interactions in ways that impact pathogen transmission. we investigated the effect of two daily fluctuating temperature profiles on aedes aegypti vector competence for dengue virus (denv) serotype-1. a large diurnal temperature range of 18.6°c around a 26°c mean, corresponding with the low denv transmission season in northwestern thailand, reduced midgut infection rates and tended to extend the virus ext ...201323438766
monitoring of malaria, japanese encephalitis and filariasis vectors.vector monitoring in military stations would help in protecting the armed forces from vector borne diseases such as malaria, japanese encephalitis and filariasis.201324843200
a video clip of the biting midge culicoides anophelis ingesting blood from an engorged anopheles mosquito in hainan, china.biting midges are hematophagus ectoparasites of insects, humans and other animals. culicoides (trithicoides) anophelis edwards1922 is a predator of engorged mosquitoes.201324499575
the invasive mosquito species aedes albopictus: current knowledge and future perspectives.one of the most dynamic events in public health is being mediated by the global spread of the invasive mosquito aedes albopictus. its rapid expansion and vectorial capacity for various arboviruses affect an increasingly larger proportion of the world population. responses to the challenges of controlling this vector are expected to be enhanced by an increased knowledge of its biology, ecology, and vector competence. details of population genetics and structure will allow following, and possibly ...201323916878
climate change and epidemiology of human parasitosis in egypt: a review.climate change is an emerging global issue. it is expected to have significant impacts both in egypt and around the world. thus, the country is in need for taking action to prepare for the unavoidable effects of climate change, including the increase in water stress, the rise in sea level, and the rapidly increasing gap between the limited water availability and the escalating demand for water in the country. also, weather and climate play a significant role in people's health. direct impacts of ...201325685530
lectin activity in gut extract of culex pipiens.the role of lectins is important in interaction between pathogens and mosquito vectors. this study was performed to identify agglutinin activities of protein molecules on the midgut of culex pipiens.201323785692
molecular characterization of the carboxypeptidase b1 of anopheles stephensi and its evaluation as a target for transmission-blocking vaccines.malaria is one of the most important infectious diseases in the world, and it has many economic and social impacts on populations, especially in poor countries. transmission-blocking vaccines (tbvs) are valuable tools for malaria eradication. a study on anopheles gambiae revealed that polyclonal antibodies to carboxypeptidase b1 of a. gambiae can block sexual parasite development in the mosquito midgut. hence, it was introduced as a tbv target in regions where a. gambiae is the main malaria vect ...201323569111
sand-fly saliva-leishmania-man: the trigger trio.leishmaniases are worldwide diseases transmitted to the vertebrate host by the bite of an infected sand-fly. sand-fly biting and parasite inoculation are accompanied by the injection of salivary molecules, whose immunomodulatory properties are actively being studied. this mini review focuses on how the interactions between sand-fly saliva and the immune system may shape the outcome of infection, given its immunomodulatory properties, in experimental models and in the endemic area. additionally, ...201324312093
anopheles culicifacies breeding in polluted water bodies in trincomalee district of sri lanka.anopheles culicifacies, the major vector of malaria in sri lanka, is known to breed in clean and clear water. the main objective of the study was to detect the breeding habitat diversity of an. culicifacies.201323958454
non-genetic determinants of mosquito competence for malaria parasites.understanding how mosquito vectors and malaria parasites interact is of fundamental interest, and it also offers novel perspectives for disease control. both the genetic and environmental contexts are known to affect the ability of mosquitoes to support malaria development and transmission, i.e., vector competence. although the role of environment has long been recognized, much work has focused on host and parasite genetic effects. however, the last few years have seen a surge of studies reveali ...201323818841
prevalence and distribution of human plasmodium infection in pakistan.both plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum are prevalent in pakistan, yet up-to-date data on the epidemiology of malaria in pakistan are not available. this study was undertaken to determine the current prevalence and distribution of plasmodium species across the country.201323984968
long-lasting transition toward sustainable elimination of desert malaria under irrigation development.in arid areas, people living in the proximity of irrigation infrastructure are potentially exposed to a higher risk of malaria due to changes in ecohydrological conditions that lead to increased vector abundance. however, irrigation provides a pathway to economic prosperity that over longer time scales is expected to counteract these negative effects. a better understanding of this transition between increased malaria risk and regional elimination, in particular whether it is slow or abrupt, is ...201323942131
development of inexpensive and globally available larval diet for rearing anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes.success of sterile insect technique (sit) is dependent upon the mass rearing and release of quality insects, the production of which is directly related to the suitability of the diet ingredients used. commercial diets used for small-scale culture of mosquitoes are expensive and thus not feasible for mass production.201323570246
type ii fatty acid biosynthesis is essential for plasmodium falciparum sporozoite development in the midgut of anopheles mosquitoes.the prodigious rate at which malaria parasites proliferate during asexual blood-stage replication, midgut sporozoite production, and intrahepatic development creates a substantial requirement for essential nutrients, including fatty acids that likely are necessary for parasite membrane formation. plasmodium parasites obtain fatty acids either by scavenging from the vertebrate host and mosquito vector or by producing fatty acids de novo via the type two fatty acid biosynthesis pathway (fas-ii). h ...201324297444
hla class ii (dr0401) molecules induce foxp3+ regulatory t cell suppression of b cells in plasmodium yoelii strain 17xnl malaria.unlike human malaria parasites that induce persistent infection, some rodent malaria parasites, like plasmodium yoelii strain 17xnl (py17xnl), induce a transient (self-curing) malaria infection. cooperation between cd4 t cells and b cells to produce antibodies is thought to be critical for clearance of py17xnl parasites from the blood, with major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii molecules being required for activation of cd4 t cells. in order to better understand the correspondence betw ...201324166949
host-cell sensors for plasmodium activate innate immunity against liver-stage infection.before they infect red blood cells and cause malaria, plasmodium parasites undergo an obligate and clinically silent expansion phase in the liver that is supposedly undetected by the host. here, we demonstrate the engagement of a type i interferon (ifn) response during plasmodium replication in the liver. we identified plasmodium rna as a previously unrecognized pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp) capable of activating a type i ifn response via the cytosolic pattern recognition receptor ...201324362933
malaria situation in an endemic area, southeastern iran.malaria is an endemic infectious disease in southeastern parts of iran. despite years of efforts and intervention programs against malaria, transmission still occurs in jask county.201325629068
evaluation of repellency effect of essential oils of satureja khuzestanica (carvacrol), myrtus communis (myrtle), lavendula officinalis and salvia sclarea using standard who repellency tests.using special lotions and repellent sprays on skin is one of the effective methods to prevent arthropods biting which was verified in this study.201325629066
antibodies to a single, conserved epitope in anopheles apn1 inhibit universal transmission of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax malaria.malaria transmission-blocking vaccines (tbvs) represent a promising approach for the elimination and eradication of this disease. anapn1 is a lead tbv candidate that targets a surface antigen on the midgut of the obligate vector of the plasmodium parasite, the anopheles mosquito. in this study, we demonstrated that antibodies targeting anapn1 block transmission of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax across distantly related anopheline species in countries to which malaria is endemic. usin ...201324478095
model for in vivo assessment of humoral protection against malaria sporozoite challenge by passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies and immune serum.evidence from clinical trials of malaria vaccine candidates suggests that both cell-mediated and humoral immunity to pre-erythrocytic parasite stages can provide protection against infection. novel pre-erythrocytic antibody (ab) targets could be key to improving vaccine formulations, which are currently based on targeting antigens such as the circumsporozoite protein (csp). however, methods to assess the effects of sporozoite-specific abs on pre-erythrocytic infection in vivo remain underdevelop ...201324478094
efficacy of a plasmodium vivax malaria vaccine using chad63 and modified vaccinia ankara expressing thrombospondin-related anonymous protein as assessed with transgenic plasmodium berghei parasites.plasmodium vivax is the world's most widely distributed malaria parasite and a potential cause of morbidity and mortality for approximately 2.85 billion people living mainly in southeast asia and latin america. despite this dramatic burden, very few vaccines have been assessed in humans. the clinically relevant vectors modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) and the chimpanzee adenovirus chad63 are promising delivery systems for malaria vaccines due to their safety profiles and proven ability to in ...201324379295
dihydroquinazolinone inhibitors of proliferation of blood and liver stage malaria parasites.drugs that target both the liver and blood stages of malaria will be needed to reduce the disease's substantial worldwide morbidity and mortality. evaluation of a 259-member library of compounds that block proliferation of the blood stage of malaria revealed several scaffolds--dihydroquinazolinones, phenyldiazenylpyridines, piperazinyl methyl quinolones, and bis-benzimidazoles--with promising activity against the liver stage. focused structure-activity studies on the dihydroquinazolinone scaffol ...201324366746
kai407, a potent non-8-aminoquinoline compound that kills plasmodium cynomolgi early dormant liver stage parasites in vitro.preventing relapses of plasmodium vivax malaria through a radical cure depends on use of the 8-aminoquinoline primaquine, which is associated with safety and compliance issues. for future malaria eradication strategies, new, safer radical curative compounds that efficiently kill dormant liver stages (hypnozoites) will be essential. a new compound with potential radical cure activity was identified using a low-throughput assay of in vitro-cultured hypnozoite forms of plasmodium cynomolgi (an exce ...201324366744
transgenic parasites stably expressing full-length plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein as a model for vaccine down-selection in mice using sterile protection as an endpoint.circumsporozoite protein (csp) of plasmodium falciparum is a protective human malaria vaccine candidate. there is an urgent need for models that can rapidly down-select novel csp-based vaccine candidates. in the present study, the mouse-mosquito transmission cycle of a transgenic plasmodium berghei malaria parasite stably expressing a functional full-length p. falciparum csp was optimized to consistently produce infective sporozoites for protection studies. a minimal sporozoite challenge dose wa ...201323536694
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