Publications

use of recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus for oral vaccination of fox cubs (vulpes vulpes, l) against rabies.	thirteen fox cubs were orally administered 10(7.2) plaque-forming units of live vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus. on day 28 post-vaccination, all but 1 cub had produced rabies virus antibodies. twelve animals were intramuscularly inoculated with 10(3.2) mouse intracerebral ld50 of rabies virus suspension on days 33 (5 foxes), 180 (4 foxes) or 360 (3 foxes) after vaccination. eleven of them resisted rabies challenge. unvaccinated foxes, either put in contact with 1 vaccinated animal ...	1988	3218072
[era rabies vaccinal strain in guinea pigs infected with cvs rabies strain].		1988	3218811
stability of rabies suckling mouse brain vaccine stored at different temperatures.		1988	3224228
improved antigenicity of the hiv env protein by cleavage site removal.	the hiv env glycoprotein mediates virus infection and cell fusion through an interaction with the cd4 molecule present at the surface of t4+ lymphocytes. although env presents a major antigenic target, vaccinia recombinants expressing env elicit low titres of anti-env antibody (kieny et al., bio/technology, 4, 790-795, 1986). to delimit the functional domains of env and to improve the immunogenicity of the vaccinia recombinants we constructed variants expressing env proteins in which the site pe ...	1988	3237686
efficacy of rabies vaccines against duvenhage virus isolated from european house bats (eptesicus serotinus), classic rabies and rabies-related viruses.	isolates of rabies from separate enzootics can be distinguished by their reactions with panels of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed to different sites on the nucleocapsid and glycoproteins of the virus. estimates of antigenic relatedness can be made by comparing similarities among groups. in this manner it can be shown that while classic strains of rabies react with most of the mabs, the rabies related lyssaviruses (mokola, lagos and duvenhage) react with only a few of the mabs and isolates ...	1988	3245296
[antigenic activity of rabivak-vnukovo-32 administered intradermally].		1988	3247694
[biological traits and immunologic value of the babeş strain of fixed rabies virus].		1988	3250362
one year booster vaccination with purified vero cell rabies vaccine.		1988	3256120
enhancement of antigen-specific interleukin 2 production by adding liposomes to rabies antigens for priming.	antigen-specific il-2 production was assessed, using splenocytes from rabies immune mice incubated for 24 h with rabies virus antigen. the antigenic material used for in vivo priming was either purified glycoprotein from rabies virus, or the inactivated virus. the time between priming, harvesting and restimulation of the splenocytes was 7 days. it was found that when antigenically inert liposomes were injected, together with antigenic material, to the prospective splenocyte donor mice, il-2 prod ...	1988	3259943
interleukin 2 increases protection against experimental rabies.	vaccination with either whole inactivated rabies virus or immunosome (rabies glycoprotein anchored on liposomes) induces a high level of interleukin 2 (il 2) production after in vitro specific stimulation of splenocytes from primed mice (9). on the contrary, infection with a live rabies virus does not specifically induce the production of il 2: splenocytes from ill mice previously infected with wild rabies virus cannot be specifically stimulated by rabies antigens, whereas they can be non-specif ...	1988	3261273
ecology and epidemiology of raccoon rabies.	two areas of the united states presently are experiencing epizootics of raccoon rabies, which have been followed by the development of an enzootic state. these include four southeastern and five mid-atlantic states. information was obtained from 1,610 raccoons submitted for rabies testing in four of the affected mid-atlantic states during 1982 and 1983 and from 798 raccoons from virginia during 1984 and 1985. analysis of the two sets of data provided an opportunity to characterize certain aspect ...	1988	3264616
[production of monoclonal antibodies against a strain of rabies virus].		1988	3268054
present status of bat-rabies in europe.	since 1985 there has been an increase of bat rabies in europe, especially in denmark, the federal republic of germany and the netherlands. the present knowledge on the epidemiology, diagnosis and prophylaxis of the disease is summarized.	1988	3268764
[health ethology of the fox and antirabies vaccine in the italian experience].	in order to contribute to the planning of antirabies oral vaccination of foxes a series of ethological and ecological investigations have been carried out. the results obtained are briefly summarized and discussed together with experimental data on antirabies immunization of dogs and foxes with different vaccines.	1988	3268766
[experience with antirabies vaccination of foxes using the oral route coordinated among several european countries and perspectives on the use of recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus].	campaigns of fox vaccination against rabies were carried out in belgium, grand-duchy of luxembourg and france in september 1986, june and september 1987. the sad b19 attenuated strain of rabies virus, contained in baits (tübingen baits) was used as vaccine. baits were distributed at a range density of 11 to 15 baits per km2. first results are very encouraging. a recombinant vaccinia virus harbouring the rabies virus glycoprotein gene has been developed. this recombinant virus can be given to the ...	1988	3268767
[the italian experience in the control of rabies. ii. laboratory research].	diagnoses of rabies have been performed at the zooprophylactic institutes of brescia and padua since 1977, 5,765 foxes have been examined and 1,805 (31.30%) resulted positive. the same institutes have performed also the laboratory tests in order to control the presence of tetracycline, the serum conversion and the presence of wild or attenuated viruses in the nervous tissue of foxes and other wild animals in occasion of the oral vaccination campaigns of foxes.	1988	3268769
[oral vaccination in the control of feral rabies].	the authors briefly report the results of laboratory and epidemiological investigations on living modified and inactivated antirabies vaccines, started in 1975 and carried out in collaboration with public health authorities and scientific institutions. the antirabies oral vaccination of foxes, using a live and modified vaccine (sadb19 tüb.) began in brescia province (val camonica) in 1984 and was extended in 1985 to bolzano and trento provinces. since july 1986 no more cases of rabies have been ...	1988	3268770
[the italian experience in the control of rabies. iii. laboratory studies on sadb19 tü vaccine used in the fox vaccination campaign].	results of laboratory investigations on the sadb19 tü vaccine used for oral vaccination of fox show: 1) the need to check the vaccine efficacy before its application in the field; 2) the importance of monoclonal antibodies to distinguish sylvatic from vaccinal virus strains in the diagnosis of rabies during the vaccination campaigns; 3) the relevance of a careful evaluation of the epidemiological risk encountered when releasing baits containing activated vaccine.	1988	3268771
[prevention of feral rabies in the province of rome].	this summary briefly describes the work carried out in recent years by the staff of the province of rome for prevention of sylvatic rabies.	1988	3268775
[rabies in austria 1966-1986].	the epidemiology of rabies in central europe with particular reference to austria is described. fox represents the vector of the infection while other animals are involved in the epidemiological picture only incidentally. oral immunization of foxes has been successfully achieved.	1988	3268777
[campaign against fox rabies in belgium: 1st campaign for the vaccination of foxes by the oral route].	the procedures followed in the first antirabies campaign carried out in belgium with oral vaccination of foxes are described. although the evaluation of the results is planned after the third campaign, preliminary data show a decrease in the expected number of cases in the vaccine treated zone.	1988	3268778
naturally acquired serum rabies neutralizing antibody in a canadian inuit population.		1988	3272719
antigenic site ii of the rabies virus glycoprotein: structure and role in viral virulence.	twelve monoclonal antibodies neutralizing the cvs strain of rabies virus were used to characterize antigenic site ii of the viral glycoprotein. nineteen antigenic mutants resistant to neutralization by some of these antibodies were selected; some continued to normally or partially bind the antibody, whereas others did not. mutations conferring resistance to neutralization by site ii-specific monoclonal antibodies were localized into two clusters, the first between amino acids 34 and 42 (seven gr ...	1988	2446011
new vaccines for immunization of man: new approaches towards the prevention of rabies in man.	cell culture rabies vaccines for human use, highly immunogenic and well tolerated, are now used for pre-exposure immunization as well as for post-exposure treatment. presently available cell culture rabies vaccines induce immunity against the sad modified live rabies virus used for oral immunization of foxes. they also induce immunity against the newly identified european bat rabies virus (duvenhage).	1988	2478948
monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody vaccines against poliovirus, canine parvovirus, and rabies virus.		1989	2481213
[the importance of the dispensary observation of bite victims and of those receiving antirabies treatment].		1989	2483480
properties of rabies strain ("pasteur potsdam") adapted to primary dog kidney cells.	the pasteur strain of fixed rabies virus (pasteur institute paris, passage 2061 in rabbit brain) was adapted by alternate passages to primary dog kidney cells. the adapted rabies virus designated as "pasteur potsdam" developed no cpe and yielded four harvests with a titre of 5.5-7.0 (log micld50/ml). the strain could be grown in bhk 21/s13, cer and n2a neuroblastoma cells. in the cultures of bhk 21/s13 cells the virus titered 6.0-8.5 (log micld50/ml). in sds page its g protein migrated faster th ...	1989	2483605
selection and analysis of amino acid sequence of an antigenic domain of the rabies virus glycoprotein.	a new procedure for the selection of antigenic determinant of rabies virus glycoprotein is described. the glycoprotein was purified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page). the glycoprotein fragments digested with protease v8 were separated by 25% page, transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane, immunostained with monoclonal antibodies (mcab) against glycoprotein. one mcab-positive fragment (g-v-6) was obtained by using the western blot analysis. the amino acid sequence of the fragment was a ...	1989	2484028
rabies-like inclusions in dogs.	inclusion bodies, indistinguishable from rabies inclusion bodies (negri bodies), were found in the brains of 8 nonrabid dogs. the inclusions were compared to negri bodies present in neurons of rabies-positive animals and examined for the presence of rabies virus by a combination of immunoperoxidase staining (7 cases), fluorescent antibody (fa) staining (1 case), and transmission electron microscopy (4 cases). positive immunoperoxidase staining for rabies was obtained in brain tissues from fa rab ...	1989	2488717
[diagnosis of rabies infection in animals using monoclonal antibodies].	two monoclonal antibodies (m.a.), specific for viral nucleocapsid, the m.a. d-20 and the m.a. d-43 raised against a fixed strain of rabies virus (c.v.s. 11), have been tested in parallel with a standard antirabies serum (s.a.r.) in diagnosis of animal rabies virus infection. 44 brain imprints from animals which died from rabies were tested by indirect immunofluorescent technique with monoclonal antibodies. constant correlation has been found between the m.a. d-43 and the s.a.r. in the diagnosis ...	1989	2489407
human rabies--oregon, 1989.		1989	2497328
arginine or lysine in position 333 of era and cvs glycoprotein is necessary for rabies virulence in adult mice.	fixed rabies virus strains (era and cvs) produce a fatal paralytic disease in mice after intracerebral or intramuscular injection. some antigenic mutants of both cvs and era viruses with a substitution in position 333 of the glycoprotein (arginine is replaced either by a glutamine, a glycine, or an isoleucine) are totally avirulent for adult mice whatever the dose and the route of inoculation. here we report an exhaustive investigation of the effect of amino acid 333 on viral virulence. new anti ...	1989	2505450
[bacterial, viral and parasitological study of a population of chaerophon pumila bats in anjiro, madagascar].	this bacterial, viral and parasitical study of the insect eater bats chaerophon pumila allowed to isolate, from stools of 88 of them, 115 bacterial strains to enterobacteriaceae family: some of them were identified as very atypical, rare or potentially pathogenic for man. from salivary glands, brain and blood, 13 viral strains were also isolated: 8 of them were less identified as dakar-bat virus. any parasite was observed.	1989	2517389
breakage in alpha-helix: a recognition site for anti-rabies virus ribonucleoprotein antibody.	peptides composed of variants of a b-cell epitope followed by a t-cell determinant of rabies virus ribonucleoprotein (rnp) have been synthesized to elicit antibody production in mice. conformation of the peptides was characterized by secondary structural prediction and circular dichroism measurements. it was found that only synthetic peptides with disrupted helical structure in the antigenic region were active on immunoblot assay, performed against a natural anti-protein monoclonal antibody (mab ...	1989	2520753
synthetic peptides of neurotoxins and rabies virus glycoprotein behave as antagonists in a functional assay for the acetylcholine receptor.	peptides of portions of loop 2 (the "toxic" loop) of snake venom curare-mimetic neurotoxins (alpha-bungarotoxin and king cobra toxin b) and of a structurally similar region of the rabies virus glycoprotein were synthesized. the effect of the peptides on carbachol-induced 22na+ flux into bc3h-1 cells, which contain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on their surfaces, was measured. both the neurotoxin and glycoprotein peptides inhibited ion transport with ic50 values of 10(-4) m to 7 x 10(-7) m. t ...	1989	2520759
coupling strategies in solid-phase synthesis of glycopeptides.	n-beta-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-asparaginyl peptides [asn(glcnac)] corresponding to t-helper cell determinants were synthesized on solid-phase. various amino-terminal- and carbohydrate-protecting groups were used on the glycosylated asparagine residue which was coupled to the peptide chain. we found that coupling rates decreased with increased size of the protected carbohydrate part of the acylating agent. double couplings with an o-unprotected saccharide, as in fmoc-asn(glcna ...	1989	2520774
[antirabies vaccine from the brain of the suckling rat: antigen composition and immunogenic capacity].	suckling mouse brain (smb) rabies vaccine is the preparation most widely used in the countries of latin american and the caribbean. this vaccine, prepared according to the fuenzalida and palacios method, consists of three fixed rabies virus strains (cvs, 51, and 91). however, the world health organization recommends that rabies vaccines for human use be prepared using only a single strain of this virus. in order to determine whether any one of the antigens of the smb vaccine could be eliminated ...	1989	2532895
serologic response of domestic ferrets (mustela putorius furo) to canine distemper and rabies virus vaccines.	nine unrelated 12-week-old naive domestic ferrets (mustela putorius furo) were used to evaluate the serologic responses to commercial canine distemper virus (cdv) and rabies virus (rv) vaccines. five of the ferrets (group 1) were inoculated 3 times at 2-week intervals with a multivalent modified-live virus vaccine of canine cell-line origin, containing cdv and an inactivated rv vaccine. four of the ferrets (group 2) were inoculated once with the multivalent modified-live virus vaccine containing ...	1989	2537273
evaluation of the induction of specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes following immunization of f1 hybrid mice with rabies antigens.	the measurement of the production of cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) induced in mice by rabies antigens currently uses spleen cells from immunized a/j mice as effector cells and infected neuroblastoma syngeneic cells as target cells. for several reasons, including difficulties in obtaining a/j mice, as well as genetic analysis of immune responses, it would be advantageous to use strains of mice other than the a/j mice. however, cell lines other than the neuroblastoma neuro-2a line are difficult to ...	1989	2547236
rabies-related yuli virus; identification with a panel of monoclonal antibodies.	yuli virus was isolated by intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation of suckling mice with a 10% brain suspension from 11-year-old patient who died under signs of atypical hydrophobia after a bat bite into lower lip. identification with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (moab) to nucleocapsid protein (np) confirmed that yuli virus belongs to lyssavirus genus, as an antigenic variant of the european duvenhage virus.	1989	2576595
induction of rabies virus-specific t-helper cells by synthetic peptides that carry dominant t-helper cell epitopes of the viral ribonucleoprotein.	the t-helper cell response to the internal proteins of rabies virus was investigated. the rabies virus nucleoprotein was shown to be a major target antigen for t-helper cells that cross-react between rabies and rabies-related viruses. t-helper cells were assayed in vitro by testing virus-induced lymphocytes for lymphokine secretion in response to antigen. immunodominant t-helper cell epitopes of the viral nucleoprotein were identified in vitro by using synthetic peptides delineated from the amin ...	1989	2470920
characterization of a new virus-neutralizing epitope that denotes a sequential determinant on the rabies virus glycoprotein.	two new monoclonal antibodies (mabs) derived from mice immunized with the pitman-moore (pm) strain of rabies virus were used to identify and characterize two unique antigenic determinants on the rabies virus glycoprotein. one of the determinants, which defined an additional antigenic site on the rabies virus glycoprotein, was delineated as a distinct epitope by the newly generated mab, 6-15c4, in competitive binding studies and by comparative antigenic analysis of neutralization-resistant varian ...	1989	2471786
rabies virus-specific human t cell clones provide help for an in vitro antibody response against neutralizing antibody-inducing determinants of the viral glycoprotein.	human t cell clones were prepared from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a vaccinated human donor and kept in culture in the presence of rabies virus antigen and growth factors. phenotypic analysis of the t cell clones revealed expression of the cd3 and cd4 cell surface markers, but not of cd8, consistent with a phenotype of helper/inducer t cells. the rabies virus specificity of the t cell clones was established by virus-specific proliferation in response to the rabies virus pitman-moore ...	1989	2471814
rabies virus epitopic variation: use in ecologic studies.		1989	2472046
the anterograde transport of rabies virus in rat sensory dorsal root ganglia neurons.	we have previously described the capacity of neurites extending from cultured rat sensory dorsal root ganglia (drg) neurons to transport rabies virus through axoplasm in the retrograde direction. here we report the infection of cultured neurons derived from the drg and the subsequent anterograde transport of rabies virus from the infected cell somas through the extending neurites to its release into the culture supernatant. viral transport was monitored by titration of the virus yield in the ext ...	1989	2475581
the use of immunosome technology for vaccines against rabies and other viral diseases.	subunit viral vaccines present several advantages. they are free of nucleic acids (of viral and/or cellular origin) and proteins of cellular and/or serum origin; they contain only the relevant antigen. for rabies virus, the antigen which induces the virus-neutralizing antibody (vnab) is the glycoprotein (gp), which is anchored, in form of spikes, to the viral membrane. the gp may be extracted from the virion but, after solubilization and purification, it appears to be poorly immunogenic. in orde ...	1989	2477273
inhibition of the transport of rabies virus in the central nervous system.	the effect of colchicine, an inhibitor of axonal transport, on the spread of rabies virus in the central nervous system was investigated using wistar rats. colchicine was inoculated into the striatum at various times before and after inoculation of rabies virus into the same site. rats were killed at various times after viral inoculation and the spread of rabies virus was monitored by rabies immunofluorescence of selected areas of brain. the most effective inhibitory effect was obtained by colch ...	1989	2477505
re: "epidemiology of rabies virus variants: differentiation using monoclonal antibodies and discriminant analysis".		1989	2912056
rabies: ocular pathology.	ocular pathology in the first european case of human bat-borne rabies is described. the patient was a 30-year-old bat scientist who seven weeks after bat bite developed neurological symptoms and died 23 days later. rabies virus antigens were detected in brain smears. after extensive virological studies the virus turned out to be a rabies-related virus, closely resembling the duvenhage virus isolated from bats in south africa in 1980. by light microscopy focal chronic inflammatory infiltration of ...	1989	2920157
cerebrospinal fluid analysis of rabid and vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant, orally vaccinated raccoons (procyon lotor).	cerebrospinal fluid obtained from clinically normal free-ranging raccoons was analyzed and compared with csf obtained from raccoons vaccinated orally with vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) recombinant virus vaccine and subsequently challenged peripherally with street rabies virus, and csf from naive, rabies virus challenge-exposed control raccoons. significant differences were not found in csf of free-ranging or v-rg recombinant virus vaccine recipient raccoons, and there was no evidence of cn ...	1989	2930023
spontaneous recovery from the encephalomyelitis in mice caused by street rabies virus.	recovery from rabies was studied in an experimental model. young adult mice were inoculated in a hindlimb footpad with street rabies virus (fox salivary gland isolate). in a group of 62 mice, 97% developed clinical rabies with paresis of the extremities and spasticity, and 37% recovered with neurological sequelae. there was an acute inflammatory reaction in the brainstem and grey matter of the spinal cord, and degeneration of myelinated axons in the white matter of the cord and in the dorsal roo ...	1989	2586721
[a new rabies vaccine in public health practice in the ussr].	a new antirabies vaccine prepared on the basis of virus grown in the ovine brain, purified from 85-90% of brain-tissue ballast substances and inactivated with beta-propilactone has been developed at the moscow research institute of viral preparations (ussr acad. med. sci.). the preparation produces no neuro-allergenic effect in tests on guinea pigs. when injected to humans, the vaccine shows much lower reactogenicity than fermi vaccine. high antigenic and immunogenic activity of the new vaccine ...	1989	2588869
protection of dogs against death from experimental rabies by postexposure administration of rabies vaccine and hyperimmune globulin (human).	two experiments on simulated postexposure treatment were carried out in dogs using human rabies immunoglobulin (righ) and human diploid cell vaccine for human use. in one experiment, when animals were challenged by injecting street virus into the masseter muscle and treated with a combination of righ and vaccine, 50% of the animals were protected from rabies. in the other trial, in which animals were challenged by injecting the virus into the femoral muscle, treatment with righ and vaccine prote ...	1989	2590870
persistent infections of a field strain of rabies virus in murine neuroblastoma (na-c1300) cell cultures.	rabies virus from the brain of a striped skunk (mephitis mephitis) from ontario was inoculated into murine neuroblastoma (na-c1300) cell cultures. these cultures were incubated and the cells were subcultured every three to four days. the presence of viral antigen in the cell cultures was monitored by direct immunofluorescent staining and in the culture fluids by titration in either baby hamster kidney (bhk/c13) or na cells or in experimental mice. the virus-infected na cultures evolved from an i ...	1989	2590871
structure and transcription of the glycoprotein gene of attenuated hep-flury strain of rabies virus.	the mrna-encoding g protein of the attenuated hep-flury strain of rabies virus was sequenced by the cdna cloning technique. the g-mrna was composed of 2059 nucleotides, with the coding region located from the 28th to 1602nd nucleotide, and was capable of encoding a polypeptide of 524 amino acids. although the coding region was highly homologous (90% or more) to that of era and pv strains, the 3' noncoding region of the hep virus g-mrna was longer than that reported for other strains by some 400 ...	1989	2596027
[rabies, a public health problem].	in west-europe, rabies is mostly reported in foxes, and in less extend in different domestic animals including dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, goats and horses. the contamination to humans occurs through contact with rabid animals by bite, scratch and even contact with the wound. this paper reports upon the current situation of rabies disease in belgium and the prophylactic means routinely applied and those actually under experiment. in 1988, 514 animals were found positive, among which 366 foxes (71 ...	1989	2610551
standardization of an enzyme immunoassay for the in vitro potency assay of inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccines: determination of the rabies virus glycoprotein with polyclonal antisera.	a non-competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa) has been standardized to supplement the in vivo potency test used for the quality control of inactivated tissue culture vaccines against rabies. the essentials of the elisa were: fixation of the virus in different dilutions of vaccine on the surface of microtitre plates; testing of the reference and up to six test vaccines on one plate; incubation with polyclonal antisera to rabies virus glycoprotein containing an excess of antibody; further in ...	1989	2613705
simplification of immune adherence hemagglutination test for detection of rabies antibodies in human serum.	in the present work the immune adherence hemagglutination test (iaha) was standardized in a simplified procedure. this test showed good reproducibility, better than the classical mice serum neutralization test (sn). the tests showed high correlation degree: high titers in one test corresponded to high titers in the other one, and the same occurred with low titers. the iaha test is extremely simple, fast to perform, and of low cost when compared to tests such as sn or indirect immunofluorescence ...	1989	2629063
live dogs and dead men.		1989	2632571
[increase of lymphocytes producing antibodies against rabies virus, using intrasplenic adoptive transfer in mice treated with cyclophosphamide].	spleen lymphocytes from donor mice immunized against rabies virus were transferred into non immunised cyclophosphamide treated syngeneic mice. antibody producing cells against rabies antigens were increased in the cyclosphosphamide treated recipient mice (p less than 0.01) as compared to then non treated recipient mice. a fusion was made with the splenic cells of cyclophosphamide treated recipient mice and sp2 murine myeloma cells 30 of 144 hypridoma plated welles were positive. there results su ...	1989	2633721
purified equine rabies immune globulin: a safe and affordable alternative to human rabies immune globulin.	reported are the results of a retrospective study of 3156 patients who were treated at the queen saovabha memorial institute, bangkok, with equine rabies immune globulin (erig). only 51 patients (1.6%) exhibited serum-sickness-like reactions, none of which persisted for more than a week, and only 8 of these patients (15%) were treated with a short course of steroids. one patient, whose skin test was negative, had an immediate anaphylactic reaction to erig that responded to parenteral therapy wit ...	1989	2633888
quaternary structure of the immunostimulating complex (iscom).	proteins of either hiv-1, hepatitis b, or rabies virus were incorporated with the adjuvant substance quil a and cholesterol into the immunostimulating complex: iscom. formation and symmetry of this regular complex were analyzed by electron microscopy. micellar structures with a diameter of about 12 nm, occasionally with a 7-nm stain-filled center, were formed in a 0.03% water suspension of quil a. cavities or holes appeared in the smooth structures of cholesterol upon the addition of quil a, and ...	1989	2634709
a monoclonal antibody to a synthetic fragment of rabies virus glycoprotein binds ligands of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor.	rabies virus glycoprotein and snake venom curaremimetic neurotoxins share a region of high homology (30-45 for neurotoxins and 190-203 for the glycoprotein) in the regions that are believed to be responsible for binding the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. monoclonal antibodies raised to the 190-203 synthetic fragment of rabies virus glycoprotein were immobilized on a high performance affinity chromatography column and were able to bind neurotoxins. toxins were displaced from the affinity colum ...	1989	2636896
[the efficacy of the era rabies vaccine, in mice against 4 antigenic variants of rabies virus].	era anti-rabies vaccine prepared in kidney tissue culture was evaluated against four different antigenic strains of rabies virus in mice: two of them dog strains, c/sp and c/ng, another a bat vampire strain, dr-19, and the cvs strain. the cvs antigenic characteristics were determined by means the antinucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies technique. twenty one days old mice were vaccinated, intramuscularly, in the inner side of the thigh, with 0.05 ml of vaccine and challenged at 42 days old, togeth ...	1989	2641836
naturally acquired rabies in an armadillo (dasypus novemcinctus) in texas.	the first case of rabies in an armadillo is reported. the rabies fluorescent-antibody test and mouse inoculation procedure were used to substantiate the presence of the virus. the centers for disease control authenticated our findings and was able to determine the source of infection by monoclonal antibody typing.	1989	2643619
intravenous human rabies immunoglobulin for post-exposure prophylaxis: serum rabies neutralizing antibody concentrations and side-effects.	the beneficial effect of passive immunization for post-exposure rabies prophylaxis is associated with the appearance of serum neutralizing antibody (sna) earlier than occurs with vaccine alone. we compared the sna response and the side-effects in 30 previously unimmunized healthy volunteers given a commercially available human rabies immunoglobulin (hrig) intramuscularly (i.m.) or an experimental hrig prepared by deae sephadex column chromatography, intravenously (i.v.) with or without human dip ...	1989	2646301
[rabies--a current review].		1989	2646498
comparative field evaluation of the fluorescent-antibody test, virus isolation from tissue culture, and enzyme immunodiagnosis for rapid laboratory diagnosis of rabies.	the rabies tissue culture infection test (rtcit) and rapid rabies enzyme immunodiagnosis (rreid) were compared to the fluorescent-antibody test (fat) with field specimens. at the french national reference center for rabies, 15,248 specimens were analyzed by fat and rtcit, and 2,290 of those specimens were also tested by rreid; 818 other specimens were tested by fat and rreid in 12 laboratories located in africa, asia, and latin america. the sensitivities and specificities of rreid and rtcit were ...	1989	2654181
bat rabies in europe.		1989	2663995
invasion of the peripheral nervous systems of adult mice by the cvs strain of rabies virus and its avirulent derivative avo1.	the penetration of the cvs strain of rabies virus and its avirulent derivative avo1 into peripheral neurons was investigated after intramuscular inoculation into the forelimbs of adult mice. it was found that cvs directly penetrates both the sensitive and motor routes with equal efficiency, without prior multiplication in muscle cells. infected neurons became detectable 18 h after infection. the second cycle of infection occurred within 2 days, and at day 3 there was a massive invasion of the sp ...	1989	2664219
[rabies as a public health problem].	rabies virus belong to the family rhabdoviridae; it has a coiled rna core surrounded by a bullet-shaped envelop, covered with glycoproteins surface projections. after entry into a new host in the bite site, the virus multiplies in muscle cells and it spreads through neural pathways, without stimulating a protective host immune-response. transmission depends on simultaneous delivery of virus to the salivary gland and the limbic system of the brain, which is the cause of the animal fury and biting ...	1989	2665784
evidence for prenatal transfer of rabies virus in the mexican free-tailed bat (tadarida brasiliensis mexicana).	fetuses were collected from four mexican free-tailed bats (tadarida brasiliensis mexicana) and a fetal bat cell (fbc) line was established and tested for its ability to support the replication of the era vaccine strain of rabies virus. cytopathic effects were detected in era virus-inoculated as well as uninoculated fbc's. immunofluorescent antibody testing of uninoculated fbc's provided no evidence for the presence of rabies virus. however, mice inoculated intracranially with supernatant fluid f ...	1989	2668566
development and evaluation of an in vitro virus isolation procedure as a replacement for the mouse inoculation test in rabies diagnosis.	a tissue culture virus isolation procedure for rabies street strain virus on mouse neuroblastoma cells is described. parameters for the optimum sensitivity of the procedure were determined to include a minimum 4-day incubation of virus in tissue culture and the use of diethylaminoethyl-dextran for increased cell susceptibility. the in vitro procedure performed well in a comparison with the fluorescent-antibody test and the mouse inoculation test (mit) on weakly positive brain tissue. decomposed ...	1989	2681254
prevalence of rabies specific antibodies in the mexican free-tailed bat (tadarida brasiliensis mexicana) at lava cave, new mexico.	adult female and juvenile mexican free-tailed bats (tadarida brasiliensis mexicana) were collected bimonthly at lava cave, new mexico from may through september. the purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of active rabies infection as well as to determine individual immune status in these hosts. all bats were bled and examined for rabies antibody (total antibody versus igm) utilizing a modified serum neutralization test. the brains were removed and examined by the fluorescent rabies ...	1989	2681843
use of recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein virus for oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: innocuity to several non-target bait consuming species.	the pathogenicity of a vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies glycoprotein (vvtggrab) was tested in several wild animal species which could compete with the natural rabies host, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in consuming vaccine baits in europe. the following species were included in this study: wild boar (sus scrofa), eurasian badger (meles meles), wood mouse (apodemus sylvaticus), yellow-necked mouse (apodemus flavicollis), bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus), common vole (microtus arv ...	1989	2681844
comparison of enzyme immunodiagnosis with immunofluorescence for rapid diagnosis of rabies in dogs.	a comparison between direct immunofluorescence test (fat) and rapid rabies enzyme immunodiagnosis test (rreid) was made to detect rabies viral antigens from the brain and salivary gland tissues of experimentally infected and in rabies suspected dogs. both the tests presented an efficiency level of 100 per cent and both are equally sensitive.	1989	2684209
the apparent infection of na-c1300 cell cultures by nucleocapsid material of the canadian arctic strain of rabies virus.	murine neuroblastoma (na-c1300) and baby hamster kidney (bhk-21/c13) cell cultures were infected with the canadian arctic strain of rabies virus. subcultures were passed following incubation for 3 to 4 days at 35 degrees c. the supernatant fluids from the bhk cultures demonstrated increasing infectivity in both na and bhk cells concomitantly with an increase in the number of parent cells staining with an anti-glycoprotein stain. on the other hand, the supernatant fluids from the na cultures init ...	1989	2684375
safety and immunogenicity of era strain of rabies virus propagated in a bhk-21 cell line.	the era strain of rabies virus was propagated in a baby hamster kidney cell line (bhk-21/c13). the viral titer was 10(1.8) tissue culture infective doses (tcid) higher than that of commercial era vaccine. the era/bhk-21 vaccine in baits retained titers of 10(6.3) to 10(6.4), tcid when subjected to daily temperature fluctuations from 9 degrees c to 24 degrees c for 21 days. this titer, according to a dose response in laboratory foxes, was still capable of immunizing up to 100% of foxes consuming ...	1989	2686831
immunogenic and protective properties of rabies virus glycoprotein expressed by baculovirus vectors.	the gene encoding the glycoprotein of rabies virus (g protein, cvs strain) has been cloned and inserted into the baculovirus transfer vector pacym1 derived from the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of autographa californica (acnpv). the gene was placed under the control of the acnpv polyhedrin promoter and expressed to high levels by the derived recombinant virus using a spodoptera frugiperda cell line. it has been established that the antigenic characteristics of the protein were conserved by compari ...	1989	2688298
evaluation of the new rapid rabies immunodiagnosis technique.	the rapid rabies enzyme immuno-diagnosis (rreid) kit was evaluated for its sensitivity and specificity in comparison to fluorescent antibody technique (fat) and biological test (bt) for the diagnosis of rabies. while 93 per cent correlation was observed in case of fresh brain samples, 71 per cent correlation was noted with glycerol preserved samples, where rreid was more sensitive than fat. rreid test can be employed for rapid diagnosis of rabies, when facilities for fat are not available. howev ...	1989	2695462
population structure of some street rabies virus strains.	street rabies virus strains can contain from one to three biological (clinical) variants as it has been estimated using random-bred white mice and dogs.	1989	2705881
leads from the mmwr. human rabies--oregon, 1989.		1989	2724476
[protective action of rifampicin in experimental rabies infection of albino mice].	the paper presents the results of the experimental study of the action of rifampicin on the process of rabies infection in albino mice contaminated with 1-10 ld50 of the fixed rabies virus. exposure to rifampicin in doses of 250 and 500 micrograms/mouse (35-70 mg/kg) resulted in survival of 66.7 and 83.4 per cent of the animals respectively while in the controls it did not exceed 16.6 and 25.0 per cent. the average life-span of the albino mice treated with the antibiotic increased 1.6-2.4-fold i ...	1989	2730225
characterization of a new temperature-sensitive and avirulent mutant of the rabies virus.	a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant, tsg1, has been isolated from the cvs (challenge virus standard) strain of rabies virus. the ts mutation affects the glycoprotein (g protein); it consists of an amino acid substitution (leucine to phenylalanine) at position 132. tsg1 exhibits a slightly reduced pathogenicity when administered via the intracerebral route and complete avirulence after intramuscular inoculation, associated with a very high protective power for adult mice. the ts mutation does not ...	1989	2732683
interferon induced within the central nervous system during infection is inconsequential as a mechanism responsible for murine resistance to street rabies virus.	sjl/j mice are resistant, whereas a/wysnj mice are susceptible to intraperitoneally (i.p.) inoculated street rabies virus (srv). in this report we determine whether interferon (ifn) induced within the central nervous system (cns) of these mice during infection is associated with resistance. we show that the high concentration of type 1 interferon (ifn-alpha/beta) within the cns of a/wysnj mice is ineffective in inhibiting srv replication in these tissues, and is unimportant in ameliorating disea ...	1989	2732696
interaction between rabies infection and oral administration of vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus to foxes (vulpes vulpes).	we have investigated the influence of anti-rabies vaccination on the onset of the disease as well as the delay of death in foxes previously infected with rabies virus. a live vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (vvtggrab) was used as vaccine. foxes were divided into six experimental groups of four animals. on day 0, each fox was experimentally infected with a rabies virus suspension. vvtggrab was administered by the oral route to each animal of three groups on day ...	1989	2732723
south carolina blocks test of rabies vaccine.		1989	2740896
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of antibodies to the envelope glycoprotein of rabies virus.	the envelope glycoprotein g of rabies virus induces neutralizing antibodies, which are important in protection against rabies. this protein was solubilized from purified virus and isolated by differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugation followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. conditions for solubilization and purification of g were optimized by using immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. the reaction with conventional antisera and monoclonal ant ...	1989	2745698
pathogenesis of experimental rabies in mice: an immunohistochemical study.	the spread of rabies virus in the central nervous system of mice was examined after hindlimb footpad and intracerebral inoculation of the cvs strain of fixed rabies virus. all mice developed paralytic rabies. after intracerebral inoculation there was early simultaneous infection of neurons in the cerebral cortex and pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, and later there was spread to the cerebellum. after high-dose intracerebral inoculation there was early infection in ependymal cells lining the ...	1989	2750485
[safety and efficacy of an antirabies vaccine consisting of recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus administered orally to the fox, dog and cat].	one of the most promising ways to control rabies in wildlife seems to be the distribution of bait containing an anti-rabies vaccine. so far, the most widely used vaccines were modified live viruses (sad strain or derivatives). nevertheless, these strains retain some pathogenicity for non-target species. a novel vaccine was proposed consisting of genetically modified vaccinia virus (strain copenhagen, thermosensitive ts 26) expressing the foreign glycoprotein g for the rabies virus (strain era). ...	1989	2751231
rabies and post-exposure prophylaxis in thai children.	thailand is an endemic area for rabies, with approximately 300 human deaths reported annually. more than half of the rabies patients are children under 14 years of age. this paper reports clinical data of paediatric rabies cases occurring from 1980 to 1986, and the protective efficacies of human diploid cell rabies vaccine (hdcv) and purified vero cell rabies vaccine (pvrv) in children exposed to rabid animals. the analysis of 120 medical records revealed that rabies in children had incubation p ...	1989	2751769
enhanced antibody response to rabies virus in patients with neurologic complications following brain tissue-derived rabies vaccination.	sera from 26 patients with major neurologic complications, 19 patients with minor complications and 23 patients with no complications induced by semple rabies vaccine were assayed for neutralizing antibody to rabies virus. seroconversion to the protective level (greater than or equal to 0.5 iu/ml) was found in 21 of 22 patients (95%) with major complications, and in 7 of 19 (37%) with minor complications, occurring during the first 14 days of vaccination. this was in contrast to 42% (5/12) seroc ...	1989	2751770
use of mouse anti-rabies monoclonal antibodies in postexposure treatment of rabies.	immunization of mice and hamsters with a cocktail of mouse mabs specific for rabies virus nucleocapsid protein and glycoprotein protected animals not only when challenged with a lethal dose of rabies virus after immunization, but also in post-exposure situations. hamsters treated with the mab cocktail 3 h after virus inoculation were completely protected from lethal rabies virus infection, and 80% of the animals survived when the mab cocktail was given 36 h after virus challenge. the potential u ...	1989	2760222
[chronic infection of cultured cells by rabies viruses].	the culture of the continuous cellular line bhk 21 c13 was infected in the routine way by rabies virus, a kind of fixed cvs virus. through 100 passages, the virus was (parallely) isolated and titrated in white mice and in the cellular culture by the technique of fluorescent tfa-a antibodies. in respect to mice, infectiveness of cells was less marked, while through further passages infectiveness of cells increased, while the titre in mice decreased. in the course of 100 passages, a repeat infecti ...	1989	2761478
[abortive and recurrent rabies in dogs intracerebrally infected with the rabies street virus].	in the experiments on dogs inoculated intracerebrally with the "paralytic rabies" variant of the "yak" strain of street rabies virus we observed spontaneous recovery of 1 out of 5 sick animals. rabies in this dog was verified by three isolations of the virus from the saliva during the disease and by an increase of antibody titres in the time course of to 6776. in another experiment, among 7 dogs developing rabies after intracerebral inoculation with the "convulsive rabies" variant of the virus o ...	1989	2763514
complete cloning and molecular organization of a rabies-related virus, mokola virus.	mokola virus is a rabies-related virus responsible for both animal and human encephalitis cases in africa. we report here the construction of a genomic library containing overlapping cdna clones encompassing the entire genome. five overlapping clones were sufficient to cover the genome (about 12 kb in size). mokola virus was shown to share the same genomic organization as the rabies virus genome and also identical transcription signals. cdna probes characterized six different transcripts by nort ...	1989	2769229
regional distribution of rabies viral antigen in central nervous system of human encephalitic and paralytic rabies.	we studied the distribution of rabies viral antigen in the brain and spinal cord of 7 patients with rabies by immunohistochemical techniques. four patients presented with encephalitis, the remaining 3 had paralysis. neither the rabies viral antigen distribution nor inflammation paralleled clinical presentations. patients who had survival times of 7 days or less (4/7) had a greater amount of antigen-positive neurons in brainstem and spinal cord regardless of the clinical type. neuroglial cells we ...	1989	2769305
detection of rabies virus rna in the central nervous system of experimentally infected mice using in situ hybridization with rna probes.	rabies virus is usually demonstrated in human or animal tissues using antigen-detection or viral isolation techniques. rabies virus rna can be demonstrated in paraffin-embedded tissues using in situ hybridization. negative (-) sense 35s- and 3h-labeled rna probes, specific for rabies virus nucleocapsid protein mrna, were used for the detection of rabies virus rna in the nervous system of mice experimentally infected with fixed and street strains of rabies virus. in situ hybridization signals wer ...	1989	2778026
lymphocyte proliferative response to rabies virus antigen.	rabies virus (rv) infection, as well as active immunisation using viral antigen, elicit both humoral and cellular reactions whose protective effects are still unclear. we evaluated both responses in order to find valuable monitoring parameters for the immunisation procedure. three laboratory workers repetitively immunised with booster human diploid cell vaccine against rabies virus, 13 patients from the anti-rabies centre (vaccinated for the first time) and 10 healthy volunteers (not immunised n ...	1989	2779457
interleukin 2 acts as an adjuvant to increase the potency of inactivated rabies virus vaccine.	interleukin 2 (il-2) occupies a central position in the cascade of events involved in the immune response. we were interested in determining whether il-2 could function as an adjuvant to vaccination, to increase the immune response to vaccine immunogens. using the national institutes of health test for rabies vaccine potency, we found that daily systemic administration of il-2 in conjunction with inactivated rabies virus can increase the potency of vaccination in outbred mice at least 25-fold, a ...	1989	2786210