Publications

urea signalling to immediate-early gene transcription in renal medullary cells requires transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor.	signalling by physiological levels of urea (e.g. 200 mm) in cells of the mammalian renal medulla is reminiscent of activation of a receptor tyrosine kinase. the epidermal growth factor (egf) receptor may be transactivated by a variety of g-protein-coupled receptors, primarily through metalloproteinase-dependent cleavage of a membrane-anchored egf precursor. in the murine inner medullary collecting duct (mimcd3) cell line, urea (200 mm) induced prompt (1-5 min) tyrosine phosphorylation of the egf ...	2003	12466022
immune responses of elk to mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette guerin vaccination.	although rare, detection of mycobacterium bovis infection of captive or free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) elicits serious concern due to regulatory and zoonotic implications. few studies, however, have evaluated the immune response of elk to m. bovis or other pathogens. to model natural infection, elk were vaccinated with live m. bovis bacillus calmette guerin (bcg, pasteur strain) for evaluation of immune responsiveness to this attenuated live vaccine. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) ...	2003	12615449
synergistic activation of the serum response element-dependent pathway by hepatitis b virus x protein and large-isoform hepatitis delta antigen.	hepatitis delta virus (hdv) is a naturally occurring satellite of hepatitis b virus (hbv). there are few studies of the effects of the combination of hbv and hdv proteins (hdv antigens [hdags]) on intracellular signaling pathways. to understand the influence of hbv and hdv coinfection on hepatocytes, we investigated the effect of hbv proteins and hdags on the serum response element (sre)-dependent pathway. reporter assays revealed that only hbv x protein (hbx), alone or with the large isoform of ...	2003	12599056
chlamydia pneumoniae induces tissue factor expression in mouse macrophages via activation of egr-1 and the mek-erk1/2 pathway.	recent studies have suggested that infection with chlamydia pneumoniae (c pneumoniae) may contribute to the instability of atherosclerotic plaques and thrombosis and is associated with acute coronary events. tissue factor (tf), a potent prothrombotic molecule, is expressed by macrophages and other cell types within atherosclerotic lesions and plays an essential role in thrombus formation after plaque rupture. therefore the effects of c pneumoniae on induction of tf expression in macrophages were ...	2003	12600889
detection of papillomavirus-dna in mesenchymal tumour cells and not in the hyperplastic epithelium of feline sarcoids.	we examined 12 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded feline skin tumours which had the histopathological features of fibropapillomas for the presence of papillomavirus (pv) dna using touchdown polymerase chain reaction (pcr), dna sequencing and nonradioactive in situ hybridization. nine of the tumours contained a 102-bp pcr product demonstrated using consensus pv primers that amplify a portion of the l1 gene. the nucleotide sequences are closely related, but not identical to that of ovine pv type 2, ...	2003	12603685
new developments reproductive technologies in deer.	in vitro embryo production is the platform for advanced reproductive technologies, such as cloning. the in vitro embryo production system developed for farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) evolved along similar lines to that pioneered by other domestic species researchers. however, applying existing in vitro embryo production methods from these other species resulted in limited success and has necessitated developing a species-specific methodology for red deer based on the their physiology. analysis ...	2003	12499028
regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha gene expression by mycobacteria involves the assembly of a unique enhanceosome dependent on the coactivator proteins cbp/p300.	tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) plays an important role in host containment of infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis, one of the leading causes of death by an infectious agent globally. using the pathogenic m. tuberculosis strain h37rv, we present evidence that upon stimulation of monocytic cells by m. tuberculosis a unique tnf-alpha enhanceosome is formed, and it is distinct from the tnf-alpha enhanceosome that forms in t cells stimulated by antigen engagement or virus infection. a di ...	2003	12509451
map kinase phosphorylation-dependent activation of elk-1 leads to activation of the co-activator p300.	cbp/p300 recruitment to enhancer-bound complexes is a key determinant in promoter activation by many transcription factors. we present a novel mechanism of activating such complexes and show that pre-assembled elk-1-p300 complexes become activated following elk-1 phosphorylation by changes in elk-1-p300 interactions rather than recruitment. it is known that elk-1 binds to promoter in the absence of stimuli. however, it is unclear how activation of elk-1 by mitogen-acivated protein kinase (mapk)- ...	2003	12514134
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane suppresses neurite outgrowth and induces apoptosis in pc12 pheochromocytoma cells.	it is well known that dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt) is used as an insecticide and prevents many people in the tropical zone from devastating malaria. on the other hand, a number of reports have indicated that it may act as an endocrine disruptor and also has possible carcinogenic effects. however, the effects of ddt on the neural cells remain to be investigated. in this study, therefore, we observed the effects of p,p'-ddt, o,p'-ddt and its major metabolite p,p'-dde on the differentiatio ...	2003	12523960
circadian and photic regulation of phosphorylation of erk1/2 and elk-1 in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the syrian hamster.	in this study we investigated the circadian and photic regulation of phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-related kinase (erk) 1/2, and the transcription factor elk-1 in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the syrian hamster. we report that levels of phosphorylated erk (p-erk) are rhythmic, peaking during the mid subjective day, whereas phosphorylated elk-1 (p-elk-1) shows no distinct rhythm. light pulses during the subjective night rapidly, but transiently, induce p-erk, whereas p-elk-1 is als ...	2003	12684495
prevalence of chronic wasting disease and bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging deer and elk in south dakota.	heads of hunter-harvested deer and elk were collected throughout south dakota (usa) and within established chronic wasting disease (cwd) surveillance areas from 1997-2002 to determine infection with cwd and bovine tuberculosis (tb). we used immunohistochemistry to detect cwd-infected individuals among 1,672 deer and elk sampled via geographically targeted surveillance. a total of 537 elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), 813 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and 322 mule deer (o. hemionus) was ...	2003	12685066
enzootic ataxia in farmed red deer.		2003	12696718
beneficial effects of antioxidants and l-arginine on oxidation-sensitive gene expression and endothelial no synthase activity at sites of disturbed shear stress.	atherogenesis is enhanced in arterial segments exposed to disturbed blood flow, indicating the active participation of the hemodynamic environment in lesion formation. turbulent shear stress selectively regulates responsive genes in the endothelium and increases the damage induced by free radicals. the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of intervention with antioxidants and l-arginine on endothelial no synthase (enos) and oxidation-sensitive gene perturbation induced by dis ...	2003	12525696
widespread prpsc accumulation in muscles of hamsters orally infected with scrapie.	scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy and chronic wasting disease are orally communicable, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses). as zoonotic transmissions of tse agents may pose a risk to human health, the identification of reservoirs for infectivity in animal tissues and their exclusion from human consumption has become a matter of great importance for consumer protection. in this study, a variety of muscles from hamsters that were orally challenged with scrapie was screened for ...	2003	12776740
bio-effectiveness of tat-catalase conjugate: a potential tool for the identification of h2o2-dependent cellular signal transduction pathways.	reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) have taken center stage as bona fide second messengers in various signaling pathways. here, we report the synthesis, metabolic fate, and effectiveness in modulating such pathways of a tat-catalase conjugate. incubation of l2 cells with tat-catalase greatly increased cell-associated enzymatic activity, reaching close to a plateau by 30 min. the cell-associated catalase activity and antibody-detectable tat-derivatives declined over time ...	2003	12646200
suppression of insulin-like growth factor signalling pathway and collagen expression in keloid-derived fibroblasts by quercetin: its therapeutic potential use in the treatment and/or prevention of keloids.	keloids are characterized by abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts and overproduction of collagen. insulin-like growth factor (igf)-i is mitogenic for fibroblasts and a stimulatory factor for collagen synthesis.	2003	12653748
opposite regulation by typical and atypical anti-psychotics of erk1/2, creb and elk-1 phosphorylation in mouse dorsal striatum.	the two mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 (erk1/2), are involved in the control of gene expression via phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factors cyclic amp response element binding protein (creb) and elk-1. here, we have examined the effect of haloperidol and clozapine, two anti-psychotic drugs, and eticlopride, a selective dopamine d2 receptor antagonist, on the state of phosphorylation of erk1/2, creb and elk-1, i ...	2003	12871586
pellino3, a novel member of the pellino protein family, promotes activation of c-jun and elk-1 and may act as a scaffolding protein.	toll-like receptors and the il-1r are part of the innate immune response aimed at mobilizing defense mechanisms in response to infections or injury. these receptors can initiate common intracellular signaling cascades. one intermediate component in these signaling cascades is pellino, which was first identified in drosophila and shown to interact with il-1r-associated kinase. two homologues, pellino1 and pellino2, have been identified in mammals. a novel member of the pellino protein family has ...	2003	12874243
migration inhibitory factor mediates angiogenesis via mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol kinase.	in this study, we investigated the effects of migration inhibitory factor (rhmif) on angiogenesis-related signaling cascades and apoptosis in human endothelial cells (ecs). we show that in vitro rhmif induces migration and tube formation in matrigel of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (hmvecs), with potency comparable to that of basic fibroblast growth factor. in vivo, rhmif induces angiogenesis in matrigel plugs and in the corneal bioassay. using panels of relatively specific kinase ...	2003	12881477
high affinity for farnesyltransferase and alternative prenylation contribute individually to k-ras4b resistance to farnesyltransferase inhibitors.	farnesyltransferase inhibitors (ftis) block ras farnesylation, subcellular localization and activity, and inhibit the growth of ras-transformed cells. although ftis are ineffective against k-ras4b, the ras isoform most commonly mutated in human cancers, they can inhibit the growth of tumors containing oncogenic k-ras4b, implicating other farnesylated proteins or suggesting distinct functions for farnesylated and for geranylgeranylated k-ras, which is generated when farnesyltransferase is inhibit ...	2003	12882980
characteristics of the oestrous cycle of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) assessed by progesterone profiles.	this study examines the length of the oestrous cycle in 16 iberian red deer females assessed by means of changes in progesterone concentrations, along with the changes in the profile of this hormone. samples were collected three occasions per week from the week after calving (15 may to 15 june) up to may of the following year. the oestrous cycle lasted 19.57+/-0.29 days (range 10-27 d) calculated in 130 oestrous cycles examined. progesterone titres did not rise above 0.5 ng/ml in the follicular ...	2003	12884276
dynamic interplay of the sumo and erk pathways in regulating elk-1 transcriptional activity.	the ets domain transcription factor elk-1 is a direct target of the map kinase pathways. phosphorylation of the elk-1 transcriptional activation domain by map kinases triggers its activation. however, elk-1 also contains two domains with repressive activities. one of these, the r motif, appears to function by suppressing the activity of the activation domain. here, we demonstrate that sumo modification of the r motif is required for this repressive activity. a dynamic interplay exists between th ...	2003	12887893
fractions of the semen of red deer (cervus elaphus)--their occurrence and characteristics in different periods of season.	during a complete season 145 ejaculates were collected from 4 red deer stags (cervus elaphus) using a modified artificial vagina. differences found in characteristics of ejaculates allowed to identify four different types of ejaculates: pre-mating, mating, transitory, and post-mating ejaculate. these types of ejaculates occurred exclusively during corresponding periods of the season in the sequence mentioned above. three fractions of ejaculates were identified: grey, white, and yellow. pre- and ...	2003	14510054
inhibition of erbb-2 and erbb-3 expression by quercetin prevents transforming growth factor alpha (tgf-alpha)- and epidermal growth factor (egf)-induced human pc-3 prostate cancer cell proliferation.	because erbb-2 receptor is involved in hormone-independency for growth and metastasis of prostate cancer cells, the aim was to investigate the effects of quercetin on erbb-2 and erbb-3 expression and its critical components such as map kinase and pi-3 kinase. hemocytometric counts and [3h]-thymidine incorporation were used to determine the effects of quercetin, egf and tgf-alpha on cell proliferation and dna synthesis in pc-3 and lncap cells. changes in erbb-2, erbb-3 and components of mapk and ...	2003	12888923
other animal prion diseases.	in addition to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) of cattle and scrapie of sheep and goats, a few other animal prion diseases have been reported. these include feline spongiform encephalopathy of zoological and domestic cats (fse) and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) of zoological ruminants and non-human primates, as well as chronic wasting disease of deer and elk (cwd) and transmissible mink encephalopathy of farmed mink (tme). the origins of tse in cats, zoo bovids, and non-hu ...	2003	14522860
the concerted signaling of erk1/2 and jnks is essential for pc12 cell neuritogenesis and converges at the level of target proteins.	mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways are central signaling elements, which translate and integrate stimuli from cell surface receptors into cytoplasmic and transcriptional responses. here, we systematically compare the role of mapks in the nerve growth factor-induced long-term differentiation of pc12 cells and show the persistent nuclear and dose-dependent cytoplasmic activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (erk1/2) and the increasing nuclear and cytoplasmic acti ...	2003	14550783
distribution and functional properties of human kcnh8 (elk1) potassium channels.	the elk subfamily of the eag k+ channel gene family is represented in mammals by three genes that are highly conserved between humans and rodents. here we report the distribution and functional properties of a member of the human elk k+ channel gene family, kcnh8. quantitative rt-pcr analysis of mrna expression patterns showed that kcnh8, along with the other elk family genes, kcnh3 and kcnh4, are primarily expressed in the human nervous system. kcnh8 was expressed at high levels, and the distri ...	2003	12890647
babesia odocoilei infection in elk.	two male north american elk from a commercial herd were evaluated because of a sudden onset of lethargy, anorexia, and voiding of red urine. these 2 elk were kept in the same pen as 4 other male elk that had died during the preceding 2 months. laboratory analyses revealed anemia and intraerythrocytic parasites, later confirmed as babesia odocoilei (a protozoal hemoparasite of cervids). of the 240 elk remaining in the herd, 59 were screened for b odocoilei by microscopic evaluation of blood smear ...	2003	14552494
genetic diversity in european red deer (cervus elaphus l.): anthropogenic influences on natural populations.	allozyme, microsatellite and mtdna (rflp and sequence) data of european red deer populations were examined as to their capability of indicating anthropogenic influences such as the keeping of animals in enclosures, selective hunting for trophies translocation of specimens to improve trophy quality and habitat fragmentation. deer in enclosures revealed considerable deviations of allele frequencies from isolation-by-distance expectations but no remarkable loss of genetic diversity. particular allo ...	2003	14558447
immediate-early gene induction by the stresses anisomycin and arsenite in human osteosarcoma cells involves mapk cascade signaling to elk-1, creb and srf.	cellular stress activates multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades and immediate-early gene (ieg) transcription. to address how these events are linked, we investigated the endogenous signaling/transcription factor network driving ieg activation by arsenite and anisomycin in the human osteosarcoma cell line hos/te-85. induction of ieg transcription by both stresses corresponded temporally with the phosphorylation of the regulatory factors elk-1 and camp response element-binding ...	2003	12660819
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in non-domestic animals: origin, transmission and risk factors.	the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses), scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), are serious diseases of domestic animals. although not as significant in terms of numbers of animals affected or geographical distribution, tses also affect non-domestic animals. transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme) was the first tse to be identified in non-domestic animals. this disease of captive mink (mustela vison) is very rare and is associated with exposure through feed contaminated ...	2003	12793777
characterization of a polymerase chain reaction-based approach for the simultaneous detection of multiple animal-derived materials in animal feed.	in this study, a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) primer set capable of amplifying a mitochondrial dna segment of multiple species (cattle, sheep, goats, deer, and elk) whose rendered remains are prohibited from being fed to ruminants was characterized. however, the primer set also amplifies dna derived from the rendered remains of pigs and horses, which are exempt from the feed ban. pcr amplicons derived from pig dna have a restriction endonuclease site recognized by hinf1, while the horse dna-d ...	2003	12801014
pellino2 activates the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway.	engagement of the interleukin-1 (il1) and toll receptors, which are part of the innate immune system, facilitates activation of the transcription factors nf-kappab, elk-1 and ap-1. pellino1 and pellino2 have recently been shown to be intermediates in the pathway leading to activation of nf-kappab. here we demonstrate for the first time that human pellino2 interacts with traf6 (tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6) and that both pellino1 and pellino2 also interact with tak1 (transfo ...	2003	12804775
erk(mapk) activity as a determinant of tumor growth and dormancy; regulation by p38(sapk).	after dissemination from a primary tumor, cancer cells may resume growth, leading to overt metastasis, or enter a state of protracted dormancy. however, mechanisms that determine their fate, or markers that predict it, are mostly unavailable. we previously showed that in hep3 human head and neck carcinoma, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk)(mapk)/p38(sapk) activity ratio predicts whether the cells will proliferate or enter a state of dormancy in vivo. the proliferative balance of hi ...	2003	12670923
early modifications in the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk/erk), stress-activated kinases sapk/jnk and p38, and their phosphorylated substrates following focal cerebral ischemia.	focal ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (mcao) to adult rats results in necrosis at the infarct core and activation of complex signal pathways for cell death and cell survival in the penumbra. upstream from the cell death promoters and executioners are several kinases that, once activated by phosphorylation, may activate several transcription factor substrates involved in cell death and cell survival. in the present study we examined, by immunohistochemistry, the expression of ...	2003	12677442
activation of cytosolic phospholipase a2 in human t-lymphocytes involves inhibitor-kappab and mitogen-activated protein kinases.	the group iv 85 kda cytosolic phospholipase a(2) regulates many aspects of innate immunity. however, the function of this enzyme in t-cells remains controversial. we show here that human peripheral blood lymphocytes and jurkat cells express cytosolic phospholipase a(2) and produce prostaglandin a(2) and leukotriene b(4). selective inhibitors of this enzyme suppressed ca(2+)-ionophore-, mitogen- and t-cell receptor-mediated expression of interleukin-2 at the level of transcription from the promot ...	2003	12679154
brucella 'hoof-prints': strain typing by multi-locus analysis of variable number tandem repeats (vntrs).	currently, there are very few tools available for subtyping brucella isolates for epidemiological trace-back. subtyping is difficult because of the genetic homogeneity within the genus. sequencing of the genomes from three brucella species has facilitated the search for dna sequence variability. recently, hypervariability among short tandem repeat sequences has been exploited for strain-typing of several bacterial pathogens.	2003	12857351
culling of wild red deer.		2003	12862174
effects of mobile phone radiation on reproduction and development in drosophila melanogaster.	in this report we examined the effects of a discontinuous radio frequency (rf) signal produced by a gsm multiband mobile phone (900/1,900 mhz; sar approximately 1.4 w/kg) on drosophila melanogaster, during the 10-day developmental period from egg laying through pupation. as found earlier with low frequency exposures, the non-thermal radiation from the gsm mobile phone increased numbers of offspring, elevated hsp70 levels, increased serum response element (sre) dna-binding and induced the phospho ...	2003	12682907
molecular determinants of the cell-cycle regulated mcm1p-fkh2p transcription factor complex.	the mads-box transcription factor mcm1p and forkhead (fkh) transcription factor fkh2p act in a dna-bound complex to regulate cell-cycle dependent expression of the clb2 cluster in saccharomyces cerevisiae. binding of fkh2p requires prior binding by mcm1p. here we have investigated the molecular determinants governing the formation of the mcm1p- fkh2p complex. fkh2p exhibits cooperativity in complex formation with mcm1p and we have mapped a small region of fkh2p located immediately upstream of th ...	2003	12711672
the epithelial-specific ets transcription factor esx/ese-1/elf-3 modulates breast cancer-associated gene expression.	several members of the ets family of transcription factors contribute to tumorigenesis in many different tissues, including breast epithelium. the esx gene is an epithelial-specific ets member that is particularly relevant to breast cancer. esx is amplified in early breast cancers, it is overexpressed in human breast ductal carcinoma in situ, and there may be a positive feedback loop between the her2/neu proto-oncogene and esx. despite this progress in our understanding of esx, its ability to re ...	2003	12713734
lithium enhances long-term potentiation independently of hippocampal neurogenesis in the rat dentate gyrus.	we measured the temporal and spatial profiles of neural precursor cells, hippocampal long-term potentiation (ltp), and signaling molecules in neurogenesis-induced adult rats. chronic lithium treatment produced a significant 54% and 40% increase in the numbers of bromodeoxyuridine [brdu(+)] cells after 12 h and 28 days, respectively, after treatment completion in the dentate gyrus (dg). both ltp obtained from slices perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (acsf-ltp) and ltp recorded in the p ...	2003	12716419
culling of wild red deer.		2003	12877222
metabotropic glutamate receptor 5-regulated elk-1 phosphorylation and immediate early gene expression in striatal neurons.	the galphaq protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype-5 (mglur5) is densely expressed in medium spiny projection neurons of striatum. emerging evidence suggests a significant role of mglur5 in the addictive plasticity of striatal neurons that is likely derived from inducible cellular gene expression related to stimulation of mglur5 and associative signaling proteins. in this study, we found that activation of mglur5 with a selective agonist (rs)-2-chloro-5-hydroxy-phenylglycine (ch ...	2003	12716432
relationship between the characteristics of epididymal red deer spermatozoa and penetrability into zona-free hamster ova.	a heterologous (zona-free hamster oocytes) in vitro fertilization (ivf) system was used to evaluate the relationship between sperm factors and penetration capacity of epididymal red deer spermatozoa. the sperm parameters evaluated in 36 sperm samples obtained postmortem from stags selectively shot during the rutting season were sperm motility, functional integrity of plasma membrane by means of the hypo-osmotic swelling test (host), and, simultaneously, viability and acrosomal status via a tripl ...	2003	12721216
insulin induces expression of adenosine kinase gene in rat lymphocytes by signaling through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.	the activity of adenosine kinase (ak) was significantly impaired in splenocytes isolated from diabetic rats. administration of insulin to diabetic animals restored ak activity, protein, and mrna levels in diabetic splenocytes. experiments performed on cultured rat lymphocytes demonstrated that insulin did not change the stability of ak mrna. insulin induced ak gene expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. maximal increases in ak mrna (3.9-fold) and activity level (3.7-fold) were observed ...	2003	12729803
senescent phenotype can be reversed by reduction of caveolin status.	hyporesponsiveness to growth factors is one of the fundamental characteristics of senescent cells. we previously reported that the up-regulation of caveolin attenuates the growth factor response and the subsequent downstream signal cascades in senescent human diploid fibroblasts. therefore, in the present experiment, we investigated the modulation of caveolin status in senescent cells to determine the effect of caveolin on mitogenic signaling efficiency and cell cycling. we reduced the level of ...	2003	12730243
nodular onchocercosis of red deer in central spain.	the presence of nodular onchocercosis was investigated post-mortem in 142 red deer (11 calves, 35 yearlings and 96 adults) shot from february 1998 to january 1999, and july-november 1999 in "quintos de mora" (toledo, central spain), a game property belonging to the national wildlife reserves. between 6 and 13 animals were analysed monthly by inspection for subcutaneous nodules of onchocerca spp. subcutaneous nodules of onchocerca sp. were detected in 24% of the animals. anatomical locations for ...	2003	12732468
src-crkii-c3g-dependent activation of rap1 switches growth hormone-stimulated p44/42 map kinase and jnk/sapk activities.	we demonstrate here that growth hormone (gh) stimulates the activation of rap1 and rap2 in nih-3t3 cells. full activation of rap1 and rap2 by gh necessitated the combined activity of both jak2 and c-src kinases, although c-src was predominantly required. gh-stimulated rap1 and rap2 activity was also demonstrated to be crkii-c3g-dependent. gh stimulated the tyrosine phosphorylation of c3g, which again required the combined activity of jak2 and c-src. c3g tyrosine residue 504 was required for gh-s ...	2003	12734187
interaction of filamin a with the insulin receptor alters insulin-dependent activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.	the biological actions of insulin are associated with a rapid reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton within cells in culture. even though this event requires the participation of actin-binding proteins, the effect of filamin a (flna) on insulin-mediated signaling events is still unknown. we report here that human melanoma m2 cells lacking flna expression exhibited normal insulin receptor (ir) signaling, whereas flna-expressing a7 cells were unable to elicit insulin-dependent shc tyrosine phosp ...	2003	12734206
amyloid peptide-induced cytokine and chemokine expression in thp-1 monocytes is blocked by small inhibitory rna duplexes for early growth response-1 messenger rna.	in alzheimer's disease (ad) one finds increased deposition of a beta and also an increased presence of monocytes/macrophages in the vessel wall and activated microglial cells in the brain. ad patients show increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines by activated microglia. here we used a human monocytic thp-1 cell line as a model for microglia to delineate the cellular signaling mechanism involved in amyloid peptides (a beta(1-40) and a beta(1-42))-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines ...	2003	12734378
protein g binding to enriched serum immunoglobulin from nondomestic hoofstock species.	quick and cost-effective serologic assays, such as those based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) technology, are useful for screening animal populations for infectious diseases. recombinant protein g is described as an almost universal elisa conjugate for the detection of antibodies from a wide range of animal species. however, there is limited data documenting the ability of protein g to bind immunoglobulin (ig) from many captive and free-ranging nondomestic hoofstock (order artiodac ...	2003	12735347
the role of a conserved region of the second intracellular loop in at1 angiotensin receptor activation and signaling.	the pleiotropic actions of angiotensin ii are mediated by the primarily g(q) protein-coupled type 1 angiotensin (at(1)) receptor. in this study a mutational analysis of the function of the conserved dryxxv/ixxpl domain in the second intracellular loop of the rat at(1a) receptor was performed in cos7 cells. alanine substitution studies showed that single replacement of the highly conserved asp(125) and arg(126), but not tyr(127), moderately impaired angiotensin ii-induced inositol phosphate signa ...	2003	12746278
validation of a brucella abortus competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for use in rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni).	brucellosis caused by infection with brucella abortus is present in some elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) of the greater yellowstone area (parts of wyoming, montana, and idaho, usa). since 1985, the wyoming game and fish department has vaccinated elk on elk feedgrounds in northwestern wyoming during the winter months using b. abortus strain 19 (strain 19). analysis of this vaccination program is hampered by the inability of standard serologic tests to differentiate between strain 19 vaccinated elk a ...	2003	12910758
testing for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in asymptomatic free-ranging tule elk from an infected herd.	forty-five adult tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes) in good physical condition were translocated from a population located at point reyes national seashore, marin county (california, usa), to a holding pen 6 mo prior to release in an unfenced region of the park. because infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (mptb) had been reported in the source population, the translocated elk underwent extensive ante-mortem testing using three johne's disease assays: enzyme linked immunoso ...	2003	12910759
lawsonia intracellularis in wild mammals in the slovak carpathians.	feces of wild mammals were collected in the bukovské vrchy hills (north-eastern slovakia) in january and february 2002. the feces were examined for lawsonia intracellularis by means of nested polymerase chain reaction. a total of 194 samples of feces from red deer (cervus elaphus), 46 samples from roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 31 samples from red fox (vulpes vulpes), 23 samples from gray wolf (canis lupus), and 12 samples from brown hare (lepus europaeus) were examined. lawsonia intracellulari ...	2003	12910769
ets transcription factors er81 and elk1 regulate the transcription of the human presenilin 1 gene promoter.	we have previously defined a crucial dna element controlling 90% of the expression of the presenilin 1 gene at (-35 to +6). this region contains an ets transcription factor binding motif, and a 2-base pair alteration within the core sequence (ggaa to ttaa) of the ets consensus also reduced transcription by over 90%. we have shown that ets1/2 transcription factors bind specifically to the -10 ets element and activate ps1 transcription. the identification of other transcription factors recognizing ...	2003	12750007
field validation and assessment of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting chronic wasting disease in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni).	tissue samples (n = 25,050 total) from 23,256 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) collected statewide in colorado were examined for chronic wasting disease (cwd) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay developed by bio-rad laboratories, inc. (brelisa), in a 2-phase study. in the validation phase of this study, a total of 4,175 retropharyngeal lymph nodes (rln) or obex (ob) tissue samples were examined ind ...	2003	12918810
a bipartite mechanism for erk2 recognition by its cognate regulators and substrates.	mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases control gene expression in response to extracellular stimuli and exhibit exquisite specificity for their cognate regulators and substrates. we performed a structure-based mutational analysis of erk2 to identify surface areas that are important for recognition of its interacting proteins. we show that binding and activation of mkp3 by erk2 involve two distinct protein-protein interaction sites in erk2. thus, the common docking (cd) site composed of glu-79, ...	2003	12754209
ternary complex factors: prime nuclear targets for mitogen-activated protein kinases.	ternary complex factors (tcfs), a subgroup of the ets protein family, were first described in the context of c-fos gene regulation. subsequently, their early identification as nuclear targets for mitogen-activated protein kinases served to exemplify the fundamental links in eukaryotic cells between growth factor-mediated signalling pathways and gene control. this article provides an overview of recent work on ternary complex factors, addressing their expression and molecular structure, as well a ...	2003	12757758
chronic wasting disease in deer and elk: scientific facts and findings.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion disease of cervids such as deer and elk in north america. unlike other transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) such as scrapie, cwd occurs in both captive and wild ranging animals, but not in domestic ruminants such as sheep and cattle. in this paper, the history of the disease, pathogenesis of cwd, susceptibility of animals, its transmission mechanisms, potential origins of the disease, diagnostic methods in the field and laboratory tests, surveill ...	2003	12939501
effect of thawing procedure on cryosurvival of deer spermatozoa: work in progress.	the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the thawing procedure on deer semen freezability. frozen semen from the genetic resource bank (grb) of the zoological park of buenos aires (argentina) was used. seven mature stags (two red deer, two père david's deer and three fallow deer) were used as semen donors. semen was diluted with a tris-egg yolk medium, packed in 0.25 ml straws and frozen in nitrogen vapour. for thawing, the frozen straws were subjected to the following procedure ...	2003	12763164
kinase-mediated regulation of common transcription factors accounts for the bone-protective effects of sex steroids.	it has been found that 4-estren-3alpha,17beta-diol, a synthetic ligand for the estrogen receptor (er) or androgen receptor (ar), which does not affect classical transcription, reverses bone loss in ovariectomized females or orchidectomized males without affecting the uterus or seminal vesicles, demonstrating that the classical genotropic actions of sex steroid receptors are dispensable for their bone-protective effects, but indispensable for their effects on reproductive organs. we have now inve ...	2003	12782668
transcriptional regulation of the cytosolic chaperonin theta subunit gene, cctq, by ets domain transcription factors elk-1, sap-1a, and net in the absence of serum response factor.	the chaperonin-containing t-complex polypeptide 1 (cct) is a molecular chaperone that facilitates protein folding in eukaryotic cytosol, and the expression of cct is highly dependent on cell growth. we show here that transcription of the gene encoding the theta subunit of mouse cct, cctq, is regulated by the ternary complex factors (tcfs), elk-1, sap-1a, and net (sap-2). reporter gene assay using hela cells indicated that the cctq gene promoter contains a cis-acting element of the ccggaagt seque ...	2003	12788937
phylogeny of dictyocaulus (lungworms) from eight species of ruminants based on analyses of ribosomal rna data.	in this study, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of nematode parasites within the genus dictyocaulus (superfamily trichostrongyloidea). lungworms from cattle (bos taurus), domestic sheep (ovis aries), european fallow deer (dama dama), moose (alces alces), musk ox (ovibos moschatus), red deer (cervus elaphus), reindeer (rangifer tarandus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) were obtained and their small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) sequences analysed. in th ...	2003	12954019
adaptive hypersensitivity to estrogen: mechanism for superiority of aromatase inhibitors over selective estrogen receptor modulators for breast cancer treatment and prevention.	clinical observations suggest that human breast tumors can adapt to endocrine therapy by developing hypersensitivity to estradiol (e(2)). to understand the mechanisms responsible, we examined estrogenic stimulation of cell proliferation in a model system and provided in vitro and in vivo evidence that long-term e(2) deprivation (lted) causes "adaptive hypersensitivity". the enhanced responses to e(2) do not involve mechanisms acting at the level of transcription of estrogen-regulated genes. we f ...	2003	12790774
atp acts via p2y1 receptors to stimulate acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine receptor expression: transduction and transcription control.	at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction atp is known to stabilize acetylcholine in the synaptic vesicles and to be co-released with it. we have shown previously that a nucleotide receptor, the p2y1 receptor, is localized at the junction, and we propose that this mediates a trophic role for synaptic atp there. evidence in support of this and on its mechanism is given here. with the use of chick or mouse myotubes expressing promoter-reporter constructs from genes of acetylcholinesterase (ache) or ...	2003	12805285
head dimensions of cryopreserved red deer spermatozoa are affected by thawing procedure.	the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the thawing procedure on red deer spermatozoa distribution in morphologically distinct subpopulations after freezing and thawing. for this purpose, epididymal spermatozoa were thawed using two different thawing protocols (i = 37 degree celsius for 20 s vs. ii = 70 degree celsius for 5 s). the spermatozoa, from 10 iberian deer stags, were diluted at room temperature in a triladyl-20 percent egg yolk medium and frozen in nitrogen vapor. st ...	2003	12955173
adhesion-dependent activation of the erk1/2 cascade is by-passed in melanoma cells.	normal cells are dependent upon integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrix for cell proliferation and survival. integrins regulate these processes partially through control of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (erk1/2). a trait of malignant cells is their ability to undergo anchorage-independent growth. melanomas are tumors arising from normal melanocytes that, if undetected at an early stage, are highly invasive and poorly treatable. proliferation of melanoma cells and ...	2003	12821662
ectopic b-raf expression enhances extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signaling in t cells and prevents antigen-presenting cell-induced anergy.	t cells that receive stimulation through the t cell receptor (tcr) in the absence of costimulation become anergic and are refractory to subsequent costimulation. this unresponsiveness is associated with the constitutive activation of the small g protein, rap1, and the lack of ras-dependent activation of erk. recent studies suggest that rap1 can activate the map kinase kinase kinase b-raf that is either endogenously or ectopically expressed. peripheral t cells generally do not express b-raf; ther ...	2003	12855697
mitotic activity in the growing red deer antler.	antlers grow rapidly through the coordinated development of both osseocartilage and skin (velvet). the regional patterns of cell division in these two compartments were assessed by immunochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna) in antlers from one-year-old red deer. the whole antler integument was in a state of growth and/or renewal, particularly the keratinocytes of the basal cell layer of the epidermis near the tip, and hair bulbs and sebaceous glands. more proximally, a ...	2003	12867154
high mobility group 1 b-box mediates activation of human endothelium.	severe sepsis and septic shock is a consequence of a generalized inflammatory systemic response because of an invasive infection that may result in acute organ dysfunction. mortality is high despite access to modern intensive care units. the nuclear dna binding protein high mobility group 1 (hmgb1) protein has recently been suggested to act as a late mediator of septic shock via its function as a macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory cytokine (j exp med 2000; 192: 565, science1999; 285: 248). we i ...	2003	12974876
betacellulin and amphiregulin induce upregulation of cyclin d1 and dna synthesis activity through differential signaling pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells.	activation of egf receptors is closely involved in vascular proliferative diseases. the signaling mechanisms of egf ligands, including betacellulin (btc) and amphiregulin (ar), are poorly understood. we examined how btc and ar induced dna synthesis activity in primary cultures of human thoracic aortic smooth muscle cells (htasmcs). btc induced phosphorylation of all four egf receptors present on htasmcs: erbb1, erbb2, erbb3, and erbb4. btc rapidly induced the phosphorylation of akt, gsk3alpha/be ...	2003	12869389
conservation of cervus elaphus meat in modified atmospheres.	this study examines the effect of three types of modified atmospheres, each with a different gas composition (a:40% co(2)+60% n(2); b:80% co(2)+20% o(2); c:80% co(2)+20% n(2)), on the development of meat quality of cervus elaphus in order to suggest a gas composition that best preserves this type of meat. meat quality was assessed by examining ph, colour as l()a()b(*) values, drip loss (dl), cooking loss (cl) and shear force (sf). in samples of group a, ph values tended to be higher in all sto ...	2003	22063440
the influence of environment, mode of nutrition and animal species on level of nitrosamine contamination in venison.	the work aimed to research occurrence of nitrosamines in raw venison from different game species and mode of nutrition effect on their meat concentrations. samples of venison from male and female elks, male and female red deer, male and female roe deer, male and female fallow deer, male and female wild boars, male and female brown hares and males and females of wild rabbits shot in poland during the permissible hunting seasons were used for the experiments after their jointing and cutting. in th ...	2003	22063687
a new clue for the pathogenesis of hepatitis c virus infection: activation of the mapk/erk signaling initiated by envelope protein 2.	since cell signal transduction plays an important role in disclosing the nature of human diseases, the pathogenesis of viruses may result from the disturbance of intracellular signal cascades caused by viral proteins. hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a main causative agent of severe human liver disorders worldwide. so far, the mechanisms of hcv pathogenicity remain unclear. envelope protein 2 (e2) of hcv is thought to be responsible for initiating virus attachment to host cells, which is a prerequisit ...	2003	19448994
aboriginal overkill in the intermountain west of north america : zooarchaeological tests and implications.	zooarchaeological evidence has often been called on to help researchers determine prehistoric relative abundances of elk (cervus elaphus) in the greater yellowstone ecosystem. some interpret that evidence as indicating elk were abundant; others interpret it as indicating elk were rare. wildlife biologist charles kay argues that prehistoric faunal remains recovered from archaeological sites support his contention that aboriginal hunters depleted elk populations throughout the intermountain west, ...	2004	26190412
evolution and phylogeny of old world deer.	the phylogenetic pattern and timing of the radiation of old world deer was determined based on the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from 33 cervinae taxa. using rooted and unrooted phylogenies derived from distinct theoretical approaches, strong support was achieved for monophyly of the old world deer with muntjacs as sister group as well as for the divergence of at least three distinct genera: rucervus, dama, and cervus. the latter clade comprises what have previously been regarded as t ...	2004	15522810
red deer stocks in the highlands of scotland.	grazing by hill sheep and red deer prevents the regeneration of woodland in many parts of the scottish highlands and has also led to extensive loss of heather cover. conservation bodies claim that there has been a rapid rise in highland deer numbers caused by inadequate management and that these need to be drastically reduced. here we show that the recent increase in red deer stocks has probably been overestimated and suggest that the gradual rise in numbers since 1970 may be a consequence of a ...	2004	15152241
molecular aspects of disease pathogenesis in the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.	the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) diseases are a group of rare, fatal, and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases that include kuru and creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) in humans, scrapie in sheep, transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme), and chronic wasting disease (cwd) in mule deer and elk. over the last 20 yr, they have gone from a fascinating but relatively obscure group of diseases to one that is a major agricultural and economic problem as well as a threat to human health ...	2004	15156065
pleckstrin homology and phosphotyrosine-binding domain-dependent membrane association and tyrosine phosphorylation of dok-4, an inhibitory adapter molecule expressed in epithelial cells.	dok-like adapter molecules represent an expanding family of pleckstrin homology (ph) and phosphotyrosine-binding (ptb) domain-containing tyrosine kinase substrates with negative regulatory functions in hematopoietic cell signaling. in a search for nonhematopoietic counterparts to dok molecules, we identified and characterized dok-4, a recently cloned member of the family. dok-4 mrna was strongly expressed in nonhematopoietic organs, particularly the intestine, kidney, and lung, whereas both mrna ...	2004	14963042
all i need is the air that i breath: outdoor air quality and asthma.	in recent years, developing insight into the pathophysiology of asthma and advances in asthma management have been substantial. despite these advancements, asthma remains a significant health problem in the paediatric population. in the usa, the prevalence of asthma in children under 18 years of age is estimated at 7% [us environmental health protection agency. publication # epa-100-r-018. washington, dc, 2000]. prevalence rates in various subpopulations, particularly african and hispanic americ ...	2004	14980245
regulation of ras-mapk pathway mitogenic activity by restricting nuclear entry of activated mapk in endoderm differentiation of embryonic carcinoma and stem cells.	in response to retinoic acid, embryonic stem and carcinoma cells undergo differentiation to embryonic primitive endoderm cells, accompanied by a reduction in cell proliferation. differentiation does not reduce the activation of cellular mapk/erk, but does uncouple mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) activation from phosphorylation/activation of elk-1 and results in inhibition of c-fos expression, whereas phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic substrate p90rsk remains unaltered. cell fractionatio ...	2004	14981092
elk-1 knock-out mice engineered by flp recombinase-mediated cassette exchange.	elk-1 is a member of the tcf subfamily of ets proteins. tcfs interact with srf at serum response elements (sres) of immediate early genes (iegs), such as c-fos and egr-1, thereby mediating ieg induction upon extracellular stimulation. we previously generated an elk-1 null allele (elk1-137) in murine embryonic stem (es) cells by homologous recombination. in elk1-137, the elk-1 gene was replaced by a hygromycin b phosphotransferase - thymidine kinase (hygtk) fusion gene, flanked by two nonidentica ...	2004	14994271
identifying specific kinase substrates through engineered kinases and atp analogs.	intracellular signaling by protein kinases controls many aspects of cellular biochemistry and physiology. determining the direct substrates of protein kinases is important in understanding how these signaling enzymes exert their effect on cellular functions. one of the recent developments in this area takes advantage of the similarity in the atp binding domains of protein kinases, where a few conserved amino acids containing large side chains come in close contact with the n-6 position of bound ...	2004	15003601
induction of early growth-response factor 1 by platelet-derived growth factor in human airway smooth muscle.	platelet-derived growth factors (pdgf) may contribute to the activation and growth of smooth muscle that is characteristic of airway remodeling in asthmatic patients. early growth response 1 (egr-1) is a transcription factor that is induced in several cell types by pdgf and may mediate some of the effects of pdgf. we show that human airway smooth muscle cells in cell culture express egr-1 1 h after addition of pdgf. analysis of the egr-1 promoter indicates that a serum response element located b ...	2004	15003938
bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) in wildlife in spain.	mycobacterium bovis infection in wildlife and feral species is a potential source of infection for livestock and a threat to protected and endangered species. the aim of this study was to identify spanish wild animal species infected with m. bovis through bacteriological culture and spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) of isolates for epidemiological purposes. this study included samples from red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), wild boar (sus scrofa), iberian lynx (lynx ...	2004	15184440
erk activation by mechanical strain is regulated by the small g proteins rac-1 and rhoa.	physical forces play an important role in regulating cell functions. we applied mechanical strain to human fibroblasts by magnetic attraction of superparamagnetic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (rgd)-coated beads. we confirmed that the map kinases erk and p38 are activated by mechanical strain, and went further by demonstrating the activation of elk-1 by mechanical strain, mainly through a mek-erk pathway. transfection of a dominant negative form of the g protein rac-1 (rac t17n), and inhibition ...	2004	15009099
myocardin and ternary complex factors compete for srf to control smooth muscle gene expression.	smooth muscle cells switch between differentiated and proliferative phenotypes in response to extracellular cues, but the transcriptional mechanisms that confer such phenotypic plasticity remain unclear. serum response factor (srf) activates genes involved in smooth muscle differentiation and proliferation by recruiting muscle-restricted cofactors, such as the transcriptional coactivator myocardin, and ternary complex factors (tcfs) of the ets-domain family, respectively. here we show that growt ...	2004	15014501
chronic wasting disease in canada: part 1.	the purpose of part 1 is to provide an overview of published literature (1980-2002) on chronic wasting disease (cwd) to inform canadian readers about the disease and to explain canadian regulatory approaches to the surveillance and control of cwd. much of the scientific information is drawn from american publications obtained from internet searches in pubmed and medline databases. the following keywords were used: chronic wasting disease, prion, diagnosis, transmissible spongiform encephalopathi ...	2004	15206588
chronic wasting disease and potential transmission to humans.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) of deer and elk is endemic in a tri-corner area of colorado, wyoming, and nebraska, and new foci of cwd have been detected in other parts of the united states. although detection in some areas may be related to increased surveillance, introduction of cwd due to translocation or natural migration of animals may account for some new foci of infection. increasing spread of cwd has raised concerns about the potential for increasing human exposure to the cwd agent. the f ...	2004	15207045
diagnostic strategies and outcomes on three new zealand deer farms with severe outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis.	three commercial deer herds, each containing more than 500 deer, experienced outbreaks of tuberculosis (tb) ranging from a 6% prevalence to disease levels >50%. intensive diagnostic testing was carried out over short time intervals after the initial diagnosis of tb.	2004	15207804
blocked map kinase activity selectively enhances neurotrophic growth responses.	bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps) 4 and 6 as well as mek inhibitors pd98059 and u0126 potentiate neurotrophin 3 (nt3)- and neurturin (ntn)-induced neurite outgrowth and survival of peripheral neurons from the e9 chicken embryo. preexposure to bmp4 or pd98059 was sufficient to prime the potentiation of subsequently added nt3. phosphorylation of erk2, induced by nt3, was reduced by mek inhibition but unaffected by bmp signaling. real-time pcr showed that neither bmp stimulation nor mek inhibition ...	2004	15019950
the vaccinia virus-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway is required for virus multiplication.	early events play a decisive role in virus multiplication. we have shown previously that activation of mapk/erk1/2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) and protein kinase a are pivotal for vaccinia virus (vv) multiplication [de magalhães, andrade, silva, sousa, ropert, ferreira, kroon, gazzinelli and bonjardim (2001) j. biol. chem. 276, 38353-38360]. in the present study, we show that vv infection provoked a sustained activation of both erk1/2 and rsk2 (ri ...	2004	15025565
erythropoietin regulation of raf-1 and mek: evidence for a ras-independent mechanism.	stimulation of the erythropoietin (epo) receptor triggers a cascade of signaling events. we reported that epo upregulates c-myc expression through 2 pathways in baf3-epor cells--a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3k) pathway operating on transcriptional initiation and a raf-1-mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway affecting elongation. we now show that epo induces phosphorylation of raf-1 at serine 338 and within the carboxy-terminal domain, resulting in an electrophoretic mobility chan ...	2004	15026317
the protein phosphatase 1/2a inhibitor okadaic acid increases creb and elk-1 phosphorylation and c-fos expression in the rat striatum in vivo.	activation of group i metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglurs) up-regulates transcription factor cyclic amp response element-binding protein (creb) and elk-1 phosphorylation via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (erk1/2) in the striatum in vivo. protein phosphatase 1/2a further regulates immediate early gene expression by inactivating (dephosphorylating) creb. in this study, using semi-quantitative immunohistochemical and western blot analyses and in situ hybridization histochemistry, w ...	2004	15056282
expression of a mutant irs inhibits metabolic and mitogenic signalling of insulin in human adipocytes.	adipose tissue is a primary target of insulin, but knowledge about insulin signalling in human adipocytes is limited. we developed an electroporation technique for transfection of primary human adipocytes with a transfection efficiency of 15% +/- 5 (mean +/- s.d.). human adipocytes were co-transfected with a mutant of irs-3 (all four potential pi3-kinase binding motifs mutated: irs-3f4) and ha-tagged protein kinase b (ha-pkb/akt). ha-pkb/akt was immunoprecipitated from cell lysates with anti-ha ...	2004	15223127
affinities between cutifilaria (nematoda: filarioidea), parasites of deer, and mansonella as seen in a new onchocercid, m. (c.) perforata n. sp., from japan.	a new dermal filarioid nematode, collected from cervus nippon nippon (sika deer) on kyushu island, japan, showed close affinities between the genera cutifilaria and mansonella (onchocercidae: onchocercinae): no buccal capsule, esophagus reduced to a thin fibrous tube, and female tail with four lappets. we propose cutifilaria as a subgenus of mansonella. cutifilaria was distinguished from the five other subgenera, mansonella, tetrapetalonema, esslingeria, sandnema, and tupainema, in having an are ...	2004	15224573
a linear signal transduction pathway involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase cepsilon, and mapk in mesangial cells regulates interferon-gamma-induced stat1alpha transcriptional activation.	interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) exerts an pleiotropic effect in mesangial cells in inflammatory glomerular diseases. the biologic effect of ifn-gamma is mediated by stat1alpha. the precise mechanism by which ifn-gamma stimulates the transcriptional activity of stat1alpha is poorly understood. i investigated the role of protein kinase c (pkc) epsilon in regulating the transcriptional activation of stat1alpha in mesangial cells. ifn-gamma increased pkcepsilon activity in a time-dependent manner with ...	2004	15082710
poison hemlock (conium maculatum l.).	one of the most poisonous species amongst higher plants is conium maculatum. it is a very common nitrophile weed species, belonging to the apiaceae (formerly umbelliferae) family. it contains some piperidine alkaloids (coniine, n-methyl-coniine, conhydrine, pseudoconhydrine, gamma-coniceine), which are formed by the cyclisation of an eight-carbon chain derived from four acetate units. gamma-coniceine is the precursor of the other hemlock alkaloids. all vegetative organs, flowers and fruits conta ...	2004	15234067