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clinical features of experimental trichinellosis in the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides).three groups of six raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) were provided for the experiment: the first group was infected with pig-origin trichinella spiralis, the second with raccoon dog-origin trichinella nativa, and the third served as controls. infection dose for both parasite species was 1000 larvae/kg of body weight, which led to intense final infection. clinical signs, haematology and serum biochemistry with repeated blood samples were monitored up to 12 weeks post-infection. the most si ...200010889361
inhibition of the protective iga response by ketotifen is related to the inflammatory reaction in the peritoneal cavity and intestinal mucosa of balb/c mice infected with trichinella spiralis.interleukin-5 (il-5) production, eosinophilia, and iga responses of balb/c mice infected with trichinella spiralis were measured in the peritoneal cavity and intestinal mucosa. ketotifen, an anti-allergic compound, was used to control the inflammatory response. iga responses differed against adult and muscle stages of the parasite and between the intestine and the peritoneal cavity. il-5 and eosinophil production also differed between the intestine and the peritoneal cavity. the occurrence of pa ...200010894474
beta7 integrin-deficient mice: delayed leukocyte recruitment and attenuated protective immunity in the small intestine during enteric helminth infection.the ontogeny and function of gut-associated-lymphoid tissue is known to be critically dependent on the beta7 integrin subfamily. we have investigated the development of intestinal inflammation and pathogen-specific protective immunity to enteric helminth infection in beta7 integrin knockout (ko) mice. during trichinella spiralis infection of the small intestine there was a significant delay and reduction in the magnitude of intestinal eosinophilia and mastocytosis in the absence of p7 integrin, ...200010898502
the first human case of trichinella spiralis infection in korea.three cases of human infection by trichinella spiralis were first confirmed by detecting encysted larvae in the biopsied muscle in december 1997, in korea. the patients were one 35- and two 39-year-old males residing in kochang-gun, kyongsangnam-do. they had a common past history of eating raw liver, spleen, blood and muscle of a badger, meles meles melanogenys, and complained of high fever, facial and periorbital edema, and myalgia. hematologic and biochemical examinations revealed leukocytosis ...200010905075
sylvatic trichinellosis in southwestern spain.the epidemiology of trichinella spp. in their main sylvatic hosts, wild boar (sus scrofa ferus and red fox (vulpes vulpes), in extremadura (southwestern spain) was studied. we examined 88 trichinella spp.-positive wild boar muscle-tissue samples from a total of 29,333 killed animals, referred to the veterinary parasitology department (university of extremadura, spain) by the extremadura veterinary service. additionally, 227 red foxes killed during the hunting season and thus not subject to veter ...200010941739
proteolytic enzymes secreted by larval stage of the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis.excretory/secretory products (es), collected from in vitro cultures of muscle larvae (l1) of trichinella spiralis (owen, 1835) were examined for the presence of proteolytic enzymes. several discrete proteinases in the size range of 25-55 kda were identified by substrate gel electrophoresis and were characterised according to ph optima, substrate specificity and inhibitor sensitivity using azocasein assay. serine, cysteine and metalloproteinases active at ph 5-7 were identified. the serine protei ...200010945739
partial characterization of serine proteinases secreted by adult trichinella spiralis.serine proteinases secreted by adult trichinella spiralis were isolated from excretory/secretory products (es) of in-vitro-cultured parasites by affinity chromatography with p-benzamidine-celite. the purified enzymes had molecular weights of approximately 18, 40, and 50 kda and displayed enzyme activity against a range of low-molecular-weight substrates, gelatin, and azocasein. the antigenicity of these parasite proteinases was demonstrated by the inhibition of enzymatic activity with igg purifi ...200010952270
comparison of igg3 responses to carbohydrates following mouse infection or immunization with six species of trichinella.the igg3 antibody responses to carbohydrate epitopes were compared in balb/c mice infected or immunized with six species of trichinella: t. spiralis (t1), t. nativa (t2), t. britovi (t3), t6, t. nelsoni (t7), and t8. the dynamics of igg3 responses and antigen recognition following infection or immunization were measured by elisa and western blot respectively, using glycosylated and deglycosylated larval crude extracts (lce) prepared from homologous isolates. a high degree of protein glycosylatio ...200010953221
genetic diversity among isolates of trichinella spiralis from the province of buenos aires, argentina.random amplified polymorphic dnas, (rapds) are used to study the occurrence of trichinella britovi and t5 among domestic animals in the province of buenos aires, argentina and to assess the genetic diversity among isolates of t. spiralisfrom this area in a number of infected hosts. all the local isolates proved to be t. spiralis. six of the eight primers used indicate that the buenos aires isolates are distinct from each other as they produce a considerable number of polymorphic bands. our overa ...200010953229
experimental trichinellosis in reindeer.six female reindeer calves were inoculated intraruminally with various doses of trichinella muscle larvae. four calves were inoculated with t. nativa, receiving 15,000 (n = 1), 5,000 (1), and 2,500 (2) larvae each. two calves were inoculated with 5,000 t. spiralis larvae each. blood samples were collected twice per week for total white blood cell (wbc) and differential counts and for serology using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on t. spiralis excretory-secretory antigen. on day ...200010958453
characterization of the n-linked glycans of adult trichinella spiralis. 200010960176
in vivo changes in the intestinal reflexes and the response to cck in the inflamed small intestine of the rat.functional motor changes and morphological alterations have been associated with intestinal inflammation. the aim of our study was to evaluate functional alterations of intestinal reflexes and of the responses to cck in the trichinella spiralis model of intestinal inflammation. rats were prepared with strain gauges and electrodes in the small intestine to evaluate spontaneous motor activity, the ascending contraction of the peristaltic reflex, and the motor responses to cck-8 infusion. infected ...200010960353
serological evaluation of thin-layer immunoassay-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody detection in human trichinellosis.a new immunoenzymatic test, named the thin-layer immunoassay-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (tia-elisa), was evaluated for antibody detection in human trichinellosis using excretion and secretion products prepared from trichinella spiralis muscle larvae. serum samples from people with positive muscle biopsies or symptoms compatible with the disease (n = 8 or 26, respectively), all reactive in enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay (eitb), as well as 67 serum samples from healthy, eitb ...200010973459
[the organ pathology in the acute stage of tissue helminthiases: the role of eosinophilia of the blood and tissues, blood immunoglobulins e and g4 and immune response-inducing factors].the pathogenesis of organic lesions in the early phase of tissue-dwelling helminthic infections has been analyzed and discussed by taking into account the previous findings [8, 9, 12], the results of current clinical and immunological studies [10, 11, 60] in the light of a fundamental literature data review. the products secreted by invasive helminthic larvae and the substances expressed onto their cuticula tegument surface mimic nonspecific [34, 43] and specific [21, 28, 33, 42] modulators of h ...200010981403
[the synthesis and study of the trichinellacidal activity of bromine and chlorine derivatives of 8-quinolyloxysalicylanilides].some new bromine (chlorine) derivatives of 8-quinolyloxysalicylanilides were synthesized and tested for trichinellacidal activity. among them there was the substance n-[3-bromophenyl-4-(5-chloroquinolinoxy)]-3,5-dibromosalicylami de which exhibited its high trichinellocidal activity (in albino mice infected with decapsulated trichinella spiralis) that was close to that of mebendazole.200010981410
phosphorylcholine-containing n-glycans of trichinella spiralis: identification of multiantennary lacdinac structures.although the presence of phosphorylcholine (pc) in trichinella spiralis is well established, the precise structure of the pc-bearing molecules is not known. in this paper, we report structural studies of n-glycans released from t.spiralis affinity-purified antigens by peptide n-glycosidase f. three classes of n-glycan structures were observed: high mannose type structures; those which had been fully trimmed to the trimannosyl core and were sub-stoichiometrically fucosylated; and those with a tri ...200010988255
a parasitological survey of wild red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from the province of guadalajara, spain.an epizootiological survey of leishmaniosis, coccidiosis and parasitic helminths in 67 foxes (vulpes vulpes) was conducted in guadalajara (central spain). examination for parasitic protozoa revealed prevalences of 74% leishmania (determined by molecular methods) and 2.9% coccidia oocysts (fecal flotation). survey of parasitic helminths (fecal flotation/necropsy) demonstrated the presence of nine species, including six nematodes, two cestodes and one trematode. nematodes were the most common para ...200010996735
cytotoxicity-blocking antibodies in human chronic trichinellosis.antisurface newborn larva (nbl) antibodies (abs) were found in sera from individuals chronically infected with trichinella spiralis. these abs were incapable of inducing nbl death by activation of normal human leukocytes of peripheral blood as determined by in vitro assays of antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (adcc). besides, such sera blocked the cytotoxic reaction mediated by abs produced a few weeks after infection. the blocking activity could not be attributed to any particular isotype by ...200011002986
outbreak of suspected trichinosis among travelers returning from a neighboring island.an outbreak of trichinosis involving a cohort of 33 returning travelers from a resort island in a neighboring country was suspected, beginning with 2 initial cases who were hospitalized with a syndrome of fever, myalgia and eosinophilia.200011003731
interleukin-5 deficient mice exhibit impaired host defence against challenge trichinella spiralis infections.enteric nematode infections are characterized by both peripheral and tissue eosinophilia. the cytokine interleukin (il)-5 is considered a critical factor in the proliferation and recruitment of eosinophils, however, studies suggest it plays little role in host defence, at least during primary trichinella spiralis infections. less is known concerning its role in host defence or in the inflammatory response that develops against challenge infections with the same parasite. we examined these questi ...200011012974
pork program seeks to quiet public fear, increase foreign competitiveness. 200011019694
[cloning and characteristics of rapd-markers from the genome of the parasitic nematodes trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis]. 200011033809
evidence of opiates and opioid neuropeptides and their immune effects in parasitic invertebrates representing three different phyla: schistosoma mansoni, theromyzon tessulatum, trichinella spiralis.studies done in our laboratories have demonstrated that the parasitic trematode, schistosoma mansoni is capable of producing several proopiomelanocortin (pomc) peptides including beta-endorphin, adrenocorticotropin (acth), melanocyte stimulating hormone (alphamsh) and enkephalin as well as morphine. some of these opioids have been demonstrated to be immunosuppressive and may play an important part in immune evasion by these parasites. the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis also produces imm ...200011034157
dna fingerprints of trichinella as revealed by restriction fragment length polymorphism and single-strand conformational polymorphism (rflp-sscp).a method was developed for gene fingerprinting, combining the principles of restriction fragment length polymorphism and single-strand conformational polymorphism (pcr-rflp-sscp). taking advantage of this method, we analysed the genotypes of 20 isolates from five species of trichinella (trichinella spiralis, trichinella britovi, trichinella nativa, trichinella murrelli and trichinella pseudospiralis) and two uncertain genotypes (trichinella t6 and trichinella t8). target genes for the analysis i ...200011040092
a reversible protein phosphorylation system is present at the surface of infective larvae of the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis.trichinella spiralis infective larvae have externally oriented enzymes catalysing reversible protein phosphorylation on their surface. incubation of larvae with exogenous atp resulted in phosphorylation of surface bound and released proteins. exposure of the parasites to bile, a treatment which renders them infective for intestinal epithelia, resulted in increased release of protein and an altered profile of phosphorylation. both serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylatio ...200011042262
[trichinelliasis in 1998].the decreasing problem in human trichnellosis still can be observed during last years in poland. the presence of trichinella endemic areas in the north-east part of the country still determines the necessity of the vary careful the meat survey against trichinella spiralis.200011076160
aging and resistance to trichinella spiralis infection following xenobiotic exposure.aging is accompanied by well-documented physiological changes, including alterations in the immune system that can lead to reduced resistance to a variety of infectious agents. we tested the hypothesis that immunosenescence exacerbates the immunosuppressive effect of xenobiotics. if proven true, a given dose of an immunosuppressive xenobiotic would cause greater suppression of host resistance in an aged population.200011083112
five types of nuclei present in the capsule of trichinella spiralis.this study describes morphological changes during capsule formation of trichinella spiralis with emphasis on nuclei within the capsule. the nuclei of the pre-existing muscle cell may become hypertrophied or degrade soon after the entrance of newborn larvae. cytoplasm associated with these hypertrophied nuclei was basophilic in h&e staining and composed of mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum. satellite cells underwent cell division and joined to the nurse cell. these nuclei may also beco ...200011085240
historical perspectives and current global challenges of trichinella and trichinellosis.trichinella spiralis and related species of trichinella have had a long history of causing human disease, and as a foodborne pathogen have had a major impact on international commerce of pork and other meat animal species which are known to transmit the parasite. our knowledge of trichinella has increased substantially over the past few years particularly in the areas of phylogeny, host diversity, epidemiology and control. in this paper, we provide a brief overview of our understanding of trichi ...200011099836
epidemiology of trichinellosis in mexico, central and south america.trichinella species are widely distributed throughout the world and are found in a large number of carnivorous animals, humans and incidental hosts. the data presented in this review show that trichinella infection has been reported in both humans and animals in mexico, argentina and chile since the end of the 19th century, and more recently in bolivia. this parasitic infection is still a public health problem in countries such as argentina and chile. although efforts have focused on the control ...200011099838
epidemiology of trichinellosis in asia and the pacific rim.the epidemiology of trichinellosis, species of trichinella present and the food and eating habits of people affected in asia and the pacific rim are reviewed with emphasis on japan, china and thailand. trichinella seems to be prevalent throughout this region although outbreaks of trichinellosis have not been reported in some areas. major outbreaks of the disease have been reported primarily in china and thailand. this is the result of three factors: (1) china and thailand are highly endemic area ...200011099839
factors affecting the flow among domestic, synanthropic and sylvatic cycles of trichinella.nematodes of the genus trichinella are maintained in nature by sylvatic or domestic cycles. the sylvatic cycle is widespread on all continents, from frigid to torrid zones, and it is maintained by cannibalism and scavenging behavior of carnivores. trichinella is primarily a parasite of carnivorous mammals, although one non-encapsulated species, trichinella pseudospiralis, has also been detected in birds. the anaerobic metabolism of larvae in nurse cells allows their survival in extremely decayed ...200011099840
host diversity and biological characteristics of the trichinella genotypes and their effect on transmission.the host spectra and biological diversity of the trichinella genotypes are reviewed. while all genotypes appear to reproduce equally well in carnivore hosts, their infectivity and persistence in omnivores and herbivores show remarkable differences. most of the genotypes found in wildlife have low infectivity for pigs and some persist only for a few weeks; in herbivores this tendency is even more profound, but malnourished, environmentally stressed, or otherwise immuno-suppressed hosts are likely ...200011099841
dynamics of the igg3 responses following immunisation of balb/c mice with somatic and excretory/secretory antigens from various trichinella species.comparison of the dynamics and antigen recognition profiles of igg3 following immunisation with larval crude extracts (lce) and excretory-secretory (es) products from muscle larvae of different species of trichinella (t. spiralis, t. nativa, t. britovi, t. nelsoni and genotype t6) was made in balb/c mice. high levels of gg3 response were obtained in elisa following immunisation with lce from all species with maximum levels achieved between days 59 and 64 post-immunisation (p.i.) and maintained u ...200011104144
sero-surveillance of wild boar in the netherlands, 1996-1999.from 1996 to 1999, blood samples were collected from wild boar shot during the hunting season in crown properties, national parks and the free wildlife belt in the netherlands. sera were screened for the presence of antibodies against classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv) and trichinella spiralis. the results of the sero-surveillance system indicate that csfv, svdv and adv are uncommon within the wild boar population. hence, the ...200011107628
interstitial cells of cajal and inflammation-induced motor dysfunction in the mouse small intestine.interstitial cells of cajal (icc) play an important role in the control of gastrointestinal motility. we aimed to determine a potential role for icc in the pathophysiology of inflammation-induced motor disorders.200011113080
interleukin-10 is an unequivocal th2 parameter in the rat, whereas interleukin-4 is not.exposure of wistar rats to the immunotoxic compounds hexachlorobenzene (hcb), bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide, and benzo(a)pyrene was previously found to affect mrna expression of interleukin (il)-2, il-2r alpha-chain, and interferon (ifn)-gamma, the prototypic th1 cytokine. in contrast, the mrna expression of il-4, the prototypic th2 cytokine, was unaffected. this latter finding suggested that the il-4 mrna expression may not be an unequivocal parameter for th2 responses in the rat. in order to obtain ...200011119253
delayed expulsion of the nematode trichinella spiralis in mice lacking the mucosal mast cell-specific granule chymase, mouse mast cell protease-1.expulsion of gastrointestinal nematodes is associated with pronounced mucosal mast cell (mmc) hyperplasia, differentiation, and activation, accompanied by the systemic release of mmc granule chymases (chymotrypsin-like serine proteases). the beta-chymase mouse mast cell protease-1 (mmcp-1) is expressed predominantly by intraepithelial mmcs, and levels in the bloodstream and intestinal lumen are maximal at the time of worm expulsion in parasitized mice. to address the in vivo functions of mmc-spe ...200011120781
immunopathology of intestinal helminth infection.the relationship between intestinal pathology and immune expulsion of gastrointestinal nematodes remains controversial. parasite expulsion is associated with intestinal pathology in several model systems and both of these phenomena are t cell dependent. however, while immune expulsion of gastrointestinal helminth parasites is usually associated with th2 responses, the effector mechanisms directly responsible for parasite loss have not been elucidated. in contrast, the intestinal pathology observ ...200011123752
immunoelectrotransfer blot assay in acute and chronic human trichinellosis.an immunoelectrotransfer blot assay (ietb) using excretory secretory products of muscle larvae of trichinella spiralis (ml-esp) and the avidin biotin system was developed in order to characterize reactivity against ml-esp in sera from patients with acute and chronic trichinellosis. a complete pattern of up to 13 bands was developed by sera from individuals with trichinellosis where doublets, triplets, or single bands were shown to have molecular weights of roughly 66, 55, 45, 36, 29, 24, and 14 ...200011128491
prior immunity to trichinella spiralis prevents (re)occurrence of an explicit stress response in intestines but not in mesenteric lymph nodes, heart and lungs from reinfected rats.we recently showed that, in our trichinella spiralis rat model, first exposure, but not re-exposure to infective-stage larvae evoked heat shock responses in 4 test organs. our work, however, failed to implicate either early complete clearance of challenge muscle larvae (ml), or rapid elimination of newborn larvae (nbl) in the phenomenon noted in reinfected rats. this study clarifies that issue using 2 established facts in t. spiralis biology and anti-t. spiralis immunology. that is, adult worms ...200011128808
neutrophil migration stimulates rat intestinal epithelial cell cytokine expression during helminth infection.we are interested in understanding the role of epithelial cells during inflammation, and we previously reported that rat small intestinal epithelial cells express interleukin-1beta (il-1beta) during infection by trichinella spiralis. we now report that the epithelium also produces the potent neutrophil chemotactic factor, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (mip-2), and an il-1 antagonist: the type ii il-1 receptor. consequently we investigated the pattern of neutrophil infiltration into the infec ...200011129649
synergistic action of a cyclic depsipeptide and piperazine on nematodes.the present study describes the synergistic effects of the cyclic depsipeptide bay 44-4400 and piperazine in the treatment against the nematodes trichinella spiralis, heligmosomoides polygyrus, and heterakis spumosa. the in vitro anthelmintic activity of a combination of the two compounds (1.7 motility units) against t. spiralis larvae was significantly higher than the sum of the individual drug effects (1.3 motility units). with regard to the rate of expulsion of h. polygyrus worms from the int ...200011133114
stat6 signaling promotes protective immunity against trichinella spiralis through a mast cell- and t cell-dependent mechanism.studies in mice infected with the gastrointestinal nematode parasite nippostrongylus brasiliensis demonstrated that il-4/il-13 activation of stat6 suppresses development of intestinal mastocytosis and does not contribute to il-4/il-13 production, but is still essential for parasite expulsion. because expulsion of another gastrointestinal nematode, trichinella spiralis, unlike n. brasiliensis expulsion, is mast cell dependent, these observations suggested that t. spiralis expulsion would be stat6 ...200010657657
inflammation-induced impairment of enteric nerve function in nematode-infected mice is macrophage dependent.trichinella spiralis infection in rodents is associated with suppression of ach release from myenteric plexus that can be mimicked by macrophage-derived cytokines. we verified the presence of a macrophage infiltrate in the intestine during t. spiralis infection and determined the extent to which this cell type is responsible for the neural changes. c57bl/6 mice were infected with 375 t. spiralis larvae by gavage, and the presence of macrophages (f4/80 positive) in the jejunum was determined immu ...200010666050
[serosurveillance of notifiable veterinary diseases in wild boar in the netherlands].during the hunting season 1996-1999, blood samples were collected from wild boar shot in the netherlands. sera were screened for presence of antibodies against classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), and trichinella spiralis. the results indicate that csfv, svdv, and adv are uncommon in the wild boar population. therefore, it seems that csfv, svdv, and adv infection in the wild boar population is not an important reservoir in the ...200010666784
endogenous il-12 synthesis is not required to prevent hyperexpression of type 2 cytokine and antibody responses.endogenous il-12 production is hypothesized to play an essential role preventing spontaneous expression of type 2 responses, acting as a natural inhibitor limiting development of immediate hypersensitivity. here, il-12-deficient p35(- / -) and p40(- / -) mice were used to examine the role of endogenous il-12 and p40 homodimer during in vivo development of exogenous antigen-driven responses. in the absence of deliberate immunization, il-12-deficient mice exhibited greatly reduced serum igg2a but ...200010671189
secretion of il-12 by murine macrophages activated by immunoglobulin receptor-mediated internalization of the surface coat of trichinella spiralis larvae.trichinella spiralis larvae incubated with a rabbit antiserum raised against the larval surface coat bound murine macrophages to the parasite surface. cell binding was not observed without the antisurface coat serum, or with incubation of larvae in normal rabbit serum, or with antibodies to keyhole limpet haemocyanin which identify a cryptic t. spiralis larval antigen. cell adherence to the larval surface was lost by treatment of the cells with the lysosomotropic drug primaquine, implicating a r ...200010672192
costimulatory signal through cd86 is important in th2 response in trichinella spiralis infected mice.in order to study the role of the costimulatory signals in th2 cytokine production, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against cell adhesion molecules (cams) were added to cultured cells obtained from the mesenteric lymph nodes (mlns) of mice infected with trichinella spiralis, followed by a determination of interleukin (il)-5 and il-4 in the culture supernatant. il-5 production by mln cells stimulated with somatic antigen was significantly reduced by addition of anti-cd86 but not by anti-cd80 mab. co ...200010672193
stat6 regulation of in vivo il-4 responses.although in vitro development of a th2 response from naive cd4+ t cells is stat6 dependent, mice immunized with a goat ab to mouse igd have been reported to produce a normal primary il-4 response in stat6-deficient mice. experiments have now been performed with mice immunized with more conventional ags or inoculated with nematode parasites to account for this apparent discrepancy. the ability of an immunogen to induce a primary in vivo il-4 response in stat6-deficient mice was found to vary dire ...200010679064
larvae-induced plasma membrane wounds and glycoprotein deposition are insufficient for trichinella spiralis invasion of epithelial cells.trichinella spiralis l1 larvae infect susceptible hosts by invading epithelial cells that line the small intestine. invasion also occurs in vitro when larvae are inoculated into cultures of epithelial cells from several different animal species. to further investigate the mechanism of invasion, we studied the interaction of larvae with the rat epithelial cell line iec-6. larvae did not invade iec-6 cells, but did cause the cells to take up parasite glycoproteins. glycoprotein bearing cells remai ...200010779597
modulation of the pathologic and apoptotic changes of experimental toxoplasmosis by concomitant infection with trichinella spiralis.this study shows that toxoplasma gondii infection is capable of inducing a process of programmed cell death not only in the infected hepatocytes of experimental murine model, but also the neighbouring non-infected cells. however, some cells showed a possible mixed apoptotic and necrotic pattern. surprisingly, lymphocytes and kupffer cells in portal sinusoids nearby the parasite vacuoles showed no apparent changes. toxoplasma in concomitant infection with a different parasite, trichinella spirali ...200010786020
the effect of antioxidant preparation (antox) on the course and efficacy of treatment of trichinosis.this study evaluated the effect of administration of exogenous antioxidant (antox) on the course and treatment of trichinella spiralis in the intestinal phase (2 days post infection, p.i.) and the muscle phase (35 days p.i.) using albino rats as an experimental model. the results indicated that the administration of antox had led to delayed expulsion of adult worms from the small intestine, decreased inflammatory reactions in the intestines and muscles and causing an increase in the muscle larva ...200010786041
murine model study of the practical implication of trypanosome-induced immunosuppression in vaccine-based disease control programmes.the relevance of trypanosome-induced immunosuppression in relation to the efficacy of vaccine-induced immunity was studied in mice. mice were immunised with crude trichinella spiralis muscle larvae homogenate vaccine and infected with t. spiralis and/or trypanosoma brucei. vaccination significantly decreased adult worm burden (p<0. 05) and accelerated worm expulsion in mice infected with t. spiralis only. t. brucei superinfection resulted in monocytosis, suppressed eosinophilia, significant decr ...200010802294
efficient synthesis of 3, 6-dideoxy-beta-d-arabino-hexopyranosyl-terminated lacdinac glycan chains of the trichinella spiralis parasite.the synthesis of a linear trisaccharide epitope of the trichinella spiralis n-linked glycan, in a form amenable to glycoconjugate formation, is reported. the trisaccharide contains the synthetically challenging lacdinac [beta-galpnac(1-->4)-beta-glcpnac] element, as well as a terminal 3,6-dideoxy-beta-d-arabino-hexopyranose (tyvelose) residue. an orthogonal protection strategy is described, which permits the protection and manipulation of three amino groups present in the disaccharide beta-galna ...200010814198
a study of proteases throughout the life cycle of trichinella spiralis.in the present report we study the proteolytic activity of the excretion-secretion and crude extracts of different stages of trichinella spiralis (owen, 1835) railliet, 1895, (muscle-stage larvae, adult worms before and after mating, and newborn larvae) using natural substrates (structural and hematic mammalian proteins). the analysis of the results allow us to set up a certain stage-specificity, as well as an important relationship between the protease patterns throughout the parasite life cycl ...200010833016
analysis of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte populations in experimental trichinella spiralis infection of mice.the potential role of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (i-iels) in the generation of host protective immunity after helminth infection was investigated using the trichinella spiralis (owen, 1835)/mouse model. in this study we found a significant rise of tcrgamma(delta)+ i-iels (p < 0.001) concurrent with the jejunal goblet cells (gc) hyperplasia in t. spiralis-infected c57bl mice on day 4 p.i. however, no direct relationship between the kinetics of the increase in tcrgamma(delta)+ i-iels a ...200010833017
single-stranded endonuclease activity in the excretory--secretory products of trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis.a novel acidic extracellular single-stranded endonuclease was demonstrated for the first time in the excretory-secretory (e-s) products of 2 species of trichinella. unlike the double-stranded endonuclease reported earlier, the single-stranded molecule is divalent cation independent and is detected in both t. spiralis and t. pseudospiralis e-s products. it hydrolysed single-stranded dna and rna at comparable rates. the single-stranded endonuclease was sensitive to inhibition by zn2+ and to high c ...200010840982
inhibitory effects of human neutrophil functions by the 45-kd glycoprotein derived from the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis.we evaluated the effect of the 45-kd protein of trichinella spiralis (gp45), purified by affinity chromatography, on random migration and chemotaxis, the oxidative metabolism of human neutrophils and on the cd11b upregulation induced by formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (f-mlp).200010859470
senescent jejunal mast cells and eosinophils in the mouse preferentially translocate to the spleen and draining lymph node, respectively, during the recovery phase of helminth infection.because mice infected with trichinella spiralis experience a pronounced, but transient, mastocytosis and eosinophilia in their intestine, this disease model was used to follow the fate of senescent t cell-dependent mast cells (mcs) and eosinophils. very few mcs or eosinophils undergoing apoptosis were found in the jejunum during the resolution phase of the infection, even though apoptotic mcs were common in the large intestine. although the mesenteric draining lymph nodes contained large numbers ...200010861071
influence of temperature on the survival and infectivity of trichinella spiralis larvae in sarcophaga argyrostoma (diptera, sarcophagidae) maggots.to investigate the role of fleshfly maggots as a paratenic host for trichinella spiralis larvae, maggots of sarcophaga argyrostoma (muscidae, sarcophagidae) kept at different temperatures (26, 22, 20, 16, 12, 8, and 4 c) were allowed to feed on t. spiralis-infected mouse meat. trichinella larvae found in maggots kept at 8-26 c were able to cause infection when inoculated in mice. infective larvae survived in maggots up to 5 days postinfection at 8 c and for shorter periods of time at higher temp ...200010864271
detection of heat shock protein-70 from trichinella spiralis larvae using a modification of the routine western blotting procedure.this is the first study that establishes a standardized western blotting method for the detection of heat shock protein (hsp) 70 from trichinella spiralis using (selected) monoclonal antibodies (mabs). enhancement of hsp transfer onto the supportive membrane and increased retention of protein by the membrane are prominent features of the procedure. the reactivity of t. spiralis hsp70 on western blots was substantially increased by the use of a 10% acrylamide gel, the optimization of conditions d ...200010864273
trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis: developmental patterns of enzymes involved in thymidylate biosynthesis and pyrimidine salvage.thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase and dutpase specific activities were found to remain at a high and constant level in crude extracts from adult worms of trichinella spiralis, as well as from muscle larvae of both trichinella spiralis (isolated 1-24 months after infection) and trichinella pseudospiralis (isolated 5.5-13 months after infection). the results obtained with trichinella pseudospiralis muscle larvae isolated with the use of pepsin did not differ from those obtained when pe ...200010874722
blinded, placebo-controlled trial of antiparasitic drugs for trichinosis myositis.there is no consensus on the benefits of treatment with any specific anthelminthic compound on muscle-stage trichinosis. a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison was done of 3 antiparasitic drugs during an outbreak of trichinosis in chiangrai province, northern thailand. forty-six adults were randomized to receive 10 days of oral treatment with mebendazole (200 mg twice a day), thiabendazole (25 mg/kg twice a day), fluconazole (400 mg initially, then 200 mg daily), or placebo. all patients ...200010882628
trichinella murrelli n. sp: etiological agent of sylvatic trichinellosis in temperate areas of north america.trichinella t5, collected from sylvatic carnivores in north america, was identified previously as a different phenotype of trichinella, with an uncertain taxonomic level due to the availability of only 2 isolates. cross-breeding experiments carried out with single female and male larvae of 2 strains of trichinella t5, with single female and male larvae of 2 strains of trichinella spiralis, trichinella nativa, trichinella britovi, trichinella pseudospiralis, trichinella nelsoni, and trichinella t ...200010701576
infectivity, persistence, and antibody response to domestic and sylvatic trichinella spp. in experimentally infected pigs.groups of pigs were inoculated with genotypes of trichinella belonging to: trichinella spiralis, trichinella nativa, trichinella britovi, trichinella pseudospiralis (from caucasus), t. pseudospiralis (from usa), trichinella murrelli, trichinella sp. (from north america), and trichinella nelsoni. the pigs were sacrificed between 5 and 40weeks p.i., and the number of muscle larvae per gram (l.p.g.) of tissue was determined as an average of 18 muscles. all trichinella genotypes were infective for p ...200010704604
infections and intoxications associated with animal feed and forage which may present a hazard to human health.animal feed or forage may be the source of a limited number of infections for farm animals that could lead to human illness. likely organisms include salmonella enterica, toxoplasma gondii, trichinella spiralis and possibly the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. the risk to human health from other infectious agents which may contaminate either feed or forage appear to be either negligible, e.g. bacillus anthracis and mycobacterium bovis, or non-existent, e.g. clostridium botulinum toxin ...200010712800
antibodies to tyvelose exhibit multiple modes of interference with the epithelial niche of trichinella spiralis.infection with the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis is initiated when the l1 larva invades host intestinal epithelial cells. monoclonal antibodies specific for glycans on the larval surface and secreted glycoproteins protect the intestine against infection. protective antibodies recognize tyvelose which caps the target glycan. in this study, we used an in vitro model of invasion to further examine the mechanism(s) by which tyvelose-specific antibodies protect epithelial cells against t. s ...200010722582
the genetic analysis of f1 hybrid larvae between female trichinella spiralis and male trichinella britovi.hybrids between female trichinella spiralis and male trichinella britovi were constructed. then, hybrid genotype was characterized by dna markers including mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (co i) gene, the gene encoding the 43-kda excretory-secretory (es) protein, and genomic dna fragments specific for t. spiralis and t. britovi identified from random amplified polymorphism dna (rapd). pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) analysis of the mitochondrial co i gene rev ...200010725692
immune response to trichinella spiralis larvae after treatment with the anti-allergic compound ketotifen.ketotifen was used as an anti-allergic agent to study the relationship between eosinophil-related responses and igg1 and igg2a antibody responses in balb/c mice infected with trichinella spiralis. the results showed that leukocyte and eosinophil numbers and interleukin-5 (il-5) concentrations in the peritoneal fluid increased after exposure to nematodes and the increases were slightly greater in animals treated with ketotifen. a decreased concentration of eosinophil peroxidase and an elevation i ...200010726994
nitric oxide mediates intestinal pathology but not immune expulsion during trichinella spiralis infection in mice.the relationship between intestinal pathology and immune expulsion of gastrointestinal (gi) nematodes remains controversial. although immune expulsion of gi helminth parasites is usually associated with th2 responses, the effector mechanisms directly responsible for parasite loss have not been identified. we have previously shown that while the intestinal pathology accompanying the expulsion of the gi parasite trichinella spiralis may be dependent on il-4 and mediated by tnf, parasite loss is in ...200010754319
autochthonous and imported trichinella isolates in germany.the study of trichinella isolates from wildlife in germany revealed the presence of trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi in wild boars and foxes. t spiralis was detected in meat products imported from spain, which is one of the two endemic areas of domestic trichinellosis in the european union: it was also detected in meat from a grizzly bear marketed in alaska, and trichinella nativa was detected in a polar bear from the berlin zoo. these results stress the importance of examining for t ...200010622607
normal hematopoiesis and inflammatory responses despite discrete signaling defects in galpha15 knockout mice.galpha15 activates phospholipase cbeta in response to the greatest variety of agonist-stimulated heptahelical receptors among the four gq class g-protein alpha subunits expressed in mammals. galpha15 is primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells in fetal and adult mice. we disrupted the galpha15 gene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells to identify its biological functions. surprisingly, hematopoiesis was normal in galpha15(-/-) mice, galpha15(-/-) galphaq(-/-) double-knockout mic ...200010629036
suppression of food intake is linked to enteric inflammation in nematode-infected rats.our aim was to investigate the cause-effect relationship between intestinal inflammation induced by infection with enteric stages of trichinella spiralis and decreased host food intake. a suppression of food intake in t. spiralis-infected rats occurred within the first 24 h postinfection (pi) and was maximized by day 6 pi. food intake, cumulated over an 8-day pi period, decreased by 59% compared with uninfected animals. the anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid betamethasone 21-phosphate was orally a ...200010644629
feedback mechanisms between t helper cells and macrophages in the determination of the immune response.the interactions between macrophages and t helper (th) cells are a complex interplay of positive and negative signals. some of the mathematical models of interactions between t helpers have indeed taken the influence of macrophages into account. in this work the macrophage is not considered as an extrinsic agent, that is duly directed by the t cells to be cytotoxic, nor is there consideration of t helper cell populations that are dominantly regulated by extrinsic properties of antigens per se, o ...200010652844
[regulation of the immune response to intestinal nematode infections in mice].control of parasitic infections is dependent on mechanisms that limit invasion, reproduction or survival of the parasite, including elevated serum ige, eosinophilia and intestinal mast cell hyperplasia. studies with mice infected with heligmosomoides polygyrus, trichuris muris, nippostrongylus brasiliensis and trichinella spiralis have provided considerable information about immune mechanisms correlated with resistance and susceptibility. activation and cytokine secretion of distinct th cell sub ...200016886322
[effect of ketotifen on the immune response in balb/c mice infected with trichinella spiralis].infection with trichinella spiralis in mice generates th-2 mediated response, which controls effector mechanism operating in the intestine. it is associated with a pronounced intestinal mastocytosis, eosinophilia and destruction of intestinal epithelial layer during expulsion of parasite from the gut. it is believed that protection is dependent on non-specific inflammatory reaction mediated by mast cells. furthermore, the higher serum levels of parasite specific igg1 and igg2a and also mucosal i ...200016886340
the phenomenon of apoptosis in the course of experimental trichinellosis in mice.mice infected with 200 trichinella spiralis larvae were killed at 3-69 days post infection (dpi) and the jejunum and masseter muscles were sectioned in a cryostat and examined in the tunell method with "in situ cell detected kid pod" of boehringer-mannheim. data concering the exact localization and dynamic of apoptic cells in both organs are presented. the authors conclude that apoptosis plays a important role in the pathogenesis of trichinellosis.200016886360
parasitic disease affecting the heart in childhood.parasitic diseases may occasionally affect the cardiovascular system, albeit rarely in childhood. in this paper, i list the main features of tropical diseases which may affect the heart.200022368590
[frequency of antibodies against trichinella spiralis and echinococcus ssp. appearance in children with atopic diseases].parasitic infestation and atopic diseases have common features. the aim of our study was to evaluate the occurrence of trichinella and echinococcus seropositivity in children with atopic diseases. the study group involved 72 children aged from 2,5 to 18 years with asthma and allergic rhinitis. the control group comprised 30 children without allergic diseases. in 12 children with atopic diseases the serological tests were positive for trichinella spiralis, in ii for echinococcus spp. and in 5 bot ...200116886393
the mucosal mast cell and iga plasma cell responses to primary trichinelia spiralis infection in balb/c mice treated with ketotifen.the effect of ketotifen on inflammation in the intestine during t. spiralis infection in balb/c mice was examined. the lack of enteropathy in treated mice was accompanied to affected the size of worms and the number of worms, but did not prevent the retardation of nematodes in the intestine. fecundity of females in vitro and the number of muscle larvae were not statistically changed after treatment. ketotifen reduced the number of mast cells and iga plasma cells in the intestine. as inflammatory ...200116886396
[the influence of intensity of trichinella invasion on the phagocytosis of candida albicans by mice macrophages].experiments were carried out on male balb/c mice, weighing 20 g. the candida cells (candida albicans l 45) were killed by heat-treatment and obsonized with mouse serum. macrophages were obtained from the peritoneal cavity. phagocytosis was executed by incubation 0,2 ml of suspension of macrophages with 0,2 ml of candida suspension. microscopic slides with cell smear were preparated. the phagocytic index and the percentage of phagocytizing macrophages were calculeted. it was found that infection ...200116886407
[changes in the immune response of balb/c mice coinfected with heligmosomoides polygyrus and trichinella spiralis].the influence of heligmosomoides polygyrus on infection with trichinella spiralis was studied in balb/c mice. mice coinfected with t. spiralis and previously given h. polygyrus harboured both nematode species till day 34. the number of t. spiralis muscle larvae was greater in mice coinfected with h. polygyrus/t. spiralis or t. spiralis/h. polygyrus than after infection with t. spiralis alone. infection with h. polygyrus did not enhance eosinophil and il-5 levels induced by t. spiralis. additiona ...200116886419
[trials of penetration modification by inflammatory infiltrating cells into trichinella spiralis larva capsules].the inflammatory infiltration cells penetrating through the larval capsule walls were observed. the observation were carried out in the masseter muscle of the mice infected with trichinella spiralis larvae only (control) or infected and treated with pha-p, tfx or dexamethason. the more numerous cells, than in the control, in the mice treated with pha-p and tfx were seen. opposite, the fever numerous cells inside the capsula walls in the mice that received dexamethason were found. the authors sup ...200116888949
detection of trichinella spiralis antigens in urine of men and animals.the practical inability to diagnose trichinella spiralis antibodies in man before day 20 post infection (dpi) has stimulated interest in the development of immunodiagnostic test to detect circulating antigens. our previous experience showed that soon after infection immune complexes as well as uncomplexed parasite antigens in sera of infected rats could be detected. to diagnose the presence of antigen in urine, double sandwich-capture elisa was applied using a peroxidase-conjugated rabbit immuno ...200116888981
glutathione-s-transferase activity in mouse muscle during experimental trichinellosis.the role of glutathione-s-transferase (gst, ec 2.5.1.18) in biochemical host defence in experimental trichinellosis was evaluated. the activity of gst in mouse skeletal muscles was measured during the muscular phase of trichinellosis, starting from the 3rd week post infection (w.p.i.) to the 11th w.p.i. activity was determined spectrophotometrically by monitoring the formation of thioether (s-2,4-dinitrophenylglutathione) from the reduced form of glutathione and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene used ...200116888982
stat6 dependent goblet cell hyperplasia during intestinal nematode infection.to identify the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 6 (stat6) in the development of intestinal goblet cell hyperplasia during nematode infection, we compared the number of goblet cells in stat6 deficient (stat6 -/-) mice with that generated in wild-type (stat6 +/+) mice in trichinella spiralis infection. the number of goblet cells significantly increased with infection in wild-type mice. however, stat6 -/- failed to generate infection-induced goblet cell hyperplasia a ...200111136476
enhanced antigen-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity and immunoglobulin g2b responses after oral administration of viable lactobacillus casei yit9029 in wistar and brown norway rats.in this study, the effects of orally administered viable lactobacillus casei shirota strain yit9029 on the immunity parameters of wistar and brown norway rats were examined. for this purpose, we used the trichinella spiralis host resistance model. two weeks before and during t. spiralis infection, rats were fed 10(9) viable l. casei bacteria 5 days per week. the t. spiralis-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth) response was significantly enhanced in both wistar and brown norway rats given ...200111427423
macrophage migration inhibitory factor of the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis.cdnas were obtained for macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (mif)/l-dopachrome methyl ester tautomerase homologues from the parasitic nematodes trichinella spiralis (tsmif) and trichuris trichiura (ttmif). the translated sequences, which were partly confirmed by sequencing of proteolytic fragments, show 42 and 44% identity respectively with human or mouse mif, and are shorter by one c-terminal residue. unlike vertebrate mif and mif homologues of filarial nematodes, neither tsmif nor ttmif con ...200111439086
molecular cloning and characterization of a serine proteinase inhibitor from trichinella spiralis.we produced a recombinant protein from a cdna library from muscle larvae of trichinella spiralis which had proteinase inhibitory activity. the predicted amino acid sequence of the clone had an identity of only 30% to the serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins) from caenorhabditis elegans or brugia malayi. at the putative reactive region, however, the identity was about 50%. the recombinant protein expressed in escherichia coli inhibited 82% of the activity of the serine proteinase (trypsin). stag ...200111467786
different response of satellite cells in the kinetics of myogenic regulatory factors and ultrastructural pathology after trichinella spiralis and t. pseudospiralis infection.infection of an intracellular parasitic nematode, trichinella spiralis, resulted in severe damage in muscle cells which was followed by activation and proliferation of satellite cells. the repairing process, shortly after the damage, histopathologically resembled those seen after mechanical injury. resemblance was also true for kinetics of expression of myogenic regulatory factors (myod, myogenin and mrf4). the difference resided in the next step where the muscle cell infected with t. spiralis t ...200111467787
mucosal responses to infection with trichinella spiralis in mice.infections with t. spiralis in mice elicit strong inflammatory responses. the nature and control of these responses, and their relationship to the process of worm expulsion, have been debated for many years. many components of inflammation are, like worm expulsion, t cell-dependent, but some are not. the paper describes novel observations on paneth cell responses to infection in immunologically normal mice and in a variety of t cell-deficient mice. responses occurred normally in nu/nu and scid/s ...200111484330
interleukin mrna changes in mast cells stimulated by tsl-1 antigens.in this work we analyzed by rt-pcr, the mrna changes for il-4, il-10, tnf and ifn (induced by tsl-1 antigens in a rat mast cell line (hrmc) with mucosal characteristics. the data obtained showed an increase of 65 and 52% in mrna expression for il-4 and tnf respectively and a decrease of 59 and 55% in mrnas for ifn gamma and il-10. our results suggest that tsl-1 antigens induce the release from mc of regulatory molecules, such as il-4 by an ige independent mechanism. our data also provides import ...200111484331
possible presence of common tyvelose-containing glycans in trichinella l1 larvae and embryonated eggs of several nematodes.a monoclonal antibody (mab us4) recognising an epitope containing tyvelose within the t. spiralis l-1 muscle larvae (tsl-1) antigens was tested in western-blot against various antigenic preparations from different stages of the following nematodes: t. spiralis (l1, adult), t. muris (egg, l1, l3, adult), ascaris suum (egg, adult), toxocara canis (egg, adult), anisakis simplex (l3) and haemochus contortus (egg). positive reaction was present in antigen preparations from l1 larvae of t. spiralis an ...200111484333
detection of circulating and fecal trichinella spiralis antigens during experimental infection using monoclonal antibodies against the new born larvae.different assays to detect antigens of trichinella spiralis during current infection have been standardized, although sensitivity values have been the main limitation to use them as routine diagnostic test. we report the production and use of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the new born larvae which recognize both somatic and metabolic antigens from adult and muscular larvae (ml). we used two igg3 mabs (4b1, 4b2) and two igg2a (2d3, 2d4) to detect antigens during experimental infection. all ...200111484334
assessment of efficacy and safety of various adjuvant formulations with a total soluble extract of trichinella spiralis.trichinellosis, a re-emerging zoonosis in several countries and pig, is the main species responsible for its transmission to human. vaccination of swine could be an alternative to prevent the risk of human contamination. in order to develop an efficient and safe inactivate vaccine, the choice of the adjuvant is an important issue. the aim of this study was to develop and select potent and safe adjuvants by screening them in an experimental model with a crude soluble antigen from l1 muscular larv ...200111484335
comparison of igm, igg1 and igg2 responses to trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi in swine.pigs infected with t. spiralis and t. britovi were followed by double (igg) and triple antibody elisa (igg1, igg2 and igm) during a 12-week-period. specific igg and igg1 responses were similar and showed a significant relation with the infecting doses and intensity of infection. response to t. britovi was slightly lower than in groups infected with the same dose of t. spiralis. igg2 response was weak and almost undetectable in the lowest infected pigs, but relationship with the intensity of infe ...200111484336
detection of coproantigen in early trichinellosis.trichinellosis has become undoubtedly worldwide in distribution. its diagnosis relies largely on the serodiagnostic procedures which are of great value but unfortunately miss the enteric phase. this could be a serious diagnostic problem in the absence of corresponding epidemiological data and typical symptoms and signs of the disease. in this study the possibility of coproantigen detection, as an early diagnostic aid in trichinellosis, was investigated in mice experimentally infected with trichi ...200111484337
diagnosis of human trichinellosis: pitfalls in the use of a unique immunoserological technique.serum samples belonging to three outbreaks in argentina (47 patients) taken at different times post-ingestion were analysed employing iif and elisa simultaneously. results show that: a) the number of patients diagnosed by a unique technique, especially by elisa (31 patients), was lower than the one obtained by the simultaneous use of both assays (38 patients); b) four patients out of the seven diagnosed by a unique technique were negative by the other assay over the period of time evaluated. the ...200111484340
class specific antibody responses to newborn larva antigens during trichinella spiralis human infection.a follow-up study of the class antibody responses to newborn larva (nbl) antigens in individuals involved in an outbreak of human trichinellosis was carried out by elisa assays. the data showed that similar kinetics of antibody responses of different magnitude developed in trichinellosis patients; it was low by week 3, a peak raised by week 5 and decreased from week 7 up to the end of the study. the iga-elisa assay was the most sensitive and specific while the igm was the least sensitive and spe ...200111484342
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