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toxocara malaysiensis infection in domestic cats in vietnam--an emerging zoonotic issue?toxocara canis of canids is a parasitic nematode (ascaridoid) that infects humans and other hosts, causing different forms of toxocariasis. this species of toxocara appears to be the most important cause of human disease, likely followed by toxocara cati from felids. although some studies from malaysia and china have shown that cats can harbor another congener, t. malaysiensis, no information is available about this parasite for other countries. moreover, the zoonotic potential of this parasite ...201626584512
toxocariasis-associated cardiac diseases--a systematic review of the literature.toxocariasis, caused by toxocara canis or toxocara catis, is a worldwide occurring parasitic disease, reaching high prevalences especially in tropical and subtropical countries. the clinical presentation can range from asymptomatic seropositivity to life threatenting disease, depending on the organ system involved. cardiac involvement, one of the possible manifestations of human toxocara spp. infection, is rarely reported in case reports. as far as we know, no systematic reviews of clinical pres ...201626571071
larval migration of the ascarid nematode toxocara canis following infection and re-infection in the gerbil meriones unguiculatus.a morphological and immunohistochemical study of larval migration patterns was performed in gerbils that were infected once (primary infected group) or twice (secondary infected group) with 1500 eggs of toxocara canis. animals from the primary infected and the re-infected group were killed at different times after infection, and larvae were counted in the intestines, liver, lungs and brain. fragments of all organs were formalin fixed and paraffin embedded for histology and immunohistochemistry a ...201626337823
posterior uveitis or wet age-related macular degeneration? case report.we present the case of a 61-year-old patient without previous ophthalmic or general history, who developed unilateral posterior pole granuloma and was diagnosed with posterior uveitis most likely due to a systemic toxocara canis infection. clinical examination and ancillary investigations showed elements that were also consistent with wet armd, but laboratory tests and successful use of oral anti-helminthic and corticosteroid therapy in decreasing the macular lesion and improving visual acuity, ...201627373119
determination of igg avidity in balb/c mice experimentally infected with toxocara canis.toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease in that igm titers can remain high for long periods making difficult to determine the stage of the disease. the aim of this study is to investigate the applicability of indirect elisa, associated with urea, to discriminate between the acute and chronic toxocariasis. igg avidity was evaluated in 25 balb/c mice experimentally infected with 1000 toxocara canis eggs. blood samples were collected, and sera treated with 6 m urea and assayed by elisa every two weeks. ...201625271464
soil contamination with toxocara spp. eggs in public parks of mashhad and khaf, north east of iran.toxocariasis is an important disease caused by the larvae of parasitic worms such as toxocara canis and t. cati. public parks can be the source of toxocariasis for small children. this survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of toxocara spp. ova in parks of mashhad and khaf northeastern iran.201726246828
seroprevalence and associated risk factors of toxocariasis among college students in taipei city, taiwan.infection by toxocara spp. is known to be significantly associated with partial epilepsy. it has become popular for people to raise dogs/cats as pets and consume roasted meat/viscera, and the status of toxocara spp. infection, epilepsy awareness, and associated risk factors among the general population are currently unknown in taiwan.201726622304
seroepidemiological study of toxocariasis among volunteers animal husbandry workers and veterinary in southern anatolia in turkey in 2014.human toxocariasis is a parasitic infection caused by the larvae of toxocara canis. we examine the toxocara seroprevalance in veterinarians and animal husbandry workers living in the mugla province, turkey to evaluate better the risk factors for toxocara exposure.201726622303
coprodiagnosis of echinococcus granulosus infection in dogs from ankara, turkey.the present study were undertaken to compare two isolation techniques (centrifugal flotation and sedimentation) for recovering taeniid eggs from faecal samples, to identify e. granulosus dna from taeniid eggs by pcr, and to determine the prevalence of e. granulosus in dogs in villages. faecal samples were collected from 100 dogs in ankara province. taenia spp. eggs were found in 27% of dogs faeces. echinococcus granulosus-specific pcr was obtained in 14 (51.85%) of the taeniid eggs-positive samp ...201728606323
intestinal and external parasites of raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in western polandparasites of an invasive species, the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) from western poland were investigated to clarify poorly known ecological key aspects of the species. the research was conducted in two study areas: the ujście warty national park and the bogdaniec forestry district. intestinal samples were collected from the intestinal tracks of 39 dead animals and 51 faecal samples were collected in all seasons from latrines of raccoon dogs. macro-parasites, their eggs and protozoan pa ...201728601061
road killed carnivores illustrate the status of zoonotic helminthes in caspian sea littoral of iran.carnivore carcasses on the roads can be regarded as study materials in parasitology and eco-epidemiology. stray carnivores such as dogs and cats are known to harbor so many different pathogens like zoonotic helminthes. the current investigation, apparent the status of the helminthic parasites found in road killed carnivores from different parts of guilan province north of iran.201728761483
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for coproantigen detection of ancylostoma caninum and toxocara canis in dogs and toxocara cati in cats.we report the development and field validation of 2 elisas for the detection of ancylostoma caninum or toxocara canis coproantigens in the feces of dogs with experimental and natural infections, and evidence of cross-reactivity with respective feline counterparts. a. caninum-specific coproantigens were detected in feces of experimentally infected dogs starting at 9 d post-infection (dpi), whereas eggs were not seen until 23 dpi. t. canis-specific coproantigens were detected in 3 of 5 experimenta ...201728424002
treatment of larva migrans syndrome with long-term administration of albendazole.larva migrans syndrome is a food-borne parasitic disease in humans, caused by accidental ingestion of eggs or larvae of ascarid nematodes, namely, toxocara canis, toxocara cati, or ascaris suum, the roundworms commonly found in the intestines of dogs, cats and pigs respectively. when a patient is diagnosed as having larva migrans syndrome, oral-administration of albendazole is recommended, however, the regimen remains controversial worldwide. in japan, the duration of albendazole administration ...201728754237
molecular characterization and transcriptional analysis of the female-enriched chondroitin proteoglycan 2 of toxocara canis.toxocara canis is an important but neglected zoonotic parasite, and is the causative agent of human toxocariasis. chondroitin proteoglycans are biological macromolecules, widely distributed in extracellular matrices, with a great diversity of functions in mammals. however, there is limited information regarding chondroitin proteoglycans in nematode parasites. in the present study, a female-enriched chondroitin proteoglycan 2 gene of t. canis (tc-cpg-2) was cloned and characterized. quantitative ...201728434412
invasive forms of canine endoparasites as a potential threat to public health - a review and own studies.[b]abstract [/b] dogs serve as the vectors of serious zoonotic parasitic diseases. in the month of may 2012 - 2014, 339 dog faeces samples from seven public sites in chełmno, a town in northern poland, were collected and examined to determine the gastrointestinal parasite fauna of dogs. each faecal sample was dissected with a needle, checked for tapeworm segments and examined for parasite eggs and oocysts using the flotation and decantation method and a modified baermann technique. differences w ...201728664702
assessment of u.s. pediatrician knowledge of toxocariasis.toxocariasis, one of a group of parasitic diseases known as neglected parasitic infections, is a disease caused by the larvae of two species of toxocara roundworms, toxocara canis, from dogs, and less commonly toxocara cati, from cats. although most infected individuals are asymptomatic, clinical manifestations may include fever, fatigue, coughing, wheezing, or abdominal pain (visceral toxocariasis) or vision loss, retina damage, or eye inflammation (ocular toxocariasis). to assess u.s. pediatri ...201728820703
toxocara canis: analysis of the kinetics of antigen release and antibody production in an in vivo model for the detection of past or present infection.worldwide, toxocara canis is an important zoonotic nematode of public health concern. this soil-transmitted helminth causes visceral larva and ocular larva migrans in paratenic hosts. the detection of t. canis larva migrans is complicated because current immunological tests detect only igg antibodies, which can cross-react with antigens from other parasites and cannot distinguish between the past and present infection. analysis of antigen release and antibody production could help improve the de ...201728807291
epidemiological study of toxocar canis in children under 14-years-old and dogs in zabol and chabahar districts, southeast of iran.the purpose of this study was seroepidemiological and parasitological assessment of toxocara canis infection in children and dogs in zabol and chabahar, iran.201728761466
the 33.1 kda excretory/secretory protein produced by toxocara canis larvae serves as a potential common biomarker for serodiagnosis of toxocariasis in paratenic animals and human.toxocariasis is a prevalent zoonosis disease caused by the closely related nematode species toxocara canis and toxocara cati which parasitise canidae and felidae respectively. in paratenic hosts, larvae of these worms cause multiple organ damage. however, how these paratenic hosts response to these worms and whether any common biomarker can be applied for diagnosis are still unclear.201728761463
[toxocariasis, a neglected disease in switzerland ?]toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease that occurs when humans are infected by the parasites toxocara canis or toxocara cati. toxocariasis is highly prevalent in tropical areas, but can also be found in industrialized countries, particularly in rural areas. clinical presentation can range from asymptomatic infection to more severe disease. diagnosis of toxocariasis is based on suggestive clinical findings, eosinophilia and a positive serological testing. albendazole represents the first-line treatme ...201728727331
loop-mediated isothermal amplification as a reliable assay for toxocara canis infection in pet dogs.keeping of infected dogs as pet results in the potential transmission risk factors for shedding helminthic infections such as toxocariasis. lack of accurate identification of toxocara canis eggs in non-dewormed infected pet dogs remains a diagnostic concern among researchers. in this study, dog owners were asked to fill up a questionnaire regarding their pets and their attitude towards the deworming regimen. one hundred faecal samples were collected from pet dogs (northwest iran) and were subseq ...201728689247
differentiation of toxocara canis and toxocara cati based on pcr-rflp analyses of rdna-its and mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 regions.the definitive genetic identification of toxocara species is currently based on pcr/sequencing. the objectives of the present study were to design and conduct an in silico polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method for identification of toxocara species. in silico analyses using the dnasis and nebcutter softwares were performed with rdna internal transcribed spacers, and mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 sequences obtained in our previous studies along with relevant sequ ...201728682773
cluster-like headache secondary to focal cervical myelitis.cluster headache (ch) is characterized by attacks of severe periorbital pain associated with autonomic symptoms. as with other forms of primary headache, structural lesions should be excluded, particularly if the headache presents with an atypical pattern.201728644256
evaluation of the transcription of interleukin-12 in the intestinal mucosa of mice subjected to experimental toxocariasis and supplemented with saccharomyces boulardii. 201728606326
seroepidemiological study and associated risk factors of toxocara canis infection among preschool children in osun state, nigeria.human toxocariasis is caused by the nematode, toxocara canis and it is a poorly understood phenomenon in nigeria. seroepidemiological studies have not been previously carried out among the preschool aged children in nigeria. a cross-sectional study was conducted in pre-school children in four communities from osun state, nigeria between january and july 2016. a total of 308 children aged 9 months and 5 years were studied comprising 53.2% (164/308) male and 46.8% (144/308) female. blood samples w ...201728591555
environmental contamination with toxocara spp. eggs in public parks and playground sandpits of greater lisbon, portugal.toxocarosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease transmitted from companion animals to humans. environmental contamination with toxocara eggs is considered to be the main source of human infections. in portugal, knowledge regarding the current situation, including density, distribution and environmental contamination by toxocara spp., is largely unknown. the present study investigated environmental contamination with toxocara spp. eggs, in soil and faecal samples collected from public parks and playg ...201728545900
abnormal neurobehaviour and impaired memory function as a consequence of toxocara canis- as well as toxocara cati-induced neurotoxocarosis.neuroinvasive larvae of the worldwide occurring zoonotic roundworms toxocara canis and t. cati may induce neurotoxocarosis (nt) in humans, provoking a variety of symptoms including cognitive deficits as well as neurological dysfunctions. an association with neuropsychological disorders has been discussed. similar symptoms have been described in t. canis-infected mice, whereas data on t. cati-induced nt are rare. therefore, it was aimed to obtain insights into the impact on neurobehaviour as well ...201728481889
visceral larva migrans due to toxocara canis in a 9-year-old boy mimicking hepatic hemangiomas. 201728470813
experimental toxocariasis in balb/c mice: relationship between parasite inoculum and the igg immune response.balb/c mice were inoculated with 5-500 toxocara canis infective eggs, and bled at 15-120 days post infection (dpi) to evaluate the dynamics of igg antibody response and larvae distribution. positive results were observed in all occasions for every inoculum, and a direct proportional relationship between antibody detection and the parasitic load was observed. in samples collected at 60 dpi, detection of igg was more intense, especially with the 50 and 500 egg doses; also, a correlation between an ...201728443979
prevalence of toxocara antibodies among patients clinically suspected to have ocular toxocariasis: a retrospective descriptive study in sri lanka.human toxocariasis, caused by toxocara canis, t. cati, and t. vitulorum of dogs, cats and ruminants respectively, is recognized as an important zoonotic infection worldwide. the typical clinical syndromes of toxocariasis in humans are ocular larva migrans (olm) and visceral larva migrans (vlm). the most commonly affected sites of olm are the peripheral retina and/or vitreous humor. in sri lanka, there is a dearth of information on prevalence of ocular infection in our population. therefore, the ...201728438141
enteroparasitoses and toxocarosis affecting children from mar del plata city, argentina.this study evaluated the existence of enteroparasitoses and toxocarosis in children of peripheral (pc) and urban communities (uc) from mar del plata city (argentina) and their associations with socio-environmental conditions. a parasite vulnerability index (pvi) was elaborated using variables such as overcrowding, floor type, drinking water source, wastewater disposal, solid waste disposal, presence of animals and schooling level. the pc evidenced statistically significant higher frequencies of ...201728432449
treatment-resistant neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders associated with toxocara canis infection: a case report.a 53-year-old woman was admitted to the department of neurology in tenri hospital because of progressive thoracic myelitis a month after she had eaten uncooked bovine liver. a previous episode of right optic neuritis and a positive test for serum anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies indicated a diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. although the patient initially recovered with the reduction of anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies during treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone infusion and pl ...201728427692
toxocara canis myelitis involving the lumbosacral region: a case report.toxocara canis is a parasite known to cause visceral larva migrans. the infection rarely affects the central nervous system but there have been several reports of myelitis caused by visceral larva migrans due to toxocara canis. in previous reported cases, the lesions were located in the thoracic or cervical spinal cord. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a lesion involving the lumbosacral region.201726832660
seroepidemiology of toxocariasis in children (5-15 yr old) referred to the pediatric clinic of imam hossein hospital, isfahan, iran.human toxocariasis, a helminthozoonosis, is due to the migration of toxocara species larvae into human organisms. humans, especially children become infected by ingesting of embryonated eggs from soil, dirty hands, and raw vegetables. seroprevalence of this infection is high in developed countries, especially in rural areas. the aim of this study was to investigate the seroepidemiology of toxocariasis in children referred to the pediatric clinic of imam hossein hospital, isfahan, iran.201726811731
distribution and dynamics of soil contamination with toxocara canis and toxocara cati eggs in poland and prevention measures proposed after 20 years of study.the studies conducted in the years 1994-2013 allowed to determine the distribution of toxocara spp. eggs in the soil of different types of urban and rural areas in poland and to establish seasonal and multi-year dynamics of soil contamination with t. cati and t. canis eggs. out of 3309 soil samples examined, 14.9% contained the eggs and the average density was 3.43 eggs/100g of soil. the level of soil contamination was the highest in cities, lower in villages, and lowest in small towns. in urban ...201728115175
trichoderma virens as a biocontrol of toxocara canis: in vivo evaluation.microorganisms have been widely studied as biological control agents of parasites of medical and veterinary importance. coprophagous arthropods, bacteria and fungi are among the different organisms evaluated as potential biological control agents. nematophagous fungi capture and digest the free forms of nematodes in the soil. due to its zoonotic potential, toxocara canis have been brought to the attention of researchers.201728109772
seroepidemiological study of toxocariasis in the owners of domestic cats and dogs in mashhad, northeastern iran.toxocariasis is the clinical terms applied to infection of human with ascarid nematodes in the order ascaridida, named toxocara canis and t. cati. because in recent years in iran many people desire to keep pets (cats and dogs), and lacking of seroepidemiological study of toxocariasis in mashhad, we decided to determine the seroprevalence of toxocariasis among people who own cats and dogs in comparison with control group.201728096863
evaluation of the prevalence and clinical impact of toxocariasis in patients with eosinophilia of unknown origin.eosinophilia has numerous diverse causes, and in many patients, it is not possible to establish the cause of eosinophilia. recently, toxocariasis was introduced as one cause of eosinophilia. the aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of toxocariasis and the clinical impact of albendazole treatment for toxocariasis in patients suspected of eosinophilia of unknown origin.201728352060
tissue distribution and functional analysis of vitellogenin-6 of toxocara canis.toxocara canis is an common intestinal nematode of canids and the principal causative agent of human toxocariasis. vitellogenin (vg), a source of amino acids and lipids in the eggs, are considered to play an important role in embryo development of a wide range of organisms. in the present study, the transcriptional levels of tc-vit-6 gene in male and female adult t. canis were determined by quantitative real-time pcr, which indicated high transcription of tc-vit-6 in the intestine, reproductive ...201728351684
toxocariasis of the central nervous system: with report of two cases.toxocariasis is a parasitic infection caused by the roundworms toxocara canis or toxocara cati, mostly due to accidental ingestion of embryonated eggs. clinical manifestations vary and are classified according to the organs affected. central nervous system involvement is an unusual complication. here, we report two cases with neurological manifestations, in which there was cerebrospinal fluid (csf) eosinophilia with marked blood eosinophilia and a positive serology for toxocara both in serum and ...201728157623
comparative transcriptomic analyses of male and female adult toxocara canis.toxocariasis is an important, neglected zoonosis caused mainly by toxocara canis. although our knowledge of helminth molecular biology is improving through completed draft genome projects, there is limited detailed information on the molecular biology of toxocara species. here, transcriptomic sequencing of male and female adult t. canis and comparative analyses were conducted. for each sex, two-thirds (66-67%) of quality-filtered reads mapped to the gene set of t. canis, and at least five reads ...201727845205
helminth infections and cardiovascular diseases: toxocara species is contributing to the disease.toxocariasis is the clinical term used to describe human infection with either the dog ascarid toxocara canis or the feline ascarid toxocara cati. as with other helminths zoonoses, the infective larvae of these toxocara species cannot mature into adults in the human host. instead, the worms wander through organs and tissues, mainly the liver, lungs, myocardium, kidney and central nervous system, in a vain attempt to find that, which they need to mature into adults. the migration of these immatur ...201727492228
proteomic analysis of toxocara canis excretory and secretory (tes) proteins.toxocariasis is a neglected disease, and its main etiological agent is the nematode toxocara canis. serological diagnosis is performed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using t. canis excretory and secretory (tes) antigens produced by in vitro cultivation of larvae. identification of tes proteins can be useful for the development of new diagnostic strategies since few tes components have been described so far. herein, we report the results obtained by proteomic analysis of tes proteins usi ...201727638150
seroprevalence and risk factors for toxocara canis infection in serbia during 2015.we report data on the toxocara seroprevalence evidenced in 2015 from samples of 40 children and 298 adults of the population living in different areas of serbia, and on possible association of certain variables with infection. detection of specific antibodies was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; all ambiguous results and part of the positive and negative sera were further analyzed by confirmatory western blot test. an overall 23.5% seroprevalence was noticed, which was confi ...201727893948
influence of land use and meteorological factors on the spatial distribution of toxocara canis and toxocara cati eggs in soil in urban areas.soil which has been contaminated by toxocara spp. eggs is considered as one of the main infection sources of toxocariasis in animals and humans. the present study conducted a detailed investigation into the spatial patterns of toxocara canis (t. canis) and toxocara cati (t. cati) eggs in soil in urban area of northeastern mainland china, and assessed the inter-relationships between meteorological factors, land use and the distribution of the toxocara spp. eggs. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) wa ...201728043392
elevated trans-mammary transmission of toxocara canis larvae in balb/c mice.toxocariasis is a widespread zoonosis and is considered an important worldwide public health problem. the aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of trans-mammary toxocara canis infection in newborn balb/c mice nursed by females experimentally infected with 1,200 eggs after delivery. after 50 days of age, the presence of larvae in different organs of the offspring was investigated. trans-mammary infection was confirmed in 73.9% of the mice that had been nursed by infected females. the ...201725651332
small rodents as paratenic or intermediate hosts of carnivore parasites in berlin, germany.rodents are important intermediate and paratenic hosts for carnivore parasites, including the important zoonotic agents toxoplasma, echinococcus and toxocara. monitoring of such parasites in rodents can be used to detect increasing risks for human and veterinary public health. rodents were trapped at four sites in berlin, two near the city center, two at the periphery. pcrs were conducted to detect coccidia (target its-1) and specifically toxoplasma gondii (repetitive element) in brain and ascar ...201728278269
more bark than bite: comparative studies are needed to determine the importance of canine zoonoses in aboriginal communities. a critical review of published research.the objective of this review was to identify and critique over forty years of peer-reviewed literature concerned with the transmission of canine zoonoses to aboriginal people and determine the zoonotic organisms documented in dogs in australian aboriginal communities. a systematic literature search of public health, medical and veterinary databases identified 19 articles suitable for critical appraisal. thirteen articles documented the occurrence of recognized zoonotic organisms in dogs in abori ...201728342271
seroprevalence of five parasitic pathogens in pregnant women in ten caribbean countries.to date, published epidemiological studies of parasitic infections in humans in the caribbean region are very limited. here, we report the seroprevalence of five parasitic pathogens, including ascaris lumbricoides, entamoeba histolytica, giardia lamblia, schistosoma mansoni, and toxocara canis in 435 serum samples collected between 2008 and 2011 from pregnant women in ten caribbean islands. we tested the serum samples for igg antibodies against the five parasites by enzyme-linked immunosorbent a ...201727778108
[potential hazard of zoonotic parasites present in canine feces in puerto escondido, oaxaca].to estimate the zoonotic parasites prevalence in feral dog feces in puerto escondido.201725604414
diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis caused by ancylostoma hookworm.diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis is an ocular infectious disease caused by several distinct nematodes. definite identification of the involved nematodes is rarely achieved. we report on the molecular-based genetic identification of an ancylostoma ceylanicum hookworm implicated in a case of diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis in a child.201728098549
intestinal parasites of children and adults in a remote aboriginal community of the northern territory, australia, 1994-1996.parasitic infections can adversely impact health, nutritional status and educational attainment. this study investigated hookworm and other intestinal parasites in an aboriginal community in australia from 1994 to 1996.201725960921
molecular identification of ancylostoma species from dogs and an assessment of zoonotic risk in low-income households, são paulo state, brazil.hookworm infection stands out for its worldwide distribution and for its veterinary and public health relevance. based on copromicroscopic examinations and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of the its1-5.8s-its2 region, we assessed, respectively, the prevalence of intestinal parasites and the identification of canine hookworm species in faeces recovered from 278 dogs living in households of an inland municipality of são paulo state, brazil. intestinal parasites were found in 67.3% of ...201726752269
protozoan and helminth parasite fauna of free-living croatian wild wolves (canis lupus) analyzed by scat collection.the european wolf (canis lupus) is a large carnivore species present in limited areas of europe with several small populations still being considered as endangered. wolves can be infected by a wide range of protozoan and metazoan parasites with some of them affecting free-living wolf health condition. on this account, an epidemiological survey was conducted to analyze the actual parasite fauna in croatian wild wolves. in total, 400 individual faecal samples were collected during field studies on ...201728043382
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