Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| the epidemiology of group b streptococcal colonization in pregnancy. vaginal infections and prematurity study group. | risk factors for cervicovaginal group b streptococcal colonization at 23-26 weeks' gestation were studied in 7742 women participating in the vaginal infections and prematurity study. the prevalence of group b streptococcus was 18.6%, and was greatest in (predominantly caribbean) hispanics from new york city, followed by blacks, whites, and other (predominantly mexican) hispanics. group b streptococcus was more common among older women and women of lower parity, and less common among women living ... | 1991 | 2002986 |
| antepartum cultures for ureaplasma urealyticum are not useful in predicting pregnancy outcome. the vaginal infections and prematurity study group. | to test the hypothesis that genital colonization with ureaplasma urealyticum would predict adverse pregnancy outcome, 4934 women from five medical centers were evaluated for vaginal colonization with u. urealyticum between 23 and 26 weeks' gestation and followed up to delivery. u. urealyticum colonization was associated with maternal age, parity, racial-ethnic group, martial status, income, education, smoking, number of sexual partners, and colonization with trichomonas vaginalis, mycoplasma hom ... | 1991 | 2003532 |
| phospholipid metabolism of cultured trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus. | trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus grown in a fetal calf serum-based culture medium were exposed to radiolabeled phospholipids and lipid precursors to determine the extent to which these organisms can incorporate complex lipids and/or de novo synthesize their major membrane phosphoglycerides. phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine were the dominant phospholipids (40-50% of extractable phospholipids), with acidic lipids, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidy ... | 1991 | 2011157 |
| sexually transmitted parasitic diseases. | sexual activity is the primary method of transmission for several important parasitic diseases and has resulted in a significant prevalence of enteric parasitic infection among male homosexuals. the majority of parasitic sexually transmitted diseases involve protozoan pathogens; however, nematode and arthropod illnesses are also included in this group. trichomoniasis, caused by trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common parasitic std. infection with this organism typically results in the signs an ... | 1991 | 2011632 |
| correlation of zymodeme patterns, virulence & drug sensitivity of trichomonas vaginalis isolates from women. | characterization of t. vaginalis strains isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects was done by isoenzyme analysis. the pathogenicity of these isolates was checked in mouse model and in vivo drug susceptibility was determined. the isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals could not be grouped on the basis of isoenzyme analysis alone. all the strains except one, were pathogenic for mice, and metronidazole (50 mg/kg body weight) was effective in protecting the mice from t. va ... | 1991 | 2022400 |
| epidemiology of trichomonas vaginalis (tv) in rural adolescent and juvenile children. | 1991 | 2027176 | |
| an evaluation of an inpouch tv culture method for diagnosing trichomonas vaginalis infection. | a new culture method for trichomonas vaginalis, the inpouch tv test, was evaluated for its sensitivity and specificity in supporting growth of trichomonads. five clinical isolates remained viable for periods from 41 to 131 days. a strain from the attc 30001 remained viable for 91 days. as few as four trichomonads/ml of culture medium could be viewed microscopically within 24 h. doubling time for growth of trichomonad varied between 5 to 8 h. in a clinical study of 102 wet-mount negative specimen ... | 1991 | 2032710 |
| dna single strand-breaks in lymphocytes after metronidazole therapy. | dna single strand-breaks were examined in lymphocytes of patients treated with metronidazole (cas 443-48-1) for trichomonas vaginalis infection before, on day one, and day seven of treatment. recommended dosage of metronidazole induces dna single strand-breaks. single strand-breaks were repaired after therapy. no irreversible dna damage remains. the dna repair mechanisms are genetically determined. therefore a mutagenic effect of metronidazole must be discussed in patients with dna repair defect ... | 1991 | 2043178 |
| [epidemiology and diagnostics in the vaginal area. i. study of the vaginal flora using microscopy and evaluation of the microbial picture of the vagina]. | the microscopic characteristic of the vaginal microflora by means of microbial vaginal smears (mvs) according to jírovec, peter and málek corresponds no longer to contemporary ideas on the physiology and pathology of the vaginal environment. the authors revealed on comparison of the results of mvs and the native preparation that in a group of 600 women selected at random the mvs diagnosis allowed to escape 80 cases of trichomoniasis (46.8%), 56 cases of mycotic infections (34.1%) and cases of su ... | 1991 | 2044156 |
| vaginal infection and preterm labour. | to study the vaginal flora of women in preterm labour (ptl) and determine whether the presence of specific vaginal microflora is significantly associated with onset of ptl. | 1991 | 2059587 |
| intestinal parasitoses and other infections in a college community. | in order to assess the health status of students doing their teaching diploma course at the siriba teachers college, maseno, a study of their blood slides, their stools for ova and cysts and their urine samples for urinary tract infection was carried out. a total of 298 students were investigated: 27 (6%) had intestinal parasites, 96 (32.2%) had urinary tract infection, i.e., pyuria, bacteria and epithelial cells in their urines, most of them being females (55/96 or 57.3%). the peak occurrence o ... | 1991 | 2060482 |
| the interaction of tritrichomonas foetus and trichomonas vaginalis with macrophages. | the process of interaction between macrophages and tritrichomonas foetus and trichomonas vaginalis was analysed using light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. the parasites attach to the macrophage surface and are ingested through a phagocytic process. parasite-macrophage association index was higher for activated than for resident macrophages. previous incubation of the parasites in the presence of concanavalin a rendered their surface less negative and more hydrophobic, ... | 1991 | 2070357 |
| vaginal antibody of patients with trichomoniasis is to a prominent surface immunogen of trichomonas vaginalis. | twenty vaginal washes (vws) and ten vaginal mucus (vm) samples from patients with trichomoniasis were examined for the presence of antibody to surface protein immunogens of trichomonas vaginalis. fourteen of 20 vws (70%) and 8 of 10 vm (80%) had immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody (ab) that reacted in an immunoprecipitation (ip) assay with one iodinated trichomonas vaginalis surface protein immunogen with a relative molecular mass of 230,000 daltons (230-kda) (p230). no similar ip of any iodinated p ... | 1991 | 2071124 |
| the phenotypically variable surface protein of trichomonas vaginalis has a single, tandemly repeated immunodominant epitope. | trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted protozoan parasite that undergoes phenotypic variation for numerous surface proteins. a monoclonal antibody (mab) was used to isolate an approximately 400-bp cdna encoding a fragment of an important phenotypically varying immunogen of t. vaginalis (mr = 270 kda; p270). the mab completely inhibited the binding of p270 by antibody in sera of patients and by antibody in monospecific antiserum obtained toward purified p270, indicating that p270 contain ... | 1991 | 1709920 |
| the use of polyclonal activators in the production of murine monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. | we propose a new immunization method to stimulate a strong immune response against weak or diluted antigens. this technique is based on stimulation with polyclonal activators before exposure to the antigens. we also discuss the efficiency of various types of mitogen with particular regard to their capacity to produce monoclonal antibodies and serum antibodies. a specific immune response against soluble antigens is increased by pretreating mice with ppd. this preactivation permitted us to obtain ... | 1991 | 1646267 |
| resolution of resistant vaginal trichomoniasis associated with the use of intravaginal nonoxynol-9. | an otherwise healthy, sexually inactive woman was determined by in vitro susceptibility testing to have vaginal infection by a strain of trichomonas vaginalis with high-grade metronidazole resistance. prolonged high-dose oral and intravaginal metronidazole therapy did not resolve the infection, but caused temporary peripheral neuropathy. tinidazole was ineffective as well. serendipitous use of topical intravaginal nonoxynol-9 for contraception appeared to resolve the infection. we reviewed reinf ... | 1991 | 1656351 |
| guanosine kinase from trichomonas vaginalis. | a novel guanosine kinase was partially purified from the parasitic protozoan trichomonas vaginalis. unlike nucleoside kinases from other sources, the preferred substrate for this enzyme was guanosine (vmax/km = 120). the enzyme also catalyzed the phosphorylation of inosine (vmax/km = 3), uridine (2), adenosine (0.5), cytidine (0.2), and 2'-deoxyguanosine (0.1). the 2'-deoxyribonucleosides of adenine, hypoxanthine, uracil, cytosine and thymine were not phosphorylated. the km for atp was 6.6 micro ... | 1991 | 1664051 |
| [detection of trichomonas vaginalis in men]. | an infection with t. vaginalis in male patients is difficult to diagnose in case of latent or asymptomatic trichomoniasis. this infection is caused by the round forms of t. vaginalis, which are significantly more frequent in male patients, than trophozoites. trichomonas vaginalis round forms called pseudocyst due to their specific biological properties are difficult to observe with actually used techniques. it was shown, that round forms of t. vaginalis may be detected by giemsa modified techniq ... | 1991 | 1669192 |
| the effect of ionizing radiation on the viability of trichomonas vaginalis. | 1. the effects of continuous gamma radiation on the viability of trichomonas vaginalis (atcc 30001) were assessed by a colony count technique. 2. a triphasic survival curve showed an initial shoulder (dq) of 3 gy followed by three linear curves with d0 values of 34, 300, and 90 gy. 3. sterilization of 10(6) cells/ml occurred from 1600 to 1800 gy of radiation. 4. population growth, subsequent to radiation exposure of 17-100 gy, showed an increased lag time followed by a faster rate of growth, com ... | 1991 | 1673893 |
| application of atp measurement to evaluation of the growth of parasitic protozoa in vitro with a special reference to pneumocystis carinii. | 1. there was a significant correlation between the increase in the number of entamoeba histolytica, trichomonas vaginalis, giardia lamblia and leishmania donovani in culture, and their atp contents determined by luciferase reaction. 2. the similar correlation was also demonstrated between the decreased number of e. histolytica in the presence of an anti-amebic quassinoid and the nucleotide content in vitro. 3. in the case of pneumocystis carinii, the numbers of the organism remained relatively c ... | 1991 | 1685366 |
| viruses of parasitic protozoa. | recently, specific viruses have been identified among the parasitic protozoa trichomonas vaginalis, giardia lamblia, leishmania braziliensis, the eimeria spp and the babesia spp. these viruses share many features: they are all rna viruses and most, if not all, doublestranded (ds) rna viruses with nonsegmented genomes ranging between 5 and 7 kilobases (kb); they are spherical or icosahedral with an average diameter of 30-40 nm. the giardiavirus is one of the best characterized and can infect viru ... | 1991 | 15463448 |
| [new alkylated derivates and dissociation constans of 3-hydroxy-1,2-benzisoxazole]. | in the reactions of 3-hydroxy-1,2-benzisoxazole (bio) and its 5-cl and 6-cl derivatives with ethyl bromoacetate were obtained the mixtures of o- and n- substituted esters but 7-no2-bio formed only o-ester. the products of n-aminomethylation of 5-no2-bio were active against trichomonas vaginalis. the structures of pure compounds have been confirmed by elementary analysis and ir spectrometry. determinations of dissociation constants (pka) of bio, 5-cl-bio, 6-cl-bio, 7-cl-bio, 5-f-bio, 5-no2-bio, 7 ... | 1992 | 16092412 |
| transient myopia following metronidazole treatment for trichomonas vaginalis. | 1992 | 1729572 | |
| sexually transmitted diseases and their relation to male infertility. | controversy surrounds the role of sexually transmitted diseases in male infertility. because our understanding of male infertility is limited, and because diagnostic tests such as semen analysis including culture and leukocyte count are variable, definitive conclusions on stds and their effect on infertility cannot be substantiated. prospective investigations of infertile couples using appropriate control groups, sophisticated semen collection protocols, proper microbiologic techniques, and stan ... | 1992 | 1736478 |
| sexually transmitted protozoal infections. trichomonas vaginalis, entamoeba histolytica, and giardia lamblia. | collectively, protozoa account for the largest number of stds worldwide. although these organisms can be eradicated effectively in the individual patient, their high asymptomatic carriage rate appears to have a significant influence on their continued transmission. the best hope for eradication of these organisms lies in a high index of suspicion in high-risk populations and the careful evaluation and treatment of sexual partners of infected persons. | 1992 | 1736479 |
| detection of candida cell forms in pap smears during pregnancy. | in a prospective study of 124 urban black pregnant women, 43% had candida isolated from endocervical cultures and 20% had candida cell forms on cytological pap-stained cervical specimens. the presence of candida cell forms on pap smears had a better correlation with candida colonisation when normal lactobacillary flora was present, when trichomonas vaginalis parasites were absent and when the infecting candida species was c. albicans. positive cultures were strongly related to a number of clinic ... | 1992 | 1737603 |
| effect of a phorbol ester on basic surface properties of trichomonads. | the effect of nanomolar concentrations of 12-o-tetradecanoilphorbol-13-acetate (tpa) on the cell surface of the urogenital parasitic protozoa trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus was evaluated by means of measurements of the parasites' surface tension, electrokinesis, lectin agglutination tests, and adhesion to inert substrates. tpa-treated parasites had their adhesion increased to both plastic and glass substrates. this was accompanied by increases in the parasites' net negative surf ... | 1992 | 1284779 |
| antibacterial, antimycotic and trichomonicidal activity of a new nitroimidazole (eu 11100). | the antimicrobial profile of a new nitroimidazole derivative (5-nitro-1-methyl-imidazolyl-2-hydroxy-3 terbutylphenyl carbinol) has been studied. the in vitro activity of the new molecule has been evaluated against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, trichomonas vaginalis, and mycetes, under suitable experimental conditions. the new compound was compared with ampicillin against aerobic bacteria; with metronidazole against anaerobic bacteria, lactobacilli and t. vaginalis; with nistatin and econa ... | 1992 | 1287136 |
| activity assays of thiadiazine derivatives on trichomonas vaginalis and amastigote forms of trypanosoma cruzi. | eight thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide derivatives were evaluated for antitrichomonal and antitrypanosomal activities. in vivo tests were performed on a murine model for trichomoniasis standardized in our laboratory. the capacity of compounds to clear visceral lesions in experimentally infected animals as well as their effects on the mortality time of mice were used as criteria for activity. one of the thiadiazines (compound 7b) showed an efficacy similar to that obtained with the reference drug metronid ... | 1992 | 1288970 |
| lysis of erythrocytes by trichomonas vaginalis. | the in vitro hemolytic activity of 4 isolates of trichomonas vaginalis was investigated. repetitive hemolysis assays of any one isolate showed cyclical fluctuations in hemolytic activity, varying over 24 hr of continuous culture. maximal hemolytic activity was detected using trichomonads in the lag phase of the growth cycle. investigations showed that hemolysis was a contact-dependent phenomenon and microscopic investigation of samples showed a significant correlation between hemolysis and attac ... | 1992 | 1290802 |
| energy metabolism of ancestral eukaryotes: a hypothesis based on the biochemistry of amitochondriate parasitic protists. | parasitic amitochondriate protists, representatives of early branches of eukaryote evolution, differ considerably in their central, energy metabolism from mitochondrion-bearing cells. these differences are: significant metabolic functions of inorganic pyrophosphate, major role of iron-sulfur proteins in key metabolic steps and in hydrogenosome-bearing organisms the disposal of electrons by h2 formation. cytochrome-mediated electron transport and electron transport-linked phosphorylation are abse ... | 1992 | 1292665 |
| [comparative antigen analysis of trichomonas vaginalis by enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot technique]. | analysis of six isolates of trichomonas vaginalis was carried out with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (eitb). trichloroacetic acid-treated antigens of the 6 isolates revealed 25 protein profiles ranging 12-170 kda of molecular weight in sds-page. in eitb, the specific immunogenic bands were visualized at 51 kda and 96 kda when hy-1 antigen was probed with different mice sera immunized with 6 isolates of t. vaginal ... | 1992 | 1297423 |
| risk factors for hiv infection in gynaecological inpatients in dar es salaam, tanzania, 1988-1990. | a prevalence of 12.8% for anti-hiv-1 and a prevalence of 16.8% for anti-syphilis antibodies was found in 359 gynaecological inpatients admitted in the department of gynaecology and obstetrics, muhimbili university college of health sciences from 1988 to 1990. the highest hiv prevalence (17.3%) was observed in the youngest age group (14-20 years), whereas the highest syphilis prevalence (22.2%) was found in the oldest age group (> 45 years). infections with hiv and syphilis were both significantl ... | 1992 | 1298634 |
| effect of estrogens on the adhesion of trichomonas vaginalis to epithelial cells in vitro. | 1. to further characterize the basic aspects of parasite-cell interaction, untreated and hormone-treated madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells were allowed to interact with t. vaginalis. 2. among the six hormones assayed, alpha-estradiol caused mdck cells to become highly adhesive to t. vaginalis. increases in parasite adhesion of 83% and 68% were obtained by previous incubation of the epithelial monolayers for 18 h with 1 ng/ml alpha-estradiol and 10 ng/ml 17-beta-estradiol, respectively. 3. t ... | 1992 | 1304948 |
| interactions between trichomonas vaginalis and vaginal flora in a mouse model. | to study the role of vaginal flora and ph in the pathogenesis of trichomonas vaginalis, an intravaginal mouse model of infection was established. by employing this model, the vaginal flora and ph of mice could be monitored for changes caused by the parasite. as a baseline, the endemic vaginal flora of balb/c mice was examined first and found to consist mainly of staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus species (32-76%). lactobacilli and enteric bacilli were moderate (16-32%) in their frequency of ... | 1992 | 1310732 |
| iron regulates growth of trichomonas vaginalis and the expression of immunogenic trichomonad proteins. | iron is an essential nutrient for trichomonas vaginalis and is acquired via highly specific receptor-mediated mechanisms from the host. responses of t. vaginalis to conditions of iron limitation or iron excess were analysed in order to determine whether iron levels in the growth medium regulate certain properties of the parasite. when compared with organisms grown in excess iron, iron limitation resulted in greater than or equal to 80% lower rates of protein synthesis and greater than or equal t ... | 1992 | 1310792 |
| the pathway of arginine catabolism in giardia intestinalis. | in giardia intestinalis, arginine is catabolised by the arginine dihydrolase pathway. the enzymes of the pathway (arginine deiminase, ornithine transcarbamoylase and carbamate kinase) were investigated and their basic kinetic parameters determined. the specific activity of arginine deiminase was 270 +/- 23 nmol min-1 (mg protein)-1; ornithine transcarbamoylase, in the direction of citrulline utilisation 170 +/- 22 nmol min-1 (mg protein)-1, and in the direction of ornithine utilisation 2100 +/- ... | 1992 | 1314332 |
| human papillomavirus (hpv) infection, hiv infection and cervical cancer in tanzania, east africa. | the presence of hpv-dna was determined in tumor biopsies of cervical-cancer patients and in cervical swabs of non-cancer patients from tanzania, east africa, by southern blot hybridization and/or pcr. hpv types 16 and 18 were detected in 38% and 32%, respectively, of 50 cervical-carcinoma biopsies. a consensus primer pcr capable of detecting a broad spectrum of hpv types revealed the presence of hpv-dna in 59% of 359 cervical swabs of non-cancer patients. type-specific pcr showed that types 16 a ... | 1992 | 1318265 |
| trichomonas vaginalis (tv) and human papillomavirus (hpv) infection and the incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) grade iii. | the temporal relationship between cervical infection with trichomonas vaginalis (tv) or human papillomavirus (hpv) and the incidence rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade three (cin iii) was examined in a cohort of 43,016 norwegian women. from 1980 to 1989, a cervico-vaginal infection from tv and hpv was diagnosed cytologically in 988 and 678 women, respectively. during the 181,240 person-years of observation, 440 cases of cin iii/cervical cancer developed. the age-adjusted incidence ... | 1992 | 1319218 |
| rapid inactivation of infectious pathogens by chlorhexidine-coated gloves. | gloves containing chlorhexidine gluconate in an instant-release matrix on their inner surface (chg gloves) were tested to determine their ability to rapidly inactivate infectious pathogens that may permeate or leak through the latex surface. | 1992 | 1325495 |
| cytologic evidence of the association of different infective lesions with dysplastic changes in the uterine cervix. | cervical smears from 4055 women were examined and classified as per who criteria. 873 (21.53%) smears revealed dysplastic changes. the dysplastic smears were further examined cytologically for the presence of chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus type-2, human papilloma virus, trichomonas vaginalis and candida albicans. chlamydia was found to be the commonest micro-organism associated with cervical dysplasia followed by herpes simplex virus type-2 and human papilloma virus. the association ... | 1992 | 1336729 |
| molecular analysis of trichomonas vaginalis surface protein repertoires. | 1992 | 1341642 | |
| vaginal microbial flora as a cofactor in the pathogenesis of uterine cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. | the vaginal microbial flora of 106 women with histopathologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and 79 women without disease, was evaluated for gardnerella vaginalis, trichomonas vaginalis, candida albicans and other yeasts. flora morphology was assessed by gram staining of secretions. cervical cultures were examined for herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus and neisseria gonorrhoeae. chlamydia trachomatis antigens in cervical secretions were detected by enzyme immunoassay. human ... | 1992 | 1351005 |
| is trichomoniasis often associated with bacterial vaginosis in pregnant adolescents? | the same criteria for identifying bacterial vaginosis are often present in women with trichomoniasis. these criteria include elevated vaginal ph, vaginal odor, homogeneous discharge, increased anaerobic bacteriologic vaginal flora, and elevated levels of bacterial enzymes. clinically mixed vaginal infections occur, and because the treatment for these two conditions can be different, it is important to distinguish between them. trichomoniasis can interfere with a gram stain diagnosis or the proli ... | 1992 | 1372472 |
| characteristics of three vaginal flora patterns assessed by gram stain among pregnant women. vaginal infections and prematurity study group. | this study was undertaken to define the characteristics and persistence of vaginal flora in 7918 pregnant women at 23 to 26 weeks' gestation. vaginal smears were categorized as normal (predominant lactobacilli), intermediate (reduced lactobacilli), or positive for bacterial vaginosis. the women with normal flora were least likely to have elevated vaginal ph, amine odor, milky discharge, or colonization by gardnerella, bacteroides, or genital mycoplasmas. women with intermediate vaginal flora had ... | 1992 | 1372474 |
| reduced transcription of the ferredoxin gene in metronidazole-resistant trichomonas vaginalis. | metronidazole [1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole] is used to treat infections caused by trichomonas vaginalis, a sexually transmitted human parasite. this drug is administered in an inactive form and is reduced to its cytotoxic form within the hydrogenosome, an unusual organelle found in trichomonads. metronidazole reduction occurs via ferredoxin-mediated electron transport. we have investigated the role of ferredoxin in metronidazole resistance. immunoblot analysis of drug-resistant ... | 1992 | 1374901 |
| phenotypic variation of surface antigenic determinants in trichomonas vaginalis detected by monoclonal antibodies. | we produced a large panel of murine monoclonal antibodies against surface determinants of trichomonas vaginalis using the hybridoma technique. an immunoenzymatic technique (e.l.i.s.a.) was used to screen positive hybrid cells producing specific antibodies against the protozoan surface. eleven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) out of seventy-seven positives were further characterized. we tested antibody reactivity in order to investigate the antigenic variance among 13 different strains of trichomonas ... | 1992 | 1380113 |
| [preparation and identification of anti-trichomonas vaginalis monoclonal antibodies]. | hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (mcab) directed against trichomonas vaginalis have been produced by fusing nsi myeloma cells with spleen cells of balb/c mice immunized with trichomonas vaginalis. ifa technique was used to test the binding activity of four mcabs produced. the mcab belonged to the igg subtypes igg1 (2a2, 2a4 mcab), igg3 (2h9 mcab) and igg 2b (2a12 mcab). three mcabs, designated 2a2, 2a4, 2a12, reacted with a surface membrane component of live trichomonas vaginalis. one ... | 1992 | 1394911 |
| protozoan infections and hiv-1 infection: a review. | reactivation of latent infection is the principal mechanism relating toxoplasma gondii and pneumocystis carinii to hiv. less common is reactivation in leishmania donovani, trypanosoma cruzi, and microsporidian infections. an impaired primary immune response occurs in all these infections, and also with cryptosporidium and isospora belli. association of hiv infection with gut parasites including giardia lamblia and entamoeba histolytica, and also with trichomonas vaginalis infection is likely to ... | 1992 | 1396192 |
| treatment of symptomatic trichomoniasis among adult women using oral nitroimidazoles. | successful treatment of infections with trichomonas vaginalis (tv) is difficult because of many confounding factors such as poor abstinence from sex during chemotherapy, lack of standardised chemotherapy, difficulties in understanding transmission patterns and low detection rates among infected individuals. the purpose of this study was to establish the present efficacy of the available drugs at their recommended single or double dosages for kenya. adult symptomatic females (age 17-39 years) wit ... | 1992 | 1396198 |
| inflammation on the cervical papanicolaou smear: the predictive value for infection in asymptomatic women. | the clinical significance of inflammation on the cervical papanicolaou (pap) smear of asymptomatic women is unknown. this study assessed the possible association between inflammation on pap smears with the presence of cervical/vaginal pathogens. | 1992 | 1397815 |
| a novel neutrophil-activating factor released by trichomonas vaginalis. | we have investigated the effects of a novel neutrophil-activating factor released by trichomonas vaginalis (tv-naf) on neutrophil chemotaxis. tv-naf was present in the supernatant from 10(7) t. vaginalis (stv) cultured in 1 ml of serum-free hanks' balanced salt solution (hbss) at 37 degrees c for 30 min. with a multichamber chemotactic assay, we found that there were 112 +/- 15 migrated neutrophils (mean +/- standard deviation, n = 7) for stv and 11 +/- 4 for hbss per high-power field (x 400). s ... | 1992 | 1398962 |
| beta-succinyl-coenzyme a synthetase from trichomonas vaginalis is a soluble hydrogenosomal protein with an amino-terminal sequence that resembles mitochondrial presequences. | we describe studies directed toward understanding the biogenesis and origin of the hydrogenosome, an unusual organelle found exclusively in certain anaerobic eukaryotes that lack mitochondria. hydrogenosomes are involved in fermentative carbohydrate metabolism and are proposed to have arisen through conversion of mitochondria or via endosymbiosis with an anaerobic bacterium. we cloned a gene encoding the beta subunit of the hydrogenosomal protein succinyl-coenzyme a synthetase (beta-scs) and iso ... | 1992 | 1400232 |
| the plastic envelope method, a simplified technique for culture diagnosis of trichomoniasis. | although culture of trichomonas vaginalis is more sensitive than wet mounts in the diagnosis of trichomoniasis, the lack of convenience of culture prevents it from being widely used. to improve the acceptability of diagnosis by culture, a plastic envelope method (pem) was devised. pem permits both immediate examination and culture in one self-contained system. the medium consists of dry ingredients that are reconstituted with water before use. the effectiveness of immediate examinations by pem w ... | 1992 | 1400989 |
| the incidence of trichomonas vaginalis in chronic prostatitis patients determined by culture using a newly modified liquid medium. | 1992 | 1402043 | |
| cell surface saccharide differences in drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of trichomonas vaginalis. | surface carbohydrates of drug-resistant and drug-susceptible strains of trichomonas vaginalis were analysed using lectins. the presence of d-galnac, d-gal and mannose-like residues was detected in t. vaginalis. marked differences in exposed surface carbohydrates were documented, e.g. wheat germ agglutinin (wga) selectively agglutinated the drug-susceptible strain whereas drug-resistant parasites reacted preferentially with concanavalin a (con a). in drug-resistant, but not in drug-susceptible st ... | 1992 | 1406344 |
| prevalence of sexually transmitted disease infection in women alleging rape. | during a 2-year period ending in october, 1989, 110 women who claimed to have been raped were treated at the sexually transmitted disease clinic at birmingham general hospital. a total of 22 sexually transmitted infections were found in 14 (13%) women, of which chlamydia trachomatis (in 8%) and trichomonas vaginalis (in 6%) were the most frequently found pathogens. in none of these patients was it possible to determine whether infection resulted from rape or from voluntary intercourse with anoth ... | 1992 | 1411849 |
| synthesis and antiprotozoal properties of 1,2,6-thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide derivatives. | the synthesis and spectroscopical data of 1,2,6-thiadiazine 1,1-dioxides, designed as antiprotozoal agents, are reported. the in vitro trichomonacidal and trypanocidal activities of new compounds and their precursors were evaluated against trichomonas vaginalis and trypanosoma cruzi. the chemoprophylactic activity on mice treated with blood infected with t. cruzi and their mortality percentage were tested. compounds 2 and 8b show a higher chemoprophylactic activity and lower mortality percentage ... | 1992 | 1417459 |
| management of chronic urethral symptoms in men. | we describe 20 men who were referred because of chronic urogenital symptoms. they had been previously seen by zero to six physicians (mean, 1.8 physicians) and had been treated with zero to five courses of antimicrobial agents (mean, 2.4 courses) without relief of their symptoms. results of physical examinations of all patients were normal. an extensive evaluation failed to reveal any objective evidence of urethral inflammation. cultures for neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, ureaplas ... | 1992 | 1420690 |
| the association between sexually transmitted diseases and inflammatory cervical cytology. | to assess the significance of inflammatory changes as a marker of sexually transmitted diseases and their use as a diagnostic aid. | 1992 | 1427801 |
| a clinical evaluation of trichomoniasis in san jose, costa rica using the inpouch tv test. | to determine the prevalence of trichomoniasis in san jose, costa rica, comparing two methods, the inpouch tv test and the saline wet mount. | 1992 | 1427806 |
| risk assessment and laboratory diagnosis of trichomoniasis in men. | control of trichomonas vaginalis is assuming higher priority because recent studies have suggested that trichomoniasis enhances susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus infection and the risk for delivery of low-birth weight infants. in a cross-sectional study, 50 cases were identified among 447 men attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. as previously reported, trichomoniasis was associated with nonchlamydial nongonococcal urethritis. other risk factors included sexual contact wi ... | 1992 | 1431254 |
| characterization of egyptian isolates of trichomonas vaginalis i. isoenzyme patterns. | three t. vaginalis isolates from egypt were compared for their isoenzyme electrophoretic patterns on cellulose acetate. the enzymes studied were: glucose-6-dehydrogenase (g6pd); malate dehydrogenase (mdh); phosphoglucomutase (pgm); glucose phosphate isomerase (gpi); malic enzyme (me); hexokinase (hk) and lactate dehydrogenase (ldh). the three isolates shared the same isoenzyme banding patterns of mdh; gpi; hk and ldh. two of these isolates were similar in their banding patterns of g6pd, pgm and ... | 1992 | 1431286 |
| characterization of egyptian isolates of trichomonas vaginalis: i. serotyping. | antitrichomonal hyperimmune sera against t. vaginalis stocks isolated from egyptian female patients were employed for serological differentiation of somatic and soluble antigens in the ouchterlony gel double immunodiffusion technique. it was concluded that soluble trichomonal antigens present in association with living flagellates are stock--specific reacting with some, but not all the antitrichomonal hyperimmune sera, while those present in association with dead parasites are common antigens re ... | 1992 | 1431296 |
| detection of serum antitrichomonal antibodies in urogenital trichomoniasis by immunofluorescence. | trichomonas vaginalis is a frequently encountered genital pathogen in both males and females. in females, vaginitis due to this parasite is one of the most common manifestation. the indirect fluorescent technique (ifa) test was carried out to detect antitrichomonal antibodies in 370 female patients using whole cell antigen. seventy one (19.18%) gave positive reaction for either of the class igg, igm and iga antibodies. the level of the igg class antibodies was found to be higher i.e. 58 (81.69%) ... | 1992 | 1432833 |
| cloning and characterization of a repetitive dna sequence specific for trichomonas vaginalis. | a family of 650-bp-long repeats from the trichomonas vaginalis genome, designated the tv-e650 family, was cloned and sequenced. the nucleotide sequence is a+t-rich (73.3% a+t in the consensus sequence) and highly conserved among the 8 molecular clones analyzed. the differences among the clones are single-nucleotide and 2-nucleotide substitutions and insertions or deletions. the sequence uniformity of the clones as well as the presence of identical mutations in different clones suggest that effic ... | 1992 | 1435862 |
| adhesion of trichomonas vaginalis to plastic surfaces: requirement for energy and serum constituents. | the ability of trichomonas vaginalis to adhere to plastic surfaces in the presence of various agents and under different growth conditions was examined in wells of microtitre plates containing unsupplemented tyi medium or the same, with various supplements. following incubation, the wells were thoroughly washed and adhesion was determined by microscopic counting of the adherent organisms. there was no detectable adhesion in the absence of both serum and carbohydrate. optimal adhesion (about 10-2 ... | 1992 | 1437276 |
| epidemiology of adult sexually transmitted disease agents in children being evaluated for sexual abuse. | this prospective study describes the epidemiology of adult sexually transmitted disease agents in 1538 children ages 1 to 12 years being evaluated for possible sexual abuse. infections with these agents were related to the presence or absence of a history of sexual contact. neisseria gonorrhoeae (gc) was found in 2.8% (41 of 1469); human papillomavirus presenting as condyloma acuminata, 1.8%; chlamydia trachomatis, 1.2% (17 of 1473); treponema pallidum (syphilis), 0.1% (1 of 1263); and herpes si ... | 1992 | 1454437 |
| proteinases of trichomonas vaginalis: antibody response in patients with urogenital trichomoniasis. | immunoprecipitation combined with electrophoresis in gelatin-polyacrylamide gels was successfully used for detection of antibodies against numerous proteinases of trichomonas vaginalis in infected patients. the method proved to be highly specific as anti-proteinase antibodies were absent in women with negative cultivation of t. vaginalis and no history of trichomoniasis. sera of 71% and vaginal washes of 86% patients with trichomoniasis were positive for these antibodies. in vaginal washes, but ... | 1992 | 1461679 |
| [microbiological evaluation of the effectiveness of gynalgin in the treatment of vaginitis]. | the microbiological effectiveness of the preparation gynalgin produced by polfa pharmaceutical works in rzeszów was assessed in cases of vulvovaginitis in 55 patients with clinically diagnosed inflammatory conditions of the lower genital tract, who were given gynalgin tablets in 10-day courses. vaginal smears were examined three times for the presence of bacteria, fungi and trichomonas vaginalis (before and immediately after the treatment, and two weeks later). in the initial examination in five ... | 1992 | 1462586 |
| association of cervicovaginal infections with increased vaginal fluid phospholipase a2 activity. | the purpose of this study was to determine if phospholipase a2 was detectable within vaginal fluid and to correlate its presence with the presence of common lower genital tract infection or microbial conditions. | 1992 | 1471671 |
| influence of oxygen on the fermentative metabolism of metronidazole-sensitive and resistant strains of trichomonas vaginalis. | the microaerophilic protozoon trichomonas vaginals responds to extracellular changes in oxygen concentration: acetate, lactate, ethanol, h2 and co2 formation, as well as glucose-depletion rates, are affected. all these variables except ethanol production rates, also differed between clinically metronidazole-sensitive (1910) and resistant (ir78 and cdc85) strains. most interesting were the greatly increased glucose-scavenging rates of resistant isolates and their low specific activities of hydrog ... | 1992 | 1475004 |
| evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of vaginal infections. infectious diseases society of america and the food and drug administration. | the three major vaginal infections are yeast vulvovaginitis, trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis, and bacterial vaginosis. in terms of signs and symptoms, these disorders overlap substantially with one another and with other infections. therefore, the diagnosis of candidiasis and trichomoniasis requires isolation of the responsible pathogen. for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis, all other potential causes of vaginal infection must be excluded and specified laboratory criteria must be met. clinic ... | 1992 | 1477218 |
| successful response of metronidazole-resistant trichomonal vaginitis to tinidazole. a case report. | treatment of metronidazole-resistant trichomonas vaginalis infection is complicated by the lack of an effective alternative therapeutic regimen. data on the susceptibility of the organism to metronidazole and other nitroimidazoles are important in managing intractable cases. a case of trichomonal vaginitis with true resistance to metronidazole that responded to treatment with tinidazole is reported. | 1992 | 1492261 |
| [in vitro evaluation of the activity of butoconazole against trichomonas vaginalis]. | an in vitro study was carried out on ten first clinical isolates of trichomonas vaginalis. increasing levels of butaconazole were added to 150 microliters of a dilution in roiron medium adjusted to 50,000 trichomonas/ml. results were read after 1, 2, 6 and 24 hours aerobic incubation at 37 degrees c. minimum lethal concentration was 93 micrograms/microliters after one hour, 23 micrograms/microliter after six hours and 12 micrograms/microliters after 24 hours. these findings warrant in vivo studi ... | 1992 | 1495832 |
| mycoplasma hominis in women with bacterial vaginosis. | an association between m. hominis and bacterial vaginosis (bv) was looked for in total 205 women characterized as having bv. vaginal specimens from these patients were studied for the presence of amines, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, clue cells, and lactobacilli, and were also cultured to isolate gardnerella vaginalis, m. hominis, trichomonas vaginalis, candida albicans and anaerobes. g. vaginalis was found to be the most common isolate from 132 cases (64.3%). m. hominis was isolated from 90 cas ... | 1992 | 1506065 |
| human ecology and parasitic infections. 1. the effect of occupation on the prevalence of parasitic infections in calabar, nigeria. | one thousand six hundred people belonging to three different occupational groups were randomly selected. blood, urine and stool specimens were collected from them and processed for the detection of any parasitic infections. the results show 28.5% infection rate with one or more species of intestinal parasites; 50.7% in the school children, 17.3% among the farmers, and 12% among the soldiers. results of blood examination showed 5.3%, 8.0% and 2.0% infection rates for p. falciparum in the school p ... | 1992 | 1512451 |
| pyruvate kinase from trichomonas vaginalis, an allosteric enzyme stimulated by ribose 5-phosphate and glycerate 3-phosphate. | trichomonas vaginalis pyruvate kinase was purified over 1750 fold to a specific activity greater than 100 mumol min-1 (mg protein)-1. the enzyme is a tetramer of m(r) 266,000, consisting of subunits of m(r) 53,000 and 56,000 in equivalent amounts. its activity was dependent on the presence of magnesium but was not stimulated by potassium or ammonium. the enzyme exhibited positive cooperativity towards phosphoenolpyruvate and was inhibited by inorganic phosphate, which increased the sigmoidicity ... | 1992 | 1518529 |
| vaginal po2 in healthy women and in women infected with trichomonas vaginalis: potential implications for metronidazole therapy. | we measured the po2, ph, and temperature in the vaginal canals of nine patients with symptomatic trichomonas vaginitis and those of 10 healthy women. the patients included eight women with primary infections caused by metronidazole-susceptible strains and one refractory case that resulted from infection with a metronidazole-resistant trichomonas vaginalis. the median vaginal po2, ph, and temperature in the patient group were 1 mm hg, 6, and 37.3 degrees c respectively; these medians were 1 mm hg ... | 1992 | 1536244 |
| development of a polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis. | we developed a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based test for detecting the protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis. genomic libraries were constructed from two independent clinical isolates of t. vaginalis. from these libraries, 12 genomic clones were purified, sequenced, and then screened for uniqueness by computer-assisted sequence comparisons. pcr reactions were performed to evaluate eight pcr-primer pairs, including a primer pair that targeted the t. vaginalis ferredoxin gene. all eight pr ... | 1992 | 1537918 |
| rapid and practical dna isolation from trichomonas vaginalis and other nuclease-rich protozoa. | 1992 | 1565132 | |
| barrier contraceptives and sexually transmitted diseases in women: a comparison of female-dependent methods and condoms. | most efforts at sexually transmitted disease (std) protection center on condom use, but little is known about how condoms compare with other barrier methods, particularly those controlled by women. | 1992 | 1566944 |
| a preliminary study on vaginal trichomonal antigens using ciep and modified elisa. | the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and counter-immunoelectrophoresis (ciep) were used to detect t. vaginalis antigens in vaginal discharge of 47 infected women and 35 controls. rabbit antisera raised against t. vaginalis were used as antitrichomonal antibodies. the sensitivity of elisa was 95.7% and specificity was 91.4 in contrast to 68.1 and 77.1% for ciep. so elisa could be applied for epidemiological study and immunodiagnosis of vaginal trichomoniasis. | 1992 | 1578160 |
| vaginal leukocyte characteristics in urogenital trichomoniasis. | morphological and functional characteristics of vaginal exudate leukocytes were examined in 47 patients with urogenital trichomoniasis. electron microscopic morphology, viability, phagocytosis of candida albicans blastospores and ability to undergo respiratory burst in the iodonitrotetrazolium reductase test were evaluated in these cells. vaginal inflammatory leukocytes were almost exclusively polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and their concentration was positively correlated (r = 0.58; p less than ... | 1992 | 1586477 |
| mouse intravaginal infection with trichomonas vaginalis and role of lactobacillus acidophilus in sustaining infection. | recent work with a mouse model of trichomonas vaginalis infection indicated that only 25% of mice harbor lactobacillus spp. and that t. vaginalis infection rates fall rapidly after 7 days postinfection. in women infected with t. vaginalis, there is a disruption of the lactobacillus population, which usually predominates. in an attempt to establish a better mouse intravaginal infection that resembles human disease, we established lactobacillus acidophilus in estrogenized balb/c mice. t. vaginalis ... | 1992 | 1587604 |
| [prevalence of g. vaginalis, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, t. vaginalis, yeast, n. gonorrhoeae and other bacteria in women with vaginal discharge]. | vaginal discharge of 118 women attended to outdoor clinics of obstetrics and gynaecology at medical faculty of ankara university (a.u.t.f.), have been examined. direct microscopy has been made by means of wet mount, gram and giemsa staining. vaginal ph has been measured, by 10% koh the presence of "fishy odor" has been investigated. for culturing vaginal secretions in amies transport medium have been brought to microbiology department of ankara university, faculty of medicine inoculations have b ... | 1992 | 1588849 |
| comparison of the vaginal flora in sexually abused and nonabused girls. | the presence of sexually transmitted pathogens in the vagina of the sexually abused girl may provide direct evidence of sexual abuse; the presence of other abnormal vaginal organisms may provide indirect evidence of abuse. to identify abnormal vaginal organisms, we prospectively studied the flora of 209 sexually abused girls (cases) and compared it with that in a concurrent control group of 108 girls. case and control subjects were from the same community, were predominantly white, and 71% of ea ... | 1992 | 1593345 |
| disease prevalence among women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic varies with reason for visit. | prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (std) and selected behavioral and demographic variables were evaluated in 279 women attending a baltimore std clinic, using a standardized questionnaire and cultures for neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, and trichomonas vaginalis. stratified by reason for clinic visit, 102 (37%) of 279 women attending the clinic stated that they were recent contacts to men with stds with the majority (59 out of 102, or 58%) reporting gonorrhea contact as th ... | 1992 | 1595017 |
| molecular basis of host epithelial cell recognition by trichomonas vaginalis. | parasitism of host epithelial cells by trichomonas vaginalis is a highly specific event. four trichomonad surface proteins (adhesins) with molecular masses of 65,000 daltons (65 kda; ap65), 51 kda (ap51), 33 kda (ap33), and 23 kda (ap23) mediate the interaction of t. vaginalis with epithelial cells. fresh isolates, when compared with long-term-grown isolates, had greater amounts of adhesins, which corresponded with increased levels of cytoadherence. anti-adhesin antibodies reacted by immunoblot ... | 1992 | 1602965 |
| prenatal microbiological risk factors associated with preterm birth. | to study the vaginal flora of pregnant women at 22-28 weeks gestation to determine whether the presence of specific micro-organisms is significantly associated with preterm birth and prelabour rupture of the membranes. | 1992 | 1606115 |
| screening of rwandese medicinal plants for anti-trichomonas activity. | a series of 30 medicinal plants used in rwandese traditional medicine has been screened for anti-trichomonas activity against the protozoan trichomonas vaginalis. seventeen plants showed anti-trichomonas activity. | 1992 | 1608271 |
| [in vivo observations of the division of the oversized round forms of trichomonas vaginalis in culture]. | continuous in vivo observations of the behaviour of multinucleate, multiflagellate forms of trichomonas vaginalis have been made in a microchamber at 36 degrees c. it has been proven that these forms are initial forms of the multiplication of the parasite by cell division. serial in vivo shots have been taken in this microchamber of the budding of a young flagellate from a multinucleate, multiflagellate form. in vivo observations have shown that these round forms are multiplicable, living cell f ... | 1992 | 1610016 |
| comparison of ofloxacin and metronidazole for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. | the efficacy and safety of ofloxacin, 200 mg twice daily for 7 days, was compared with metronidazole, 400 mg twice daily for 7 days, for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis (bv). diagnosis of bv was confirmed by at least 3 of the following 4 criteria: the presence of an abnormal vaginal discharge on examination, clue cells on microscopy of vaginal specimens, vaginal ph greater than 5.0 and a positive amine test. vaginal specimens were examined for mobiluncus spp, analysed for the succinate/lact ... | 1992 | 1616967 |
| microbial causative agents of male urethritis. | the incidence of chlamydia trachomatis, ureaplasma urealyticum, mycoplasma hominis, neisseria gonorrhoeae and trichomonas vaginalis was studied in men with urethritis. out of 150 examined men 48.7% had the positive isolation of u. urealyticum, 26.0% c. trachomatis, 22.7% n. gonorrhoeae, 18.7% m. hominis and in one (0.7%) patient t. vaginalis was found. none of the above mentioned microorganisms was detected in 24.7% of examined men. in 43.3% cases only one agent was isolated. in 23.3% of the men ... | 1992 | 1619287 |
| the effects of a combined contraceptive vaginal ring releasing ethinyloestradiol and 3-ketodesogestrel on vaginal flora. | fifty nine women with documented normal ovulatory cycles and with no symptoms of vaginal infection were divided into four groups. each group used a combined contraceptive vaginal ring (ccvr) with a mean daily release rate of 0.015 mg of ethinyloestradiol (ee) and 0.120 mg of 3-ketodesogestrel (3-kdg) per day, for one cycle of either 21, 28, 42, or 56 days. cultures from the posterior vaginal fornix and from the endocervical canal were obtained immediately before insertion of the ring and on remo ... | 1992 | 1623721 |
| characterization of the heat-shock response of trichomonas vaginalis. | the heat-shock response induced in trichomonas vaginalis by exposure to various incubation temperatures was traced by metabolic labeling and monitored by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. increasing the incubation temperature from 37 degrees c to 43 degrees c depressed normal protein production and enhanced synthesis of heat-shock proteins (hsp). smaller increases in incubation temperature resulted in little change in protein synthesis, whereas larger te ... | 1992 | 1636886 |
| inhibition of trichomonas vaginalis ornithine decarboxylase by amino acid analogs. | ornithine decarboxylase (odc) from trichomonas vaginalis was inhibited irreversibly by several substrate analogs. of these, dl-alpha-monofluoromethyldehydroornithine (mfmdo) and dl-alpha-monofluoromethylornithine (mfmo) were the most potent. the enzyme was unaffected by putrescine analogs suggesting that differences exist between the regulation of the trichomonad enzyme and that in other eukaryotes. in culture the ornithine analogs strongly inhibited putrescine synthesis and increased the genera ... | 1992 | 1642639 |
| sexually transmitted diseases (std) in infertile males attending the andrology clinic at ga-rankuwa hospital. | sexually transmitted diseases (stds) affect the physiology of male/female reproduction. chronic bacterial infection of semen is uncommon, but may be a cause of male infertility. antibacterial treatment results in improvement in sperm quality, once the infection is eradicated. little is known about how infection with mycoplasma hominis affects semen quality, but treatment with antibiotics improves motility and decreases the percentage of coiled tails. chlamydia trachomatis is not frequently i ... | 1992 | 12286085 |
| the female condom: std protection in the hands of women. | in 1993, the us food and drug administration (fda) approved the female condom reality. it provides better protection against sexually transmitted diseases (stds) than does the male condom. the polyurethane sheath is more resistant to tears and covers the vagina, cervix, and vulva. since it does not depend on erection of the penis, the female condom protects women from stds/hiv that can be transmitted through the pre-ejaculate. in light of the aids epidemic, fda approved the female condom based o ... | 1993 | 12288250 |
| std and contraception. | pelvic inflammatory disease (pid) is caused by several pathogens. it is difficult to diagnose on clinical grounds alone. the best diagnostic tool for pid is laparoscopy. women using contraceptives tend to be more sexually active and to have multiple sex partners than their counterparts and hence are at a greater risk of sexually transmitted diseases (stds). oral contraceptives (ocs) appear to protect against pid but may increase the risk of lower genital tract chlamydial infection. among oc ... | 1993 | 12318983 |