Publications

pepper heat shock protein 70a interacts with the type iii effector avrbst and triggers plant cell death and immunity.	heat shock proteins (hsps) function as molecular chaperones and are essential for the maintenance and/or restoration of protein homeostasis. the genus xanthomonas type iii effector protein avrbst induces hypersensitive cell death in pepper (capsicum annuum). here, we report the identification of the pepper cahsp70a as an avrbst-interacting protein. bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation assays confirm the specific interaction between cahsp70a and avrbst in planta. the ...	2014	25491184
the tomato ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme variant suv, but not sluev1c and sluev1d regulates fen-mediated programmed cell death in nicotiana benthamiana.	the unconventional, lysine-63-linked ubiquitination has been shown to play a central role in regulating human and animal innate and adaptive immunity. by contrast, the role and mechanism of k63-linked ubiquitination in plant biology remain largely unexplored. the tomato (solanum lycopersicum) fni3 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and its co-factor, suv ubiquitin e2 variant (uev) were shown recently to catalyze k63-linked ubiquitination and are essential for protein fen and other resistance protein-m ...	2014	25482775
tomato sr/camta transcription factors slsr1 and slsr3l negatively regulate disease resistance response and slsr1l positively modulates drought stress tolerance.	the sr/camta proteins represent a small family of transcription activators that play important roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. seven slsr/camta genes were identified in tomato as tomato counterparts of sr/camta; however, the involvement of slsrs/camtas in biotic and abiotic stress responses is not clear. in this study, we performed functional analysis of the slsr/camta family for their possible functions in defense response against pathogens and tolerance to drought stre ...	2014	25348703
micrornas suppress nb domain genes in tomato that confer resistance to fusarium oxysporum.	micrornas (mirnas) suppress the transcriptional and post-transcriptional expression of genes in plants. several mirna families target genes encoding nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (nb-lrr) plant innate immune receptors. the fungus fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici causes vascular wilt disease in tomato. we explored a role for mirnas in tomato defense against f. oxysporum using comparative mirna profiling of susceptible (moneymaker) and resistant (motelle) tomato cultivars. slmir ...	2014	25330340
pepper mitochondrial formate dehydrogenase1 regulates cell death and defense responses against bacterial pathogens.	formate dehydrogenase (fdh; ec 1.2.1.2) is an nad-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide. here, we report the identification and characterization of pepper (capsicum annuum) mitochondrial fdh1 as a positive regulator of cell death and defense responses. transient expression of fdh1 caused hypersensitive response (hr)-like cell death in pepper and nicotiana benthamiana leaves. the d-isomer -: specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase signatures of fdh1 were required ...	2014	25237129
na⁺/h⁺ exchanger 1 participates in tobacco disease defence against phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae by affecting vacuolar ph and priming the antioxidative system.	despite the importance of nhx1 (na(+)/h(+) exchanger 1) in plant salt tolerance, little is known about its other functions. in this study, intriguingly, it was found that nhx1 participated in plant disease defence against phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae (ppn) in nicotiana benthamiana. nbnhx1 was originally isolated from n. benthamiana, and characterized. the subcellular localization of nbnhx1 with its c-terminus fused with green fluorescent protein indicated that nbnhx1 localized primari ...	2014	25170102
involvement of potato (solanum tuberosum l.) mkk6 in response to potato virus y.	mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades have crucial roles in the regulation of plant development and in plant responses to stress. plant recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns or pathogen-derived effector proteins has been shown to trigger activation of several mapks. this then controls defence responses, including synthesis and/or signalling of defence hormones and activation of defence related genes. the mapk cascade genes are highly complex and interconnected, and thu ...	2014	25111695
induction of innate immune responses by flagellin from the intracellular bacterium, 'candidatus liberibacter solanacearum'.	'candidatus liberibacter solanacearum' (lso) is a phloem-limited alphaproteobacterium associated with the devastating zebra chip disease of potato (solanum tuberosum). like other members of liberibacter, lso-zc1 encodes a flagellin domain-containing protein (fla lso ) with a conserved 22 amino-acid peptide (flg22 lso ). to understand the innate immune responses triggered by this unculturable intracellular bacterium, we studied the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) that triggered imm ...	2014	25091183
role of intron-mediated enhancement on accumulation of an arabidopsis nb-lrr class r-protein that confers resistance to cucumber mosaic virus.	the accumulation of rcy1 protein, which is encoded by resistance to cmv(y) (rcy1), a cc-nb-lrr class r-gene, is tightly correlated with the strength of the resistance to a yellow strain of cucumber mosaic virus [cmv(y)] in arabidopsis thaliana. in order to enhance resistance to cmv by overexpression of rcy1, a. thaliana was transformed with intron-less rcy1 cdna construct under the control of strong camv35s promoter. remarkably, a relative amount of rcy1 protein accumulation in the transformants ...	2014	24915153
agrobacterium-derived cytokinin influences plastid morphology and starch accumulation in nicotiana benthamiana during transient assays.	agrobacterium tumefaciens-based transient assays have become a common tool for answering questions related to protein localization and gene expression in a cellular context. the use of these assays assumes that the transiently transformed cells are observed under relatively authentic physiological conditions and maintain 'normal' sub-cellular behaviour. although this premise is widely accepted, the question of whether cellular organization and organelle morphology is altered in agrobacterium-inf ...	2014	24886417
functionally redundant rxlr effectors from phytophthora infestans act at different steps to suppress early flg22-triggered immunity.	genome sequences of several economically important phytopathogenic oomycetes have revealed the presence of large families of so-called rxlr effectors. functional screens have identified rxlr effector repertoires that either compromise or induce plant defense responses. however, limited information is available about the molecular mechanisms underlying the modes of action of these effectors in planta. the perception of highly conserved pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns (pamps/mam ...	2014	24763622
aly proteins participate in multifaceted nep1mo-triggered responses in nicotiana benthamiana and arabidopsis thaliana.	previously, it was found that nep1mo (a nep1-like protein from magnaporthe oryzae) could trigger a variety of plant responses, including stomatal closure, hypersensitive cell death (hcd), and defence-related gene expression, in nicotiana benthamiana. in this study, it was found that nep1mo-induced cell death could be inhibited by the virus-induced gene silencing of nbaly916 in n. benthamiana. nbaly916-silenced plants showed impaired nep1mo-induced stomatal closure, decreased nep1mo-induced produ ...	2014	24723400
the tomato leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases slserk3a and slserk3b have overlapping functions in bacterial and nematode innate immunity.	the somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 3 (serk3)/brassinosteroid (br) insensitive 1-associated kinase 1 (bak1) is required for pattern-triggered immunity (pti) in arabidopsis thaliana and nicotiana benthamiana. tomato (solanum lycopersicum) has three slserk members. two of them exhibit particularly high levels of sequence similarity to atserk3 and, therefore, were named slserk3a and slserk3b. to characterize a role for slserk3a and slserk3b in defense, we suppressed each gene individually or ...	2014	24675749
phytophthora infestans rxlr effector pexrd2 interacts with host mapkkk ε to suppress plant immune signaling.	mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades are key players in plant immune signaling pathways, transducing the perception of invading pathogens into effective defense responses. plant pathogenic oomycetes, such as the irish potato famine pathogen phytophthora infestans, deliver rxlr effector proteins to plant cells to modulate host immune signaling and promote colonization. our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which these effectors act in plant cells is limited. here, we report that t ...	2014	24632534
novel type of adenylyl cyclase participates in tabtoxinine-β-lactam-induced cell death and occurrence of wildfire disease in nicotiana benthamiana.	tabtoxinine-β-lactam (tβl), a non-specific bacterial toxin, is produced by pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, the causal agent of tobacco wildfire disease. tβl causes the plant cell death by the inhibiting glutamine synthetase, which leads to an abnormal accumulation of ammonium ions. to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in tβl-induced cell death and necrotic wildfire lesions, we focused on adenylyl cyclase in nicotiana benthamiana. we isolated the gene designated as nbac (nicoti ...	2014	24398509
regulation of copper homeostasis and biotic interactions by microrna 398b in common bean.	micrornas are recognized as important post-transcriptional regulators in plants. information about the roles of mirnas in common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.), an agronomically important legume, is yet scant. the objective of this work was to functionally characterize the conserved mirna: mir398b and its target cu/zn superoxide dismutase 1 (csd1) in common bean. we experimentally validated a novel mir398 target: the stress up-regulated nodulin 19 (nod19). expression analysis of mir398b and target ...	2014	24400089
protein fragment bimolecular fluorescence complementation analyses for the in vivo study of protein-protein interactions and cellular protein complex localizations.	the analyses of protein-protein interactions are crucial for understanding cellular processes including signal transduction, protein trafficking, and movement. protein fragment complementation assays are based on the reconstitution of protein function when non-active protein fragments are brought together by interacting proteins that were genetically fused to these protein fragments. bimolecular fluorescence complementation (bifc) relies on the reconstitution of fluorescent proteins and enables ...	2014	24057390
temporal and spatial resolution of activated plant defense responses in leaves of nicotiana benthamiana infected with dickeya dadantii.	the necrotrophic bacteria dickeya dadantii is the causal agent of soft-rot disease in a broad range of hosts. the model plant nicotiana benthamiana, commonly used as experimental host for a very broad range of plant pathogens, is susceptible to infection by d. dadantii. the inoculation with d. dadantii at high dose seems to overcome the plant defense capacity, inducing maceration and death of the tissue, although restricted to the infiltrated area. by contrast, the output of the defense response ...	2015	26779238
plant ribosomal proteins, rpl12 and rpl19, play a role in nonhost disease resistance against bacterial pathogens.	characterizing the molecular mechanism involved in nonhost disease resistance is important to understand the adaptations of plant-pathogen interactions. in this study, virus-induced gene silencing (vigs)-based forward genetics screen was utilized to identify genes involved in nonhost resistance in nicotiana benthamiana. genes encoding ribosomal proteins, rpl12 and rpl19, were identified in the screening. these genes when silenced in n. benthamiana caused a delay in nonhost bacteria induced hyper ...	2015	26779226
an oomycete crn effector reprograms expression of plant hsp genes by targeting their promoters.	oomycete pathogens produce a large number of crn effectors to manipulate plant immune responses and promote infection. however, their functional mechanisms are largely unknown. here, we identified a phytophthora sojae crn effector pscrn108 which contains a putative dna-binding helix-hairpin-helix (hhh) motif and acts in the plant cell nucleus. silencing of the pscrn108 gene reduced p. sojae virulence to soybean, while expression of the gene in nicotiana benthamiana and arabidopsis thaliana enhan ...	2015	26714171
functional dissection of a plant argonaute.	rna guided ribonuclease complexes play central role in rna interference. members of the evolutionarily conserved argonaute protein family form the catalytic cores of these complexes. unlike a number of other plant argonautes, the role of ago2 has been obscure until recently. newer data, however, have indicated its involvement in various biotic and abiotic stress responses. despite its suggested importance, there is no detailed characterization of this protein to date. here we report cloning and ...	2015	26673719
high levels of cyclic-di-gmp in plant-associated pseudomonas correlate with evasion of plant immunity.	the plant innate immune system employs plasma membrane-localized receptors that specifically perceive pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns (pamps/mamps). this induces a defence response called pattern-triggered immunity (pti) to fend off pathogen attack. commensal bacteria are also exposed to potential immune recognition and must employ strategies to evade and/or suppress pti to successfully colonize the plant. during plant infection, the flagellum has an ambiguous role, acting as both ...	2015	26202381
maize homologs of hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, bind the nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat rp1 proteins to modulate the defense response.	in plants, most disease resistance genes encode nucleotide binding leu-rich repeat (nlr) proteins that trigger a rapid localized cell death called a hypersensitive response (hr) upon pathogen recognition. the maize (zea mays) nlr protein rp1-d21 derives from an intragenic recombination between two nlrs, rp1-d and rp1-dp2, and confers an autoactive hr in the absence of pathogen infection. from a previous quantitative trait loci and genome-wide association study, we identified a single-nucleotide ...	2015	26373661
a new cyanogenic metabolite in arabidopsis required for inducible pathogen defence.	thousands of putative biosynthetic genes in arabidopsis thaliana have no known function, which suggests that there are numerous molecules contributing to plant fitness that have not yet been discovered. prime among these uncharacterized genes are cytochromes p450 upregulated in response to pathogens. here we start with a single pathogen-induced p450 (ref. 5), cyp82c2, and use a combination of untargeted metabolomics and coexpression analysis to uncover the complete biosynthetic pathway to 4-hydr ...	2015	26352477
the activation of phytophthora effector avr3b by plant cyclophilin is required for the nudix hydrolase activity of avr3b.	plant pathogens secrete an arsenal of effector proteins to impair host immunity. some effectors possess enzymatic activities that can modify their host targets. previously, we demonstrated that a phytophthora sojae rxlr effector avr3b acts as a nudix hydrolase when expressed in planta; and this enzymatic activity is required for full virulence of p. sojae strain p6497 in soybean (glycine max). interestingly, recombinant avr3b produced by e. coli does not have the hydrolase activity unless it was ...	2015	26317500
xanthomonas campestris cell-cell signalling molecule dsf (diffusible signal factor) elicits innate immunity in plants and is suppressed by the exopolysaccharide xanthan.	several secreted and surface-associated conserved microbial molecules are recognized by the host to mount the defence response. one such evolutionarily well-conserved bacterial process is the production of cell-cell signalling molecules which regulate production of multiple virulence functions by a process known as quorum sensing. here it is shown that a bacterial fatty acid cell-cell signalling molecule, dsf (diffusible signal factor), elicits innate immunity in plants. the dsf family of signal ...	2015	26248667
turnip vein clearing virus movement protein nuclear activity: do tobamovirus movement proteins play a role in immune response suppression?	plant viruses' cell-to-cell movement requires the function of virally encoded movement proteins (mps). the tobamovirus, tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) has served as the model virus to study the activities of single mps. however, since tmv does not infect the model plant arabidopsis thaliana i have used a related tobamovirus, turnip vein-clearing virus (tvcv). i recently showed that, despite belonging to the same genus, the behavior of the 2 viruses mps differ significantly during infection. most not ...	2015	26237173
five xanthomonas type iii effectors suppress cell death induced by components of immunity-associated map kinase cascades.	mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades play a fundamental role in signaling of plant immunity and mediate elicitation of cell death. xanthomonas spp. manipulate plant signaling by using a type iii secretion system to deliver effector proteins into host cells. we examined the ability of 33 xanthomonas effectors to inhibit cell death induced by overexpression of components of mapk cascades in nicotiana benthamiana plants. five effectors inhibited cell death induced by overexpression of m ...	2015	26237448
the xanthomonas effector xopj triggers a conditional hypersensitive response upon treatment of n. benthamiana leaves with salicylic acid.	xopj is a xanthomonas type iii effector protein that promotes bacterial virulence on susceptible pepper plants through the inhibition of the host cell proteasome and a resultant suppression of salicylic acid (sa) - dependent defense responses. we show here that nicotiana benthamiana leaves transiently expressing xopj display hypersensitive response (hr) -like symptoms when exogenously treated with sa. this apparent avirulence function of xopj was further dependent on effector myristoylation as w ...	2015	26284106
the alternative respiratory pathway is involved in brassinosteroid-induced environmental stress tolerance in nicotiana benthamiana.	brassinosteroids (brs), plant steroid hormones, play essential roles in modulating cell elongation, vascular differentiation, senescence, and stress responses. however, the mechanisms by which brs regulate plant mitochondria and resistance to abiotic stress remain largely unclear. mitochondrial alternative oxidase (aox) is involved in the plant response to a variety of environmental stresses. in this report, the role of aox in br-induced tolerance against cold, polyethylene glycol (peg), and hig ...	2015	26175355
role of proline and pyrroline-5-carboxylate metabolism in plant defense against invading pathogens.	pyrroline-5-carboxylate (p5c) is an intermediate product of both proline biosynthesis and catabolism. recent evidences indicate that proline-p5c metabolism is tightly regulated in plants, especially during pathogen infection and abiotic stress. however, role of p5c and its metabolism in plants has not yet been fully understood. studies indicate that p5c synthesized in mitochondria has a role in both resistance (r)-gene-mediated and non-host resistance against invading pathogens. proline dehydrog ...	2015	26217357
tight regulation of plant immune responses by combining promoter and suicide exon elements.	effector-triggered immunity (eti) is activated when plant disease resistance (r) proteins recognize the presence of pathogen effector proteins delivered into host cells. the eti response generally encompasses a defensive 'hypersensitive response' (hr) that involves programmed cell death at the site of pathogen recognition. while many r protein and effector protein pairs are known to trigger hr, other components of the eti signaling pathway remain elusive. effector genes regulated by inducible pr ...	2015	26138488
a geminivirus betasatellite damages the structural and functional integrity of chloroplasts leading to symptom formation and inhibition of photosynthesis.	geminivirus infection often causes severe vein clearing symptoms in hosts. recently a betasatellite has emerged as a key regulator of symptom induction. to understand the host-betasatellite interactions in the process of symptom development, a systematic study was carried out involving symptoms induced by a betasatellite associated with radish leaf curl disease (ralcb) in nicotiana benthamiana. it has been found that βc1 protein localized to chloroplasts of host cells, and ralcb lacking βc1, whi ...	2015	26113193
tomato slrbohb, a member of the nadph oxidase family, is required for disease resistance against botrytis cinerea and tolerance to drought stress.	nadph oxidases (also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs, rbohs) are key enzymes that catalyze the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros) in plants. in the present study, eight slrboh genes were identified in tomato and their possible involvement in resistance to botrytis cinerea and drought tolerance was examined. expression of slrbohs was induced by b. cinerea and pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato but displayed distinct patterns. virus-induced gene silencing based silencing of slrbo ...	2015	26157450
tomato sl3-mmp, a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family, is required for disease resistance against botrytis cinerea and pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.	matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases. mmps have been characterized in detail in mammals and shown to play key roles in many physiological and pathological processes. although mmps in some plant species have been identified, the function of mmps in biotic stress responses remains elusive.	2015	26070456
pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 type iii secretion effector polymutants reveal an interplay between hopad1 and avrptob.	the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 suppresses the two-tiered plant innate immune system by injecting a complex repertoire of type iii secretion effector (t3e) proteins. beyond redundancy and interplay, individual t3es may interact with multiple immunity-associated proteins, rendering their analysis challenging. we constructed a pst dc3000 polymutant lacking all 36 t3es and restored individual t3es or their mutants to explore the interplay among t3es. the weakly express ...	2015	26067603
phylogenomics of xanthomonas field strains infecting pepper and tomato reveals diversity in effector repertoires and identifies determinants of host specificity.	bacterial spot disease of pepper and tomato is caused by four distinct xanthomonas species and is a severely limiting factor on fruit yield in these crops. the genetic diversity and the type iii effector repertoires of a large sampling of field strains for this disease have yet to be explored on a genomic scale, limiting our understanding of pathogen evolution in an agricultural setting. genomes of 67 xanthomonas euvesicatoria (xe), xanthomonas perforans (xp), and xanthomonas gardneri (xg) strai ...	2015	26089818
phosphatidic acid produced by phospholipase d promotes rna replication of a plant rna virus.	eukaryotic positive-strand rna [(+)rna] viruses are intracellular obligate parasites replicate using the membrane-bound replicase complexes that contain multiple viral and host components. to replicate, (+)rna viruses exploit host resources and modify host metabolism and membrane organization. phospholipase d (pld) is a phosphatidylcholine- and phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing enzyme that catalyzes the production of phosphatidic acid (pa), a lipid second messenger that modulates diverse intr ...	2015	26020241
a terpenoid phytoalexin plays a role in basal defense of nicotiana benthamiana against potato virus x.	terpenoid phytoalexins function as defense compound against a broad spectrum of pathogens and pests in the plant kingdom. however, the role of phytoalexin in antiviral defense is still elusive. in this study, we identified the biosynthesis pathway of a sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin, capsidiol 3-acetate as an antiviral response against rna virus potato virus x (pvx) in nicotiana benthamiana. nbtps1 and nbeah genes were found strongly induced by pvx-infection. enzymatic activity and genetic evidence ...	2015	25993114
growth and stress response in arabidopsis thaliana, nicotiana benthamiana, glycine max, solanum tuberosum and brassica napus cultivated under polychromatic leds.	the use of light emitting diodes (leds) brings several key advantages over existing illumination technologies for indoor plant cultivation. among these are that leds have predicted lifetimes from 50-100.000 hours without significant drops in efficiency and energy consumption is much lower compared to traditional fluorescent tubes. recent advances allow leds to be used with customized wavelengths for plant growth. however, most of these led growth systems use mixtures of chips emitting in several ...	2015	27408615
pepper aldehyde dehydrogenase caaldh1 interacts with xanthomonas effector avrbst and promotes effector-triggered cell death and defence responses.	xanthomonas type iii effector avrbst induces hypersensitive cell death and defence responses in pepper (capsicum annuum) and nicotiana benthamiana. little is known about the host factors that interact with avrbst. here, we identified pepper aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (caaldh1) as an avrbst-interacting protein. bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the interaction between caaldh1 and avrbst in planta. caaldh1:smgfp fluorescence was detected in the cyto ...	2015	25873668
cytoplastic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases interact with atg3 to negatively regulate autophagy and immunity in nicotiana benthamiana.	autophagy as a conserved catabolic pathway can respond to reactive oxygen species (ros) and plays an important role in degrading oxidized proteins in plants under various stress conditions. however, how ros regulates autophagy in response to oxidative stresses is largely unknown. here, we show that autophagy-related protein 3 (atg3) interacts with the cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (gapcs) to regulate autophagy in nicotiana benthamiana plants. we found that oxidative stress ...	2015	25829441
the n-terminal domain of the tomato immune protein prf contains multiple homotypic and pto kinase interaction sites.	resistance to pseudomonas syringae bacteria in tomato (solanum lycopersicum) is conferred by the prf recognition complex, composed of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats protein prf and the protein kinase pto. the complex is activated by recognition of the p. syringae effectors avrpto and avrptob. the n-terminal domain is responsible for prf homodimerization, which brings two pto kinases into close proximity and holds them in inactive conformation in the absence of either effector. negat ...	2015	25792750
functional analysis of plant defense suppression and activation by the xanthomonas core type iii effector xopx.	many phytopathogenic type iii secretion effector proteins (t3es) have been shown to target and suppress plant immune signaling but perturbation of the plant immune system by t3es can also elicit a plant response. xopx is a "core" xanthomonas t3e that contributes to growth and symptom development during xanthomonas euvesicatoria infection of tomato but its functional role is undefined. we tested the effect of xopx on several aspects of plant immune signaling. xopx promoted ethylene production and ...	2015	25338145
genome-wide characterization of mirnas involved in n gene-mediated immunity in response to tobacco mosaic virus in nicotiana benthamiana.	micrornas (mirnas) are a class of endogenous small rnas (srnas) that play pivotal roles in plant development, abiotic stress response, and pathogen response. mirnas have been extensively studied in plants, but rarely in nicotiana benthamiana, despite its wide use in plant virology studies, particularly for studying n protein-tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) interactions. we report an efficient method using high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics to identify genome-wide mirnas in n. benthamiana. ...	2015	25673968
wrky transcription factors phosphorylated by mapk regulate a plant immune nadph oxidase in nicotiana benthamiana.	pathogen attack sequentially confers pattern-triggered immunity (pti) and effector-triggered immunity (eti) after sensing of pathogen patterns and effectors by plant immune receptors, respectively. reactive oxygen species (ros) play pivotal roles in pti and eti as signaling molecules. nicotiana benthamiana rbohb, an nadph oxidase, is responsible for both the transient pti ros burst and the robust eti ros burst. here, we show that rbohb transactivation mediated by mapk contributes to r3a/avr3a-tr ...	2015	26373453
inter-organ defense networking: leaf whitefly sucking elicits plant immunity to crown gall disease caused by agrobacterium tumefaciens.	plants have elaborate defensive machinery to protect against numerous pathogens and insects. plant hormones function as modulators of defensive mechanisms to maintain plant resistance to natural enemies. our recent study suggests that salicylic acid (sa) is the primary phytohormone regulating plant responses to agrobacterium tumefaciens infection. tobacco (nicotiana benthamiana domin.) immune responses against agrobacterium-mediated crown gall disease were activated by exposure to the sucking in ...	2015	26357873
ghwrky68 reduces resistance to salt and drought in transgenic nicotiana benthamiana.	the wrky transcription factors modulate numerous physiological processes, including plant growth, development and responses to various environmental stresses. currently, our understanding of the functions of the majority of the wrky family members and their possible roles in signalling crosstalk is limited. in particular, very few wrkys have been identified and characterised from an economically important crop, cotton. in this study, we characterised a novel group iic wrky gene, ghwrky68, which ...	2015	25793865
additional diterpenes from physcomitrella patens synthesized by copalyl diphosphate/kaurene synthase (ppcps/ks).	the bifunctional diterpene synthase, copalyl diphosphate/kaurene synthase from the moss physcomitrella patens (ppcps/ks), catalyses the formation of at least four diterpenes, including ent-beyerene, ent-sandaracopimaradiene, ent-kaur-16-ene, and 16-hydroxy-ent-kaurene. the enzymatic activity has been confirmed through generation of a targeted ppcps/ks knock-out mutant in p. patens via homologous recombination, through transient expression of ppcps/ks in nicotiana benthamiana, and expression of p ...	2015	26248039
towards elucidating carnosic acid biosynthesis in lamiaceae: functional characterization of the three first steps of the pathway in salvia fruticosa and rosmarinus officinalis.	carnosic acid (ca) is a phenolic diterpene with anti-tumour, anti-diabetic, antibacterial and neuroprotective properties that is produced by a number of species from several genera of the lamiaceae family, including salvia fruticosa (cretan sage) and rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary). to elucidate ca biosynthesis, glandular trichome transcriptome data of s. fruticosa were mined for terpene synthase genes. two putative diterpene synthase genes, namely sfcps and sfksl, showing similarities to copa ...	2015	26020634
construction of an infectious clone of a plant rna virus in a binary vector using one-step gibson assembly.	the construction of full-length infectious clones of rna viruses is often laborious due to the many cloning steps required and the dna exclusion within the plasmid during escherichia coli transformation. we demonstrate single-step cloning procedure of an infectious cdna of the tomato blistering mosaic virus (tobmv) using gibson assembly (ga), which drastically reduces the number of cloning steps. by agro-inoculation with the construct obtained by this procedure, tobmv was recovered six days post ...	2015	25986144
[[expression of house dust mite allergens der f1 and der f2 in nicotiana benthamiana leaves].	the class e immunoglobulins (ige) is known to recognize conformational epitopes and therefore the native conformation of recombinant allergens is essential for their using in test-systems. recombinant dermatophagoides farinae house dust mite (hdm) allergens der f1 and der f2 were expressed in bacteria escherichia coli and nicotiana benthamiana plants. it has been shown that ige in sera from children allergic to hdm recognizes der f2 expressed both in e. coli and n. benthamiana. mature form of de ...	2015	25898757
immunogenicity of h1n1 influenza virus-like particles produced in nicotiana benthamiana.	the h1n1 influenza pandemic of 2009 stimulated interest in developing safe and effective subunit influenza vaccines using rapid and cost-effective recombinant technologies that can avoid dependence on hens' eggs supply and live viruses for production. among alternative approaches to subunit vaccine development, virus-like particles (vlps) represent an attractive strategy due to their safety and immunogenicity. previously, we have produced a recombinant monomeric hemagglutinin (ha) protein derive ...	2015	25483524
subcellular localization and membrane association of the replicase protein of grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus, family betaflexiviridae.	as a member of the newly established betaflexiviridae family, grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (grspav) has an rna genome containing five orfs. orf1 encodes a putative replicase polyprotein typical of the alphavirus superfamily of positive-strand ssrna viruses. several viruses of this superfamily have been demonstrated to replicate in structures designated viral replication complexes associated with intracellular membranes. however, structure and cellular localization of the rep ...	2015	25502653
gbnv encoded movement protein (nsm) remodels er network via c-terminal coiled coil domain.	plant viruses exploit the host machinery for targeting the viral genome-movement protein complex to plasmodesmata (pd). the mechanism by which the non-structural protein m (nsm) of groundnut bud necrosis virus (gbnv) is targeted to pd was investigated using agrobacterium mediated transient expression of nsm and its fusion proteins in nicotiana benthamiana. gfp:nsm formed punctuate structures that colocalized with mcherry:plasmodesmata localized protein 1a (pdlp 1a) confirming that gbnv nsm local ...	2015	25863878
analysis of tospovirus nss proteins in suppression of systemic silencing.	rna silencing is a sequence-specific gene regulation mechanism that in plants also acts antiviral. in order to counteract antiviral rna silencing, viruses have evolved rna silencing suppressors (rss). in the case of tospoviruses, the non-structural nss protein has been identified as the rss. although the tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) tospovirus nss protein has been shown to exhibit affinity to long and small dsrna molecules, its ability to suppress the non-cell autonomous part of rna silencin ...	2015	26275304
analysis of globodera rostochiensis effectors reveals conserved functions of sprysec proteins in suppressing and eliciting plant immune responses.	potato cyst nematodes (pcns), including globodera rostochiensis (woll.), are important pests of potato. plant parasitic nematodes produce multiple effector proteins, secreted from their stylets, to successfully infect their hosts. these include proteins delivered to the apoplast and to the host cytoplasm. a number of effectors from g. rostochiensis predicted to be delivered to the host cytoplasm have been identified, including several belonging to the secreted spry domain (sprysec) family. sprys ...	2015	26322064
production of h5n1 influenza virus matrix protein 2 ectodomain protein bodies in tobacco plants and in insect cells as a candidate universal influenza vaccine.	the spread of influenza a viruses is partially controlled and prevented by vaccination. the matrix protein 2 ectodomain (m2e) is the most conserved sequence in influenza a viruses, and is therefore a good potential target for a vaccine to protect against multiple virus subtypes. we explored the feasibility of an m2e-based universal influenza a vaccine candidate based on the highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus, h5n1. a synthetic m2e gene was human- and plant-codon optimized and fused in-fra ...	2015	26697423
generation and characterization of a trackable plant-made influenza h5 virus-like particle (vlp) containing enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp).	medicago, inc. has developed an efficient virus-like particle (vlp) vaccine production platform using the nicotiana benthamiana expression system, and currently has influenza-based products targeting seasonal/pandemic hemagglutinin (ha) proteins in advanced clinical trials. we wished to generate a trackable ha-based vlp that would allow us to study both particle assembly in plants and vlp interactions within the mammalian immune system. to this end, a fusion protein was designed, composed of h5 ...	2015	26038124
plant-derived h7 vlp vaccine elicits protective immune response against h7n9 influenza virus in mice and ferrets.	in march 2013, the chinese centre for disease control and prevention confirmed the first reported case of human infection with an avian influenza a h7n9 virus. infection with this virus often caused severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome resulting in a case fatality rate >35%. the risk of pandemic highlighted, once again, the need for a more rapid and scalable vaccine response capability. here, we describe the rapid (19 days) development of a plant-derived vlp vaccine based on ...	2015	26432915
isolation, production and characterization of fully human monoclonal antibodies directed to plasmodium falciparum msp10.	semi-immunity against the malaria parasite is defined by a protection against clinical episodes of malaria and is partially mediated by a repertoire of inhibitory antibodies directed against the blood stage of plasmodium falciparum, in particular against surface proteins of merozoites, the invasive form of the parasite. such antibodies may be used for preventive or therapeutic treatment of p. falciparum malaria. here, the isolation and characterization of novel human monoclonal antibodies (humab ...	2015	26174014
glycan modulation and sulfoengineering of anti-hiv-1 monoclonal antibody pg9 in plants.	broadly neutralizing anti-hiv-1 monoclonal antibodies, such as pg9, and its derivative rsh hold great promise in aids therapy and prevention. an important feature related to the exceptional efficacy of pg9 and rsh is the presence of sulfated tyrosine residues in their antigen-binding regions. to maximize antibody functionalities, we have now produced glycan-optimized, fucose-free versions of pg9 and rsh in nicotiana benthamiana. both antibodies were efficiently sulfated in planta on coexpression ...	2015	26417081
high temperature, high ambient co₂ affect the interactions between three positive-sense rna viruses and a compatible host differentially, but not their silencing suppression efficiencies.	we compared infection of nicotiana benthamiana plants by the positive-sense rna viruses cucumber mosaic virus (cmv), potato virus y (pvy), and by a potato virus x (pvx) vector, the latter either unaltered or expressing the cmv 2b protein or the pvy hcpro suppressors of silencing, at 25°c vs. 30°c, or at standard (~401 parts per million, ppm) vs. elevated (970 ppm) co2 levels. we also assessed the activities of their suppressors of silencing under those conditions. we found that at 30°c, accumula ...	2015	26313753
visual monitoring of cucumber mosaic virus infection in nicotiana benthamiana following transmission by the aphid vector myzus persicae.	the single-stranded, positive-sense and tripartite rna virus cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) was used in this study as a method for monitoring the initial stages of virus infection following aphid transmission. the rna2 of cmv was modified to incorporate, in a variety of arrangements, an open reading frame (orf) encoding an enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp). the phenotypes of five engineered rna2s were tested in nicotiana tabacum, nicotiana clevelandii and nicotiana benthamiana. only one con ...	2015	25979730
satellite rnas interfere with the function of viral rna silencing suppressors.	viral satellite rnas (satrnas) are small subviral rnas and depend on the helper virus for replication and spread. satrnas can attenuate helper virus-induced symptoms, the mechanism of which remains unclear. here, we show that two virus-encoded suppressors of rna silencing (vsrs), cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) 2b and tombusvirus p19, suppress hairpin rna (hprna)-induced silencing of a β-glucuronidase (gus) gene in nicotiana benthamiana. this suppression can be overcome by cmv y-satellite rna (y-sat ...	2015	25964791
heterologous replicase driven 3' end repair of cucumber mosaic virus satellite rna.	to investigate the extent of the 3' end repair in a satellite rna of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) strain q (q(sat)) by a heterologous tomato aspermy virus (tav), a set of biologically active agrotransformants corresponding to the three genomic rnas of tav was developed. analysis of nicotiana benthamiana plants agroinfiltrated with tav and either wild type or each of the six 3' deletion mutants of q(sat) revealed that (i) heterologous replicase failed to generate q(sat) multimers, a hallmark featu ...	2015	25705791
a single amino acid at n-terminal region of the 2b protein of cucumber mosaic virus strain m1 has a pivotal role in virus attenuation.	host responses to infection by a mild strain of cucumber mosaic virus, termed cmv-m1, were re-examined in several plant species in comparison with those by a severe strain cmv-y. mild systemic symptoms were developed on the six plant species inoculated with cmv-m1. virus titer in the nicotiana benthamiana plants infected with cmv-m1 was significantly lower than those infected with cmv-y, although infection by cmv-m1 interfered with further infection by cmv-y in the plants. subsequently, the atte ...	2015	25541532
three gene products of a begomovirus-betasatellite complex restore expression of a transcriptionally silenced green fluorescent protein transgene in nicotiana benthamiana.	single-stranded dna geminiviruses replicate via double-stranded dna intermediates forming mini-chromosomes that are targets for transcriptional gene silencing (tgs) in plants. the ability of the cotton leaf curl kokhran virus (clcukov)-cotton leaf curl multan betasatellite (clcumub) proteins, replication-associated protein (rep), transcriptional activator protein (trap), c4, v2 and βc1, to suppress tgs was investigated by using the nicotiana benthamiana line 16-tgs (16-tgs) harbouring a transcri ...	2015	25537949
characterisation and diagnosis of frangipani mosaic virus from india.	frangipani mosaic virus (frmv) is known to infect frangipani tree (plumeria rubra f. acutifolia) in india but the virus has not been characterized at genomic level and diagnosis is not available. in the present study, an isolate of frmv (frmv-ind-1) showing greenish mosaic and vein-banding symptoms in p. rubra f. acutifolia in new delhi was characterized based on host reactions, serology and genome sequence. the virus isolate induced local symptoms on several new experimental host species: capsi ...	2015	26239043
rnai mediated broad-spectrum transgenic resistance in nicotiana benthamiana to chilli-infecting begomoviruses.	two rnai constructs were designed targeting chilli-infecting begomoviruses and associated betasatellites. broad-spectrum resistance was achieved against multiple begomoviruses associated with leaf curl disease of chillies in india. chilli leaf curl disease (chilcd) caused by begomoviruses (family: geminiviridae) has emerged as one of the most devastating viral diseases of chilli, especially in the indian sub-continent. the severity of disease incidence is expanding at an alarming rate due to the ...	2015	25916177
transgenic down-regulation of argonaute2 expression in nicotiana benthamiana interferes with several layers of antiviral defenses.	the present study aimed to analyze the contribution of nicotiana benthamiana argonaute2 (nbago2) to its antiviral response against different viruses. for this purpose, dsrna hairpin technology was used to reduce nbago2 expression in transgenic plants as verified with rt-pcr. this reduction was specific because the expression of other nbagos was not affected, and did not cause obvious developmental defects under normal growth conditions. inoculation of transgenic plants with an otherwise silencin ...	2015	26454664
effects of elevated co₂and temperature on pathogenicity determinants and virulence of potato virus x/potyvirus-associated synergism.	infections of plants by multiple viruses are common in nature and may result in synergisms in pathologies. several environmental factors influence plant-virus interactions and act on virulence and host defense responses. mixed viral infections may be more frequent under environmental conditions associated with global warming. here, we address how changes in the two main parameters behind global warming, carbon dioxide concentrations ([co₂]) and temperature, may affect virulence of potato virus x ...	2015	26422405
rice grassy stunt virus nonstructural protein p5 serves as a viral suppressor of rna silencing and interacts with nonstructural protein p3.	rice grassy stunt virus (rgsv), a member of the genus tenuivirus, causes serious rice disease in southeast asian countries. in this study, a green fluorescent protein (gfp)-based transient expression assay was conducted to show that p5, encoded on rna5 in the viral sense, is a viral suppressor of rna silencing (vsr). protein-protein interactions (ppis) between p5 and all rgsv proteins except pc1 and pc2 were investigated using gal4-based yeast two-hybrid (y2h) experiments. the results demonstrat ...	2015	26296721
in vitro and in vivo toxicity evaluation of plant virus nanocarriers.	the use of biological self-assembling materials, plant virus nanoparticles in particular, appears very intriguing as it allows a great choice of symmetries and dimensions, easy chemical and biological engineering of both surface and/or internal cavity as well as safe and rapid production in plants. in this perspective, we present an initial evaluation of the safety profile of two structurally different plant viruses produced in nicotiana benthamiana l. plants: the filamentous potato virus x and ...	2015	25847457
importin-α-mediated nucleolar localization of potato mop-top virus triple gene block1 (tgb1) protein facilitates virus systemic movement, whereas tgb1 self-interaction is required for cell-to-cell movement in nicotiana benthamiana.	recently, it has become evident that nucleolar passage of movement proteins occurs commonly in a number of plant rna viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm. systemic movement of potato mop-top virus (pmtv) involves two viral transport forms represented by a complex of viral rna and triple gene block1 (tgb1) movement protein and by polar virions that contain the minor coat protein and tgb1 attached to one extremity. the integrity of polar virions ensures the efficient movement of rna-cp, which e ...	2015	25576325
rnai mediated inhibition of viroid infection in transgenic plants expressing viroid-specific small rnas derived from various functional domains.	previous attempts to develop rnai-mediated viroid-resistant transgenic plants using nearly full-length potato spindle tuber viroid (pstvd) hairpin rna (hprna) were successful; however unusual phenotypes resembling viroid infection occurred. therefore, in the present work, transgenic nicotiana benthamiana lines expressing both partial and truncated versions of pstvd hprna were developed. specifically, seven partial or truncated versions of pstvd sequences were selected according to the hotspots o ...	2015	26656294
expression of sant/hth myb mrna, a plant morphogenesis-regulating transcription factor, changes due to viroid infection.	potato spindle tuber viroid (pstvd) belongs to plant-pathogenic, circular, non-coding rnas. its propagation is accompanied by (mis)regulation of host genes and induction of pathogenesis symptoms including changes of leaf morphogenesis depending on the strength of viroid variant. we found strong genotype-dependent suppression of tomato morphogenesis-regulating transcription factor sant/hth-myb (slmyb) due to viroid pathogenesis. its relative mrna level was found to be significantly decreased in p ...	2015	26118459
viroid rna turnover: characterization of the subgenomic rnas of potato spindle tuber viroid accumulating in infected tissues provides insights into decay pathways operating in vivo.	while biogenesis of viroid rnas is well-known, how they decay is restricted to data involving host rna silencing. here we report an alternative degradation pathway operating on potato spindle tuber viroid (pstvd), the type species of nuclear-replicating viroids (family pospiviroidae). northern-blot hybridizations with full- and partial-length probes revealed a set of pstvd (+) subgenomic (sg)rnas in early-infected eggplant, some partially overlapping and reaching levels comparable to those of th ...	2015	25662219
differential contributions of plant dicer-like proteins to antiviral defences against potato virus x in leaves and roots.	members of the plant dicer-like (dcl) protein family are the critical components of the rna-silencing pathway that mediates innate antiviral defence. the distinct antiviral role of each individual dcl protein has been established with mostly based on observations of aerial parts of plants. thus, although the roots are closely associated with the life cycle of many plant viruses, little is known about the antiviral activities of dcl proteins in roots. we observed that antiviral silencing strongly ...	2015	25619543
rice stripe tenuivirus p2 may recruit or manipulate nucleolar functions through an interaction with fibrillarin to promote virus systemic movement.	rice stripe virus (rsv) is the type species of the genus tenuivirus and represents a major viral pathogen affecting rice production in east asia. in this study, rsv p2 was fused to yellow fluorescent protein (p2-yfp) and expressed in epidermal cells of nicotiana benthamiana. p2-yfp fluorescence was found to move to the nucleolus initially, but to leave the nucleolus for the cytoplasm forming numerous distinct bright spots there at later time points. a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (bi ...	2015	25431002
a critical domain of sweet potato chlorotic fleck virus nucleotide-binding protein (nabp) for rna silencing suppression, nuclear localization and viral pathogenesis.	rna silencing is an important mechanism of antiviral defence in plants. to counteract this resistance mechanism, many viruses have evolved rna silencing suppressors. in this study, we analysed five proteins encoded by sweet potato chlorotic fleck virus (spcfv) for their abilities to suppress rna silencing using a green fluorescent protein (gfp)-based transient expression assay in nicotiana benthamiana line 16c plants. our results showed that a putative nucleotide-binding protein (nabp), but not ...	2015	25138489
fluorescently tagged potato virus y: a versatile tool for functional analysis of plant-virus interactions.	potato virus y (pvy) is an economically important plant virus that infects solanaceous crops such as tobacco and potato. to date, studies into the localization and movement of pvy in plants have been limited to detection of viral rna or proteins ex vivo. here, a pvy n605 isolate was tagged with green fluorescent protein (gfp), characterized and used for in vivo tracking. in nicotiana tabacum cv. xanthi, pvy n605-gfp was biologically comparable to nontagged pvy n605, stable through three plant-to ...	2015	25761209
pseudomonas corrugata crpcde is part of the cyclic lipopeptide corpeptin biosynthetic gene cluster and is involved in bacterial virulence in tomato and in hypersensitive response in nicotiana benthamiana.	pseudomonas corrugata cfbp 5454 produces two kinds of cyclic lipopeptides (clps), cormycin a and corpeptins, both of which possess surfactant, antimicrobial and phytotoxic activities. in this study, we identified genes coding for a putative non-ribosomal peptide synthetase and an abc-type transport system involved in corpeptin production. these genes belong to the same transcriptional unit, designated crpcde. the genetic organization of this locus is highly similar to other pseudomonas clp biosy ...	2015	25231335
rapid high-yield expression of a candidate influenza vaccine based on the ectodomain of m2 protein linked to flagellin in plants using viral vectors.	the extracellular domain of matrix protein 2 (m2e) of influenza a virus is a promising target for the development of a universal vaccine against influenza because m2e sequences are highly conserved among human influenza a strains. however, native m2e is poorly immunogenic, but its immunogenicity can be increased by delivery in combination with adjuvants or carrier particles. it was previously shown that fusion of m2e to bacterial flagellin, the ligand for toll-like receptor (tlr) 5 and powerful ...	2015	26022390
cytorhabdovirus phosphoprotein shows rna silencing suppressor activity in plants, but not in insect cells.	rna silencing in plants and insects provides an antiviral defense and as a countermeasure most viruses encode rna silencing suppressors (rss). for the family rhabdoviridae, no detailed functional rss studies have been reported in plant hosts and insect vectors. in agroinfiltrated nicotiana benthamiana leaves we show for the first time for a cytorhabdovirus, lettuce necrotic yellows virus (lnyv), that one of the nucleocapsid core proteins, phosphoprotein (p) has relatively weak local rss activity ...	2015	25591176
mutations in the alpha-helical region of the amino terminus of the maize rayado fino virus capsid protein and cp:rna ratios affect virus-like particle encapsidation of rnas.	viral-based nanoplatforms rely on balancing the delicate array of virus properties to optimally achieve encapsidation of foreign materials with various potential objectives. we investigated the use of maize rayado fino virus (mrfv)-virus-like particles (vlps) as a multifunctional nanoplatform and their potential application as protein cages. mrfv-vlps are composed of two serologically related, carboxy co-terminal coat proteins (cp1 and cp2) which are capable of self-assembling in nicotiana benth ...	2015	25102332
functional characterization of cucumis metuliferus proteinase inhibitor gene (cmspi) in potyviruses resistance.	proteinase inhibitors are ubiquitous proteins that block the active center or interact allosterically with proteinases and are involved in plant physiological processes and defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. the cmspi gene identified from cucumis metuliferus encodes a serine type pi (8 kda) that belongs to potato i type family. to evaluate the effect of silencing cmspi gene on papaya ringspot virus resistance, rna interference (rnai) with an inter-space hairpin rna (ihprna) constr ...	2015	26184285
nucleotide sequence-homology-independent breakdown of transgenic resistance by more virulent virus strains and a potential solution.	controlling plant viruses by genetic engineering, including the globally important papaya ringspot virus (prsv), mainly involves coat protein (cp) gene mediated resistance via post-transcriptional gene silencing (ptgs). however, the breakdown of single- or double-virus resistance in cp-gene-transgenic papaya by more virulent prsv strains has been noted in repeated field trials. recombination analysis revealed that the gene silencing suppressor hc-pro or cp of the virulent prsv strain 5-19 is res ...	2015	25913508
application of an integrated omics approach for identifying host proteins that interact with odontoglossum ringspot virus capsid protein.	the glutamic acid at position 100 (e(100)) in the capsid protein (cp) of odontoglossum ringspot virus (orsv) plays an important role in long-distance viral movement in nicotiana benthamiana. the orsv(e100a) mutant, which has a glutamic acid to alanine substitution, shows a loss of systemic infectivity in n. benthamiana. transmission electron microscopy and size-exclusion chromatography assays showed that e(100) is essential for cp-cp interaction and viral particle assembly. to identify the orsv ...	2015	25625820
expression, purification, and characterization of the necator americanus aspartic protease-1 (na-apr-1 (m74)) antigen, a component of the bivalent human hookworm vaccine.	over 400 million people living in the world's poorest developing nations are infected with hookworms, mostly of the genus necator americanus. a bivalent human hookworm vaccine composed of the necator americanus glutathione s-transferase-1 (na-gst-1) and the necator americanus aspartic protease-1 (na-apr-1 (m74)) is currently under development by the sabin vaccine institute product development partnership (sabin pdp). both monovalent vaccines are currently in phase 1 trials. both na-gst-1 and na- ...	2015	25905574
the ac5 protein encoded by mungbean yellow mosaic india virus is a pathogenicity determinant that suppresses rna silencing-based antiviral defenses.	it is generally accepted that begomoviruses in the family geminiviridae encode four proteins (from ac1/c1 to ac4/c4) using the complementary-sense dna as template. although ac5/c5 coding sequences are increasingly annotated in databases for many begomoviruses, the evolutionary relationships and functions of this putative protein in viral infection are obscure. here, we demonstrate several important functions of the ac5 protein of a bipartite begomovirus, mungbean yellow mosaic india virus (mymiv ...	2015	26010321
suppression of rnai by dsrna-degrading rnaseiii enzymes of viruses in animals and plants.	certain rna and dna viruses that infect plants, insects, fish or poikilothermic animals encode class 1 rnaseiii endoribonuclease-like proteins. dsrna-specific endoribonuclease activity of the rnaseiii of rock bream iridovirus infecting fish and sweet potato chlorotic stunt crinivirus (spcsv) infecting plants has been shown. suppression of the host antiviral rna interference (rnai) pathway has been documented with the rnaseiii of spcsv and heliothis virescens ascovirus infecting insects. suppress ...	2015	25747942
analysis of pineapple mealybug wilt associated virus -1 and -2 for potential rna silencing suppressors and pathogenicity factors.	higher plants use rna silencing to defend against viral infections. as a counter defense, plant viruses have evolved proteins that suppress rna silencing. mealybug wilt of pineapple (mwp), an important disease of pineapple, has been associated with at least three distinct viruses, pineapple mealybug wilt associated virus -1, -2, and -3 (pmwav-1, -2, and -3). selected open reading frames (orfs) of pmwav-1 and pmwav-2 were screened for their local and systemic suppressor activities in agrobacteriu ...	2015	25751306
plant expression and characterization of the transmission-blocking vaccine candidate pfgap50.	despite the limited success after decades of intensive research and development efforts, vaccination still represents the most promising strategy to significantly reduce the disease burden in malaria endemic regions. besides the ultimate goal of inducing sterile protection in vaccinated individuals, the prevention of transmission by so-called transmission blocking vaccines (tbvs) is being regarded as an important feature of an efficient malaria eradication strategy. recently, plasmodium falcipar ...	2015	26625934
heat-precipitation allows the efficient purification of a functional plant-derived malaria transmission-blocking vaccine candidate fusion protein.	malaria is a vector-borne disease affecting more than two million people and accounting for more than 600,000 deaths each year, especially in developing countries. the most serious form of malaria is caused by plasmodium falciparum. the complex life cycle of this parasite, involving pre-erythrocytic, asexual and sexual stages, makes vaccine development cumbersome but also offers a broad spectrum of vaccine candidates targeting exactly those stages. vaccines targeting the sexual stage of p. falci ...	2015	25615702
detailed functional characterization of glycosylated and nonglycosylated variants of malaria vaccine candidate pfama1 produced in nicotiana benthamiana and analysis of growth inhibitory responses in rabbits.	one of the most promising malaria vaccine candidate antigens is the plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 (pfama1). several studies have shown that this blood-stage antigen can induce strong parasite growth inhibitory antibody responses. pfama1 contains up to six recognition sites for n-linked glycosylation, a post-translational modification that is absent in p. falciparum. to prevent any potential negative impact of n-glycosylation, the recognition sites have been knocked out in most ...	2015	25236489
differentially expressed genes in healthy and plum pox virus-infected nicotiana benthamiana plants.	viruses use both material and energy sources of their hosts and redirect the production of disposable compounds in order to make viral replication more efficient. metabolism of infected organisms is modified by these enhanced requirements as well by their own defense response. resulting complex story consists of many regulation events on various gene expression levels. elucidating these processes may contribute to the knowledge on virus-host interactions and to evolving new antiviral strategies. ...	2015	26666187
aphid transmission of the ontario isolate of plum pox virus.	utilization of timed virus acquisition access probes in studies of plum pox virus (ppv) transmission by aphids demonstrated that endemic species transmitted the virus readily from plum, prunus domestica (l.) batsch; peach, p. persica (l.); or dwarf flowering almond, p. glandulosa thunberg., to peach seedlings. the green peach aphid, myzus persicae (sulzer), was shown to be the most efficient vector. acquisition of virus by green peach aphids from infected peach leaves resulted in 18-28% infected ...	2015	26453705
the p25 protein of potato virus x (pvx) is the main pathogenicity determinant responsible for systemic necrosis in pvx-associated synergisms.	most plant viruses counter the rna silencing-based antiviral defense by expressing viral suppressors of rna silencing (vsrs). in this sense, vsrs may be regarded as virulence effectors that can be recognized by the host as avirulence (avr) factors to induce r-mediated resistance. we made use of agrobacterium-mediated transient coexpression of vsrs in combination with potato virus x (pvx) to recapitulate in local tissues the systemic necrosis (sn) caused by pvx-potyvirus synergistic infections in ...	2015	25473046
complete genome sequences of two biologically distinct isolates of asparagus virus 1.	the complete genome sequences of two asparagus virus 1 (av-1) isolates differing in their ability to cause systemic infection in nicotiana benthamiana were determined. their genomes had 9,741 nucleotides excluding the 3'-terminal poly(a) tail, encoded a polyprotein of 3,112 amino acids, and shared 99.6 % nucleotide sequence identity. they differed at 37 nucleotide and 15 amino acid sequence positions (99.5 % identity) scattered over the polyprotein. the closest relatives of av-1 in amino acid se ...	2015	25216774