Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| the lack of value of repeated clostridium difficile cytotoxicity assays. | to determine the value of repeated clostridium difficile cytotoxicity assays (ca). | 1996 | 8554444 |
| a predictive model to identify clostridium difficile toxin in hospitalized patients with diarrhea. | although clostridium difficile is a common pathogen in hospitalized patients with diarrhea, no study has attempted to develop a predictive model to estimate the likelihood of c. difficile positivity. | 1996 | 8561149 |
| characterisation of an enterotoxin-negative, cytotoxin-positive strain of clostridium sordellii. | in ileal loop assay, elisa and anion-exchange column chromatography, clostridium sordellii strain 6018 was shown to produce a cytotoxin, but no detectable enterotoxin. dna sequence and polymerase chain reaction analyses indicated that the lack of enterotoxin activity is not due to a lack of gene transcription, but to lack of a major portion of the enterotoxin gene. this is the first characterisation of such a strain. | 1996 | 8544213 |
| [diarrhea caused by antibiotic therapy]. | diarrhoea, or any change in bowel habits, occurs in up to 30% of the individuals treated by antimicrobial agents. most cases of such diarrhoea are benign and secondary to a transient dysfunction of normal colonic flora induced by the antibiotic treatment. in some cases, the antibiotic-induced alteration of the normal gut flora leads to the establishment of pathogens, of which clostridium difficile is the most important. c. difficile intestinal infection results in a wide spectrum of diseases, ra ... | 1996 | 8746030 |
| [infectious diarrhea in the aged]. | infectious diarrhoea in the elderly is associated with high morbidity and mortality and need early diagnosis and treatment. polypathology, malnutrition, polytherapy, length of stay in the hospital and residence in nursing-home contribute to the increasing incidence and gravity of these diseases with aging. viral gastroenteritis is responsible for epidemic in nursing-home residents. bacterial gastrointestinal infections are primarily caused by enterotoxigenic agents inducing sporadic or epidemic ... | 1996 | 8746032 |
| [diarrhea in immune deficiency status]. | with a prevalence of approximatively 50%, diarrhoea is a frequent event in immune deficiency of any cause. because this condition is permanent in aids, the main characteristic of diarrhoea is chronicity. non infectious causes are more common in conditions other than aids with, for exemple, intestinal injuries related to graft versus host disease or to chemotherapy toxicity. among infectious causes, enteric parasitic diseases such as cryptosporidiosis or microsporidiosis are more commonly observe ... | 1996 | 8746035 |
| infectious intestinal disease in elderly people. | this paper analyses routinely available data on infectious intestinal diseases occurring in people aged 65 years and over in england and wales from 1990 to 1994. these data include annual reports of consultations with general practitioners in spotter practices collated by the royal college of general practitioners, notifications of food poisoning collated by the office of population censuses and surveys, hospital admissions extracted from hospital episode statistics data, reports of general outb ... | 1996 | 8755672 |
| clostridium difficile colitis: optimizing a cost-effective approach. | 1996 | 8759689 | |
| [antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis: retrospective study of 48 cases diagnosed by colonoscopy]. | pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is a rare but potentially severe complication of antibiotic treatment, which is characterized by the proliferation of the bacterium clostridium difficile in the colon. in this retrospective study, 48 cases of endoscopically confirmed pmc were included. the following variables were analysed: characteristics of the patients, antibiotics, clinical, biological and endoscopic features of pmc and its treatment. the antibiotic treatment was often ambulatory (83 per cent) ... | 1996 | 8762225 |
| fatal clostridium difficile enteritis after total abdominal colectomy. | 1996 | 8771437 | |
| fatal clostridium difficile enteritis after total abdominal colectomy. | a 71-year-old man who had undergone an ileorectal anastomosis some years earlier, developed fulminant fatal clostridium difficile pseudomembranous enteritis and proctitis after a prostatectomy. this case and three reports of c. difficile involvement of the small bowel in adults emphasize that the small intestine can be affected. no case like ours, of enteritis after colectomy from c. difficile, has hitherto been reported. | 1996 | 8776096 |
| nested polymerase chain reaction for detection of low levels of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens in animal feces and meat. | a rapid and sensitive method for detecting enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens in animal feces and meat is described. the method consists of a combination of nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with enrichment culture of the sample. in the pcr, two pairs of oligonucleotide primers homologous to the c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) gene were used: the first primer pair amplified a 425-bp fragment and the second one amplified a 199-bp fragment within the fragment amplified by the first pcr. ... | 1996 | 8777225 |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile colitis. | 1996 | 8779470 | |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile colitis. | 1996 | 8779471 | |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile colitis. | 1996 | 8779472 | |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile colitis. | 1996 | 8779473 | |
| role of culture and toxin detection in laboratory testing for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | two variations of an egg yolk agar base medium containing cycloserine, cefoxitin, and fructose (ccfa), one with 250 micrograms and other with 500 micrograms of cycloserine/ml of agar medium were compared to study the effect of the cycloserine concentration on recovery of clostridium difficile from stool samples. in addition, the role of prior anaerobic reduction of these media in the detection of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) was tested. each medium was studied over a two-mont ... | 1996 | 8781886 |
| prospective study of toxigenic clostridium difficile in children given amoxicillin/clavulanate for otitis media. | evaluate antibiotic-associated diarrhea and toxigenic clostridium difficile in stool specimens obtained from children before and after 10 days of amoxicillin/clavulanate for otitis media. | 1996 | 8783348 |
| protein-losing enteropathy is associated with clostridium difficile diarrhea but not with asymptomatic colonization: a prospective, case-control study. | a prospective, case-control study was performed in which enteric protein loss and nutritional status were measured in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic infections due to clostridium difficile. enteric protein loss, measured by elevated levels of fecal alpha1-antitrypsin, was detected in 14 of 20 cases and controls with diarrhea (9 of 10 cases with c. difficile-associated diarrhea and 5 of 10 age-matched control with diarrhea not associated with c. difficile) compared with none of 20 asy ... | 1996 | 8783689 |
| acute flexor tenosynovitis in association with clostridium difficile infection: a case report. | 1996 | 8683072 | |
| the distribution of clostridium difficile in the environment of south wales. | a large study of the distribution of clostridium difficile in the environment of the cardiff area of south wales was performed with a methodology designed to maximise recovery. a total of 2580 samples was taken, with 184 (7.1%) yielding isolates. the highest yield for c. difficile was obtained from river waters, with 14 (87.5%) of 16 samples from four rivers positive, and from sea water samples with 7 (44%) of 15 positive from six beaches on the bristol channel. in addition, 7 (46.7%) of 15 samp ... | 1996 | 8683549 |
| the clinical spectrum of clostridium difficile colitis in immunocompromised patients. | clostridium difficile colitis is a nosocomial infection that continues to cause significant hospital morbidity despite adequate treatment. this morbidity may be especially costly in the immunocompromised patient who now makes up a greater percentage of hospitalized patients. the purpose of this study was to evaluate if patients in immunocompromised states are at risk for relapse of clostridium difficile colitis, and to determine the efficacy of metronidazole in these patients. a retrospective ch ... | 1996 | 8651560 |
| clinical and molecular epidemiology of sporadic and clustered cases of nosocomial clostridium difficile diarrhea. | a prospective clinical and molecular epidemiologic study was conducted to define the frequency of nosocomial clostridium difficile patient-to-patient transmission in an urban tertiary referral hospital. patients and | 1996 | 8579084 |
| nosocomial empyema caused by clostridium difficile. | pleural infection with clostridium difficile is extremely rare. a case of nosocomial empyema following chest drain insertion in a 46 year old man is described. the potential of c difficile to cause extra-intestinal infections should be recognised and its isolation from other sites should not be ignored. | 1996 | 8655688 |
| response of recurrent medulloblastoma to low-dose oral etoposide. | the outcome for patients with recurrent medulloblastoma has historically been poor, with most patients dying of disseminated disease. here, we report on seven patients with recurrent medulloblastoma, most heavily pretreated with a variety of chemotherapeutic agents, including parenteral etoposide (vp-16), who showed responses to the administration of repeated courses of low-dose oral vp-16. | 1996 | 8656261 |
| [side effects and consequences of frequently used antibiotics in clinical practice]. | oral antimicrobial substances belonging to the beta-lactams, quinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines and the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination are among the most prescribed classes of drugs in private practice. knowledge of the potential side effects considered in the light of various patient-associated factors such as genetic makeup, renal and liver function, underlying diseases, drug allergies and coadministered drugs, is important in order to minimize the risk of adverse reactions. this ... | 1996 | 8658092 |
| community-acquired toxigenic clostridium difficile diarrhoea in the normoxaemic elderly who have received no antimicrobials: soft evidence for ischaemic colitis? | we report three examples of community-acquired toxigenic clostridium difficile diarrhoea in elderly patients who had neither received antimicrobial therapy nor been institutionalised. these cases stimulated interest in the non-antimicrobial changes which might predispose the host to c. difficile-related disease and raised the spectre of bowel ischaemia as a possible aetiological factor. | 1996 | 8658116 |
| [the value of rectosigmoidoscopy and the bacteriologic culture of colon biopsies in the etiologic diagnosis of acute diarrhea of adults. a prospective study of 65 patients]. | the goal of this study was to evaluate the contribution of sigmoidoscopy with bioptic microbiology to the etiologic diagnosis of acute diarrhea in adults. patients and methods. sixty-five patients with acute diarrhea were included prospectively from february 1993 to november 1994. ages ranged from 17 to 83 years. in each patient, two stool samples were cultured and three examined for parasites. clostridium difficile toxin was looked for in the 18 patients who had taken antimicrobials before onse ... | 1996 | 8669803 |
| effect of clostridium difficile toxin a on human intestinal epithelial cells: induction of interleukin 8 production and apoptosis after cell detachment. | clostridium difficile is the aetiological agent of pseudomembranous colitis, and animal studies suggest the essential role of secreted toxin a in inducing disease. this study examined the biological responses to toxin a by human intestinal epithelial cells. confluent monolayers of caco2, ht29, and t84 cells and primary epithelial cells in organ cultures of human colonic biopsy specimens and after detachment with edta were studied. interleukin 8 was assayed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ... | 1996 | 8675084 |
| albendazole-induced pseudomembranous colitis. | we report a patient with aids and intestinal microsporidiosis. while undergoing treatment with albendazole, he developed worsening diarrhea with abdominal pain and fever. the diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis was made by flexible sigmoidoscopy and a positive stool specimen for clostridium difficile toxin. the patient's symptoms resolved with oral vancomycin and his stool c. difficile toxin became negative. albendazole is an antibiotic that is chemically related to metronidazole. although a f ... | 1996 | 8678015 |
| prevalence and pathogenicity of clostridium difficile in hospitalized patients. a french multicenter study. | although clostridium difficile is the main agent responsible for nosocomial diarrhea in adults, its prevalence in stool cultures sent to hospital microbiology laboratories is not clearly established. | 1996 | 8678714 |
| [in vitro activities of sulopenem, a new parenteral penem, against anaerobes]. | in vitro activities of sulopenem, a novel parenteral penem, was compared with those of imipenem, flomoxef, cefuzonam, cefoperazone and sulbactam/ampicillin against 66 reference strains (19 genera, 61 species) and 392 recent clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria and fastidious aerobic bacteria. sulopenem had a very broad spectrum against anaerobic bacteria. in general, this compound was active against anaerobic reference strains with mics of < or = 0.78 micrograms/ml, while being the least acti ... | 1996 | 8786627 |
| [clostridium difficile]. | 1996 | 8804201 | |
| [diarrhea associated with clostridium difficile: one-year experience in a general hospital]. | clostridium difficile is considered the most common cause of nosocomial acquired diarrhoea, with frequencies differing widely from one institution to another. so far, it is a scarcely reported condition in spain. in the present study 129 episodes of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea (cdad) occurred in 120 patients in a 2,000-bed hospital in 1994 is reported. all cases were diagnosed by demonstrating cytotoxicity on cellular lines (mrc-5) from feces or from the strain isolated from a cul ... | 1996 | 8804202 |
| diarrhea associated with lorazepam solution in a tube-fed patient. | a 43-year-old patient with adult respiratory distress syndrome, alcoholic hallucinosis, and delirium required significant amounts of lorazepam, morphine, and midazolam for management of agitation and increased peak airway pressures. broad-spectrum antibiotics and intermittent pancuronium therapy were instituted. a nasoenteral feeding tube was placed for nutrition and medication administration during mechanical ventilation. tube feedings were well tolerated except for intermittent bouts of large ... | 1996 | 8807930 |
| clostridium novyi alpha-toxin-catalyzed incorporation of glcnac into rho subfamily proteins. | the lethal and edema-inducing alpha-toxin from clostridium novyi causes rounding up of cultured cell lines by redistribution of the actin cytoskeleton. alpha-toxin belongs to the family of large clostridial cytotoxins that encompasses clostridium difficile toxin a and b and the lethal toxin from clostridium sordellii. toxin a and toxin b have been recently identified as monoglucosyltransferases to modify the low molecular mass gtpases of the rho subfamily (just, i., selzer, j., wilm, m., von eic ... | 1996 | 8810274 |
| clostridium difficile infection of the gut. | 1996 | 8813947 | |
| cleaning up clostridium difficile infection. | 1996 | 8813978 | |
| [clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea--an increasing problem. reduce the administration of antibiotics and improve hygiene!]. | 1996 | 8815352 | |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, clostridium difficile, and short-chain fatty acids. | it has been hypothesized that clostridium difficile and decreased colonic production of short-chain fatty acids (scfas) cause the development of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. we therefore wanted to investigate the effects of an intensive and uniform antibiotic therapy on faecal scfas concentrations. c. difficile, and extent of diarrhoea. | 1996 | 8819219 |
| clostridium difficile toxins attack rho. | 1996 | 8820565 | |
| [the role of clostridium difficile in human pathology]. | 1996 | 8820690 | |
| relapses or reinfections: analysis of a case of clostridium difficile-associated colitis by two typing systems. | immunoblotting and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of clostridium difficile isolates were employed to differentiate reinfection by a newly acquired strain from relapse by an original strain in a 10-year-old patient with four episodes of c. difficile-associated colitis. immunoblot typing demonstrated subserogroup k-1 of serogroup k for the first and second organisms, subserogroup a-1 of serogroup a for the third organism, and subserogroup g-4 of serogroup g for the fourth organism. pfge analysis ... | 1996 | 8824166 |
| phospholipid profiles of clostridium difficile. | phospholipid molecular species present in 32 isolates of clostridium difficile were examined by fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry in negative-ion mode. this revealed major anions consistent with the expected presence of the following phosphatidylglycerol (pg) analogs: pg(31:2), pg(32:1), pg(33:2), pg(33:1), pg(34:2), and pg(34:1). the major phospholipid molecular species are distinct from those of other bacterial groups examined. | 1996 | 8824641 |
| cryptosporidiosis: an unrecognized cause of diarrhea in elderly hospitalized patients. | human infection with cryptosporidium species has been increasingly noted in the past decade. we conducted a broad-based longitudinal review in a community setting and found that a cryptosporidium species was detected in one-third of the specimens screened over a 5-year period. thirty-six patients were identified, comprising three distinct clinical groups: persons with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection (18 patients); young, otherwise healthy persons (5 patients); and, surprisingly, chr ... | 1996 | 8824990 |
| saccharomyces boulardii is not saccharomyces cerevisiae. | 1996 | 8825013 | |
| anti-clostridium difficile bovine immunoglobulin concentrate inhibits cytotoxicity and enterotoxicity of c. difficile toxins. | clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis result from the actions of bacterial exotoxins on the colonic mucosa. this study examined the ability of hyperimmune bovine colostral antibodies to neutralize the biological effects of these toxins. anti-c. difficile bovine immunoglobulin concentrate was prepared from the colostral milk of holstein cows previously immunized with c. difficile toxoids. the anti-c. difficile bovine immunoglobulin concentrate contained high levels of bovine immunoglobulin g ... | 1996 | 8834883 |
| molecular typing of clostridium difficile. | 1996 | 8854453 | |
| restoration of clostridium difficile toxin-b-inhibited phospholipase d by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. | receptor signalling to phospholipase d (pld) in human embryonic kidney (hek) cells stably expressing the m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor apparently involves rho proteins. since phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [ptdins(4,5)p2] has been recognized as an essential cofactor for pld activity and since activated rho proteins have been reported to stimulate the synthesis of ptdins(4,5)p2, we studied whether in hek cells pld activity is regulated by ptdins(4,5)p2 and, in particular, whether pt ... | 1996 | 8856074 |
| enzyme electrophoresis combined with serogrouping for improved differentiation of clostridium difficile strains. | we used enzyme electrophoresis to study a set of epidemiologically related and unrelated isolates of clostridium difficile. the 53 strains belonged to the most frequent serogroups (a1, c, g, h and k). nine electrophoretic profiles were defined on the basis of five enzymes, and two were characteristic of a single strain. each serogroup was resolved into two or three different enzyme patterns. by combining the two methods we were able to resolve the strains into 12 types. there was an excellent co ... | 1996 | 8856317 |
| inhibition of adhesion of clostridium difficile to caco-2 cells. | for many microorganisms, including clostridium difficile, mucosal association is an important factor influencing intestinal colonisation and subsequent infection. inhibition of adhesion of c. difficile to intestinal mucosa could be a new promising strategy for prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. we investigated the possibilities of influencing the adhesion of c. difficile by xylitol and bovine colostrum whey. caco-2 cells and c. difficile cells were incubated with 1%, 5% ... | 1996 | 8856319 |
| a role for rho in receptor- and g protein-stimulated phospholipase c. reduction in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate by clostridium difficile toxin b. | receptors coupled to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (g proteins) activate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (ptdins(4,5)p2)-hydrolyzing phospholipase c (plc) enzymes by activated alpha of free beta gamma subunits of the relevant g proteins. to study whether low molecular weight g proteins of the rho family are involved in receptor signaling to plc, we examined the effect of clostridium difficile toxin b, which glucosylates and thereby inactivates rho proteins, on the regu ... | 1996 | 8857584 |
| abnormal colonic accumulation of fluorine-18-fdg in pseudomembranous colitis. | a 51-yr-old man with a history of pancreatic carcinoma was studied with [18f]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18f]fdg) and pet as part of staging for residual disease after chemotherapy. the pet study was performed during a clostridium difficile-associated diarrheal illness. striking [18f]fdg uptake was demonstrated in the wall of the colon over its entire length. clostridium difficile associated diarrhea and mechanisms of [18f]fdg uptake in normal and abnormal tissues are briefly reviewed and a mechanism f ... | 1996 | 8862310 |
| a group ii intron in a conjugative transposon from the gram-positive bacterium, clostridium difficile. | we have been studying the conjugative transposon tn5397, originally isolated from the gram-positive pathogen clostridium difficile. physical analysis of this transposon demonstrated that it contained a group ii intron. this is the first report of an intron in a conjugative transposon and the first report of a group ii intron in gram-positive bacteria. the intron interrupted a gene in tn5397 that is almost identical to orf14 from tn916. dna hybridisation analysis showed that elements related to t ... | 1996 | 8863741 |
| inhibition by toxin b of inositol phosphate formation induced by g protein-coupled and tyrosine kinase receptors in n1e-115 neuroblastoma cells: involvement of rho proteins. | g protein-coupled receptors activate phospholipase c (plc)-beta isoforms by the alpha or beta gamma subunits of g proteins, whereas growth-factor receptors activate plc-gamma isoforms by phosphorylating tyrosine residues of the enzyme. as a common substrate for plc enzymes, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [ptdins(4,5)p2] may play a pivotal role in the regulation of cellular plc activity. because small-molecular-weight g proteins have been implicated in the synthesis of ptdins(4,5)p2, we st ... | 1996 | 8863831 |
| ascites associated with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. | we report the case of an elderly patient who had ascites due to pseudomembranous colitis and associated hypoalbuminemia. computed tomography showed diffuse colonic wall thickening. an indium-111 scan to localize the site of infection showed abnormal localization of 111in throughout the colon. despite treatment, the patient died. autopsy disclosed no other cause for the ascites, except for possible sepsis. to study the cause of ascites in patients with pseudomembranous colitis, we reviewed our in ... | 1996 | 8865801 |
| clostridium difficile contamination of blood pressure cuffs: a call for a closer look at gloving practices in the era of universal precautions. | we report an outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea at our medical center following adoption of universal precautions. environmental cultures revealed unexpected contamination of blood pressure cuffs at a rate similar to that for bedside commodes (10% and 11.5%, respectively). an observational survey revealed that healthcare workers in the patient care areas not infrequently failed to remove their potentially stool-contaminated gloves prior to touching clean surfaces, which might ... | 1996 | 8708361 |
| the use and abuse of routine stool microbiology: a college of american pathologists q-probes study of 601 institutions. | to examine the efficiency with which physicians use routine stool microbiology tests. | 1996 | 8712901 |
| [clostridium difficile: an increasing nosocomial pathogen]. | 1996 | 8714151 | |
| [clostridium difficile and diarrhea associated with the use of antibiotics in the origin of nosocomial and community-acquired diarrhea]. | clostridium difficile is currently recognized as an important nosocomial enteric pathogen. the significance as etiologic agent of community and nosocomial diarrhea is not well known in spain. | 1996 | 8714156 |
| comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidazole, and fusidic acid for the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | we conducted a prospective, randomized study to compare the efficacy of oral fusidic acid, oral metronidazole, oral vancomycin, and oral teicoplanin for the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. treatment resulted in clinical cure for 94% of the patients who were treated with vancomycin, 96% of those treated with teicoplanin, 93% of those treated with fusidic acid, and 94% of those treated with metronidazole. clinical symptoms recurred in 16% of patients treated with vancomycin ... | 1996 | 8722937 |
| whole-bowel irrigation as an adjunct to the treatment of chronic, relapsing clostridium difficile colitis. | we report the successful treatment of two patients with chronic, intractable clostridium difficile infection using whole-bowel irrigation with a polyethylene glycol solution (golytely) as adjunctive therapy. before this treatment, both patients had recurrent symptoms of diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain, and documented c. difficile toxin-positive stools despite multiple pharmacologic treatments. each child was prescribed myriad drug therapies, including vancomycin, metronidazole, bacitracin, ... | 1996 | 8724255 |
| comparison of pcr-based approaches to molecular epidemiologic analysis of clostridium difficile. | representative isolates of the 10 serogroups of clostridium difficile and 39 clinical isolates (30 toxigenic and 9 nontoxigenic), including 5 isolates from a confirmed nosocomial outbreak, were analyzed by using two previously described arbitrary-primer pcr (ap-pcr) molecular typing methodologies (ap-pg05 and ap-arb11) and pcr ribotyping. the two ap-pcr methods investigated gave comparable results; ap-pg05 and ap-arb11 identified 8 and 7 groups among the serogroup isolates and classified the cli ... | 1996 | 8727893 |
| role of stool screening tests in diagnosis of inflammatory bacterial enteritis and in selection of specimens likely to yield invasive enteric pathogens. | the leuko-test yielded a negative predictive value of 98.4% when it was used to screen 325 patients for inflammatory bacterial enteritis and a negative predictive value of 99.4% when it was used to screen 416 stool specimens for those from which enteric pathogens would likely be recovered when cultured. neither microscopy for fecal leukocytes nor an assay for fecal occult blood, alone or in combination, allowed for the reliable detection of invasive bacterial enteritis or the reliable selection ... | 1996 | 8727895 |
| extraintestinal clostridium difficile infections. | 1996 | 8729213 | |
| sulphasalazine treatment and the colorectal mucosa-associated flora in ulcerative colitis. | to study the influence of sulphasalazine treatment on the mucosa-associated bacterial flora of rectal biopsy tissue specimens in patients with ulcerative colitis. | 1996 | 8730244 |
| [what should be done for diarrhea during antibiotic therapy?]. | 1996 | 8737495 | |
| incidence of diarrhea and clostridium difficile toxin in stools from hospitalized patients receiving clindamycin, beta-lactams, or nonantibiotic medications. | 1996 | 8742665 | |
| comparison of two commercial enzyme immunoassays with cytotoxicity assay and culture for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile related diarrhea. | 184 stool samples were analysed for the presence of clostridium difficile and toxins using the meridian premier toxin a and techlab tox-a eia kits, selective culture and cytotoxin assay. of the 184 samples 36 stools tested positive for cytotoxin. in comparison the sensitivity and specificity of the eias and culture were as follows: meridian, 72 and 87, techlab, 64 and 95, and selective culture, 83 and 96%, respectively. the positive predictive values and negative predictive values for the variou ... | 1996 | 8743827 |
| clostridium difficile in a healthcare worker. | 1996 | 8744518 | |
| clostridium difficile infection. | the spore-forming anaerobe clostridium difficile has become a serious enteropathogen. changes in the composition of natural intestinal flora, mainly due to antibiotic therapy, permit its colonization of, and multiplication in, the colon. the disease is caused by (entero)toxin a and (cyto)toxin b, and infection ranges from asymptomatic carrier state and mild diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis. the clinical diagnosis is made by observing inflammatory, sometimes bloody, diarrhea and by the colono ... | 1996 | 8828001 |
| [an epidemic outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis due to clostridium difficile in term newborn infants]. | 1996 | 8830582 | |
| [meaningless with an expensive yeast preparation in diarrhea]. | 1996 | 8992152 | |
| incidence of diarrhea with antibiotics and the increase of clostridia in rabbits. | rabbits were treated with a single intravenous injection of various antibiotics. more than 40 per cent of the animals showed diarrhea after being treated with sulbactam/cefoperazone, cefmetazole, clindamycin, piperacillin or aspoxicillin. clostridium difficile was isolated from sulbactam/cefoperazone-treated diarrheic rabbits, with their cecal contents showing positive reaction in a latex agglutination test for c. difficile enterotoxin. however, 27 cefmetazole-induced diarrheic cases were not as ... | 1996 | 8996700 |
| isolation of viruses from clinical specimens in microtitre plates with cells inoculated in suspension. | virus isolation is essential for the provision of a full diagnostic virology service. present methods are time consuming, expensive and relatively inflexible for routine use. our objective was to audit our existing virus isolation system and to develop a sensitive, flexible virus isolation system which could be adapted for use in a busy routine laboratory which is required to provide a service for a wide range of clinical situations. we carried out a pilot study which compared conventional rolle ... | 1996 | 9002075 |
| nosocomial infections and nosocomial pneumonia. | nosocomial infections are a major source of revenue loss, morbidity, and even mortality to surgical patients. this review presents current issues regarding nosocomial infections and nosocomial pneumonias. this study is a literature review that presents material on nosocomial infections in general and details regarding clostridium difficile and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus infections. nosocomial infections, including pneumonias, are serious medical complications, and prevention by strict adh ... | 1996 | 9003688 |
| [epidemiology of clostridium difficile nosocomial infections]. | clostridium difficile accounts for 15-25% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) and for virtually all cases of antibiotic-associated pseudo-membranous colitis (pmc). this anaerobic bacterium is also carried in the gastro-intestinal tract of less than 3% of the normal adult population and can be isolated from the feces of 50-70% asymptomatic neonates. since recent years, c. difficile has been identified as the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in adults. pathogenesis relies on a dis ... | 1996 | 8685186 |
| nitric oxide inhibits rat intestinal secretion by clostridium difficile toxin a but not vibrio cholerae enterotoxin. | intestinal inflammation is associated with increased synthesis of nitric oxide, whereas inhibition of no synthase (nos) reduces experimental chronic intestinal inflammation. the aim of this study was to test the effects of no blockers and donors on acute intestinal inflammation induced by clostridium difficile toxin a in rat ileum. | 1996 | 8690206 |
| a receptor decoy inhibits the enterotoxic effects of clostridium difficile toxin a in rat ileum. | clostridium difficile toxin a causes secretion and intestinal inflammation in rodents by binding to a specific trisaccharide gal alpha 1-3gal beta 1-4 glcnac on enterocyte receptors. the purpose of this study was to explore the ability of synsorb 90 (synsorb biotech inc., calgary, alberta, canada), and inert support carrying this trisaccharide, to bind toxin a in vitro and to inhibit its enterotoxic effects in vivo. | 1996 | 8690209 |
| diagnostic value of clostridium difficile cytotoxin assay. | 1996 | 8690887 | |
| rabbit sucrase-isomaltase contains a functional intestinal receptor for clostridium difficile toxin a. | the intestinal effects of clostridium difficile toxin a are inidated by toxin binding to luminal enterocyte receptors. we reported previously that the rabbit ileal brush border (bb) receptor is a glycoprotein with an alpha-d-galactose containing trisaccharide in the toxin-binding domain (1991. j. clin. invest. 88:119-125). in this study we characterized the rabbit ileal bb receptor for this toxin. purified toxin receptor peptides of 19 and 24 amino acids showed 100% homology with rabbit sucrase- ... | 1996 | 8698855 |
| effect of clostridium difficile toxin b on ige receptor-mediated signal transduction in rat basophilic leukemia cells: inhibition of phospholipase d activation. | antigen (ag)-stimulated phospholipase d (pld) activation and secretion were almost abolished by pretreatment of rat basophilic leukemia (rbl)-2h3 cells for 4 h with 5 ng/ml clostridium difficile toxin b which is known to inhibit rho family proteins (rho, cdc42, rac). the concentration-dependent inhibition of pld activation was well correlated with the level of glucosylation of rho family proteins. in streptolysin o-permeabilized rbl cells, toxin b suppressed [3h] phosphatidylbutanol (pbut) forma ... | 1996 | 8702431 |
| review article: antibiotic-induced clostridium difficile infection. | the great majority of cases of clostridium difficile infection are hospital-acquired, and the reported incidence in england and wales has increased sixfold between 1990 and 1993, with at least 17 patients dying in a recent large nosocomial outbreak. c. difficile infection accounts for an average 3-week increased length of stay in hospital. acquisition of a toxigenic strain of clostridium difficile may be followed by asymptomatic carriage, diarrhoea, colitis or pseudomembranous colitis. antibioti ... | 1996 | 8971278 |
| definition of the single integration site of the pathogenicity locus in clostridium difficile. | we determined the nucleotide sequence 3.8 kb upstream and 5.2 kb downstream of the toxin genes a and b of clostridium difficile. nine orfs were discovered. based on pcr-directed approaches, two were attributed to the pathogenicity locus (paloc). the other seven were found in every c. difficile isolate obtained from the human gastrointestinal tract, respectless of their toxinogenicity. the orfs cdu1 and cdu2/2' upstream of the paloc displayed similarity to repressors of gram-positive bacteria (cd ... | 1996 | 8973304 |
| [acute clostridium difficile gastroenteritis infection in children: report of three cases]. | the causes and clinical manifestations of clostridium difficile infection in children are described in this report. the studies were performed on three children aged up to 3 years. risk factors as well as possible diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are discussed. | 1996 | 8975229 |
| [ciprofloxacin and clostridium difficile associated diarrhea]. | 1996 | 9063943 | |
| comparison of four laboratory tests for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | four different laboratory tests for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea were compared to determine the optimal one for management of patients with hospital-acquired diarrhea. stool samples from 231 patients with diarrhea were tested by the following methods: culture for clostridium difficile with subsequent determination of exotoxin production, with a toxigenic clostridium difficile positive (tcp) result considered truly positive; enzyme immunoassay (eia); latex agglutination ... | 1996 | 8874073 |
| effect of clostridium difficile toxin a on cd11/cd18 expression in vitro. | clostridium difficile toxin a is chemotactic for neutrophils and induces their emigration into the colonic mucosae of rodents. we found that toxin a did not upregulate neutrophil beta 2 integrins on isolated human neutrophils. these data support the hypothesis that in c. difficile colitis, these adhesion molecules are upregulated by endogenous mediators. | 1996 | 8877145 |
| financial burden of hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection has become endemic in many hospitals and yet few data on the associated costs of such cases are available. we prospectively followed 50 consecutive cases of c. difficile infection and 92 control patients, who were admitted to the same geriatric wards within 72 h of the cases. cases and controls had similar age, sex and major diagnosis distributions. cases stayed significantly longer (mean 21.3 days, median 20.5 days; p < 0.001) in hospital than controls, including ... | 1996 | 8880547 |
| clostridium difficile, pseudomembranous enterocolitis: striking ct and sonographic features in a pediatric patient. | 1996 | 8886718 | |
| effects of clostridium difficile toxin a and toxin b on phospholipase d activation in human promyelocytic leukemic hl60 cells. | the possible involvement of rho family gtp-binding proteins in the regulation of phospholipase d (pld) activity has recently been demonstrated. in the present study, to further examine the role of rho family proteins in pld activation of human promyelocytic leukemic hl60 cells, we used toxin a and toxin b from the anaerobic bacterium clostridium difficile, which was shown to glucosylate rho family proteins and inhibit their interaction with effectors. pretreatment of [3h]oleic acid-labeled hl60 ... | 1996 | 8890188 |
| in vitro evaluation of activities of nitazoxanide and tizoxanide against anaerobes and aerobic organisms. | the antibacterial activities of nitazoxanide and its main metabolite, tizoxanide, were tested against a broad range of bacteria, including anaerobes. metronidazole, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, piperacillin, cefoxitin, imipenem, and clindamycin were used as positive controls. mics were determined by reference agar dilution methods. the 241 anaerobes were all inhibited by nitazoxanide, with the mics at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (mic90s) being between 0.06 and 4 mg/liter wit ... | 1996 | 8891127 |
| clostridium difficile acquisition rate and its role in nosocomial diarrhoea at a university hospital in turkey. | infection with clostridium difficile can present with various clinical pictures ranging from an asymptomatic carrier state to pseudomembranous colitis and plays an important part in the etiology of nosocomial diarrhoea. to identify risk factors for c. difficile colonization and diarrhoea in hospitalized subjects, patients admitted to a general medicine ward at marmara university hospital during a one year period were entered into the study. of the 202 patients, nosocomial diarrhoea developed in ... | 1996 | 8891544 |
| imipenem or cefoperazone-sulbactam combined with vancomycin for therapy of presumed or proven infection in neutropenic cancer patients. | the purpose of this prospective randomized study was to compare the efficacy and safety of imipenem and cefoperazone-sulbactam combined with vancomycin for the treatment of fever in neutropenic cancer patients. patients were assigned to either imipenem 500 mg/m2 (500 mg for bone marrow transplant recipients) every 6 h or cefoperazone (2 g)-sulbactam (1 g) every 8 h all patients received vancomycin 1 g every 12 h. a total of 457 febrile or infectious episodes occurring in 407 patients were entere ... | 1996 | 8894569 |
| multicenter evaluation of four methods for clostridium difficile detection: immunocard c. difficile, cytotoxin assay, culture, and latex agglutination. | a three-center study was undertaken to compare several test methods for the detection of clostridium difficile, associated toxin, or related markers by using 927 stool specimens. methods included direct assay of cytotoxin in stool by tissue culture, c. difficile bacterial culture followed by cytotoxin assay, bacterial culture alone, latex agglutination assay, and the immunocard c. difficile test (meridian diagnostics, inc.). the sensitivities, as determined against direct cytotoxin assay results ... | 1996 | 8897171 |
| substance p activation of enteric neurons in response to intraluminal clostridium difficile toxin a in the rat ileum. | nerves have been suggested to mediate the effects of bacterial toxins in intestinal diseases. however, the mechanisms involved are unknown. this study examined endogenous substance p (sp) activation of the substance p receptor (spr) on enteric neurons in the rat ileum after exposure to intraluminal clostridium difficile toxin a. | 1996 | 8898641 |
| clostridium difficile infection as a cause of severe sepsis. | although colitis is often seen in critically all patients who have received multiple broad-spectrum antibiotics, there are no reports describing severe sepsis as a result of clostridium difficile infection. we describe three cases of severe sepsis with local intestinal clostridium difficile infection as the only identifiable etiology. the mechanism of severe sepsis may be a derangement of the gastrointestinal barrier function. this could result in absorption of microbes or endotoxin or activatio ... | 1996 | 8905440 |
| clostridium difficile. | the current impact of clostridium difficile will have been noticed by many clinicians, particularly those managing elderly patients. infection with this bacterium can give rise to a wide range of symptoms, from diarrhoea to fulminating colitis and toxic megacolon. patients may also be asymptomatically colonized by c. difficile. in this article the epidemiology and aetiology of c.difficile infection will be discussed, followed by an explanation of how diagnosis of cases is best achieved, how the ... | 1996 | 8909713 |
| role of rho proteins in carbachol-induced contractions in intact and permeabilized guinea-pig intestinal smooth muscle. | 1. the aim of this study was to determine whether the low molecular mass gtpase rhoa or related proteins are involved in carbachol- and high-k(+)-induced contractions in intact intestinal smooth muscle as well as the carbachol-induced increase in ca2+ sensitivity of the myofilaments in permeabilized preparations. 2. the carbachol-induced increase in the ca2+ sensitivity of force production in beta-escin-permeabilized intestinal smooth muscle was enhanced in preparations that were loaded with the ... | 1996 | 8910218 |
| genetic organization and distribution of tetracycline resistance determinants in clostridium perfringens. | the tet p determinant from the conjugative clostridium perfringens r plasmid pcw3 two functional overlapping tetracycline resistance genes, teta(p) and tetb(p). the teta(p) gene encodes a putative 46-kda transmembrane protein which mediates active efflux of tetracycline from the cell, while tetb(p) encodes a putative 72.6-kda protein which has significant similarity to tet m-like tetracycline resistance proteins (j. sloan, l.m. mcmurry, d. lyras, s. b. levy, and j. i. rood, mol. microbiol. 11:40 ... | 1996 | 8913453 |