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anaplasma phagocytophilum from rodents and sheep, china.to characterize the strains of anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild and domestic animals in china, we isolated the organism from rodents and sheep in northeastern china. we isolated 3 strains (2 from rodents and 1 from sick sheep) through propagation in balb/c mice and then cell culture in hl60 cells. the 3 isolates were identified by wright-giemsa staining, immunofluorescence, and electronic microscopy and were characterized by sequence analyses of the 16s rrna gene, partial citrate synthase gene, ...201020409364
serological study of selected vector-borne diseases in shelter dogs in central spain using point-of-care assays.we evaluated the prevalence of selected vector-borne diseases in 131 dogs in an animal shelter in central spain using point-of-care assays (snap 4dx and snap leishmania; idexx laboratories, westbrook, me). the snap 4dx detects dirofilaria immitis (di) antigen and antibodies against ehrlichia canis (ec), borrelia burgdorferi (bb), and anaplasma phagocytophylum (aph); the snap leishmania kit detects antibodies against leishmania infantum (li). dogs were classified as healthy or sick based on physi ...201020420531
molecular detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in the european hedgehog (erinaceus europaeus) and its ticks.the european hedgehog (erinaceus europaeus) is a common wild mammal in central europe that shares habitats with humans in urban, peri-urban, and rural areas. thus, this species may play a role in human contact with zoonotic diseases. here we report the presence of the pathogen anaplasma phagocytophilum in hedgehogs and their ticks in germany.201020426690
estimating seroprevalence and variation to four tick-borne infections and determination of associated risk factors in cattle under traditional mixed farming system in mbeere district, kenya.a cross-sectional study of serum antibody responses of cattle to tick-borne disease (tbd) parasites (theileria parva, theileria mutans, anaplasma marginale and babesia bigemina) was conducted on traditional smallholder mixed farms in mbeere district in kenya. the objective was to estimate the infections' seroprevalence and variation and identify associated risk factors. a total of 440 cattle in 80 farms, selected by stratified random sampling from the four divisions in the district, were surveye ...201020434227
identification of anaplasma marginale proteins specifically upregulated during colonization of the tick vector.the transition between infection of the mammalian host and colonization of an arthropod vector is required for the ongoing transmission of a broad array of pathogens, from viruses to protozoa. understanding how this transition is mediated provides opportunities to disrupt transmission through either chemotherapy or immunization. we used an unbiased proteomic screen to identify anaplasma marginale proteins specifically upregulated in the tick compared to the mammalian host. comparative mass spect ...201020439479
tickborne powassan virus infections among wisconsin residents.powassan virus (powv) is a tickborne flavivirus that causes a rare but potentially life-threatening illness. the first reported case of powv infection in a wisconsin resident occurred in 2003. enhanced surveillance and testing detected 2 additional cases.201020443328
ecological factors characterizing the prevalence of bacterial tick-borne pathogens in ixodes ricinus ticks in pastures and woodlands.ecological changes are recognized as an important driver behind the emergence of infectious diseases. the prevalence of infection in ticks depends upon ecological factors that are rarely taken into account simultaneously. our objective was to investigate the influences of forest fragmentation, vegetation, adult tick hosts, and habitat on the infection prevalence of three tick-borne bacteria, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and rickettsia sp. of the spotted fever group ...201020453131
potential infectivity of anaplasma phagocytophilum strains in ixodes ricinus ticks from serbia.anaplasma phagocytophilum strains from different geographical regions are characterised by diverse potential infectivity for humans and domesticated animals. we investigated the potential pathogenicity of a. phagocytophilum strains in ixodes ricinus ticks from 11 geographically different localities in serbia. sequences obtained in this study showed a high variability of p44 paralogues. some of them, however, formed groups with similarities greater than 86% ('similarity groups'). previous studies ...201020460222
detection of anaplasma marginale and a. phagocytophilum in bovine peripheral blood samples by duplex real-time reverse transcriptase pcr assay.insufficient diagnostic sensitivity and specificity coupled with the potential for cross-reactivity among closely related anaplasma species has made the accurate determination of infection status problematic. a method for the development of simplex and duplex real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase pcr (qrt-pcr) assays for the detection of a. marginale and a. phagocytophilum 16s rrna in plasma-free bovine peripheral blood samples is described. the duplex assay was able to detect as few as 1 ...201020463162
a comparison of six primer sets for detection of trypanosoma evansi by polymerase chain reaction in rodents and thai livestock.to face the worldwide threat of surra caused by trypanosoma evansi, international organizations have stressed the need to evaluate and standardize diagnostic tools. pcr detection of t. evansi has known a great expansion during the last 20 years, but primer sets are often insufficiently assessed and compared. in this work, we compared the performances of six primer pairs-tbr1/2 (masiga et al., 1992), esag6/7 (holland et al., 2001a, b), tepan1/2 (panyim et al., 1993), pmutec f/r (wuyts et al., 199 ...201020466489
role of sand lizards in the ecology of lyme and other tick-borne diseases in the netherlands.abstract:201020470386
prevalence of selected infectious agents in cats in ireland.vector-borne bacterial and rickettsial agents and toxoplasma gondii, are common organisms in cats. some are potentially zoonotic or may be transmitted via blood transfusion. the current study investigated the prevalence of these agents in cats from dublin, ireland, for which no published data exists. whole blood (n=116) and sera (n=83) samples were obtained from 121 cats. dna was extracted from blood and assayed using polymerase chain reaction techniques for anaplasma species, bartonella species ...201020472484
equine granulocytic anaplasmosis in the czech republic.twelve confirmed cases of equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (ega) and five additional suspected cases, showing a compatible clinical history and specific igg titres of 1280 or above, were recorded in the czech republic during the period 2002 to 2008. the diagnosis was based on clinical signs, the detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum morulae in neutrophils in blood smears, serology and molecular methods. pyrexia (39.8 to 41.3 degrees c), depression, partial or total anorexia, limb oedema and ict ...201020495165
human anaplasmosis and anaplasma ovis variant. 201020507768
human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis.human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are acute febrile tick-borne diseases caused by various members of the genera ehrlichia and anaplasma (anaplasmataceae). human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis has become one of the most prevalent life-threatening tick-borne disease in the united states. ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are becoming more frequently diagnosed as the cause of human infections, as animal reservoirs and tick vectors have increased in number and humans have inhabited areas where reservoir ...201020513551
the development of a qpcr assay to detect tick (ixodida) dna and its implementation for the study of tick-borne pathogen transmission.polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis is regularly used to detect pathogens within arthropod vectors, but has also been applied to investigate vector dna. this study details a novel highly sensitive quantitative pcr (qpcr) which detects and quantifies dna from ixodes ricinus, the european vector of anaplasma phagocytophilum. by pairing this with a qpcr to detect a. phagocytophilum, valid comparisons of pathogen load can be made between different sized tick-tissue samples. these qpcrs were val ...201020515685
first molecular detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in european brown bear (ursus arctos).in europe, anaplasma phagocytophilum circulates in natural foci in a tick-host cycle. up to now, antibodies against a. phagocytophilum as well as pathogen's dna were recorded in several domestic and wild animals. nevertheless, the reservoir host range is still under investigation. tissue samples from european brown bears (ursus arctos) were tested for the presence of a. phagocytophilum dna by a pcr amplification of 16s rrna gene. the results of our study provides the evidence, that the range of ...201020020810
prevalence of five pathogenic agents in questing ixodes ricinus ticks from western france.in europe, ixodes ricinus ticks are vectors of many emerging pathogens, including borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl), anaplasma phagocytophilum, spotted fever group rickettsia sp., babesia sp., and very likely bartonella sp. in this study, we looked for the presence of dna of these microorganisms in 572 ticks from two forests in the west of france. dna extraction and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification were performed on individual nymphal, male, and female i. ricinus ticks. amplifica ...201020020814
identification of theileria uilenbergi immunodominant protein for development of an indirect elisa for diagnosis of ovine theileriosis.theileriosis of small ruminants in the northwest of china is a protozoan disease that restricts the development of the livestock industry. the disease is caused by infection with theileria uilenbergi and theilerialuwenshuni, both of which are transmitted by ixodid heamaphysalis ticks. the development of serological tools as a means of integrated control of the disease is an urgent and important requirement. here we describe the identification and partial recombinant expression of a t.uilenbergi ...201019900458
detection of anaplasma bovis and anaplasma phagocytophilum dna from haemaphysalis megaspinosa in hokkaido, japan.dna from 101 ticks, including haemaphysalis megaspinosa, haemaphysalis douglasi, haemaphysalis flava, ixodes ovatus and ixodes persulcatus, collected by flagging in a pasture in hidaka district (hokkaido, japan) was examined for infection with anaplasma bovis and a. phagocytophilum by species-specific nested pcr. of the 48 h. megaspinosa nymphs, examined, 1 (2.1%) and 6 (12.5%) were positive for a. bovis and a. phagocytophilum, respectively. one of the 6 positive nymphs was dual positive for bot ...201019897306
impairment of gamma interferon signaling in human neutrophils infected with anaplasma phagocytophilum.anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of tick-borne human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga), is an intracellular bacterium which survives and multiplies inside polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (pmn). increased bacterial burden in gamma interferon (ifn-gamma)-deficient mice suggested a major role of ifn-gamma in the control of a. phagocytophilum. here we investigated whether infection of human pmn with a. phagocytophilum impairs ifn-gamma signaling thus facilitating intracellular ...201019858302
molecular detection of ehrlichia chaffeensis and anaplasma bovis in the salivary glands from haemaphysalis longicornis ticks.the salivary gland (sg) of tick plays an important role as a route in the dissemination of tick-borne pathogens to their hosts. we evaluated the presence of these pathogens in the sgs of haemaphysalis longicornis ticks, and these ticks were collected from grazing cattle in jeju island, korea. of total 463 one-side sgs, 56 (12.1%) sgs were positive for ehrlichia chaffeensis and 11 (2.4%) were positive for anaplasma bovis. in addition, two (0.4%) sgs were co-infected with both e. chaffeensis and a ...201019874189
a new pcr-rflp method for detection of anaplasma marginale based on 16s rrna.species of the genus anaplasma (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) are obligate intracellular tick borne pathogens. three species of anaplasma that infect cattle and sheep (a. marginale, a. centrale and a. ovis) are well recognized. of these erythrocytic anaplasma, a. marginale can cause diseases in the livestock with high economical losses. species-specific pcr based on 16s rrna gene is commonly used for detection of anaplasma species but can not differentiate a. marginale, a. centrale and a. ovis ...201020013050
a clear and present danger: tick-borne diseases in europe.ticks can transmit a variety of viruses, bacteria or parasites that can cause serious infections or conditions in humans and animals. while tick-borne diseases are becoming an increasing and serious problem in europe, tick-borne diseases are also responsible for major depressions in livestock production and mortality in sub-saharan africa, latin america and asia. this review will focus on the most important circulating tick-transmitted pathogens in europe (borrelia spp., anaplasma phagocytophilu ...201020014900
transformation of anaplasma marginale.the tick-borne pathogen, anaplasma marginale, has a complex life cycle involving ruminants and ixodid ticks. it causes bovine anaplasmosis, a disease with significant economic impact on cattle farming worldwide. the obligate intracellular growth requirement of the bacteria poses a challenging obstacle to their genetic manipulation, a problem shared with other prokaryotes in the genera anaplasma, ehrlichia, and rickettsia. following our successful transformation of the human anaplasmosis agent, a ...201019837516
protection in the absence of exclusion between two brazilian isolates of anaplasma marginale in experimentally infected calves.this study investigated whether a low pathogenicity isolate of anaplasma marginale with an appendage (ufmg1) could protect calves from infection with a pathogenic a. marginale isolate (ufmg2). two groups of five friesian calves were each inoculated with ufmg1 by intravenous injections of either a. marginale-infected tick cell cultures (group 1) or blood stabilates (group 2); a third (control) group was injected with saline. all animals were inoculated with a blood stabilate containing a high pat ...201019837622
complete genome sequence of anaplasma marginale subsp. centrale.anaplasma marginale subsp. centrale is a naturally attenuated subtype that has been used as a vaccine for a century. we sequenced the genome of this organism and compared it to those of virulent senso stricto a. marginale strains. the comparison markedly narrows the number of outer membrane protein candidates for development of a safer inactivated vaccine and provides insight into the diversity among strains of senso lato a. marginale.201019854912
factors contributing to emergence of ehrlichia and anaplasma spp. as human pathogens.ehrlichioses and anaplasmoses are caused by alpha-proteobacteria within the family of anaplasmataceae. these diseases have been known for a long time in veterinary medicine and recently in human medicine. these tick-borne zoonoses are considered as emerging diseases. the first case of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis occurred in 1986. human granulocytic anaplasmosis was described as a separate entity in 1994 and ehrlichiosis caused by ehrlichia ewingii was reported in humans in 1999. the number ...201019836890
molecular events involved in cellular invasion by ehrlichia chaffeensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum.ehrlichia chaffeensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum are obligatory intracellular bacteria that preferentially replicate inside leukocytes by utilizing biological compounds and processes of these primary host defensive cells. these bacteria incorporate cholesterol from the host for their survival. upon interaction with host monocytes and granulocytes, respectively, these bacteria usurp the lipid raft domain containing gpi-anchored protein to induce a series of signaling events that result in inte ...201019836896
functional genomics and evolution of tick-anaplasma interactions and vaccine development.the genus anaplasma (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) includes several tick-transmitted pathogens that impact veterinary and human health. tick-borne pathogens cycle between tick vectors and vertebrate hosts and their interaction is mediated by molecular mechanisms at the tick-pathogen interface. these mechanisms have evolved characteristics that involve traits from both the tick vector and the pathogen to insure their mutual survival. herein, we review the information obtained from functional ge ...201019819630
the natural history of anaplasma marginale.the intracellular pathogen anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae), described by sir arnold theiler in 1910, is endemic worldwide in tropical and subtropical areas. infection of cattle with a. marginale causes bovine anaplasmosis, a mild to severe hemolytic disease that results in considerable economic loss to both dairy and beef industries. transmission of a. marginale to cattle occurs biologically by ticks and mechanically by biting flies and by blood-contaminated fomites. both ma ...201019811876
the natural history of anaplasma phagocytophilum.anaplasma phagocytophilum is the recently designated name replacing three species of granulocytic bacteria, ehrlichia phagocytophila, ehrlichia equi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, after the recent reorganization of the families rickettsiaceae and anaplasmataceae in the order rickettsiales. tick-borne fever (tbf), which is caused by the prototype of a. phagocytophilum, was first described in 1932 in scotland. a similar disease caused by a related granulocytic agent was first de ...201019811878
assessment of polymicrobial infections in ticks in new york state.ixodes scapularis ticks are clinically important hematophagous vectors. a single tick bite can lead to a polymicrobial infection. we determined the prevalence of polymicrobial infection with borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocytophilum, babesia microti, borrelia miyamotoi, and powassan virus in 286 adult ticks from the two counties in new york state where lyme disease is endemic, utilizing a masstag multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. seventy-one percent of the ticks harbored at least ...201019725770
seroprevalence of tick-borne diseases in communal cattle reared on sweet and sour rangelands in a semi-arid area of south africa.a survey was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of tick-borne diseases (tbd) in nguni and non-descript cattle on the sweet and sour communal rangelands across seasons. body condition scores, bodyweights, packed cell volume (pcv) and antibodies to b. bovis, b. bigemina, ehrlichiaruminatium and anaplasma marginale were determined seasonally in 144 cattle raised on communal rangelands from august 2007 to april 2008. approximately 45% of the cattle were seropositive for b. bovis, 46% for b. b ...201019733490
molecular evidence for anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus from turkey.this study investigated the presence of the pathogen anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodid ticks removed from humans living in three provinces (giresun, trabzon, rize) in the east of the black sea region of turkey. a total of 1097 ixodid ticks were examined for the presence of a. phagocytophilum dna. from the 95 pooled tick samples tested, species-specific fragments of a. phagocytophilum (11/95 samples, 11.6%) were amplified by nested pcr. adult ixodes ricinus (9/53 samples, 17.0%) and ixodes spp. ...201019744685
variant-specific and diminishing immune responses towards the highly variable msp2(p44) outer membrane protein of anaplasma phagocytophilum during persistent infection in lambs.anaplasma phagocytophilum is the causative agent of tick-borne fever in small ruminants and has been identified as the zoonotic agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. the norwegian strains of the rickettsia are naturally persistent in lambs and represent a suitable experimental system for analyzing the mechanisms of persistence. variation of the outer membrane protein msp2(p44) by recombination of variable pseudogene segments into an expression site is believed to play a key role in persisten ...201019695712
expression of heat shock and other stress response proteins in ticks and cultured tick cells in response to anaplasma spp. infection and heat shock.ticks are ectoparasites of animals and humans that serve as vectors of anaplasma and other pathogens that affect humans and animals worldwide. ticks and the pathogens that they transmit have coevolved molecular interactions involving genetic traits of both the tick and the pathogen that mediate their development and survival. in this paper, the expression of heat shock proteins (hsps) and other stress response proteins (srps) was characterized in ticks and cultured tick cells by proteomics and t ...201022084679
differences in prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma spp. infection among host-seeking dermacentor occidentalis, ixodes pacificus, and ornithodoros coriaceus ticks in northwestern california.previous studies revealed that the pacific coast tick (dermacentor occidentalis) is infected occasionally with the agents of lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi) or human granulocytic anaplasmosis (anaplasma phagocytophilum) and that it is an inefficient experimental vector of b. burgdorferi. the relationship of the pajahuello tick (ornithodoros coriaceus) to each of these bacterial zoonotic agents has not been reported. the primary bridging vector of both bacterial zoonotic agents to humans is t ...201021359090
a morphological and molecular study of anaplasma phagocytophilum transmission events at the time of ixodes ricinus tick bite.anaplasma phagocytophilum is the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) in humans and tick-borne fever (tbf) in ruminants. the bacterium invades and replicates in phagocytes, especially in polymorphonuclear granulocytes.201020565721
monoubiquitinated proteins decorate the anaplasma phagocytophilum-occupied vacuolar membrane.an emerging theme among vacuole-adapted bacterial pathogens is the ability to hijack ubiquitin machinery to modulate host cellular processes and secure pathogen survival. mono- and polyubiquitination differentially dictate the subcellular localization, activity, and fate of protein substrates. monoubiquitination directs membrane traffic from the plasma membrane to the endosome and has been shown to promote autophagy. anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium that replicate ...201122066989
pcr detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in goat flocks in an area endemic for tick-borne fever in switzerland.central switzerland is a highly endemic region for tick-borne fever (tbf) in cattle, however, little is known about a. phagocytophilum in goats. in the present study, 72 animals from six goat flocks (373 edta blood-samples) in central switzerland were analysed for a. phagocytophilum dna. a real-time pcr targeting the msp2 gene of a. phagocytophilum was performed and in positive samples the partial 165 rrna, groel and msp4 gene were amplified for sequence analysis. four dna extracts were positive ...201121395206
molecular survey of anaplasma and ehrlichia infections of feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in hokkaido, japan.infection by anaplasma and ehrlichia in feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in hokkaido, japan, was examined by molecular methods. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) screen for anaplasmataceae, based on 16s rrna, showed that 38 (5.4%) of 699 raccoons examined were positive. these 38 positive samples were examined for anaplasma phagocytophilum, anaplasma bovis, ehrlichia chaffeensis, and ehrlichia canis infection by species-specific nested pcr. nested pcr results indicated that 36 of the 38 samples wer ...201121395415
molecular detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodid ticks in hebei province, china.a total of 3696 ixodid ticks, collected from hebei province, china, were examined by a nested polymerase chain reaction for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum. forty-three (15.4%) of 280 pools tested, including 39 (14.6%) of 267 haemaphysalis longicornis and four (30.8%) of 13 dermacentor nuttalli, were positive, but no significant difference was found between d. nuttalli and h. longicornis (p>0.05). sequence and phylogenetic analyses of 16s rrna gene indicated that a. phagocytophilum in ...201121923254
epidemiological aspects on vector-borne infections in stray and pet dogs from romania and hungary with focus on babesia spp.canine arthropod-borne infections are of major interest in small animal practice and have been widely investigated in central and western europe. however, only limited epidemiological data are available from south-eastern european countries, although diseases including babesiosis or dirofilariosis are widely recognised as important canine infections in these countries. a steadily increasing number of dogs imported from south-eastern europe into germany require particular attention by small anima ...201121947342
human anaplasmosis in belgium: a 10-year seroepidemiological study.human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) is a tick-borne rickettsial infection of neutrophils caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum. although the pathogen was known as a veterinary agent as early as 1932, the link with human disease was first established in 1990. in the past decennium, the involvement of hga as an important and frequent cause of fever with a history of tick bite was increasingly recognized in many regions of europe. this paper presents a 10-year a. phagocytophilum serosurveillance (2 ...201121890069
prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum and coinfection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the hard tick ixodes ricinus in the city of hanover (germany).the castor bean tick ixodes ricinus has been found to be the main vector for lyme borreliosis spirochetes and anaplasma phagocytophilum in central europe. 1646 i. ricinus ticks from hanover, a city located in northern germany, were examined for infection with a. phagocytophilum and coinfection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) to obtain so far missing prevalence data for this region. the total a. phagocytophilum infection rate was 3.2% (52/1646 ticks), divided into 4.1% (32/777) adults a ...201121919727
Genome-wide screening and identification of antigens for rickettsial vaccine development.The capacity to identify immunogens for vaccine development by genome-wide screening has been markedly enhanced by the availability of microbial genome sequences coupled to proteomic and bioinformatic analysis. Critical to this approach is in vivo testing in the context of a natural host-pathogen relationship, one that includes genetic diversity in the host as well as among pathogen strains. We aggregate the results of three independent genome-wide screens using in vivo immunization and protecti ...201122066488
downregulation of cxcl12 signaling and altered hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell trafficking in a murine model of acute anaplasma phagocytophilum infection.infection with a variety of bacterial pathogens results in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (hspc) mobilization. the mechanism and kinetics of hspc mobilization during infection are largely unknown. previously, we found altered hspc activity in bone marrow, spleen and blood during infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis. we hypothesized that altered cxcl12/cxcr4 signaling, a central pathway for hspc homing to, and retention within, the bone marrow, ...201121964802
Evaluation of clinical specimens for Rickettsia, Bartonella, Borrelia, Coxiella, Anaplasma, Franciscella and Diplorickettsia positivity using serological and molecular biology methods.We monitored clinical samples from patients of different age groups from selected regions in Slovakia. Overall seroprevalence evaluated by immunofluorescence (IFA) using nine Bartonella, two Borrelia, six rickettsial (spotted fever and typhus group), two Coxiella, and one human granulocytic ehrlichiosis Anaplasma, Franciscella tularensis and Diplorickettsia massiliensis antigens, in rural and city populations of Slovak Republic, was found to be 32% positive for spotted fever group rickettsiae. O ...201122098390
anaplasma, ehrlichia, and "candidatus neoehrlichia" bacteria: pathogenicity, biodiversity, and molecular genetic characteristics, a review.the family anaplasmataceae includes gram-negative obligate intracellular alphaproteobacteria, which amplify within membrane-bound vacuoles. the genera anaplasma and ehrlichia as well as the recently specified cluster "candidatus neoehrlichia" comprise all bacteria of the family that are transmitted by ixodid ticks to mammalian hosts and cause infections in humans and numerous domestic and wild animal species. totally, six anaplasma, five ehrlichia, and two "candidatus neoehrlichia" species as we ...201121983560
the biological basis of severe outcomes in anaplasma phagocytophilum infection.anaplasma phagocytophilum causes granulocytic anaplasmosis, an acute disease in humans that is also often subclinical. however, 36% are hospitalized, 7% need intensive care, and the case fatality rate is 0.6%. the biological basis for severe disease is not understood. despite a. phagocytophilum's mechanisms to subvert neutrophil antimicrobial responses, whether these mechanisms lead to disease is unclear. in animals, inflammatory lesions track with ifnγ and il-10 expression and infection of ifng ...201122098465
detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in brazilian dogs by real-time polymerase chain reaction.anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected in dogs from brazil in the municipalities of seropédica and itaguaí, rio de janeiro state, by real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using sybr green to detect the amplification. of 253 samples, 18 (7.11%) were positive, with a threshold cycle (ct) ranging from 31 to 35 cycles. the pcr product from a positive sample was cloned and sequenced. the sequence obtained demonstrated 100% identity with other a. phagocytophilum sequences published in the genbank ...201121908321
first molecular evidence of anaplasma ovis and rickettsia spp. in keds (diptera: hippoboscidae) of sheep and wild ruminants.to evaluate the presence of rickettsial agents in hippoboscid flies with molecular methods, 81 sheep keds (melophagus ovinus) were collected from 23 sheep, 144 deer keds (lipoptena cervi) were caught in the environment, and a further 463 and 59 individuals of the latter species were obtained from fresh carcasses of 29 red deer and 17 roe deer, respectively. dna was extracted individually or in pools. anaplasma ovis was demonstrated in all examined sheep keds, and from one pool of free-living dee ...201121923269
molecular evidence for anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus ticks from greece.human granulocytic anaplasmosis is increasingly being recognized in the united states and europe. ixodes ricinus tick is considered the primary vector of the causative pathogen, anaplasma phagocytophilum, in europe. although previous studies in humans support the presence of a. phagocytophilum in greece, detection of a. phagocytophilum dna in i. ricinus ticks has been not yet reported. a total of 405 i. ricinus ticks (45 pools) collected from goats in eight prefectures of northern greece were te ...201121923272
prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus in bavarian public parks, germany.previous studies have shown that public parks provide extraordinary habitats for ticks and tick-borne pathogens. therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the tick abundance (ticks/100 m(2)) in urban areas and the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum. collection of ticks was performed by the flagging method in selected bavarian public parks in a 2-year survey. dna from 30 ticks of each developmental stage, sampling site and month was extracted and screened by specific real-time pcr ...201122108012
agents of human anaplasmosis and lyme disease at camp ripley, minnesota.the transmission dynamics of anaplasma phagocytophilum (ap) and borrelia burgdorferi (bb) among ixodes scapularis (is) and mammalian hosts was investigated at camp ripley, an area representative of central minnesota. prevalence of white-footed mouse infection with ap and bb were 20% and 42%, respectively, with a coinfection level of 14%. peak levels of infection with both agents occurred in may. the average levels of seropositivity to ap and bb were 29.3% and 48%, respectively. of the mice infec ...201121867420
the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with human granulocytic anaplasmosis in china.the incidence of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga), a tick-borne disease caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum, has increased across the world. however, information on hga is lacking in china. the purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical features and outcomes of hga patients in china.201122015246
elimination of borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum in rodent reservoirs and ixodes scapularis ticks using a doxycycline hyclate-laden bait.a field trial was conducted in a lyme disease-endemic area of new jersey to determine the efficacy of a doxycyline hyclate rodent bait to prophylactically protect and cure small-mammal reservoirs and reduce infection rates in questing ixodes scapularis ticks for borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum. the doxycycline-laden bait was formulated at a concentration of 500 mg/kg and delivered during the immature tick feeding season in rodent-targeted bait boxes. the percentage of infected ...201122144454
Evolution of Antigen Variation in the Tick-Borne Pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum.Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligately intracellular tick-transmitted bacterial pathogen of humans and other animals. During the course of infection, A. phagocytophilum utilizes gene conversion to shuffle ~100 functional pseudogenes into a single expression cassette of the msp2(p44) gene, which codes for the major surface antigen and major surface protein 2 (MSP2). The role and extent of msp2(p44) recombination, particularly in hosts that only experience acute infections, is not clear. In th ...201121965342
Ixodes scapularis salivary gland protein P11 facilitates migration of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from the tick gut to salivary glands.Ixodes ticks harbour several human pathogens belonging to the order Rickettsiales, including Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human anaplasmosis. When ticks feed on A. phagocytophilum-infected mice, the pathogen enters the ticks' gut. The bacteria then migrate from the gut to infect the salivary glands of the ticks and are transmitted to the next host via the saliva. The molecular mechanisms that enable the migration of A. phagocytophilum from the gut to the salivary glands are poorly und ...201121921936
molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens of the family anaplasmataceae in brazilian brown brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira, fischer, 1814) and marsh deer (blastocerus dichotomus, illiger, 1815).deer are important natural reservoir hosts of anaplasmataceae. the present study used nested pcr and nucleotide sequencing to evaluate the occurrence of anaplasmataceae species in 23 free-living and six captive specimens of the cervids mazama gouazoubira and blastocerus dichotomus in minas gerais state, brazil. blood samples were tested for the presence of ehrlichia and anaplasma spp. using npcr assays and sequencing of the msp4, msp1 and 16s rrna genes. the identity of each sequence was confirm ...201122136597
Acute phase response in cattle infected with Anaplasma marginale.This study was undertaken to evaluate the acute phase responses via the assessment of the concentration of serum sialic acids (total, lipid bound and protein bound), inflammatory mediators (IFN-? and TNF-a) and acute phase proteins (Hp and SAA) in 20 adult crossbred cattle naturally infected by Anaplasma marginale. The infected animals were divided into 2 subgroups on the basis of parasitemia rate (<20% and >20%). Also, as a control group, 10 clinically healthy cattle from the same farms were sa ...201121940118
introduction to the alpha-proteobacteria: wolbachia and bartonella, rickettsia, brucella, ehrlichia, and anaplasma.wolbachia is an obligate intracellular endosymbiont and likely mutualist living within the heartworm dirofilaria immitis and a number of other filarial nematodes in the family onchocercidae. the bacterial infection is passed from worm to worm transovarially; the organisms are in ovarian cells, the developing microfilariae, and multiply and persist in all later developmental stages through the mosquito and into the next host. besides being present in the ovaries of the adult worms, they also are ...201122152604
The sequences of groESL operon of Anaplasma phagocytophilum among human patients in Slovenia.Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging tick-borne pathogen. Great genetic diversity of A. phagocytophilum has been described in animals and ticks. The present study is focused on the genetic variabilty of the groESL operon of A. phagocytophilum in human patients in Slovenia. During 1996 - 2008 there were 66 serologically confirmed patients with human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Of these 46 were tested with a screening PCR for a small part of the 16S rDNA of A. phagocytophilum and 28 (60.9%) wer ...201122067085
Expansion of the Midwestern focus for human granulocytic anaplasmosis into the region surrounding La Crosse, Wisconsin.Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), shares the same enzootic life cycle as Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Although La Crosse, WI, is a well-recognized Lyme disease focus with an abundance of Ixodes scapularis vector ticks and the first documentation of HGA occurred in patients from northwestern Wisconsin, local transmission of A. phagocytophilum has not to date been documented. In this study, we evaluated DNA extrac ...201121918026
Molecular analyses of a potentially novel Anaplasma species closely related to Anaplasma phagocytophilum detected in sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) in Japan.An Anaplasma species closely related to Anaplasma phagocytophilum detected in sika deer in Hokkaido, Japan was molecularly analyzed using 16S rRNA, citrate synthase (gltA), and heat-shock operon (groEL) gene sequences. Genome walking was performed to determine its complete gltA and groEL sequences (1233bp and 1650bp, respectively). Percent identities to the closest A. phagocytophilum sequences from the US and European strains were 98.6-98.8%, 76.5%, and 80.3-80.8% for 16S rRNA, gltA, and groEL g ...201122204789
Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia canis, and Dirofilaria immitis among dogs in Canada.The seropositivity of dogs to Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Ehrlichia canis antibodies, and Dirofilaria immitis antigen was assessed in Canada. Borrelia burgdorferi had the highest seroprevalence, while that of Dirofilaria immitis has not changed significantly in the past 20 y. The risk for these vector-borne infectious agents in Canadian dogs is low but widespread with foci of higher prevalence.201122043075
dexamethasone-induced cytokine changes associated with diminished disease severity in horses infected with anaplasma phagocytophilum.anaplasma phagocytophilum is the zoonotic cause of granulocytic anaplasmosis. we hypothesized that immune response, specifically gamma interferon (ifn-γ), plays a role in disease severity. to test this, horses were infected and ifng expression was pharmacologically downregulated using corticosteroids. eight horses were infected with a. phagocytophilum; 4 received dexamethasone on days 4 to 8 of infection. clinical signs, hematologic parameters, and transcription of cytokine/chemokine genes were ...201121880854
prevalence of selected zoonotic and vector-borne agents in dogs and cats in costa rica.to estimate the prevalence of enteric parasites and selected vector-borne agents of dogs and cats in san isidro de el general, costa rica, fecal and serum samples were collected from animals voluntarily undergoing sterilization. each fecal sample was examined for parasites by microscopic examination after fecal flotation and for giardia and cryptosporidium using an immunofluorescence assay (ifa). giardia and cryptosporidium ifa positive samples were genotyped after pcr amplification of specific ...201121846585
Typical and atypical manifestations of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in dogs.Eighteen clinically ill dogs, naturally infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, were examined at a veterinary practice in Baxter, Minnesota. A clinical examination, complete blood cell count, enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for A phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Ehrlichia canis antibodies and Dirofilaria immitis antigen, and a polymerase chain reaction test for A phagocytophilum DNA were obtained for all dogs. Physical examination findings included fever, arthropathy, lymph ...201122058372
Molecular Study of Free-ranging Mule Deer and White-tailed Deer from British Columbia, Canada, for Evidence of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp.Twenty-three free-ranging white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus) and six mule deer (MD; Odocoileus hemionus) from south-central British Columbia, Canada, were tested for Anaplasma marginale by msp5 gene-specific PCR and Ehrlichia spp. by 16S rRNA or citrate synthase (gltA) gene-specific PCR, as well as by PCR with universal 16S rRNA primers detecting a wide range of bacteria. No deer tested positive for A. marginale. Amplification with universal 16S rRNA primers followed by sequencing o ...201121933360
granulocytic anaplasmosis in a horse from nova scotia caused by infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum.a 16-year-old paint stallion was presented with intermittent fever, inappetance, lethargy, icterus, distal limb edema, and submandibular lymphadenopathy. the horse was native to nova scotia and had never left that province. morulae were detected in granulocytes. ananaplasma phagocytophilum infection was confirmed by serology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the horse responded to treatment with oxytetracycline.201122043078
isolation, propagation and preliminary characterisation of anaplasma phagocytophilum from roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in the tick cell line ide8.anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium causing granulocytic anaplasmosis in dogs, horses, and humans and tick-borne fever of ruminants. the bacterium has been detected in a variety of other mammals including wild ruminants without overt clinical signs of disease. isolates in cell culture have been obtained from humans, dogs, horses, sheep, and ticks, but no strain from wild ruminants exists in cell culture in europe. from september to november 2010, edta blood samples w ...201122108013
anaplasmataceae and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the sand lizard lacerta agilis and co-infection of these bacteria in hosted ixodes ricinus ticks.anaplasmataceae and borrelia burgdorferi s.l. are important tick-borne bacteria maintained in nature by transmission between ticks and vertebrate hosts. however, the potential role of lizards as hosts has not been sufficiently studied.201121933412
Identification of Anaplasma marginale Type IV Secretion System Effector Proteins.Anaplasma marginale, an obligate intracellular alphaproteobacterium in the order Rickettsiales, is a tick-borne pathogen and the leading cause of anaplasmosis in cattle worldwide. Complete genome sequencing of A. marginale revealed that it has a type IV secretion system (T4SS). The T4SS is one of seven known types of secretion systems utilized by bacteria, with the type III and IV secretion systems particularly prevalent among pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. The T4SS is predicted to play an i ...201122140462
Longitudinal field study on bovine Babesia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections during a grazing season in Belgium.Anaplasmosis and babesiosis are major tick-borne diseases with a high economic impact but are also a public health concern. Blood samples collected in the spring, summer, and autumn of 2010 from 65 cows in seven different farms in Belgium were monitored with an indirect immunofluorescence antibody test to assess seroprevalence against these pathogens. Seroprevalences to Babesia spp. were measured as 10.7%, 20%, and 12.3% in spring, summer, and autumn, respectively, whereas seroprevalences to Ana ...201121947341
Targeting the tick protective antigen subolesin reduces vector infestations and pathogen infection by Anaplasma marginale and Babesia bigemina.The ultimate goal of vector vaccines is the control of vector infestations while reducing pathogen infection and transmission to protect against the many diseases caused by vector-borne pathogens. Previously (Vaccine 2011;29:2248-2254), we demonstrated that subolesin vaccination and release of tick larvae after subolesin knockdown by RNA interference (RNAi) were effective for the control of cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus infestations in cattle. In this study, we used the fact t ...201121951878
"Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis", Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Lyme disease spirochetes in questing European vector ticks and in feeding ticks removed from people.To estimate the likelihood of people coming into contact with the recently described tick-borne agent "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis", we compared its frequencies with those of Lyme disease spirochetes and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing adult Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in various Central European sites and examined ticks, which had been removed from people, for the presence of these pathogens. Whereas spirochetes infected questing adult ticks most frequently (22.3%), more than a ...201122205824
Identification of a Mycoplasma ovis-like organism in a herd of farmed white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in rural Indiana.Mycoplasma ovis is a hemoplasma parasite of sheep, goats, and reindeer; however, natural hemoplasma infection in white-tailed deer has not previously been reported. Subsequent to finding many coccoid, bacillary, and ring-shaped organisms, consistent with hemotropic mycoplasmas, on RBCs from a 72-day-old female white-tailed fawn, we sought to (1) identify the putative hemoplasma observed in blood from the fawn, (2) evaluate others in the herd for hemoplasma infection, and (3) identify clinicopath ...201122112325
vector-borne diseases in client-owned and stray cats from madrid, spain.abstract the role of various vector-borne pathogens as a cause of disease in cats has not been clearly determined. the current study evaluated risk factors, clinical and laboratory abnormalities associated with ehrlichia spp., anaplasma spp., neorickettsia spp., leishmania spp., and bartonella spp. infection or exposure in 680 client-owned and stray cats from madrid, spain. our results indicate that a large portion (35.1%) of the cat population of madrid, spain, is exposed to at least one of t ...201122022820
emerging incidence of lyme borreliosis, babesiosis, bartonellosis, and granulocytic ehrlichiosis in australia.borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease (ld), and babesia, bartonella, and ehrlichia species (spp.) are recognized tick-borne pathogens in humans worldwide. using serology and molecular testing, the incidence of these pathogens was investigated in symptomatic patients from australia.201122267937
anaplasma spp. in wild mammals and ixodes ricinus from the north of spain.our objectives were to investigate the presence of anaplasma spp. infection in red deer, wild boars, and ixodes ricinus removed from deer surveyed in la rioja, as well as to analyze the presence of anaplasma spp. in i. ricinus from different spanish regions--ours included. a total of 21 deer and 13 wild boar blood samples as well as 295 i. ricinus removed from deer, vegetation, or asymptomatic people were tested by polymerase chain reaction targeting anaplasma spp. 16s rrna gene and groesl heat ...201120528172
prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in fallow deer (dama dama) and feeding ticks from an italy preserve.up to date, information concerning the anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in fallow deer is scant, therefore, to verify its prevalence in these ungulates serological and pcr screenings were performed on blood of 72 fallow deer hunted in a central-northern italian preserve. molecular analyses were also performed on 90 ticks removed from the animals. a. phagocytophilum infection in fallow deer was confirmed in 20 out 72 by ifa assay and in 11 out 72 by pcr. the sequence obtained revealed a comple ...201120561656
haemorrhagic diathesis in a ram with anaplasma phagocytophilum infection.a 10-month-old ram with fever, inappetence and haemorrhagic diathesis had petechiae and ecchymoses at various body sites and was infested by ticks. haematological examination revealed pancytopenia, while serum biochemistry indicated hepatic dysfunction. blood smears were negative for ehrlichia spp. and other haemoparasites. paired sera revealed infection by anaplasma phagocytophilum, but testing by polymerase chain reaction was negative. treatment with oxytetracycline was effective. this is the ...201120591440
detection of anaplasma bovis in an undescribed tick species collected from the eastern rock sengi elephantulus myurus.abstract ticks are important vectors of numerous pathogens causing illness, fatalities, and economic loss worldwide. infectious disease episodes are increasing and novel tick-borne pathogens are described frequently. identification of novel reservoir hosts and vectors of tick-borne pathogens are essential if control measures are to be successful. in south africa, the eastern rock sengi, elephantulus myurus, hosts a number of tick species of veterinary importance. despite this, there remains a pa ...201121711102
[serology of lyme borreliosis and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in 2005-2010].the subject of this study is serological screening of blood and csf (cerebrospinal fluid) samples for the presence of borrelial and ehrlichial antibodies. a total of 165 patients suspected to be at risk of lyme disease were tested. indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme immunoassay were used as diagnostic methods. ehrlichial antibodies were detected in 36 (21.8%) patients. borrelial antibodies were found in 70 samples (42.4%). the widening range of tick-borne diseases brings about the need for m ...201121838175
the ifn-+¦-inducible gtpase, irga6, protects mice against toxoplasma gondii but not against plasmodium berghei and some other intracellular pathogens.clearance of infection with intracellular pathogens in mice involves interferon-regulated gtpases of the irg protein family. experiments with mice genetically deficient in members of this family such as irgm1(lrg-47), irgm3(igtp), and irgd(irg-47) has revealed a critical role in microbial clearance, especially for toxoplasma gondii. the in vivo role of another member of this family, irga6 (iigp, iigp1) has been studied in less detail. we investigated the susceptibility of two independently gener ...201121698150
genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum from 14 equine granulocytic anaplasmosis cases.equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (ega) is caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum, a tick-transmitted, obligate intracellular bacterium. in europe, it is transmitted by ixodes ricinus. a large number of genetic variants of a. phagocytophilum circulate in nature and have been found in ticks and different animals. attempts have been made to assign certain genetic variants to certain host species or pathologies, but have not been successful so far. the purpose of this study was to investigate the causi ...201121843364
polymerase chain reaction confirmation of babesia canis canis and anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs suspected of babesiosis in slovakia.canine babesiosis was considered an imported tick transmitted disease until the first case of autochthonous canine babesiosis in slovakia was described in 2002. since then, the number of cases kept increasing every year. the causative agent of babesiosis in dogs is not yet characterized; therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the agent and the rate of infection in the vector tick d. reticulatus in slovakia. babesia canis canis was detected in 80 out of 87 blood samples from dogs with c ...201121736486
rapid, simple, and sensitive detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum by loop-mediated isothermal amplification of the msp2 gene.anaplasma phagocytophilum is the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, which is prevalent throughout china. in this study, we describe a rapid, simple, and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay targeting the msp2 gene of a. phagocytophilum that is ideal for application in rural areas in china. this assay has the potential to detect a. phagocytophilum early in infection as an alternative to existing methods. a total of 42 suspected cases of infection with a. ...201121976758
anaplasma phagocytophilum infection induces apoptosis in hl-60 cells.anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, is an obligate intra-cellular bacterium that survives in neutrophils by delaying apoptosis. the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line hl-60 has been the ultimate choice for culturing anaplasma in vitro. in this study, we assessed the various events of drug-induced apoptosis in a. phagocytophilum-infected hl-60 cells. anaplasma infection reduced the cell viability and increased the apoptosis in hl-60 cells and sta ...201122003270
Surveillance using serological and molecular methods for the detection of infectious agents in captive Brazilian neotropic and exotic felids.The aim of the current study was to investigate the exposure of captive wild felids to various infectious pathogens using serological and molecular methods. One hundred and fifty-nine neotropic felids and 51 exotic felids from 28 captive settings in Brazil were tested. While antibodies against Feline parvovirus and Feline coronavirus (FCoV), Feline calicivirus and Bartonella spp. were frequently detected by serologic tests, antibodies against Felid herpesvirus 1 or infection with hemotropic myco ...201121908268
relationship of molecular and clinical findings on anaplasma phagocytophilum involved in natural infections of dogs. 201122012012
molecular characterization reveals distinct genospecies of anaplasma phagocytophilum from diverse north american hosts.anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging tick-borne pathogen that infects humans, domestic animals and wildlife throughout the holarctic. in the far-western united states, multiple rodent species have been implicated as natural reservoirs for a. phagocytophilum. however, the presence of multiple a. phagocytophilum strains has made it difficult to determine which reservoir hosts pose the greatest risk to humans and domestic animals. here we characterized three genetic markers (23s-5s rrna interge ...201121921109
Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against Anaplasma marginale in cattle from south Mozambique.The current study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to Anaplasma marginale in cattle from Maputo, Gaza and Inhambane provinces, south Mozambique. A total of 809 serum samples from cattle were obtained and tested by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA). The chi-square test at 5% significance was used to assess the association between seroprevalence and the variables gender, age and geographic origin of animals. The overall seropositivity was 76.5% (n = 619) ...201122166387
[Detection of DNA erlichia and anaplasma in ticks Ixodes trianguliceps in Tyumen Province].The data on the study of Ixodes trianguliceps Bir. collected from small mammals in the southern taiga forests of Tyumen Province with the PCR-hybridization with fluorescent detection method are given. DNA of Erlichua and Anaplasma was revealed in ticks of this species for the first time; mixed infection with both these pathogens was also demonstrated.201122141249
investigation of endothelial cells as an in vivo nidus of anaplasma marginale infection in cattle.continuous culture of anaplasma marginale in endothelial cells and the potential implications for vaccine development heightened interest in determining the importance of endothelial cells in the a. marginale life cycle. a. marginale-infection trials were performed to determine if endothelial cells are an in vivo host cell in cattle and if a. marginale from in vitro endothelial cells were infective to cattle. adult, immunocompetent steers were infected by tick-feeding transmission and were eutha ...201121680112
spatial distribution of seroprevalence for anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi, ehrlichia canis, and dirofilaria immitis in dogs in washington, oregon, and california.background: in the us little spatially defined information regarding exposure to most vector-borne pathogens in dogs is available for the states of california (ca), oregon (or), and washington (wa). objectives: the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the spatial distribution of seroprevalence for 4 vector-borne pathogens, anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi, ehrlichia canis, and dirofilaria immitis, across the 3 western coastal states of the contiguous united states that ext ...201121827514
mechanisms of obligatory intracellular infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum.anaplasma phagocytophilum persists in nature by cycling between mammals and ticks. human infection by the bite of an infected tick leads to a potentially fatal emerging disease called human granulocytic anaplasmosis. a. phagocytophilum is an obligatory intracellular bacterium that replicates inside mammalian granulocytes and the salivary gland and midgut cells of ticks. a. phagocytophilum evolved the remarkable ability to hijack the regulatory system of host cells. a. phagocytophilum alters vesi ...201121734244
wild and farm breeding cervids infections with anaplasma phagocytophilum.the main goal of our study was to determine the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in wild cervids living in north-eastern part of poland. material used in the study was gathered between the years 2004- 2008. the blood samples from 106 red deer (cervus elaphus), 32 sika deer (cervus nippon hortulorum), 130 fallow deer (dama dama) and 31 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) were collected. dna was isolated using genomic mini ax blood kit (a and a biotechnology). molecular detection of a ...201121739932
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