Publications

neisseria meningitidis expressing transferrin binding proteins of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae can utilize porcine transferrin for growth.	homologous recombination was used to generate a number of mutants of serogroup b neisseria meningitidis b16b6 with the following characteristics: (i) an inability to bind human or porcine transferrin because of loss of both transferrin binding proteins (tbp) a and b [strain b16b6(str(r))/tbpa(-)b(-)] and (ii) an ability to bind porcine transferrin but not human transferrin [strain b16b6(str(r))/tbpa(ap)b(ap)] due to replacement of the meningococcal tbp with the tbp of actinobacillus pleuropneumo ...	2000	10639416
epitope mapping of immunogenic and adhesive structures in repetitive domains of mycoplasma bovis variable surface lipoproteins.	the family of variable surface lipoproteins (vsps) of the bovine pathogen mycoplasma bovis includes some of the most immunogenic antigens of this microorganism. vsps were shown to undergo high-frequency phase and size variations and to possess extensive reiterated coding sequences extending from the n-terminal end to the c-terminal end of the vsp molecule. in the present study, mapping experiments were conducted to detect regions with immunogenicity and/or adhesion sites in repetitive domains of ...	2000	10639433
expression and immunogenicity of hemagglutinin a from porphyromonas gingivalis in an avirulent salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine strain.	porphyromonas gingivalis is a major etiologic agent of periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease that ultimately results in the loss of the supporting tissues of the teeth. previous work has demonstrated the usefulness of avirulent salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains as antigen delivery systems for protective antigens of pathogens that colonize or cross mucosal surfaces. in this study, we constructed and characterized a recombinant s. enterica serovar typhimurium avirulent vaccin ...	2000	10639440
simple sequence repeats in escherichia coli: abundance, distribution, composition, and polymorphism.	computer-based genome-wide screening of the dna sequence of escherichia coli strain k12 revealed tens of thousands of tandem simple sequence repeat (ssr) tracts, with motifs ranging from 1 to 6 nucleotides. ssrs were well distributed throughout the genome. mononucleotide ssrs were over-represented in noncoding regions and under-represented in open reading frames (orfs). nucleotide composition of mono- and dinucleotide ssrs, both in orfs and in noncoding regions, differed from that of the genomic ...	2000	10645951
interleukin 8 in middle ear fluid during acute otitis media: correlation with aetiology and bacterial eradication.	to study the concentration of interleukin 8 (il-8) in the middle ear fluid of children with acute otitis media and the association between il-8 concentrations, aetiology of acute otitis media, and bacteriological sterilisation.	2000	10648376
clinically applicable multiplex pcr for four middle ear pathogens.	the multiplex pcr method for the detection of alloiococcus otitidis, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and streptococcus pneumoniae (p. h. hendolin, a. markkanen, j. ylikoski, and j. j. wahlfors, j. clin. microbiol. 35:2854-2858, 1997) in middle ear effusions (mees) was modified to be better suited for clinical use. to detect false-negative results, an internal amplification was added to the reaction, and to prevent carryover contamination, the dutp-uracil-n-glycosidase system was i ...	2000	10618075
species-specific pcr as a tool for the identification of burkholderia gladioli.	burkholderia gladioli colonizes the respiratory tracts of patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease. however, due to the high degree of phenotypic similarity between this species and closely related species in the burkholderia cepacia complex, accurate identification is difficult. incorrect identification of these species may have serious repercussions for the management of patients with cystic fibrosis. to develop an accurate procedure for the identification of b. gladioli ...	2000	10618102
confirmation of psaa in all 90 serotypes of streptococcus pneumoniae by pcr and potential of this assay for identification and diagnosis.	the gene encoding the pneumococcal surface adhesin a (psaa) protein, psaa, was confirmed in all streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes by a newly developed pcr (psaa pcr) assay. eighty-nine of the 90 serotypes amplified produced an 838-bp fragment; the exception was a serotype 16f strain acquired from the american type culture collection (atcc). analysis of 20 additional 16f strains from the united states and brazil showed that the gene was amplified in all 16f strains, implying that the serotype 16 ...	2000	10618136
differentiation of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and nontuberculous mycobacterial liquid cultures by using peptide nucleic acid-fluorescence in situ hybridization probes.	a blinded comparison of peptide nucleic acid-fluorescence in situ hybridization (pna-fish) with routine identification methods was performed on 74 consecutively positive mycobacterial liquid cultures. all mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures (48 of 48) and 22 of 27 (81. 5%) nontuberculous cultures were correctly identified (including one mixed culture). five isolates yielded no reaction with either probe and were identified as mycobacterium xenopi, mycobacterium fortuitum, or mycobacterium flaves ...	2000	10618138
intimate adhesion of neisseria meningitidis to human epithelial cells is under the control of the crga gene, a novel lysr-type transcriptional regulator.	pilc1, a pilus-associated protein in neisseria menin- gitidis, is a key element in initial meningococcal adhesion to target cells. a promoter element (cren, contact regulatory element of neisseria) is responsible for the transient induction of this gene upon cell contact. crga (contact-regulated gene a) encodes a transcriptional regulator whose expression is also induced upon cell contact from a promoter region similar to the cren of pilc1. crga shows significant sequence homologies to lysr-type ...	2000	10698947
bactericidal activity of a monocytic cell line (thp-1) against common respiratory tract bacterial pathogens is depressed after infection with respiratory syncytial virus.	non-typable haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are commonly isolated from patients during the course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). earlier studies found that virus infection enhanced binding of bacterial respiratory pathogens to epithelial cells in vitro. the objective of the present study was to assess the effect of rsv infection of a human monocytic cell line on bactericidal activity and cytokine prod ...	2000	10707942
substituent effects on the antibacterial activity of nitrogen-carbon-linked (azolylphenyl)oxazolidinones with expanded activity against the fastidious gram-negative organisms haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis.	a series of new nitrogen-carbon-linked (azolylphenyl)oxazolidinone antibacterial agents has been prepared in an effort to expand the spectrum of activity of this class of antibiotics to include gram-negative organisms. pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, and tetrazole moieties have been used to replace the morpholine ring of linezolid (2). these changes resulted in the preparation of compounds with good activity against the fastidious gram-negative organisms haemophilus influenzae and moraxe ...	2000	10715160
respiratory pathogens: assessing resistance patterns in europe and the potential role of grepafloxacin as treatment of patients with infections caused by these organisms.	although most respiratory tract infections (rti) are caused by viruses, various bacteria, particularly streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis, are common causes of community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, otitis media and sinusitis. empirical antibiotic therapy of patients with rti must take account of the increasing prevalence of resistance among the predominant pathogens. europe-wide susceptibility surveillance studies have re ...	2000	10719006
comparison of the abilities of grepafloxacin and clarithromycin to eradicate potential bacterial pathogens from the sputa of patients with chronic bronchitis: influence of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variables.	a randomized open-label study was conducted to compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of grepafloxacin with those of clarithromycin in patients with chronic bronchitis whose sputa were colonized with potential bacterial pathogens. patients received oral grepafloxacin 400 mg od for 10 days (n = 15) or oral clarithromycin 500 mg bd for 10 days (n = 10). sputum samples were collected before the first dose, 1, 4 and 8 h after a dose on day 1 and then before a dose on days 2, 3, 5, 7 and 1 ...	2000	10719007
epitope mapping of the outer membrane protein p5-homologous fimbrin adhesin of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae.	to identify potential immunodominant and/or adhesin binding domains of the outer membrane protein p5-homologous fimbrin adhesin of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), three sets of synthetic peptides were synthesized and assayed in an adherence inhibition assay, by western blotting, and in a biomolecular interaction analysis (bia) system. the first series of 34 8- to 10-mer peptides represented the entire mature protein sequentially. the second set of four peptides (each 19 to 28 residues ...	2000	10722609
four different genes responsible for nonimmune immunoglobulin-binding activities within a single strain of escherichia coli.	certain escherichia coli strains bind the fc fragment of immunoglobulin g (igg) at the bacterial cell surface. previous work established that this nonimmune ig binding depends on several large proteins with apparent molecular masses that can exceed 200 kda. for e. coli strain ecor-9, four distinct genes (designated eiba, eibc, eibd, and eibe) are responsible for ig binding. two eib genes are linked to eaa genes, which are homologous to genes for the autotransporter family of secreted proteins. w ...	2000	10722621
moxifloxacin, a new antibiotic designed to treat community-acquired respiratory tract infections: a review of microbiologic and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic characteristics.	moxifloxacin (bay 12-8039) is a new 8-methoxy-fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent. the minimum inhibitory concentration for 90% of organisms (mic90) is less than 0.25 mg/l for commonly isolated community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens including penicillin-susceptible and -resistant streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus sp, and moraxella catarrhalis, and less than 1.0 mg/l for atypical pathogens such as mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae, and legionella pneumophila. to date, emerge ...	2000	10730681
bacteria-mucin interaction in the upper aerodigestive tract shows striking heterogeneity: implications in otitis media, rhinosinusitis, and pneumonia.	the mucociliary system of the upper and lower respiratory tracts is a critical nonspecific pathway for the elimination of bacteria and other particulate matter. the interaction between bacteria and purified mucin of the upper and lower respiratory tracts has been a major focus of our laboratory for the past decade. we have previously demonstrated that nontypable haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis adhere to human purified nasopharyngeal mucin and human middle ear mucin by a very lim ...	2000	10740170
antimicrobial activity and spectrum of the new glycylcycline, gar-936 tested against 1,203 recent clinical bacterial isolates.	the in vitro activity of gar-936, a new semisynthetic glycylcycline, was evaluated in comparison with two tetracyclines and several other antimicrobial agents. a total of 1,203 recent clinical isolates were tested by reference broth or agar dilution methods. among the members of the family enterobacteriaceae, gar-936 was generally two- to four-fold more active than minocycline, and two- to 16-fold more active than tetracycline. all enteric bacilli mic90 results were < or = 4 microg/ml; the excep ...	2000	10744364
pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of nasopharyngeal flora in children attending a day care center.	to investigate how bacterial pathogens spread from child to child in a day care center, we monitored six children, two boys and four girls, born between august 1995 and november 1997, attending a day care center and analyzed nasopharyngeal samples from them using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). we obtained nasopharyngeal cultures from all of the affected children and almost all of the unaffected children between september 1998 and march 1999 after some children presented simultaneously ...	2000	10655357
problems related to determination of mics of oximino-type expanded-spectrum cephems for proteus vulgaris.	during in vitro susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of proteus vulgaris, we noted that the mics of several expanded-spectrum cephems were much higher in the broth microdilution method than in the agar dilution method (termed the mic gap phenomenon). here we investigated the mechanism of the mic gap phenomenon. cephems with the mic gap phenomenon were of the oximino type, such as cefotaxime, cefteram, and cefpodoxime, which serve as good substrates for inducible class a beta-lactamase (cu ...	2000	10655366
long-term trends in susceptibility of moraxella catarrhalis: a population analysis.	a retrospective, population analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns was performed on moraxella catarrhalis isolates recovered from a single medical centre to detect temporal trends and infer potential mechanisms of reduced susceptibility. the duration of this study, june 1984 to july 1994, encompassed the period during which the frequency of beta-lactamase production expanded from 30 to 96% in the population. mics of penicillin g, cefamandole, ceftriaxone, amoxycillin/clavulanate, imip ...	2000	10660499
the alexander project 1996-1997: latest susceptibility data from this international study of bacterial pathogens from community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections.	the alexander project was established in 1992 to examine antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacterial isolates from community-acquired infections of the lower respiratory tract. testing of a range of compounds was undertaken in a central laboratory. from 1992 to 1995, isolates were collected from geographically separated areas in countries in the european union and various states in the usa. in 1996, the study was extended to include centres in mexico, brazil, saudi arabia, south africa, hong kon ...	2000	10660501
antimicrobial effects of lidocaine in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.	the antimicrobial activity of lidocaine in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (bal(f)) was investigated. clinical respiratory isolates were added to bal(f) suspensions containing lidocaine and to normal saline. the growth of two of four isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae was significantly reduced in the presence of lidocaine-bal(f) compared with controls in saline. growth of moraxella catarrhalis isolates was reduced in normal saline when compared with bal(f) containing lidocaine. there was no effec ...	2000	10660504
topical antibiotics on tracheostoma prevents exogenous colonization and infection of lower airways in children.	patients requiring long-term ventilation are at high risk of lower airway infections, generally of endogenous development. patients on long-term ventilation, in particular via a tracheostomy, may develop tracheobronchitis or pneumonia of exogenous pathogenesis, ie, caused by microorganisms not carried in the oropharynx. the frequency of exogenous colonization or infection has previously been reported to be as high as 33%. a prospective observational cohort study of 2 years was undertaken to eval ...	2000	10669698
the uspa1 protein and a second type of uspa2 protein mediate adherence of moraxella catarrhalis to human epithelial cells in vitro.	the uspa1 and uspa2 proteins of moraxella catarrhalis are structurally related, are exposed on the bacterial cell surface, and migrate as very high-molecular-weight complexes in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. previous analysis of uspa1 and uspa2 mutants of m. catarrhalis strain 035e indicated that uspa1 was involved in adherence of this organism to chang conjunctival epithelial cells in vitro and that expression of uspa2 was essential for resistance of this strain to ...	2000	10671460
actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae iron transport: a set of exbbd genes is transcriptionally linked to the tbpb gene and required for utilization of transferrin-bound iron.	upon iron restriction, actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae has been shown to express the transferrin-binding proteins tbpb and tbpa, both of which have been implied to be important virulence factors. in order to identify additional iron-regulated proteins, we cloned and analyzed the region upstream of the transferrin-binding protein genes in an a. pleuropneumoniae serotype 7 strain. we located immediately upstream of the tbpb gene two open reading frames which were 43% homologous to the neisserial e ...	2000	10678921
immune responses to specific antigens of streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis in the respiratory tract.	streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis are two common respiratory pathogens, colonizing as many as 54 and 72% of children, respectively, by 1 year of age. the immune responses to surface protein a of s. pneumoniae (pspa) and the high-molecular-weight outer membrane protein of m. catarrhalis (uspa) in the sera of various age groups in the general population and in the nasopharynges of 30 children monitored from birth through 1 year of age were evaluated. immunoglobulin g (igg) was the ...	2000	10678976
serum resistance in haemophilus ducreyi requires outer membrane protein dsra.	haemophilus ducreyi is resistant to killing by normal serum antibody and complement. we discovered an h. ducreyi outer membrane protein required for expression of serum resistance and termed it dsra (for "ducreyi serum resistance a"). the dsra locus was cloned, sequenced, and mutagenized. an isogenic mutant (fx517) of parent strain 35000 was constructed and characterized, and it was found to no longer express dsra. fx517 was at least 10-fold more serum susceptible than 35000. dsra was expressed ...	2000	10678980
in vitro activities of novel trans-3,5-disubstituted pyrrolidinylthio-1beta-methylcarbapenems with potent activities against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa.	the in vitro activities of the novel 1beta-methylcarbapenems j-111, 225, j-114,870, and j-114,871, which have a structurally unique side chain that consists of a trans-3,5-disubstituted 5-arylpyrrolidin-3-ylthio moiety at the c-2 position, were compared with those of reference antibiotics. among isolates of both methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (mrcons), 90% were inhibited by j-111,347 (prototype), j-111,225, j-114,870, ...	2000	10681308
activities of trovafloxacin, gatifloxacin, clinafloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin against penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro infection model.	we adapted an in vitro pharmacodynamic model of infection to incorporate infected fibrin clots. the bactericidal activities of various fluoroquinolones against two strains of penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae were studied over a 48-h period. bacteria were prepared in muller-hinton broth by using colonies from a 24-h tryptic soy agar plus 5% sheep blood plate and were added to a mixture of cryoprecipitate (80%) and thrombin (10%) to achieve approximately 10(6) cfu of organism per fibr ...	2000	10681324
activities and postantibiotic effects of gemifloxacin compared to those of 11 other agents against haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis.	the activity of gemifloxacin against haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis was compared to those of 11 other agents. all quinolones were very active (mics, </=0.125 microgram/ml) against 248 quinolone-susceptible h. influenzae isolates (40.7% of which were beta-lactamase positive); cefixime (mics, </=0.125 microgram/ml) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (mics </=4.0 microgram/ml) were active, followed by cefuroxime (mics, </=16.0 microgram/ml); azithromycin mics were </=4.0 microg/ml. for n ...	2000	10681330
complement-resistant moraxella catarrhalis forms a genetically distinct lineage within the species.	moraxella catarrhalis is a bacterial species that has been implicated in 15-20% of all cases of otitis media in the usa and the complement-resistant variant of m. catarrhalis has been considered particularly pathogenic. a collection of geographically diverse, complement-sensitive (n=28) and -resistant strains (n=47) of m. catarrhalis was assembled in order to analyse the bacterial population structure. all strains were identified as m. catarrhalis by conventional microbiological and biochemical ...	2000	10689157
the prevalence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in nasopharyngeal samples from individuals with a long-standing cough-clinical value of a nasopharyngeal sample.	a long-standing cough is a common cause for visits to a gp. if the patient also has a respiratory tract infection, one of the concerns of the doctor is to decide if the cough is caused by an underlying bacterial infection.	2000	10758078
genesis of bro beta-lactamase-producing moraxella catarrhalis: evidence for transformation-mediated horizontal transfer.	the dramatic rise in bro-producing m. catarrhalis strains observed in the last decades is without precedence. the aim of this study was to elucidate the events that led to the emergence of bro-1 and bro-2 beta-lactamases. previously, we showed bro1 and bro2 to be >99% identical. data presented here suggested that bro2 was acquired by a fortuitous event and inserted between m. catarrhalis genes orf1 and orf3. subsequently, bro1 evolved from bro2. promoter-up mutations increased fitness of bro2, e ...	2000	10760166
analysis of moraxella catarrhalis by dna typing: evidence for a distinct subpopulation associated with virulence traits.	two dna typing methods, probe-generated restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and single-adapter amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis, were used to study the genetic relationships among 90 moraxella catarrhalis strains. both methods were found to be highly concordant, generating a dendrogram with 2 main branches. the division of the m. catarrhalis population into 2 subspecies was supported by analysis of the 16s rrna sequences. both beta-lactamase-positive and beta-lactama ...	2000	10762569
attachment of moraxella catarrhalis occurs to the positively charged domains of pharyngeal epithelial cells.	attachment of bacteria to host cells is the initial step in the pathogenesis of infection. several factors, such as hydrophobicity, surface electric charge, and van der waals force, are considered to be responsible for the attachment step. however, it is not clear why bacteria and epithelial cells, both of which possess a negative surface charge, do not repel one another. in the present study, we used moraxella catarrhalis and pharyngeal epithelial cells to study the surface charges of structure ...	2000	10764611
fluoroquinolone-resistant haemophilus influenzae: frequency of occurrence and analysis of confirmed strains in the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program (north and latin america).	the incidence of fluoroquinolone-resistant (fqr) haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis isolated from clinical specimens remains very rare, and the identification of such strains has been previously limited to case reports from diverse geographic locations. during the 1997 through 1998 sentry antimicrobial surveillance program, four fqr-h. influenzae (0.13% of all strains) and one fqr-m. catarrhalis strains were identified and confirmed as having elevated mics to > or =5 fq class drugs ...	2000	10764968
pharmacotherapy of acute sinusitis in children.	the pharmacotherapeutic options for acute sinusitis in children are reviewed. acute sinusitis occurs more frequently in children than in adults. the diagnosis is based primarily on clinical signs and symptoms. streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis are the organisms most frequently implicated. a variety of antimicrobials have fda-approved labeling for use in the treatment of sinusitis. in randomized, controlled clinical trials identified in a medline search f ...	2000	10768820
passive transfer of antiserum specific for immunogens derived from a nontypeable haemophilus influenzae adhesin and lipoprotein d prevents otitis media after heterologous challenge.	we recently determined that passive transfer of serum directed against a synthetic peptide called lb1 or a recombinant fusion protein immunogen [lpd-lb1(f)(2,1,3)] could prevent otitis media after challenge with a homologous nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) isolate. nthi residing in the nasopharynx was rapidly cleared from this site, thus preventing it from ascending the eustachian tube and inducing otitis media in chinchillas compromised by an ongoing viral upper respiratory tract infe ...	2000	10768970
multicenter surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis in taiwan during the 1998-1999 respiratory season.	a susceptibility surveillance study of 276 isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, 301 of haemophilus influenzae, and 110 of moraxella catarrhalis was carried out from november 1998 to may 1999 in taiwan. high rates of nonsusceptibility to penicillin (76%), extended-spectrum cephalosporins (56%), azithromycin (94%), clarithromycin (95%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) (65%) for s. pneumoniae isolates and high rates of nonsusceptibility to amoxicillin (58%) and tmp-smx (52%) for h. inf ...	2000	10770773
clinical significance of resistant organisms in otitis media.	background: otitis media is an important health care problem of childhood. the bacteriology of otitis media comprises three main pathogens: streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypable haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. although the prevalence of resistant strains varies geographically and temporally, antimicrobial resistance is widespread and increasing. resistance to antibiotic drugs: among the risk factors for development of resistance in otitis media are antimicrobial use, young age, ...	2000	10783039
detection of legionella species in respiratory specimens using pcr with sequencing confirmation.	legionella spp. are a common cause of community-acquired respiratory tract infections and an occasional cause of nosocomial pneumonia. a pcr method for the detection of legionellae in respiratory samples was evaluated and was compared to culture. the procedure can be performed in 6 to 8 h with a commercially available dna extraction kit (qiagen, valencia, calif.) and by pcr with gel detection. pcr is performed with primers previously determined to amplify a 386-bp product within the 16s rrna gen ...	2000	10790085
antibiotic resistance in respiratory tract isolates of haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis collected from across canada in 1997-1998.	between september 1997 and november 1998 respiratory tract isolates of haemophilus influenzae (n = 1352) and moraxella catarrhalis (n = 428) were collected by 18 canadian medical centres. beta-lactamase was produced by 24.0 and 94.2% of h. influenzae and m. catarrhalis isolates, respectively. resistance rates for h. influenzae were highest for ampicillin (24.0%), trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (13. 7%), loracarbef (6.1%) and cefaclor (4.2%), and </= 1% for amoxycillin/clavulanate, cefotaxime, ce ...	2000	10797089
in vitro antimicrobial activity of gatifloxacin against 873 clinical isolates from respiratory tract, urinary tract and surgical infections during 1997-1998 in japan.	the in vitro activity of gatifloxacin was determined for 873 isolates from various infections during 1997-1998 in japan. gatifloxacin was active against streptococci, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae and neisseria gonorrhoeae, with mic(90)s of </=0.39 mg/l. the activity was two- to 32-fold greater than that of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against gram-positive bacteria, and comparable to that against gram-negative bacteria. gatifloxacin was ...	2000	10797094
stimulation of bacterial adherence by neutrophil defensins varies among bacterial species but not among host cell types.	adherence of haemophilus influenzae to bronchial epithelial cells is enhanced by neutrophil defensins, which are released from activated neutrophils during inflammation [gorter et al. (1998) j. infect. dis. 178, 1067-1078]. in this study, we showed that the adherence of h. influenzae to various epithelial, fibroblast-like and endothelial cell types was significantly enhanced by defensins (20 microg ml(-1)). defensins stimulated also the adherence of moraxella catarrhalis, neisseria meningitidis ...	2000	10799799
resistant bacteria in the adenoids: a preliminary report.	to determine the incidence of resistant bacteria in adenoid cultures from children with and without middle ear disease and rhinosinusitis symptoms.	2000	10807330
antimicrobial resistance in respiratory tract pathogens: results of an international surveillance study.	an international surveillance study was performed to assess the resistance patterns among respiratory tract pathogens during the winter of 1997-1998. the pathogens studied included streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. the antibiotics tested included five beta-lactams (penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime axetil and ceftriaxone), two macrolides (azithromycin and clarithromycin), one sulfonamide (trimethoprim-sulfametho ...	2000	10810209
bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of one day vs. three day intramuscular ceftriaxone for treatment of nonresponsive acute otitis media in children.	one dose of intramuscular ceftriaxone has been recently licensed in the united states for the treatment of acute otitis media. however, data regarding the bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of this regimen in the treatment of nonresponsive acute otitis media are incomplete.	2000	11099083
identification and detection of stenotrophomonas maltophilia by rrna-directed pcr.	stenotrophomonas maltophilia has recently emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen in immunocompromised patients, in transplant recipients, and in persons with cystic fibrosis (cf). while this organism is nonpathogenic in healthy individuals, it is increasingly associated with morbidity and mortality in susceptible populations. recent studies have indicated that for approximately 10% of cf patients with moderate lung disease, s. maltophilia can be cultured from respiratory tract secretions. i ...	2000	11101555
[pharmacodynamic basis for the use of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in respiratory infections due to streptococcus pneumoniae: in vitro studies in an experimental model].	amoxicillin-clavulanic acid is a first choice treatment for respiratory tract infections caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. in a previous study we observed its high efficacy against penicillin-susceptible and intermediate-resistant strains of s. pneumoniae. we aimed to study the efficacy of this antibiotic against three strains of s. pneumoniae (susceptible, intermediate and resistant to penicillin) in a mouse model of pneumonia, and to determin ...	2000	11086282
epidemiological survey of bacterial resistance in upper respiratory tract infections in italy.	the vast majority of infections in the upper airways are caused by four bacterial species;, in italy as elsewhere, antibiotics resistant strains are emerging. enzymatic resistance to beta-lactams in haemophilus influenzae is becoming more important and affects 15% of isolates. on the other hand less than 0.3% of h. influenzae strains are fluoroquinolone-resistant. the number of beta-lactamase-producing moraxella catarrhalis strains in italy has been thought to be lower than in other countries, b ...	2000	11091045
resistance surveillance of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis isolated in asia and europe, 1997-1998.	a multicentre, collaborative study was performed in asia and europe during the winter of 1997-1998 to determine the in vitro activity of selected antimicrobial agents against common respiratory pathogens. streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis isolates were collected from 48 sites in china, france, germany, italy, japan, spain and the uk and tested in a central laboratory in the usa. broth microdilution mics were determined for beta-lactams (penicillin, amoxyc ...	2000	10747822
resistant bacteria in middle ear fluid at the time of tympanotomy tube surgery.	this study was performed to determine the prevalence of resistant streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis isolated from middle ear fluid of children undergoing placement of ventilation tubes. the extent of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics and the risk factors associated with this resistance were also examined. children who had fluid present in their middle ears at the time of ventilation tube placement from may 1996 to may 1997 were included in th ...	2000	10651407
a single intramuscular dose of ceftriaxone changes nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in children with acute otitis media.	the increasing prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria is attributed to the extensive use of antibiotics, which causes selective pressure on the nasopharyngeal bacterial flora. shortened courses of antibiotics have been proposed to decrease the development of resistant strains. we determined the effect of a single intramuscular dose of ceftriaxone (50 mg/kg) on the nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in 167 children (median age 13 mo) with acute otitis media. nasopharyngeal samples for bacterial cultur ...	2000	11106042
airway inflammation and etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.	the etiologic role of bacterial pathogens isolated from sputum culture in 40 to 50% of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (aecb) is controversial. if bacterial pathogens cause these aecb, they should be associated with greater neutrophilic airway inflammation than pathogen-negative exacerbations.	2000	11115440
genetic diversity among strains of moraxella catarrhalis cultured from the nasopharynx of young and healthy brazilian, angolan and dutch children.	the present study describes the carriage patterns and genetic variability of moraxella catarrhalis strains isolated from children living in different countries. moraxella catarrhalis is genetically heterogeneous, but little is known about its geographic distribution and phenotypic and genetic diversity in warm-climate countries. a collection of 99 isolates from 30 brazilian, 19 angolan and 50 dutch healthy children, all less than 5 years of age, was investigated for phenotypic and genotypic rela ...	2000	11117640
susceptibility of bacterial isolates to gatifloxacin and ciprofloxacin from clinical trials 1997-1998.	mics of gatifloxacin and ciprofloxacin against 3482 pre-treatment, clinical trial isolates collected during 1997-1998 are reported. these data suggested that gatifloxacin was four- to eight-fold more active than ciprofloxacin against gram-positive bacteria, with gatifloxacin mic(90)s < or = 0.33 mg/l against staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pneumoniae, and < or = 1.0 mg/l versus viridans streptococci and enterococcus faecalis. both quinolones had similar mic(90)s versus enterobacteriaceae ...	2000	11118848
bacterial agents of lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis), beta-lactamase production, and resistance to antibiotics in elderly people. dedalo study group.	this study determined the etiology of lower respiratory tract infections in the elderly and assessed whether the growth of beta-lactamase producing bacteria is particularly favoured in these patients. between december 1998 and may 1999, 187 patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap), and 887 patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd) were enrolled. the mean age was 74 years (range of 65-94 year). sputum and bronchial aspirate for microbiological inv ...	2000	11118860
resistance patterns of lower respiratory tract pathogens in europe.	resistance to antimicrobial drugs in the major respiratory tract pathogens is known to vary profoundly depending on geographic location. in europe high rates (>44%) of penicillin-resistance in pneumococci have been recorded in france and spain, while countries like the netherlands, the czech republic, austria and italy are only marginally affected. similarly, the incidence of macrolide resistance differs widely among european nations with figures ranging from 45.9% (france) to 1.5% (the netherla ...	2000	11137405
five-day twice daily cefdinir therapy for acute otitis media: microbiologic and clinical efficacy.	to examine the microbiologic and clinical efficacy of a 5-day course of cefdinir in the treatment of tympanocentesis-documented acute otitis media (aom).	2000	11144397
cefdinir: an expanded-spectrum oral cephalosporin.	to review the antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and tolerability of cefdinir, an expanded-spectrum oral cephalosporin.	2000	11144705
vaccines for moraxella catarrhalis.	vaccine development for moraxella catarrhalis is in the antigen identification stage. m. catarrhalis does not appear to synthesize secreted antigens such as exotoxins, nor does it appear to possess a carbohydrate capsule. modified forms of these antigens are usually good vaccine components. there is some interest in whole bacterial cells and membrane fractions, but the search has largely focused on purified outer surface antigens. all of the present antigens have been selected based on the respo ...	2000	11163472
antimicrobial susceptibility of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis collected from five centers in brazil, 1997-98.	to assess the susceptibility of the key respiratory pathogens streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis to antimicrobial agents used to treat respiratory tract infections.	2000	11168105
immune response to an 18-kilodalton outer membrane antigen identifies lipoprotein 20 as a helicobacter pylori vaccine candidate.	experiments were performed using the standardized murine model of helicobacter pylori infection to determine the immunogenicity of h. pylori outer membrane vesicles in immune protection. these vesicles, which are naturally shed from the surface of the bacterium, induce a protective response when administered intragastrically to mice in the presence of cholera holotoxin, despite the absence of the urease enzyme and associated hsp54 chaperonin. immunoblotting identified a specific serum immunoglob ...	2000	10816482
identification of a human lactoferrin-binding protein in gardnerella vaginalis.	previous studies have shown that gardnerella vaginalis can utilize iron-loaded human lactoferrin as a sole source of iron. in this study, g. vaginalis cells were shown to bind digoxigenin (dig)-labeled human lactoferrin in a dot blot assay. using the dig-labeled human lactoferrin, a 120-kda human lactoferrin-binding protein was detected by western blot analysis of g. vaginalis proteins. the lactoferrin-binding activity of this protein was found to be heat stable. competition studies indicated th ...	2000	10816496
an ompa-like protein from acinetobacter spp. stimulates gastrin and interleukin-8 promoters.	bacterial overgrowth in the stomach may occur under conditions of diminished or absent acid secretion. under these conditions, secretion of the hormone gastrin is elevated. alternatively, bacterial factors may directly stimulate gastrin. consistent with this hypothesis, we found that mice colonized for 2 months with a mixed bacterial culture of opportunistic pathogens showed an increase in serum gastrin. to examine regulation of gene expression by bacterial proteins, stable transformants of ags ...	2000	10816525
morphological changes and lysis induced by beta-lactams associated with the characteristic profiles of affinities of penicillin-binding proteins in actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.	actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, which was formerly classified in the genus haemophilus, is a pathogen causing swine pleuropneumonia. we found that aspoxicillin showed strong activity and that meropenem had better lytic activity against this pathogen. in the present study, we for the first time identified penicillin-binding proteins (pbps) of a. pleuropneumoniae in order to elucidate the relationship between the antibacterial and lytic activities of beta-lactam antibiotics and affinities of the ...	2000	10817702
studies of the novel ketolide abt-773: transport, binding to ribosomes, and inhibition of protein synthesis in streptococcus pneumoniae.	macrolide resistance in streptococcus pneumoniae has been associated with two main mechanisms: target modification by erm methyltransferases and efflux by macrolide pumps. the ketolide abt-773, which has a 3-keto group and no l-cladinose sugar, represents a new class of drugs with in vitro activity against a variety of resistant bacteria. several approaches were undertaken to understand how abt-773 was able to defeat resistance mechanisms. we demonstrated tighter ribosome binding of abt-773 than ...	2000	10817709
increasing bacterial resistance in pediatric acute conjunctivitis (1997-1998).	we sought to determine the current level of resistance in haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae, the primary pathogens of pediatric conjunctivitis. between january 1997 and march 1998, we prospectively cultured acute conjunctivitis in 250 ambulatory pediatric patients from rural kentucky whose average age was 24.3 months. in those 250 cases, 106 h. influenzae (42% of the total) and 75 s. pneumoniae (30% of the total) pathogens were isolated, with no growth or no pathogen resulting ...	2000	10817723
activities of taurolidine in vitro and in experimental enterococcal endocarditis.	in vitro, the antimicrobial agent taurolidine inhibited virtually all of the bacteria tested, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci, oxacillin-resistant staphylococci, and stenotrophomonas maltophilia, at concentrations between 250 and 2,000 microg/ml. taurolidine was not effective in experimental endocarditis. while it appears unlikely that this antimicrobial would be useful for systemic therapy, its bactericidal activity and the resistance rates found (<10(-9)) are favorable indicators fo ...	2000	10817739
immune response to surface protein a of streptococcus pneumoniae and to high-molecular-weight outer membrane protein a of moraxella catarrhalis in children with acute otitis media.	the immune response was evaluated in 11 children with streptococcus pneumoniae and in 9 children with moraxella catarrhalis otitis media. the age of the children had a range of 4-32 months. the mean igg, igm, and iga antibody responses to surface protein a (pspa) of s. pneumoniae in sera from children at the acute and convalescent stages were 4864 versus 5831 ng/ml, p<.05, 1075 versus 3752 ng/ml, p<.05, and 67 versus 93 ng/ml, nonsignificant (ns), respectively. the mean igg, igm, and iga antibod ...	2000	10823798
in vitro activity of gemifloxacin against a broad range of recent clinical isolates from the usa.	the antibacterial potencies of gemifloxacin (sb-265805) and 13 comparator compounds were determined by broth microdilution against a panel of 645 gram-positive and 995 gram-negative organisms collected from various usa sites. time-kill studies were performed and postantibiotic effect (pae) was determined for several organisms using trovafloxacin and ciprofloxacin as comparator compounds. based on mic(90)s, gemifloxacin was the most potent compound tested against gram-positive isolates: streptoco ...	2000	10824027
in vitro antibacterial activity of gemifloxacin and comparator compounds against common respiratory pathogens.	this study investigated the in vitro potency of the novel quinolone agent gemifloxacin (sb-265805), in comparison with other quionolones, beta-lactams, macrolides and trimethoprim- sulphamethoxazole, against a panel of common respiratory pathogens. this panel comprised recent clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 347), haemophilus influenzae (n = 256) and moraxella catarrhalis (n = 184). overall, the quinolones were highly active against h. influenzae and were the most potent agents ...	2000	10824028
moraxella catarrhalis endocarditis: case report and review of the literature.	a case of bacterial endocarditis caused by moraxella catarrhalis in an apparently immunocompetent greek male is presented, which was diagnosed after a 2-month history of low-grade fever of unknown origin. the agent seems to be a rare pathogen, but due to the high mortality rate, it should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of relevant cases. beta-lactamase production by many strains complicates the choice of antibiotic.	2000	10826914
microbiology of the middle meatus: a comparison between normal adults and children.	middle meatal samples were obtained from 52 carefully selected healthy adults. in 75 per cent of the test subjects bacterial organisms were cultured. however, growth was often poor and the predominant species suggest a commensal flora: coagulase-negative staphylococci were retrieved from 35 per cent, corynebacterium sp. from 23 per cent and staphyloccus aureus from eight per cent of the adults. these data are very different from those previously obtained among children where--even in the absence ...	2000	10829105
[in vitro activity of faropenem against beta-lactamase producing clinical isolates].	each 20 strains of beta-lactamase producing methicillin susceptible staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis, and bacteroides fragilis group were used as the test strains. drug susceptibility of these strains to faropenem (frpm), cefdinir, cefditoren, cefcapene, cefteram, cefaclor, and ampicillin was determined by an agar dilution method according to the nccls guideline m100-s9. beta-lactamase activity of the test ...	2000	10834149
development of antigen detection assay for diagnosis of tuberculosis using sputum samples.	the rising incidence of tuberculosis worldwide means an increasing burden on diagnostic facilities, so tests simpler than ziehl-neelsen staining are needed. such tests should be objective, reproducible, and have at least as good a detection limit as 10(4) bacteria/ml. a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for detection of lipoarabinomannan (lam) in human sputum samples. as a capture antibody, we used a murine monoclonal antibody against lam, with rabbit antiserum agai ...	2000	10834989
comparison of a 5 day regimen of cefdinir with a 10 day regimen of cefprozil for treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.	patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis were treated with cefdinir 300 mg bd for 5 days or cefprozil 500 mg bd for 10 days in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicentre study. of the 548 patients enrolled, 281 (51%) were evaluable. the clinical cure rates at the test-of-cure visit were 80% (114/142) and 72% (100/139) for the evaluable patients treated with cefdinir and cefprozil, respectively. respiratory tract pathogens were isolated from 409 (75%) of 548 admission spu ...	2000	10837440
a comparison of the safety and efficacy of moxifloxacin (bay 12-8039) and cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis in adults. the sinusitis study group.	the aim of this multicentre, randomized study was to compare the efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin (bay 12-8039), a new 8-methoxy fluoroquinolone, with that of cefuroxime axetil for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis in adults. diagnosis was made on a range of clinical signs and symptoms combined with radiology and microbiology. a 400 mg dose of moxifloxacin was administered once daily for 7 days to 242 patients and 250 mg twice daily of cefuroxime axetil was administered to 251 patien ...	2000	10845431
microbiology of healthy and diseased adenoids.	to determine the qualitative and quantitative microbiology of core adenoid tissue obtained from four groups of 15 children each, with recurrent otitis media (rom), recurrent adenotonsillitis (rat), obstructive adenoid hypertrophy (oah), and occlusion or speech abnormalities (controls).	2000	10852520
gemifloxacin.	gemifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which has an enhanced affinity for topoisomerase i.v.. it has potent activity against most gram-positive bacteria, particularly streptococcus pneumoniae. gemifloxacin is over 30-fold more active than ciprofloxacin and 4- to 8-fold more active than moxifloxacin against this pathogen. gemifloxacin has excellent activity against haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis, and is unaffected by beta-lactamase production. it is generally 2-fo ...	2000	10852645
[national multicenter study of the in vitro activity of moxifloxacin against respiratory tract pathogens. spanish study group on moxifloxacin].	the activity of moxifloxacin, a novel 8-methoxyquinolone, was evaluated against 1,218 respiratory pathogens isolated in nine spanish hospitals and was compared with ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, erythromycin and clarithromycin. moxifloxacin exhibited an excellent in vitro activity against most tested isolates with mic90 values of 0.25 mg/l for streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans group streptococci; 0.12 mg/l for streptococcus pyogenes; 0.25 ...	2000	10855023
selection of recombinant antibodies specific for pathogenic streptococcus suis by subtractive phage display.	a semisynthetic antibody phage display library was used to select recombinant antibodies directed against surface components of a pathogenic strain of streptococcus suis serotype 2 and against extracellular factor (ef), a protein known to be exclusively associated with pathogenic s. suis serotype 2 strains. three distinct monoclonal phage antibodies directed against conformational epitopes of surface protein components of s. suis were selected. in addition, three different monoclonal phage antib ...	2000	10858208
inhibitory and bactericidal effects of hydrogen peroxide production by streptococcus pneumoniae on other inhabitants of the upper respiratory tract.	an inverse correlation between colonization of the human nasopharynx by streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae, both common upper respiratory pathogens, has been reported. studies were undertaken to determine if either of these organisms produces substances which inhibit growth of the other. culture supernatants from s. pneumoniae inhibited growth of h. influenzae, whereas culture supernatants from h. influenzae had no effect on the growth of s. pneumoniae. moreover, coculture of s. ...	2000	10858213
expression of cytokine genes during pneumococcal and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae acute otitis media in the rat.	acute otitis media (aom) elicits potent inflammatory responses from the cells of the middle ear mucosa as well as from infiltrating leukocytes. to explore host responses during experimental aom induced by streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), otomicroscopy findings and expression of cytokine genes in the middle ear were monitored up to 1 month postinoculation. the mucosa and infiltrating cells responded rapidly to the bacterial challenge. otomicroscopical ...	2000	10858218
binding and activation of human plasminogen by mycobacterium tuberculosis.	the first evidence of the interaction of mycobacterium tuberculosis with the plasminogen system is herein reported. by facscan analysis and affinity blotting, lysine-dependent binding of plasminogen to m. tuberculosis was demonstrated. the binding molecules were 30-, 60-, and 66-kda proteins present in cell wall and soluble protein extracts. the activation of plasminogen, which occurred only in presence of fibrin and was not inhibited by the host serpin, alpha(2)-antiplasmin, was also demonstrat ...	2000	10858253
clinical efficacy of intravenous followed by oral azithromycin monotherapy in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. the azithromycin intravenous clinical trials group.	the purpose of this study was to evaluate intravenous (i.v.) azithromycin followed by oral azithromycin as a monotherapeutic regimen for community-acquired pneumonia (cap). two trials of i.v. azithromycin used as initial monotherapy in hospitalized cap patients are summarized. clinical efficacy is reported from an open-label randomized trial of azithromycin compared to cefuroxime with or without erythromycin. bacteriologic and clinical efficacy results are also presented from a noncomparative tr ...	2000	10858333
antipneumococcal activity of abt-773 compared to those of 10 other agents.	mics, time-kills, and postantibiotic effects (paes) of abt-773 (a new ketolide) and 10 other agents were determined against 226 pneumococci. against 78 ermb- and 44 mefe-containing strains, abt-773 mics at which 50% of the isolates tested were inhibited (mic(50)s) and mic(90)s were 0.016 to 0.03 and 0.125 microgram/ml, respectively. clindamycin was active only against macrolide-resistant strains containing mefe (mic(50), 0.06 microgram/ml; mic(90), 0.125 microgram/ml). activities of pristinamyci ...	2000	10858350
antimicrobial activity and in vitro susceptibility test development for cefditoren against haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and streptococcus species.	cefditoren, a third generation orally administered aminothiazolyl cephalosporin, has demonstrated bactericidal activity against many gram positive and negative bacterial pathogens and stability against clinically important beta-lactamases. cefditoren was compared to cefaclor, cefixime, and penicillins against 1 435 recently isolated strains of streptococci (312 streptococcus pneumoniae, 165 viridans group streptococci, 142 beta-haemolytic streptococci), haemophilus influenzae (521 strains), and ...	2000	10863104
antimicrobial activity of advanced-spectrum fluoroquinolones tested against more than 2000 contemporary bacterial isolates of species causing community-acquired respiratory tract infections in the united states (1999).	in vitro activity of four newer fluoroquinolones (clinafloxacin, gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin, sitafloxacin) and an equal number control drugs in the same class (ciprofloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, trovafloxacin) was determined by reference dilution tests against 2156 recent united states clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. all the fluoroquinolones demonstrated excellent in vitro activity against these pathogens. streptococcus p ...	2000	10863108
moraxella catarrhalis: a review of an important human mucosal pathogen.	moraxella catarrhalis has again been recognized as a significant pathogen. the past decade has witnessed an increased amount of research and understanding of the pathogenesis of the organism. this review will summarize the research pertaining to the epidemiology and components of pathogenesis in m. catarrhalis.	2000	10865200
progress toward the development of a vaccine to prevent moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis infections.	moraxella catarrhalis is a major cause of otitis media and respiratory disease. vaccine development is at the antigen identification stage. this review examines the more promising antigens, including the 200k protein, the hemagglutinins, the lactoferrin-binding proteins, the uspa proteins, the copb protein, the transferrin-binding proteins, the cd protein, the e protein and lipooligosaccharide conjugates. clinical testing of some of these antigens should begin soon.	2000	10865201
interrelationship between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cefaclor advanced formulation in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis.	cefaclor advanced formulation (cefaclor af) is an extended-release form of the oral cephalosporin cefaclor. when cefaclor af 750 mg twice-daily and cefaclor immediate release 500 mg three-times-a-day are compared there is a skew to the right of the pharmacokinetic profile and higher levels are achieved. based on this pharmacokinetic finding, we examined the relationship between the bacterial susceptibility to cefaclor (mic), the achieved cefaclor af serum and sputum concentrations, and in vivo e ...	2000	10877516
a pharmacodynamic model to support a 12-hour dosing interval for amoxicillin/sulbactam, a novel oral combination, in the treatment of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections.	we evaluated, by time-kill studies, the pharmacodynamics of amoxicillin/sulbactam (amx/sul, 875 mg/125 mg), a novel oral combination, against the major respiratory pathogens in 12 volunteers receiving a single dose. the sera corresponding to 50% of a 12-h dosing interval displayed either bactericidal or inhibitory activity against both a penicillin-susceptible and a penicillin-intermediate streptococcus pneumoniae strain (penicillin mic of 0.03 and 0.25 microg/ml, respectively), as well as again ...	2000	10877517
recurrent infections and chronic colonization by an escherichia coli clone in the respiratory tract of a patient with severe cystic bronchiectasis.	a 39-year-old woman with cystic bronchiectasis had repeated pulmonary infections from 1996 to 1999, and 6 of a total of 28 isolates of escherichia coli from sputum specimens were studied. their identical antibiotype and randomly amplified polymorphic dna patterns indicated a single clone of e. coli, which persistently colonized the respiratory tract, causing recurrent infections.	2000	10878083
[national multicenter study of the in vitro activity of moxifloxacin against respiratory tract pathogens]	the activity of moxifloxacin, a novel 8-methoxyquinolone, was evaluated against 1,218 respiratory pathogens isolated in nine spanish hospitals and was compared with ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, erythromycin and clarithromycin. moxifloxacin exhibited an excellent in vitro activity against most tested isolates with mic90 values of 0.25 mg/l for streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans group streptococci; 0.12 mg/l for streptococcus pyogenes; 0.25 ...	2000	10878536
hydroxamic acid derivatives as potent peptide deformylase inhibitors and antibacterial agents.	low-molecular-weight beta-sulfonyl- and beta-sulfinylhydroxamic acid derivatives have been synthesized and found to be potent inhibitors of escherichia coli peptide deformylase (pdf). most of the compounds synthesized and tested displayed antibacterial activities that cover several pathogens found in respiratory tract infections, including chlamydia pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. the potential of these compounds as antibacterial agents is di ...	2000	10882358
assessment of different antibacterial effect measures used in in vitro models of infection and subsequent use in pharmacodynamic correlations for moxifloxacin.	a dilutional culture in vitro pharmacodynamic model of infection was used to assess the best measure of antibacterial effect for moxifloxacin at simulated human doses of 400 mg 24 hourly for 48 h. this was then related to two pharmacodynamic parameters, the drug area under curve: mic ratio (auc/mic) and the length of time that the drug concentration remained above the mic of the bacterium (t > mic). twenty-one bacterial strains (streptococcus pneumoniae n = 6; haemophilus influenzae n = 6; morax ...	2000	10882692
isolation of moraxella catarrhalis in patients at king khalid university hospital, riyadh.	a retrospective study was carried out to assess the clinical significance of moraxella catarrhalis (m. catarrhalis) isolated from 32 specimens received from patients seen during a 2 year period.	2000	11376364