Publications

characterization of a root-specific arabidopsis terpene synthase responsible for the formation of the volatile monoterpene 1,8-cineole.	arabidopsis is emerging as a model system to study the biochemistry, biological functions, and evolution of plant terpene secondary metabolism. it was previously shown that the arabidopsis genome contains over 30 genes potentially encoding terpene synthases (tpss). here we report the characterization of a monoterpene synthase encoded by two identical, closely linked genes, at3g25820 and at3g25830. transcripts of these genes were detected almost exclusively in roots. an at3g25820/at3g25830 cdna w ...	2004	15299125
antisense downregulation of polyphenol oxidase results in enhanced disease susceptibility.	polyphenol oxidases (ppos; ec 1.14.18.1 or ec 1.10.3.2) catalyze the oxidation of phenolics to quinones, highly reactive intermediates whose secondary reactions are responsible for much of the oxidative browning that accompanies plant senescence, wounding, and responses to pathogens. to assess the impact of ppo expression on resistance to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato we introduced a chimeric antisense potato ppo cdna into tomato (lycopersicon esculentum l.). oxidation of caffeic acid, the dom ...	2004	15300439
modeling the function of bacterial virulence factors in saccharomyces cerevisiae.		2004	15302815
the hotdog fold: wrapping up a superfamily of thioesterases and dehydratases.	the hotdog fold was initially identified in the structure of escherichia coli faba and subsequently in 4-hydroxybenzoyl-coa thioesterase from pseudomonas sp. strain cbs. since that time structural determinations have shown a number of other apparently unrelated proteins also share the hotdog fold.	2004	15307895
pathogen- and nacl-induced expression of the scam-4 promoter is mediated in part by a gt-1 box that interacts with a gt-1-like transcription factor.	the ca(2+)-binding protein calmodulin mediates cellular ca(2+) signals in response to a wide array of stimuli in higher eukaryotes. plants express numerous cam isoforms. transcription of one soybean (glycine max) cam isoform, scam-4, is dramatically induced within 30 min of pathogen or nacl stresses. to characterize the cis-acting element(s) of this gene, we isolated an approximately 2-kb promoter sequence of the gene. deletion analysis of the promoter revealed that a 130-bp region located betwe ...	2004	15310827
jasmonic acid is a key regulator of spider mite-induced volatile terpenoid and methyl salicylate emission in tomato.	the tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) mutant def-1, which is deficient in induced jasmonic acid (ja) accumulation upon wounding or herbivory, was used to study the role of ja in the direct and indirect defense responses to phytophagous mites (tetranychus urticae). in contrast to earlier reports, spider mites laid as many eggs and caused as much damage on def-1 as on wild-type plants, even though def-1 lacked induction of proteinase inhibitor activity. however, the hatching-rate of eggs on def-1 w ...	2004	15310835
the use of vapor phase extraction in metabolic profiling of phytohormones and other metabolites.	through complex networks of signaling interactions, phytohormones regulate growth, development, reproduction and responses to biotic and abiotic stress. comprehensive metabolomic approaches, seeking to quantify changes in vast numbers of plant metabolites, may ultimately clarify these complex signaling interactions and consequently explain pleiotropic effects on plant metabolism. synergistic and antagonistic phytohormone signaling interactions, referred to as crosstalk, are often considered at t ...	2004	15315639
functional characterization of an aminotransferase required for pyoverdine siderophore biosynthesis in pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1.	the fluorescent dihydroxyquinoline chromophore of the pyoverdine siderophore in pseudomonas is a condensation product of d-tyrosine and l-2,4-diaminobutyrate. both pvdh and asd (encoding aspartate beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) knockout mutants of pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 were unable to synthesize pyoverdine under iron-limiting conditions in the absence of l-2,4-diaminobutyrate in the culture media. the pvdh gene was subcloned, and the gene product was hyperexpressed and purified from p. ae ...	2004	15317763
cloning and expression of afpa, a gene encoding an antifreeze protein from the arctic plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium pseudomonas putida gr12-2.	the arctic plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium pseudomonas putida gr12-2 secretes an antifreeze protein (afp) that promotes survival at subzero temperatures. the afp is unusual in that it also exhibits a low level of ice nucleation activity. a dna fragment with an open reading frame encoding 473 amino acids was cloned by pcr and inverse pcr using primers designed from partial amino acid sequences of the isolated afp. the predicted gene product, afpa, had a molecular mass of 47.3 kda, a pi of 3 ...	2004	15317770
a putative polyketide synthase/peptide synthetase from magnaporthe grisea signals pathogen attack to resistant rice.	isolates of the rice blast fungus magnaporthe grisea that carry the gene encoding avirulence conferring enzyme1 (ace1) are specifically recognized by rice (oryza sativa) cultivars carrying the resistance gene pi33. this recognition enables resistant plants to activate a defense response. ace1 was isolated by map-based cloning and encodes a putative hybrid between a polyketide synthase and a nonribosomal peptide synthetase, enzymes involved in microbial secondary metabolism. ace1 is expressed exc ...	2004	15319478
combined effects of blood and temperature shift on borrelia burgdorferi gene expression as determined by whole genome dna array.	borrelia burgdorferi undergoes differential gene expression during transmission from its tick vector to a vertebrate host. the addition of blood to a spirochete culture at 35 degrees c for 48 h had a dramatic effect on gene expression of this organism. utilizing b. burgdorferi whole genome dna arrays, we compared the transcriptomes of the spirochetes following a 2-day temperature shift with blood and without blood. using combined data from three independent rna isolations we demonstrated that th ...	2004	15322040
regulation of plant arginase by wounding, jasmonate, and the phytotoxin coronatine.	in mammalian cells, induced expression of arginase in response to wound trauma and pathogen infection plays an important role in regulating the metabolism of l-arginine to either polyamines or nitric oxide (no). in higher plants, which also utilize arginine for the production of polyamines and no, the potential role of arginase as a control point for arginine homeostasis has not been investigated. here, we report the characterization of two genes (learg1 and learg2) from lycopersicon esculentum ...	2004	15322128
terbinafine resistance mediated by salicylate 1-monooxygenase in aspergillus nidulans.	resistance to antifungal agents is a recurring and growing problem among patients with systemic fungal infections. uv-induced aspergillus nidulans mutants resistant to terbinafine have been identified, and we report here the characterization of one such gene. a sib-selected, 6.6-kb genomic dna fragment encodes a salicylate 1-monooxygenase (sala), and a fatty acid synthase subunit (fasc) confers terbinafine resistance upon transformation of a sensitive strain. subfragments carrying sala but not f ...	2004	15328121
in search of rnase p rna from microbial genomes.	a simple procedure has been developed to quickly retrieve and validate the dna sequence encoding the rna subunit of ribonuclease p (rnase p rna) from microbial genomes. rnase p rna sequences were identified from 94% of bacterial and archaeal complete genomes where previously no rnase p rna was annotated. a sequence was found in camelpox virus, highly conserved in all orthopoxviruses (including smallpox virus), which could fold into a putative rnase p rna in terms of conserved primary features an ...	2004	15337843
crystal structures of the type iii effector protein avrpphf and its chaperone reveal residues required for plant pathogenesis.	the avrpphf locus from pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, the causative agent of bean halo-blight disease, encodes proteins which either enhance virulence on susceptible hosts or elicit defense responses on hosts carrying the r1 resistance gene. here we present the crystal structures of the two proteins from the avrpphf operon. the structure of avrpphf orf1 is strikingly reminiscent of type iii chaperones from bacterial pathogens of animals, indicating structural conservation of these specia ...	2004	15341731
new protein-protein interactions identified for the regulatory and structural components and substrates of the type iii secretion system of the phytopathogen xanthomonas axonopodis pathovar citri.	we have initiated a project to identify protein-protein interactions involved in the pathogenicity of the bacterial plant pathogen xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. using a yeast two-hybrid system based on gal4 dna-binding and activation domains, we have focused on identifying interactions involving subunits, regulators, and substrates of the type iii secretion system coded by the hrp (for hypersensitive response and pathogenicity), hrc (for hrp conserved), and hpa (for hrp associated) genes. we ...	2004	15342589
mutational analysis of xanthomonas harpin hpag identifies a key functional region that elicits the hypersensitive response in nonhost plants.	hpag is a type iii-secreted elicitor protein of xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines. we have determined the critical amino acid residues important for hypersensitive response (hr) elicitation by random and site-directed mutagenesis of hpag and its homolog xopa. a plasmid clone carrying hpag was mutagenized by site-directed mutagenesis, hydroxylamine mutagenesis, and error-prone pcr. a total of 52 mutants were obtained, including 51 single missense mutants and 1 double missense mutant. the hr eli ...	2004	15342594
[structural diversity of o-polysaccharides and serological classification of pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae and other strains of genomospecies 4].	novel o-serotypes were revealed among pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae strains by using a set of mouse monoclonal antibodies specific to the lipopolysaccharide o-polysaccharide. structural studies showed that the o-polysaccharide of p. syringae pv. garcae ncppb 2708 is a hitherto unknown linear l-rhamnan lacking strict regularity and having two oligosaccharide repeating units i and ii, which differ in the position of substitution in one of the rhamnose residues and have the following structures: ...	2004	15688937
[chemical and biological characterization of lipopolysaccharides from the pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola imv 381 collection culture and its dissociants].	lipopolysaccharides (lps) were isolated from the crude bacterial mass of the pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola imv 381 collection culture and its virulent and avirulent subcultures isolated earlier from the heterogeneous collection culture due to its natural variability during long-term storage. the composition, immunochemical properties, and certain parameters of the biological activity of the lps preparations obtained were studied. the structural parts of the lps macromolecule--lipid a, the ...	2004	15688938
b1-phytoprostanes trigger plant defense and detoxification responses.	phytoprostanes are prostaglandin/jasmonate-like products of nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation that not only occur ubiquitously in healthy plants but also increase in response to oxidative stress. in this work, we show that the two naturally occurring b(1)-phytoprostanes (ppb(1)) regioisomers i and ii (each comprising two enantiomers) are short-lived stress metabolites that display a broad spectrum of biological activities. gene expression analysis of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) cell culture ...	2004	15618427
anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activity of some herbal remedies from tanzania.	plants are not only important to the millions of people to whom traditional medicine serves as the only opportunity for health care and to those who use plants for various purposes in their daily lives, but also as a source of new pharmaceuticals. during interviews with the pare people from northeastern tanzania, 29 plants that are used for medicinal purposes as well as 41 plants used for non-medicinal purposes were reported. six medicinally used plants were selected for bioactivity analysis. ex ...	2004	15619565
occurrence of the stra-strb streptomycin resistance genes in pseudomonas species isolated from kiwifruit plants.	the occurrence of stra-strb streptomycin-resistance genes within transposon tn5393 was examined in pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, p. syringae pv. syringae, and p. marginalis, isolated from kiwifruit plants in korea and japan. pcr amplification with primers specific to stra-strb revealed that three of the tested pseudomonas species harbored these genes for a streptomycin-resistance determinant. tn5393, containing stra-strb, was also identified with pcr primers designed to amplify parts of t ...	2004	15650697
dead flower buds of pear: effect of tree growth control, and alternaria alternata as causal agent.	dead (dormant) flower buds of pear is an important phenomenon in pear production in the netherlands. vigourous or unbalanced tree growth and pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae are mentioned as likely causes of dead flower buds. several tree growth control treatments including ethephon. regalis (prohexadione-ca) and root pruning were evaluated. regalis increased disease incidence. the plant stimulant (foliar fertilizer) resistim (potassium phosphonate) reduced disease incidence. pseudomonas syring ...	2004	15756820
characterization of pseudomonas pathovars isolated from rosaceous fruit trees in east algeria.	a survey of bacterial diseases due to pseudomonas on rosaceous fruit trees was conducted. in forty two orchards located in the constantine region ( east algeria). pseudomonas isolates were identified on the bases of their cultural and biochemical characteristics . a total of fifty nine phytopathogenic bacteria were isolated from diseased pome and stone fruit trees. thirty one strains comparable to pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae were isolated from cherry (prunus avium l.), plum (p. domestica l ...	2004	15756824
study of the effect of ammoides pusilla (brot.) breist, essential oil against pseudomonas sp.	the economic losses caused by plant pathogens, the development of genetic resistance to applied pesticides by major pathogenic bacteria and public concerns about the use of synthetic chemicals on food and environment, increased interest in the search of alternative safe methods to control diseases spreading. biological control with plant extracts has emerged as a promising option. the present study was carried out to determine the effect of ammoides pusilla essential oil on the growth of two pat ...	2004	15756848
pest and disease resistance enhanced by heterologous suppression of a nicotiana plumbaginifolia cytochrome p450 gene cyp72a2.	the functional role of the nicotiana plumbaginifolia cytochrome p450 gene cyp72a2 was investigated in transgenic plants. n. tabacum plants transformed with a sense or antisense cyp72a2 construct exhibited diminished heights, branched stems, smaller leaves and deformed flowers. western blot analysis revealed reduced levels of a 58 kda protein corresponding to cyp72a2, suggesting that the cyp72a2 homolog was suppressed in the sense and antisense plants. transgenic plants had increased resistance t ...	2004	15672219
the virppha/avrptob family of type iii effectors in pseudomonas syringae.	the virppha/avrptob family of type iii effector proteins from the phytopathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae is one of the models providing insights into the molecular mechanisms conferring plant disease resistance and pathogenesis. in this review we summarize recent advances concerning the virppha/avrptob family of effectors involved in the elicitation and suppression of plant defense responses.	2004	15808932
bacterial species specificity in prou osmoinducibility and nptii and lacz expression.	reporter gene-based transcriptional fusions are increasingly being used to address questions in microbial ecology, with constitutively expressed fusions enabling microbe tracking and inducible fusions reporting the presence of environmental signals. to more readily apply this technology to a variety of bacterial species, we examined species specificity in the expression of three promoters of interest. a comparison of two potentially constitutive promoters, each fused to the reporter gene gfp, sh ...	2004	16179797
harpin inactivates mitochondria in arabidopsis suspension cells.	harpin is a well-known proteinaceous bacterial elicitor that can induce an oxidative burst and programmed cell death in various host plants. given the demonstrated roles of mitochondria in animal apoptosis, we investigated the effect of harpin from pseudomonas syringae on mitochondrial functions in arabidopsis suspension cells in detail. fluorescence microscopy in conjunction with double-staining for reactive oxygen species (ros) and mitochondria suggested co-localization of mitochondria and ros ...	2004	14964527
importance of opghxcv of xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in host-parasite interactions.	tn5 insertion mutants of xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria were inoculated into tomato and screened for reduced virulence. one mutant exhibited reduced aggressiveness and attenuated growth in planta. southern blot analyses indicated that the mutant carried a single tn5 insertion not associated with previously cloned pathogenicity-related genes of x. campestris pv. vesicatoria. the wild-type phenotype of this mutant was restored by one recombinant plasmid (popg361) selected from a genomic li ...	2004	14964529
identification and characterization of a well-defined series of coronatine biosynthetic mutants of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.	to identify pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato genes involved in pathogenesis, we carried out a screen for tn5 mutants of p. syringae pv. tomato dc3000 with reduced virulence on arabidopsis thaliana. several mutants defining both known and novel virulence loci were identified. six mutants contained insertions in biosynthetic genes for the phytotoxin coronatine (cor). the p. syringae pv. tomato dc3000 cor genes are chromosomally encoded and are arranged in two separate clusters, which encode enzymes ...	2004	14964530
nopl, an effector protein of rhizobium sp. ngr234, thwarts activation of plant defense reactions.	bacterial effector proteins delivered into eukaryotic cells via bacterial type iii secretion systems are important virulence factors in plant-pathogen interactions. type iii secretion systems have been found in rhizobium species that form symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing associations with legumes. one such bacterium, rhizobium sp. ngr234, secretes a number of type iii effectors, including nodulation outer protein l (nopl, formerly y4xl). here, we show that expression of nopl in tobacco (nicotiana taba ...	2004	14966249
genomic and genetic analysis of bordetella bacteriophages encoding reverse transcriptase-mediated tropism-switching cassettes.	liu et al. recently described a group of related temperate bacteriophages that infect bordetella subspecies and undergo a unique template-dependent, reverse transcriptase-mediated tropism switching phenomenon (liu et al., science 295: 2091-2094, 2002). tropism switching results from the introduction of single nucleotide substitutions at defined locations in the vr1 (variable region 1) segment of the mtd (major tropism determinant) gene, which determines specificity for receptors on host bacteria ...	2004	14973019
evidence for a symbiosis island involved in horizontal acquisition of pederin biosynthetic capabilities by the bacterial symbiont of paederus fuscipes beetles.	pederin belongs to a group of antitumor compounds found in terrestrial beetles and marine sponges. it is used by apparently all members of the rove beetle genera paederus and paederidus as a chemical defense against predators. however, a recent analysis of the putative pederin biosynthesis (ped) gene cluster strongly suggests that pederin is produced by bacterial symbionts. we have sequenced an extended region of the symbiont genome to gain further insight into the biology of this as-yet-uncultu ...	2004	14973122
the melampsora lini avrl567 avirulence genes are expressed in haustoria and their products are recognized inside plant cells.	the linum usitatissimum (flax) l gene alleles, which encode nucleotide binding site-leu rich repeat class intracellular receptor proteins, confer resistance against the melampsora lini (flax rust) fungus. at least 11 different l resistance specificities are known, and the corresponding avirulence genes in m. lini map to eight independent loci, some of which are complex and encode multiple specificities. we identified an m. lini cdna marker that cosegregates in an f2 rust family with a complex lo ...	2004	14973158
the arabidopsis cytosolic thioredoxin h5 gene induction by oxidative stress and its w-box-mediated response to pathogen elicitor.	the attrxh5 protein belongs to the cytosolic thioredoxins h family that, in arabidopsis, contains eight members showing very distinct patterns and levels of expression. here, we show that the attrxh5 gene is up-regulated during wounding, abscission, and senescence, as well as during incompatible interactions with the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae. by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, a binding activity on a w-box in the attrxh5 promoter region was found induced by treatments with ...	2004	14976236
evidence for a hybrid genomic island in verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli cl3 (serotype o113:h21) containing segments of edl933 (serotype o157:h7) o islands 122 and 48.	genomic o island 122 (oi-122) of the verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec) strain edl933 contains four putative virulence genes, z4321, z4326, z4332, and z4333. however, strain cl3 (serotype o113:h21) contains only z4321, not the other three genes. to determine whether z4321 is part of a different genomic island in cl3, a region of 27,293 bp up- and downstream of z4321 was sequenced and found to contain elements of two different edl933 genomic islands (oi-48 and oi-122) and a yersinia ...	2004	14977955
pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato cells encounter inhibitory levels of water stress during the hypersensitive response of arabidopsis thaliana.	during plant defense against bacterial pathogens, the hypersensitive response (hr) functions to restrict pathogen growth and spread. the mechanisms driving this growth restriction are poorly understood. we used a water stress-responsive transcriptional fusion to quantify the water potential sensed by individual pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 cells during infection of arabidopsis thaliana leaves. a nonpathogenic dc3000 hrcc mutant defective in type iii secretion, as well as the saprophyte ...	2004	14981249
the broad host range pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa strain pa14 carries two pathogenicity islands harboring plant and animal virulence genes.	the ubiquitous bacterium pseudomonas aeruginosa is the quintessential opportunistic pathogen. certain isolates infect a broad range of host organisms, from plants to humans. the pathogenic promiscuity of particular variants may reflect an increased virulence gene repertoire beyond the core p. aeruginosa genome. we have identified and characterized two p. aeruginosa pathogenicity islands (papi-1 and papi-2) in the genome of pa14, a highly virulent clinical isolate. the 108-kb papi-1 and 11-kb pap ...	2004	14983043
dissecting virulence: systematic and functional analyses of a pathogenicity island.	bacterial pathogenicity islands (pai) often encode both effector molecules responsible for disease and secretion systems that deliver these effectors to host cells. human enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec), enteropathogenic e. coli, and the mouse pathogen citrobacter rodentium (cr) possess the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) pai. we systematically mutagenized all 41 cr lee genes and functionally characterized these mutants in vitro and in a murine infection model. we identified 33 vi ...	2004	14988506
phosphatidylethanolamine is not essential for growth of sinorhizobium meliloti on complex culture media.	in addition to phosphatidylglycerol (pg), cardiolipin (cl), and phosphatidylethanolamine (pe), sinorhizobium meliloti also possesses phosphatidylcholine (pc) as a major membrane lipid. the biosynthesis of pc in s. meliloti can occur via two different routes, either via the phospholipid n-methylation pathway, in which pe is methylated three times in order to obtain pc, or via the phosphatidylcholine synthase (pcs) pathway, in which choline is condensed with cdp-diacylglycerol to obtain pc directl ...	2004	14996797
identification of a novel pseudomonas syringae psy61 effector with virulence and avirulence functions by a hrpl-dependent promoter-trap assay.	the hrp pathogenicity island of pseudomonas syringae encodes a type iii secretion system (ttss) that translocates effectors into plant cells. most genes encoding effectors are dispersed in the p. syringae genome. regardless of location, all are regulated coordinately by the alternative sigma factor hrpl. an hrpl-dependent promoter-trap assay was developed to screen genomic libraries of p. syringae strains for promoters whose activity in escherichia coli is dependent on an inducible hrpl construc ...	2004	15000392
mutations in the pseudomonas syringae avrrpt2 gene that dissociate its virulence and avirulence activities lead to decreased efficiency in avrrpt2-induced disappearance of rin4.	the avrrpt2 gene from pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato exhibits avirulence activity on arabidopsis expressing the resistance gene rps2 but promotes bacterial virulence on susceptible rps2 arabidopsis. to understand the functional relationship between the avirulence and virulence activities of avrrpt2, we analyzed a series of six avrrpt2 mutants deficient in eliciting the rps2-dependent hypersensitive response. we show that the mutants are also severely impaired in triggering rsp2-dependent resist ...	2004	15000398
pathogens: the plight of plants.		2004	15003115
myrbase: analysis of genome-wide glycine myristoylation enlarges the functional spectrum of eukaryotic myristoylated proteins.	we evaluated the evolutionary conservation of glycine myristoylation within eukaryotic sequences. our large-scale cross-genome analyses, available as myrbase, show that the functional spectrum of myristoylated proteins is currently largely underestimated. we give experimental evidence for in vitro myristoylation of selected predictions. furthermore, we classify five membrane-attachment factors that occur most frequently in combination with, or even replacing, myristoyl anchors, as some protein f ...	2004	15003124
molecular evidence for the evolution of metal homeostasis genes by lateral gene transfer in bacteria from the deep terrestrial subsurface.	lateral gene transfer (lgt) plays a vital role in increasing the genetic diversity of microorganisms and promoting the spread of fitness-enhancing phenotypes throughout microbial communities. to date, lgt has been investigated in surface soils, natural waters, and biofilm communities but not in the deep terrestrial subsurface. here we used a combination of molecular analyses to investigate the role of lgt in the evolution of metal homeostasis in lead-resistant subsurface bacteria. a nested pcr a ...	2004	15006795
pathogenicity islands in bacterial pathogenesis.	in this review, we focus on a group of mobile genetic elements designated pathogenicity islands (pai). these elements play a pivotal role in the virulence of bacterial pathogens of humans and are also essential for virulence in pathogens of animals and plants. characteristic molecular features of pai of important human pathogens and their role in pathogenesis are described. the availability of a large number of genome sequences of pathogenic bacteria and their benign relatives currently offers a ...	2004	14726454
the nifl-nifa system: a multidomain transcriptional regulatory complex that integrates environmental signals.		2004	14729684
direct glutaminyl-trna biosynthesis and indirect asparaginyl-trna biosynthesis in pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1.	the genomic sequence of pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 was searched for the presence of open reading frames (orfs) encoding enzymes potentially involved in the formation of gln-trna and of asn-trna. we found orfs similar to known glutamyl-trna synthetases (glurs), glutaminyl-trna synthetases (glnrs), aspartyl-trna synthetases (asprs), and trimeric trna-dependent amidotransferases (adt) but none similar to known asparaginyl-trna synthetases (asnrs). the absence of asnrs was confirmed by biochemical ...	2004	14729703
the arabidopsis thaliana dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase gene suppresssor of fatty acid desaturase deficiency1 is required for glycerolipid metabolism and for the activation of systemic acquired resistance.	systemic acquired resistance (sar) is a broad-spectrum resistance mechanism in plants that is activated in naive organs after exposure of another organ to a necrotizing pathogen. the organs manifesting sar exhibit an increase in levels of salicylic acid (sa) and expression of the pathogenesis-related1 (pr1) gene. sa signaling is required for the manifestation of sar. we demonstrate here that the arabidopsis thaliana suppressor of fatty acid desaturase deficiency1 (sfd1) mutation compromises the ...	2004	14729910
divergent roles in arabidopsis thaliana development and defense of two homologous genes, aberrant growth and death2 and agd2-like defense response protein1, encoding novel aminotransferases.	the disease-resistant arabidopsis thaliana aberrant growth and death2 (agd2-1) mutant has elevated levels of the defense signal salicylic acid (sa), altered leaf morphology, and mild dwarfism. agd2 and its close homolog ald1 (for agd2-like defense response protein1) encode aminotransferases that act on an overlapping set of amino acids in vitro. however, kinetic parameters indicate that agd2 and ald1 may drive the aminotransferase reaction in opposite directions. ald1-deficient mutants have the ...	2004	14729919
lempk3 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase with dual specificity induced during tomato defense and wounding responses.	mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase cascades are readily activated during the response of plants to avirulent pathogens or to pathogen-derived elicitors. here we show that the tomato map kinase lempk3 is specifically induced at the mrna level during elicitation of the hypersensitive response in resistant plants infected by avirulent strains of the phytopathogenic bacteria xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, as well as upon treatment with the fungal elic ...	2004	14742423
molecular characterization of a glucose-inhibited division gene, gida, that regulates cytotoxic enterotoxin of aeromonas hydrophila.	by using a mini-transposon, we obtained two mutated strains of a diarrheal isolate, ssu, of aeromonas hydrophila that exhibited a 50 to 53% reduction in the hemolytic activity and 83 to 87% less cytotoxic activity associated with the cytotoxic enterotoxin (act). act is a potent virulence factor of a. hydrophila and has been shown to contribute significantly to the development of both diarrhea and septicemia in animal models. subsequent cloning and dna sequence analysis revealed that transposon i ...	2004	14742556
identification of five outer membrane-associated proteins among cross-protective factor proteins of pasteurella multocida.	fowl cholera is caused by pasteurella multocida serovars a:1, a:3, and a:4. the 39-kda cross-protective factor protein and four other membrane proteins of the membrane proteome of p. multocida were identified. we determined that the 39-kda cross-protective protein was pasteurella lipoprotein b, or plpb.	2004	14742575
convergent evolution of disease resistance gene specificity in two flowering plant families.	plant disease resistance (r) genes that mediate recognition of the same pathogen determinant sometimes can be found in distantly related plant families. this observation implies that some r gene alleles may have been conserved throughout the diversification of land plants. to address this question, we have compared r genes from glycine max (soybean), rpg1-b, and arabidopsis thaliana, rpm1, that mediate recognition of the same type iii effector protein from pseudomonas syringae, avrb. rpm1 has be ...	2004	14742871
cassette-like variation of restriction enzyme genes in escherichia coli c and relatives.	a surprising result of comparative bacterial genomics has been the large amount of dna found to be present in one strain but not in another of the same species. we examine in detail one location where gene content varies extensively, the restriction cluster in escherichia coli. this region is designated the immigration control region (icr) for the density and variability of restriction functions found there. to better define the boundaries of this variable locus, we determined the sequence of th ...	2004	14744977
functional reclassification of the putative cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase multigene family in arabidopsis.	of 17 genes annotated in the arabidopsis genome database as cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (cad) homologues, an in silico analysis revealed that 8 genes were misannotated. of the remaining nine, six were catalytically competent for nadph-dependent reduction of p-coumaryl, caffeyl, coniferyl, 5-hydroxyconiferyl, and sinapyl aldehydes, whereas three displayed very low activity and only at very high substrate concentrations. of the nine putative cads, two (atcad5 and atcad4) had the highest activit ...	2004	14745009
evolutionary potential of an rna virus.	rna viruses are remarkably adaptable to changing environments. this is medically important because it enables pathogenic viruses to escape the immune response and chemotherapy and is of considerable theoretical interest since it allows the investigation of evolutionary processes within convenient time scales. a number of earlier studies have addressed the dynamics of adapting rna virus populations. however, it has been difficult to monitor the trajectory of molecular changes in rna genomes in re ...	2004	14747576
signals for local and systemic responses of plants to pathogen attack.	activation of plant defences following recognition of pathogen attack involves complex reiterative signal networks with extensive signal amplification and cross-talk. the results of two approaches that have been taken to analyse signalling in plant-microbe interactions are discussed here. activation tagging with t-dna harbouring multiple 35s enhancer elements was employed as a gain-of-function approach to dissect signalling related to bacterial pathogen resistance in arabidopsis thaliana. from a ...	2004	14673031
expression of l-ornithine ndelta-oxygenase (pvda) in fluorescent pseudomonas species: an immunochemical and in silico study.	omega-amino acid monooxygenases (ec 1.14.13.-), catalysing the formation of hydroxamate precursors of microbial siderophores (e.g., pyoverdine), have so far eluded structural and biochemical characterisation. here, the expression of recombinant l-ornithine-ndelta-oxygenase (pvda) from pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 is reported. a library of eight monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against pvda has been generated. two mab families recognising the n- and c-terminal regions of pvda were identified. ...	2004	14684153
biocontrol of bacillus subtilis against infection of arabidopsis roots by pseudomonas syringae is facilitated by biofilm formation and surfactin production.	relatively little is known about the exact mechanisms used by bacillus subtilis in its behavior as a biocontrol agent on plants. here, we report the development of a sensitive plant infection model demonstrating that the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv tomato dc3000 is capable of infecting arabidopsis roots both in vitro and in soil. using this infection model, we demonstrated the biocontrol ability of a wild-type b. subtilis strain 6051 against p. syringae. arabidopsis root surfaces ...	2004	14684838
induction of 3'-o-beta-d-ribofuranosyl adenosine during compatible, but not during incompatible, interactions of arabidopsis thaliana or lycopersicon esculentum with pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato.	all hitherto identified aromatic compounds accumulating in leaves of arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh. upon infection with virulent or avirulent strains of pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato ( pst) were indolic metabolites. we now report the strong accumulation of a novel type of natural product, 3'-o-beta-d-ribofuranosyl adenosine (3'ra), exclusively during compatible interactions. in contrast to the various indolic metabolites, 3'ra was undetectable in incompatible interactions of a. thaliana ...	2004	14685856
inhibitory effects of phaseolotoxin on proliferation of leukemia cells hl-60, k-562 and l1210 and pancreatic cells rin-m5f.	phaseolotoxin (pt) is a non-host specific phytotoxin produced by the plant pathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae (p.s.) pv. phaseolicola. in the present study, the inhibitory effect of pt on the proliferation of leukemia cells was studied. after 4 days of treatment, pt decreased cell growth of leukemia cell lines hl-60, k-562 and l1210 in a dose-dependent manner. in addition, pt also reduced cell growth of the insulinoma pancreatic cell line rin-m5f. ic50 values were 2.1 +/- 1.0 microm (hl-6 ...	2004	14687626
plant er genes that encode photorespiratory enzymes confer resistance against disease.	downy mildew caused by the oomycete pathogen pseudoperonospora cubensis is a devastating foliar disease of cucurbits worldwide. we previously demonstrated that the wild melon line pi 124111f (pi) is highly resistant to all pathotypes of p. cubensis. that resistance was controlled genetically by two partially dominant, complementary loci. here, we show that unlike other plant disease resistance genes, which confer an ability to resist infection by pathogens expressing corresponding avirulence gen ...	2004	14688292
the crystal structure of pseudomonas avirulence protein avrpphb: a papain-like fold with a distinct substrate-binding site.	avrpphb is an avirulence (avr) protein from the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae that can trigger a disease-resistance response in a number of host plants including arabidopsis. avrpphb belongs to a novel family of cysteine proteases with the charter member of this family being the yersinia effector protein yopt. avrpphb has a very stringent substrate specificity, catalyzing a single proteolytic cleavage in the arabidopsis serine/threonine kinase pbs1. we have determined the crystal structure ...	2004	14694194
the crystal structure of pseudomonas avirulence protein avrpphb: a papain-like fold with a distinct substrate-binding site.	avrpphb is an avirulence (avr) protein from the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae that can trigger a disease-resistance response in a number of host plants including arabidopsis. avrpphb belongs to a novel family of cysteine proteases with the charter member of this family being the yersinia effector protein yopt. avrpphb has a very stringent substrate specificity, catalyzing a single proteolytic cleavage in the arabidopsis serine/threonine kinase pbs1. we have determined the crystal structure ...	2004	14694194
structure of hrcqb-c, a conserved component of the bacterial type iii secretion systems.	type iii secretion systems enable plant and animal bacterial pathogens to deliver virulence proteins into the cytosol of eukaryotic host cells, causing a broad spectrum of diseases including bacteremia, septicemia, typhoid fever, and bubonic plague in mammals, and localized lesions, systemic wilting, and blights in plants. in addition, type iii secretion systems are also required for biogenesis of the bacterial flagellum. the hrcq(b) protein, a component of the secretion apparatus of pseudomonas ...	2004	14694203
structure of hrcqb-c, a conserved component of the bacterial type iii secretion systems.	type iii secretion systems enable plant and animal bacterial pathogens to deliver virulence proteins into the cytosol of eukaryotic host cells, causing a broad spectrum of diseases including bacteremia, septicemia, typhoid fever, and bubonic plague in mammals, and localized lesions, systemic wilting, and blights in plants. in addition, type iii secretion systems are also required for biogenesis of the bacterial flagellum. the hrcq(b) protein, a component of the secretion apparatus of pseudomonas ...	2004	14694203
synthesis of the pentasaccharide repeating unit of the major o-antigen component from pseudomonas syringae pv. ribicola nvppb 1010.	the synthesis of the repeating unit of the major o-antigen component from pseudomonas syringae pv. ribicola nvppb 1010 is reported. the strategy used was based on the successive coupling of a trisaccharide rhamnosyl trichloroacetimidate with a rhamnosyl acceptor with a free hydroxyl group on c-2. the pentasaccharide was then obtained by coupling with a n-troc-tri-o-acetyl-glucosamine trichloroacetimidate. the synthesis allowed the oligomerisation of the repeating unit.	2004	14698898
complete sequence and evolutionary genomic analysis of the pseudomonas aeruginosa transposable bacteriophage d3112.	bacteriophage d3112 represents one of two distinct groups of transposable phage found in the clinically relevant, opportunistic pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa. to further our understanding of transposable phage in p. aeruginosa, we have sequenced the complete genome of d3112. the genome is 37,611 bp, with an overall g+c content of 65%. we have identified 53 potential open reading frames, including three genes (the c repressor gene and early genes a and b) that have been previously characterized ...	2004	14702309
the hwe histidine kinases, a new family of bacterial two-component sensor kinases with potentially diverse roles in environmental signaling.	two-component signal transduction pathways play a major role in the response of bacteria to external cues. these pathways are initiated by large collection of histidine kinases (hks) containing a sensor domain that perceives the environmental signal followed by an hk domain that triggers a histidine-aspartate phosphorelay. previous phylogenetic analyses identified 11 major families of two-component hks by comparing signature motifs within the hk domain. here we describe a new family with homolog ...	2004	14702314
sequence analysis of the mobile genome island pklc102 of pseudomonas aeruginosa c.	the pseudomonas aeruginosa plasmid pklc102 coexists as a plasmid and a genome island in clone c strains. whereas the related plasmid pklk106 reversibly recombines with p. aeruginosa clone k chromosomes at one of the two trna(lys) genes, pklc102 is incorporated into the trna(lys) gene only close to the pila locus. targeting of the other trna(lys) copy in the chromosome is blocked by a 23,395-bp mosaic of truncated pao open reading frames, transposons, and pklc102 homologs. annotation and phylogen ...	2004	14702321
pseudomonas syringae type iii secretion system targeting signals and novel effectors studied with a cya translocation reporter.	pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain dc3000 is a pathogen of tomato and arabidopsis: the hrp-hrc-encoded type iii secretion system (ttss), which injects bacterial effector proteins (primarily called hop or avr proteins) into plant cells, is required for pathogenicity. in addition to being regulated by the hrpl alternative sigma factor, most avr or hop genes encode proteins with n termini that have several characteristic features, including (i) a high percentage of ser residues, (ii) an aliphat ...	2004	14702323
functional display of foreign protein on surface of escherichia coli using n-terminal domain of ice nucleation protein.	we investigated the ability of the n-terminal domain of inak, an ice nucleation protein from pseudomonas syringae kctc1832, to act as an anchoring motif for the display of foreign proteins on the escherichia coli cell surface. total expression level and surface display efficiency of green fluorescent protein (gfp) was compared following their fusion with either the n-terminal domain of inak (inak-n), or with the known truncated inak containing both n- and c-terminal domains (inak-nc). we report ...	2004	14705004
frequency, size, and localization of bacterial aggregates on bean leaf surfaces.	using epifluorescence microscopy and image analysis, we have quantitatively described the frequency, size, and spatial distribution of bacterial aggregates on leaf surfaces of greenhouse-grown bean plants inoculated with the plant-pathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain b728a. bacterial cells were not randomly distributed on the leaf surface but occurred in a wide range of cluster sizes, ranging from single cells to over 10(4) cells per aggregate. the average cluster size i ...	2004	14711662
growth of escherichia coli coexpressing phosphotriesterase and glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase, using paraoxon as the sole phosphorus source.	phosphotriesterases catalyze the hydrolytic detoxification of phosphotriester pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents with various efficiencies. the directed evolution of phosphotriesterases to enhance the breakdown of poor substrates is desirable for the purposes of bioremediation. a limiting factor in the identification of phosphotriesterase mutants with increased activity is the ability to effectively screen large mutant libraries. to this end, we have investigated the possibility of cou ...	2004	14711669
rme1 is necessary for mi-1-mediated resistance and acts early in the resistance pathway.	the tomato gene mi-1 confers resistance to root-knot nematodes (meloidogyne spp.), potato aphid, and whitefly. using genetic screens, we have isolated a mutant, rme1 (resistance to meloidogyne spp.), compromised in resistance to m. javanica and potato aphid. here, we show that the rme1 mutant is also compromised in resistance to m. incognita, m. arenaria, and whitefly. in addition, using an agrobacterium-mediated transient assay in leaves to express constitutive gain-of-function mutant pto(l205d ...	2004	14714868
functional analysis of genes involved in the synthesis of syringolin a by pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b301 d-r.	strains of the phytopathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae secrete a family of structurally closely related peptide derivatives dubbed syringolins, of which syringolin a is the major variant. the function of syringolins in the interaction of p. syringae pv. syringae with their host plants presently is unknown. it is hypothesized that they may constitute virulence factors. however, syringolins are determinants recognized and reacted to by nonhost plant species, and syringolin a ha ...	2004	14714872
complete nucleotide sequence and analysis of ppsr1 (72,601 bp), a ppt23a-family plasmid from pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae a2.	plasmid ppsr1 is a conjugative plasmid originally isolated from pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae a2, and is a member of the recently described ppt23a plasmid family. we have determined the complete sequence of ppsr1 and found the plasmid to be 72,601 bp in length, encoding 55 orfs. putative functions were assigned to 49 orfs; of these, 24 (49.0%) are involved in plasmid replication, maintenance or conjugation, 17 (34.7%) have roles in virulence or ecological fitness, and eight (16.3%) encode tr ...	2004	14634868
pcc1: a merging point for pathogen defence and circadian signalling in arabidopsis.	using a cdna-array we identified expressed sequence tag 163b24t7 as rapidly up-regulated in arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh. after pathogen exposure. detailed expression analysis revealed that the corresponding gene is up-regulated not only after exposure to avirulent pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato but also to virulent strains. this up-regulation is dependent on functional salicylic acid defence-signalling pathways. moreover, we found the gene was circadian-regulated, showing peaks of expressio ...	2004	14614626
expression of a magainin-type antimicrobial peptide gene (msi-99) in tomato enhances resistance to bacterial speck disease.	msi-99 is a synthetic analog of magainin ii (mii), a small cationic peptide highly inhibitory to a wide spectrum of microbial organisms. tomato plants were transformed to express a gene encoding the msi-99 peptide and tested for possible enhancement of resistance to important pathogens of this crop. thirty-six tomato transformants carrying an msi-99 expression vector designed to target the peptide into extracellular spaces were obtained by agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. expre ...	2004	13680135
cloning of soybean genes induced during hypersensitive cell death caused by syringolide elicitor.	syringolide elicitors produced by bacteria expressing pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea avirulence gene d (avrd) induce hypersensitive cell death (hcd) only in soybean (glycine max [l.] merr.) plants carrying the rpg4 disease resistance gene. employing a differential display method, we isolated 13 gene fragments induced in cultured cells of a soybean cultivar harosoy (rpg4) treated with syringolides. several genes for isolated fragments were induced by syringolides in an rpg4 cultivar acme as we ...	2004	14586656
arabidopsis downy mildew resistance gene rpp27 encodes a receptor-like protein similar to clavata2 and tomato cf-9.	the arabidopsis ler-rpp27 gene confers atsgt1b-independent resistance to downy mildew (peronospora parasitica) isolate hiks1. the rpp27 locus was mapped to a four-bacterial artificial chromosome interval on chromosome 1 from genetic analysis of a cross between the enhanced susceptibility mutant col-edm1 (col-sgt1) and landsberg erecta (ler-0). a cf-like candidate gene in this interval was pcr amplified from ler-0 and transformed into mutant col-rpp7.1 plants. homozygous transgenic lines conferre ...	2004	15155873
the receptor for the fungal elicitor ethylene-inducing xylanase is a member of a resistance-like gene family in tomato.	an ethylene-inducing xylanase (eix) is a potent elicitor of plant defense responses in specific cultivars of tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) and tomato (lycopersicon esculentum). the leeix locus in tomatoes was characterized by map-based cloning, which led to the identification of a novel gene cluster from which two members (leeix1 and leeix2) were isolated. similar to the tomato ve resistance genes in tomato plants, the deduced amino acid sequences encoded by leeix1 and leeix2 contain a leu zipper, ...	2004	15155877
identification of mdod, an mdog paralog which encodes a twin-arginine-dependent periplasmic protein that controls osmoregulated periplasmic glucan backbone structures.	osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (opgs) of escherichia coli are anionic and highly branched oligosaccharides that accumulate in the periplasmic space in response to low osmolarity of the medium. the glucan length, ranging from 5 to 12 glucose residues, is under strict control. two genes that form an operon, mdogh, govern glucose backbone synthesis. the new gene mdod, which appears to be a paralog of mdog, was characterized in this study. cassette inactivation of mdod resulted in production of o ...	2004	15175282
genomic diversity of burkholderia pseudomallei clinical isolates: subtractive hybridization reveals a burkholderia mallei-specific prophage in b. pseudomallei 1026b.	burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiologic agent of the disease melioidosis and is a category b biological threat agent. the genomic sequence of b. pseudomallei k96243 was recently determined, but little is known about the overall genetic diversity of this species. suppression subtractive hybridization was employed to assess the genetic variability between two distinct clinical isolates of b. pseudomallei, 1026b and k96243. numerous mobile genetic elements, including a temperate bacteriophage de ...	2004	15175308
elemental sulphur as an induced antifungal substance in plant defence.	man's oldest fungicide has probably long functioned in this role in plants, as a natural component of induced antifungal defence. elemental sulphur (s(0)) is the only inorganic phytoalexin and the only phytoalexin produced by so many different taxa. s(0) (detected by gc-ms as (32)s(8)) is produced in representative species of sterculiaceae (cocoa), solanaceae (tomato, tobacco), malvaceae (cotton), and leguminosae (french bean) in response to xylem-invading fungal and bacterial pathogens. product ...	2004	15181110
gene expression signatures from three genetically separable resistance gene signaling pathways for downy mildew resistance.	resistance gene-dependent disease resistance to pathogenic microorganisms is mediated by genetically separable regulatory pathways. using the genechip arabidopsis genome array, we compared the expression profiles of approximately 8,000 arabidopsis genes following activation of three rpp genes directed against the pathogenic oomycete peronospora parasitica. judicious choice of p. parasitica isolates and loss of resistance plant mutants allowed us to compare the responses controlled by three genet ...	2004	15181204
the transcriptional innate immune response to flg22. interplay and overlap with avr gene-dependent defense responses and bacterial pathogenesis.	animals and plants carry recognition systems to sense bacterial flagellin. flagellin perception in arabidopsis involves fls2, a leu-rich-repeat receptor kinase. we surveyed the early transcriptional response of arabidopsis cell cultures and seedlings within 60 min of treatment with flg22, a peptide corresponding to the most conserved domain of flagellin. using affymetrix microarrays, approximately 3.0% of 8,200 genes displayed transcript level changes in flg22 elicited suspension cultures and se ...	2004	15181213
a plasmid-encoded class 1 integron carrying sat, a putative phosphoserine phosphatase gene and aada2 from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli o159 isolated in japan.	a class 1 integron was detected in a single multidrug-resistant strain of enterotoxigenice escherichia coli (etec) o159 after examination of 23 clinical e. coli isolates. this isolate was resistant to streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and ampicillin. sequencing of the class 1 integron identified three-gene cassettes. the first is the streptothricin acetyltransferase gene, sat, which confers resistance to streptothricin. the second is an orf whose product is a putative phosphos ...	2004	15183870
peergad: a peer-review-based and community-centric web application for viewing and annotating prokaryotic genome sequences.	peergad is a web-based database-driven application that allows community-wide peer-reviewed annotation of prokaryotic genome sequences. the application was developed to support the annotation of the pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain dc3000 genome sequence and is easily portable to other genome sequence annotation projects. peergad incorporates several innovative design and operation features and accepts annotations pertaining to gene naming, role classification, gene translation and annotat ...	2004	15184545
start lipid/sterol-binding domains are amplified in plants and are predominantly associated with homeodomain transcription factors.	in animals, steroid hormones regulate gene expression by binding to nuclear receptors. plants lack genes for nuclear receptors, yet genetic evidence from arabidopsis suggests developmental roles for lipids/sterols analogous to those in animals. in contrast to nuclear receptors, the lipid/sterol-binding star-related lipid transfer (start) protein domains are conserved, making them candidates for involvement in both animal and plant lipid/sterol signal transduction.	2004	15186492
the erwinia chrysanthemi ec16 hrp/hrc gene cluster encodes an active hrp type iii secretion system that is flanked by virulence genes functionally unrelated to the hrp system.	erwinia chrysanthemi is a host-promiscuous plant pathogen that possesses a type iii secretion system (ttss) similar to that of the host-specific pathogens e. amylovora and pseudomonas syringae. the regions flanking the ttss-encoding hrp/hrc gene clusters in the latter pathogens encode various ttss-secreted proteins. dna sequencing of the complete e. chrysanthemi hrp/hrc gene cluster and approximately 12 kb of the flanking regions (beyond the previously characterized heca adhesin gene in the left ...	2004	15195947
structure, conformation and biological activity of a novel lipodepsipeptide from pseudomonas corrugata: cormycin a.	cationic lipodepsipeptides from pseudomonas spp. have been characterized for their structural and antimicrobial properties. in the present study, the structure of a novel lipodepsipeptide, cormycin a, produced in culture by the tomato pathogen pseudomonas corrugata was elucidated by combined protein chemistry, mass spectrometry and two-dimensional nmr procedures. its peptide moiety corresponds to l-ser-d-orn-l-asn-d-hse-l-his-l-athr-z-dhb-l-asp(3-oh)-l-thr(4-cl) [where orn represents ornithine, ...	2004	15196052
tonb3 is required for normal twitching motility and extracellular assembly of type iv pili.	three mutants with tn5-b21 insertion in tonb3 (pa0406) of pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited defective twitching motility and reduced assembly of extracellular pili. these defects could be complemented with wild-type tonb3.	2004	15205442
identification of tandem duplicate regulatory small rnas in pseudomonas aeruginosa involved in iron homeostasis.	in many bacteria, iron homeostasis is controlled primarily by the ferric uptake regulator (fur), a transcriptional repressor. however, some genes, including those involved in iron storage, are positively regulated by fur. a fur-repressed regulatory small rna (srna), ryhb, has been identified in escherichia coli, and it has been demonstrated that negative regulation of genes by this srna is responsible for the positive regulation of some genes by fur. no ryhb sequence homologs were found in pseud ...	2004	15210934
a family of conserved bacterial effectors inhibits salicylic acid-mediated basal immunity and promotes disease necrosis in plants.	salicylic acid (sa)-mediated host immunity plays a central role in combating microbial pathogens in plants. inactivation of sa-mediated immunity, therefore, would be a critical step in the evolution of a successful plant pathogen. it is known that mutations in conserved effector loci (cel) in the plant pathogens pseudomonas syringae (the delta cel mutation), erwinia amylovora (the dspa/e mutation), and pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (the wtse mutation) exert particularly strong negative effe ...	2004	15210989
role of type iii effector secretion during bacterial pathogenesis in another kingdom.		2004	15213109
onto-tools: an ensemble of web-accessible, ontology-based tools for the functional design and interpretation of high-throughput gene expression experiments.	the onto-tools suite is composed of an annotation database and five seamlessly integrated web-accessible data mining tools: onto-express (oe), onto-compare (oc), onto-design (od), onto-translate (ot) and onto-miner (om). om is a new tool that provides a unified access point and an application programming interface for most annotations available. our database has been enhanced with more than 120 new commercial microarrays and annotations for rattus norvegicus, drosophila melanogaster and carnorha ...	2004	15215428
up-regulation and localization of asparagine synthetase in tomato leaves infected by the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae.	nitrogen metabolism is one aspect of basic metabolism, which is still quite unknown in the field of plant-pathogen interactions. evidence derived from previous studies conducted in our laboratory strongly suggests that during microbial pathogenesis an important nitrogen mobilization process takes place in diseased tissues. here we describe the expression pattern of asparagine synthetase (as; ec 6.3.5.4) in tomato leaves infected by the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. using an ...	2004	15215512