Publications

immobilized ph gradient isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting for investigations of anti-borrelia burgdorferi igg antibodies.	anti-borrelia burgdorferi immunoglobulin g (igg) responses in cerebrospinal fluid, serum, and joint fluid from lyme disease patients were investigated by immobilized ph gradient (ipg) isoelectric focusing (ief) in ph 4-10 and ph 4-7 gels. after focusing, the anti-b.-burgdorferi antibodies were blotted by affinity-driven transfer to antigen-coated polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (immunoblot) and the igg antibodies were immunoenzymatically stained. ipg-ief gels gave an excellent resolution of ...	1992	1378387
current recommendations for the treatment of lyme disease.	lyme disease is a multisystem inflammatory disease caused by infection with borrelia burgdorferi. soon after the tick bite which transmits the infection, the pathognomonic skin rash erythema chronicum migrans occurs in 50 to 70% of patients, often with associated symptoms resembling a 'summer cold' or viral infection. therapy for this stage of disease consists of 3 to 4 weeks of oral therapy. the agents currently used are: amoxicillin (500 mg 3 or 4 times daily) with or without probenecid 500 mg ...	1992	1379147
the 23s/5s ribosomal rna genes (rrl/rrf) are separate from the 16s ribosomal rna gene (rrs) in borrelia burgdorferi, the aetiological agent of lyme disease.	dna fragments containing the rrna genes for borrelia burgdorferi strain b31 were cloned in bacteriophage lambda embl3. a restriction map of the fragments was constructed and the organization of the rrna genes was determined by southern hybridization. one genomic dna fragment contained a single copy of the rrs sequence and another cloned fragment contained both rrl and rrf sequences. the results revealed that the rrs gene is located separately from the set of rrl/rrf genes, suggesting that these ...	1992	1379622
borrelia burgdorferi hsp70 homolog: characterization of an immunoreactive stress protein.	the gene encoding an immunoreactive borrelia burgdorferi hsp70 homolog was isolated and characterized. the predicted amino acid sequence of this spirochetal protein confirms that this gene encodes a member of the hsp70 family of proteins. although there appears to be a single copy of this gene on the spirochetal chromosome, two distinct transcripts hybridizing to the hsp70 probe are detected in rna isolated from b. burgdorferi. the amount of spirochetal hsp70 rna transcripts is shown to be therm ...	1992	1379988
delineation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia garinii sp. nov., and group vs461 associated with lyme borreliosis.	we studied 48 borrelia isolates that were associated with lyme borreliosis or were isolated from ticks and identified three dna relatedness groups by using the s1 nuclease method. the three dna groups (genospecies) were associated with specific rrna gene restriction patterns, protein electrophoresis patterns, and patterns of reactivity with murine monoclonal antibodies. genospecies i corresponded to borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto since it contained the type strain of this species (strain atc ...	1992	1380285
detection of glycoproteins in borrelia burgdorferi.	the presence of carbohydrates on proteins of borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease, was investigated by using a digoxigenin labeling method together with schiff staining and n-glycosidase f assay. the two major outer surface exposed proteins of 31 kda and 34 kda showed to be glycosylated and gel filtration high pressure liquid chromatography (hplc) of proteins of b. burgdorferi metabolically labeled with 14c-n-acetylglucosamine revealed the incorporation of the carbohydrate i ...	1992	1380795
sequence homology between spirochaete flagellin and human myelin basic protein.		1992	1382434
characterization of a borrelia burgdorferi dnaj homolog.	the gene encoding a borrelia burgdorferi dnaj homolog, located immediately 3' of the hsp70 gene, was characterized. although there is a single copy of the dnaj gene on the spirochetal chromosome, two distinct dnaj transcripts are detected in b. burgdorferi rna. rna blot analysis indicates that the dnaj gene can be transcribed alone or as part of a larger transcript containing the hsp70 homolog.	1992	1383161
relapsing fever and its serological discrimination from lyme borreliosis.	patients with borrelia-caused relapsing fever produce cross-reacting antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi, the anti-genetically related causative agent of lyme borreliosis. the antibody response of the serum of a patient (acute and convalescent) with relapsing fever was analysed by the immunoblot technique using borrelia hermsii and b. burgdorferi as antigens. the diagnosis was established by microscopic detection of spirochetes in the patient's blood. the patient's serum showed significantly elev ...	1992	1385332
live borrelia burgdorferi preferentially activate interleukin-1 beta gene expression and protein synthesis over the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist.	lyme arthritis is one of the few forms of chronic arthritis in which the cause is known with certainty. because cytokines are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic arthritis, we investigated the effect of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, on the gene expression and synthesis of il-1 beta and the il-1 receptor antagonist (il-1ra) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. live b. burgdorferi induced fivefold more il-1 beta than il-1 alpha and sevenfold more il-1 ...	1992	1387885
no evidence for a spirochaetal origin of localized scleroderma.	we looked for evidence of a borrelia infection in 15 patients with morphoea. we were not able to detect antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in any of these 15 patients. none of the 14 skin biopsies examined by immunohistochemistry showed evidence of spirochaetes. skin biopsies were cultured in 10 patients. all were negative. these results do not support a spirochaetal origin of localized scleroderma.	1992	1390164
[etiopathogenic aspects of lyme disease].		1992	1391003
[examination of ticks for the presence of borrelia sp. in kosice and the surrounding region. preliminary results].	the authors present preliminary data on the infestation of ticks ixodes ricinus with borrelia in the town of kosice and surroundings. the authors found a mean 4.7% positivity which means that more systematic attention should be paid to the problem.	1992	1394475
lyme disease.	lyme disease is a multisystem disorder caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi. it is transmitted to human and animal hosts primarily by ticks of the ixodes ricinis complex. recognition of its characteristic skin and eye manifestations facilitates diagnosis and treatment.	1992	1395157
molecular detection of persistent borrelia burgdorferi in a man with dermatomyositis.	a 40-year-old white man with a several year history of various immunologic disorders, including anti-jo-1 autoantibody positive dermatomyositis, developed clinical lyme disease after being biten by a tick. the patient was treated with oral tetracycline and his initial symptoms resolved; however, he suffered an exacerbation of his muscle disease which was difficult to control despite cytotoxic therapy. antibiotic therapy was reinstituted after borrelia burgdorferi was detected in the patient's pe ...	1992	1395222
sequence of the complete osp operon encoding two major outer membrane proteins of a european borrelia burgdorferi isolate (b29)	the nucleotide sequence of the operon encoding the major outer surface proteins, ospa and ospb, of a european isolate of borrelia burgdorferi (strain b29) was determined and compared to the osp operon of the american strain, b31. an amino acid (aa) identity of 80.7% was found when comparing the ospa of b29 with that of b31, whereas the aa sequence of the ospb of b29 reveals only 61.3% identity with the ospb of b31. thus, strains b31 and b29 can be regarded as representatives of different b. burg ...	1992	1398118
complete sequence of the major outer membrane protein-encoding gene of chlamydia trachomatis serovar da.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the gene omp1 encoding the major outer membrane protein (momp) of chlamydia trachomatis serovar da was determined following amplification by the polymerase chain reaction. the most closely related complete sequence published to date is that encoding the c. trachomatis l1 momp. when the l1 and da momp deduced amino acid (aa) sequences were compared, 16 single-aa differences located mostly in the variable domains i, ii, and iv were detected. these regions contai ...	1992	1398119
coiling phagocytosis is the preferential phagocytic mechanism for borrelia burgdorferi.	the uptake mechanism for the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease, was investigated by electron microscopy for human and murine phagocytes. spirochetes of both a low- and a high-passage strain were preferentially internalized by coiling rather than by conventional phagocytosis. the spirochetes engulfed by coiling phagocytosis were found to disintegrate in an organelle exclusion zone without evident participation of lysosomes. preincubation of b. burgdorferi with m ...	1992	1398932
the 93-kilodalton protein of borrelia burgdorferi: an immunodominant protoplasmic cylinder antigen.	using immunoblots, we identified proteins of borrelia burgdorferi recognized by sera from 62 patients with either acute or chronic lyme disease. in all groups studied, the 41-kda flagellar protein and a relatively minor 93-kda protein (p93) were the most commonly recognized antigens in patients with acute and chronic disease due to b. burgdorferi. a murine monoclonal antibody (mab 181.1) was developed against p93, and the antigen was detected by immunoblot analysis in four european and american ...	1992	1398941
low-passage-associated proteins of borrelia burgdorferi b31: characterization and molecular cloning of ospd, a surface-exposed, plasmid-encoded lipoprotein.	borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease, loses its ability to infect and cause disease in mammalian hosts after repeated in vitro passage. to identify proteins preferentially expressed by the low-passage strain and thus representing potential virulence factors, the polypeptide profiles of virulent, low-passage and nonvirulent, high-passage forms of b. burgdorferi b31 were compared by nonequilibrium ph gradient two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. four low-passage-associated pro ...	1992	1398980
comparison of polymerase chain reaction and culture for detection of borrelia burgdorferi in naturally infected peromyscus leucopus and experimentally infected c.b-17 scid/scid mice.	culture and the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) were compared for detection of borrelia burgdorferi infection in wild-caught peromyscus leucopus and experimentally inoculated c.b-17 scid/scid (severe combined immunodeficient) mice. pcr targeted highly conserved regions of the ospa gene and could detect one to five cultured organisms and 10 to 50 copies of molecularly cloned ospa dna. organs (kidney, spleen, and urinary bladder) and/or ear biopsy samples were obtained from 108 captured p. leucopu ...	1992	1400962
in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing of borrelia burgdorferi: a microdilution mic method and time-kill studies.	the susceptibility of borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme borreliosis, to various antimicrobial agents varies widely among published studies. these differences are probably due in part to variations in susceptibility testing techniques and growth endpoint determinations. we developed a microdilution method for determining the mics of antibiotics against b. burgdorferi. the method incorporated bsk ii medium, a final inoculum of 10(6) cells per ml, and a 72-h incubation period and wa ...	1992	1400969
polymerase chain reaction for detection of leptospira spp. in clinical samples.	a sensitive assay for leptospira spp., the causative agent of leptospirosis, was developed on the basis of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). a 331-bp sequence from the leptospira interrogans serovar canicola rrs (16s) gene was amplified, and the pcr products were analyzed by dna-dna hybridization by using a 289-bp fragment internal to the amplified dna. specific pcr products also were obtained with dna from the closely related nonpathogenic leptospira biflexa but not with dna from other spiro ...	1992	1400983
surface immunofluorescence assay for diagnosis of lyme disease.	a surface immunofluorescence assay (sifa) was analyzed and compared with a conventional indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) and whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for detecting immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in sera from patients with lyme disease. fifty-five patients with syphilis and 33 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were used as disease controls. the sensitivity of the sifa was low during the acute phase of lyme disease (sera from seven of ...	1992	1401015
[study of the anti borrelia burgdorferi antibody of hunters in hokkaido].	we examined the sera of 587 hunters in hokkaido (japan's northernmost island) for the antibody to borrelia burgdorferi (b. burgdorferi) by enzyme immunoassay, clarified the conditions related to antibody positivity in these subjects according to region, and studied the effects of factors such as age and lifestyle on the antibody titer. in contrast with an anti-b. burgdorferi antibody positive rate of 7.1% in control sera, that in the hunters' sera was 16.0%. among those positive for the anti-b. ...	1992	1402062
clinical and laboratory findings with giant cell arteritis.	out of 66 patients who were diagnosed as suffering from polymyalgia rheumatica (pmr; n = 40), temporal arteritis (at; n = 14) or both (n = 12) in a 6.5 year period (incidence 3.4/100,000 per year), 9 died and 49 were followed up for an average period of 28 months. exacerbations of the illness (n = 24) and complications in the course (n = 32) were more frequent with an initial esr greater than 90 mm/h. postural vertigo (n = 11), amaurosis fugax (n = 11) and polyneuropathy (n = 8) were the most fr ...	1992	1402990
pathogenetic role of chlamydia, yersinia and borrelia in undifferentiated oligoarthritis.	we studied the cellular and humoral immune response to chlamydia trachomatis, yersinia enterocolitica and borrelia burgdorferi in paired samples of peripheral blood and synovial fluid (sf) in undifferentiated oligoarthritis, reactive arthritis (rea) and rheumatoid arthritis. antigen specific lymphocyte proliferation was found in sf of 43% of patients with rea and 34% of patients with undifferentiated oligoarthritis. c. trachomatis was the most frequent single agent. hla-b27 was positive in 83% o ...	1992	1404159
incompetence of roe deer as reservoirs of the lyme borreliosis spirochete.	to determine whether the roe deer, capreolus capreolus l. may serve as a reservoir host for the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner, evidence of spirochetal infection was sought in nymphal ixodes ricinus (l.) that had engorged as larvae on roe deer. sixteen roe deer were shot in lyme disease enzootic areas of south-central sweden during august-november 1990 and august 1991. an average of 276 (range, 84-658) larvae of i. ricinus was collected ...	1992	1404260
genetic polymorphism of the gene encoding the outer surface protein a (ospa) of borrelia burgdorferi.	the genes coding for the outer surface protein (ospa) of borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme borreliosis have been cloned and sequenced. two german strains (skin isolate pko and cerebrospinal fluid isolate pbi) have been analyzed. using an ospa-specific monoclonal antibody (l32 2e7) for immunological screening of a genomic puc18 library of b. burgdorferi strain pko, and ospa-producing clone was detected and subclones containing the open reading frame were constructed. the gene codi ...	1992	1406458
tick research efforts.		1992	1406558
tick research efforts.		1992	1406559
experimentally induced infection of cats with borrelia burgdorferi.	to determine whether cats could be infected experimentally with borrelia burgdorferi, 15 cats were inoculated with approximately 1,000 b burgdorferi. seven cats were inoculated by the iv route, 2 by the oral route, 2 by the ocular route, and 4 by the oral-ocular route. six control cats were inoculated with phosphate-buffered saline solution by the iv, oral, and ocular routes. prior to the start of the study, all 21 cats were seronegative for b burgdorferi on the basis of results of the indirect ...	1992	1416347
in vitro susceptibilities of borrelia burgdorferi to five oral cephalosporins and ceftriaxone.	we determined the in vitro susceptibilities of eight borrelia burgdorferi isolates to five oral cephalosporins. mics for b. burgdorferi 297 were 23 micrograms/ml (cephalexin), 45 micrograms/ml (cefadroxil), 91 micrograms/ml (cefaclor), 0.13 microgram/ml (cefuroxime), 0.8 microgram/ml (cefixime), and 0.02 microgram/ml (ceftriaxone). when b. burgdorferi isolates were exposed to concentrations twice the mic of cefuroxime, cefixime, or ceftriaxone, at least 72 h of incubation was required to kill 99 ...	1992	1416868
cognitive function in late lyme borreliosis.		1992	1417507
borrelia burgdorferi infection in ixodes ricinus from habitats in denmark.	a total of 2647 ticks of the genus ixodes was sampled by flagging the vegetation in thirty-one sites in eastern jutland, denmark. all ticks were identified as ixodes ricinus linnaeus. a total of 317 ticks (202 nymphs and 115 adults) from three different sites were examined for the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi johnson et al. by indirect fluorescent antibody staining; the frequency of infection varied from 7% to 22%. it is concluded that i. ricinus, known to be the most common tick in denmark, ...	1992	1421487
screening of blood donors and recipients for borrelia burgdorferi antibodies: no evidence of b. burgdorferi infection transmitted by transfusion.	in the study presented here, the prevalence of antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme borreliosis, was determined in a group of blood donors from the würzburg area (southern germany). 13 of 472 donors (2.7%) tested were positive by immunoblotting (ib). these 13 donors were examined in more detail by physical examination, anamnesis and determination of inflammation parameters of the blood. all persons were asymptomatic for lyme borreliosis. one of 5 who remembered a ...	1992	1422081
determination of antibody titres for borrelia burgdorferi in the serum of gipsies living in attika, greece.		1992	1425722
evidence that borrelia burgdorferi immunodominant proteins p100, p94 and p83 are identical.	recently there have been reports on high-molecular mass components of borrelia burgdorferi, namely the p100, p94 and p83, which claimed these proteins to be specific marker antigens for the serodiagnosis of late lyme borreliosis. the nucleotide sequences of the p100 and p83 have been published. the alignment of the deduced n-terminal amino acid sequences with the n-terminal sequence of the p94 now provides evidence that all three proteins are identical.	1992	1426983
the relapsing fever agent borrelia hermsii has multiple copies of its chromosome and linear plasmids.	borrelia hermsii, a spirochete which causes relapsing fever in humans and other mammals, eludes the immune response by antigenic variation of the "vmp" proteins. this occurs by replacement of an expressed vmp gene with a copy of a silent vmp gene. silent and expressed vmp genes are located on separate linear plasmids. to further characterize vmp recombination, copy numbers were determined for two linear plasmids and for the 1-megabase chromosome by comparing hybridization of probes to native dna ...	1992	1427031
localized scleroderma and borrelia antibody seroconversion.		1992	1428439
seroprevalence of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in a population of horses in central texas.	four hundred sixty-nine serum samples were obtained from horses admitted to the internal medicine service of the texas veterinary medical center between jan 1 and dec 31, 1990. serum samples were tested by elisa for antibody to borrelia burgdorferi. of these 469 samples, 1 (0.2%) was repeatedly seropositive for the organism by elisa. confirmatory testing by protein immunoblot was negative. the observed seroprevalence was 0%; the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval was 0.6%. these findings ...	1992	1429127
the hamster immune response to tick-transmitted borrelia burgdorferi differs from the response to needle-inoculated, cultured organisms.	the human immune response to natural infection with borrelia burgdorferi appears to differ from that seen in small mammals infected by needle inoculation. in humans, antibody to outer surface proteins a and b (ospa and ospb) is not detectable until late in infection, but small mammals inoculated with b. burgdorferi produce early antibody to ospa and ospb. to investigate this disparity we compared the immune response in hamsters to b. burgdorferi after needle inoculation with cultured organisms o ...	1992	1431134
csf findings in lyme meningitis.	the results of cerebrospinal fluid examination in 59 cases of meningitis caused by borrelia burgdorferi were analysed and compared with 73 non-lyme meningitis cases. there was no statistically significant difference in the median cell count of 160 x 10(6)/l in the lyme meningitis patients and the 150 x 10(6)/l in the non-lyme cases. the protein level was elevated in both patients groups to 0.9 g/l and 0.8 g/l, respectively. the glucose level of 2.9 mmol/l (1.0-6.1) was, however, significantly (p ...	1992	1431169
diagnostic tools in lyme borreliosis: clinical history compared with serology.	the occurrence of a history of clinical lyme borreliosis and the prevalence of positive antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi were studied in 431 dutch hunters. the majority of the hunters (336 or 78%) did not report any complaints and had no positive igg antibodies to b. burgdorferi. sixty-five hunters (15.1%) had no clinical manifestations but did not have positive antibodies to b. burgdorferi. only 1.9% of the population studied had had past symptoms of definite or probable lyme borreliosis. lik ...	1992	1432003
[ocular findings in infection with borrelia burgdorferi].	during the years 1988 to 1990 ten patients were observed in the eye clinic of rwth aachen with ocular findings of infection with borrelia burgdorferi. 6 of them showed neuro-ophthalmological signs, 4 had uveitis. in both groups recent infections were documented in fresh and chronic stages of the disease, lasting longer than one year. the various clinical pictures of the disease following infection with borrelia burgdorferi are described. as a vaccination against borreliosis is not yet available, ...	1992	1434386
a controlled trial of antimicrobial prophylaxis for lyme disease after deer-tick bites.	borrelia burgdorferi, which causes lyme disease, is transmitted by deer ticks (lxodes dammini) in the northeastern and midwestern united states. although deer-tick bites are common in areas in which the disease is endemic, there is uncertainty about how to manage the care of persons who are bitten.	1992	1435930
[correlation between neurologic disease and borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in 800 paired serum/cerebrospinal fluid samples].	paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples from 800 patients of a neurological clinic were tested for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi. a flagellum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for antibody screening. all serum/csf pairs with any elevated antibody response were also tested by a western blot, a method for confirmation. 65 patients (8.1%) had serum igg antibodies on elisa screening and 22 of these (2.8%) were confirmed by western blot. 20 patients (2.5%) had elevated antibo ...	1992	1436252
western blotting in evaluating lyme seropositivity and the utility of a gel densitometric approach.	the antibody response to borrelia burgdorferi is widely used in the diagnosis of lyme neuroborreliosis and other manifestations of lyme disease. however, a problem with immunoassays has been a significant number of false positives. the western blotting technique is a useful adjunct in the serodiagnosis of other infections, but its use in lyme borreliosis has been limited because of a lack of definition of what constitutes a positive assay. using a gel densitometric analysis, we devised quantitat ...	1992	1436533
changes in the protein profile and antigenicity of different borrelia burgdorferi strains after reintroduction to ixodes ricinus ticks.	eight swiss strains of borrelia burgdorferi, with various protein profiles and the north-american strain b31 were artificially introduced into ixodes ricinus ticks and reisolated 10 days later. all isolates were subsequently examined by sds-page analysis. comparing initial isolates with the reisolates, we observed that 7 out of 9 strains changed their protein pattern with respect to the major proteins ospa, ospb and the 22 kda protein after passage in the tick. the strains ne2, ne4 and ne83 with ...	1992	1437234
arthropoda as zoonoses and their implications.	some aspects of changing patterns of arthropodal infections and arthropod-borne diseases in mediterranean areas are briefly discussed. selected examples are given, with particular emphasis on the phenomenon of the synanthropic flea ctenocephalides felis felis and on health problems caused by human infections with argas reflexus, the common tick of urban pigeons in europe. finally, the risk of the emergence of lyme borreliosis (borrelia burgdorferi) is considered in relation to the increasing spr ...	1992	1441188
lyme disease: ecology, epidemiology, clinical spectrum, and management.		1992	1442314
cystitis induced by infection with the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, in mice.	previous studies have demonstrated that the urinary bladder is a consistent source for isolating the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, from both experimentally infected and naturally exposed rodents. we examined histopathologic changes in the urinary bladder of different types of rodents experimentally infected with lyme spirochetes, including balb/c mice (mus musculus), nude mice (m. musculus), white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus), and grasshopper mice (onychomys leucogaster). a ...	1992	1443051
vesicular erythema migrans.	lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the united states. the characteristic rash, erythema migrans, is an early sign of the disease. clinical criteria remain the "gold standard" for diagnosis at this stage of illness.	1992	1444504
management of asymptomatic borrelia burgdorferi infection.		1992	1445461
persistence of serum antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in patients treated for lyme disease.	to determine if antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi persist after antibiotic treatment, we recalled 32 patients with lyme disease from a primary care practice a mean of 16 months after treatment and analyzed initial and follow-up serum samples by elisa and immunoblot assays. of the eight patients whose initial serum specimens were positive for igm antibody by elisa, three had positive titers of igm antibody at follow-up; of the 23 patients whose initial serum specimens were positive for igg antib ...	1992	1445977
[survey of the infestation level of the ixodes ricinus tick by borrelia burgdorferi. complimentary report].	in a recent report, we gave results of a 4 year consecutively survey (1987 to 1990) of the level of ixodes ricinus nymphs infested by borrelia burgdorferi in two forests of the western part of france. this brought us to conclude that there was a relative stability for this level in course of time. results of this survey kept on in 1991 oblige us to partly modify our conclusion, on account of an important dropping of the tick infection frequency in one of the two forests, this perhaps in connecti ...	1992	1446183
[immunology and diagnostic test results in lyme borreliosis].	borrelia burgdorferi (b. burgdorferi), the etiologic agent of lyme borreliosis, shows both a variety of outer surface proteins with molecular weights between 16 and 100 kilodalton (kd) and a 41 kd flagellar protein, which induce the immunologic response. lipopolysaccharides, another constituent of the bacterial capsule, are responsible for the inflammatory reaction, constitutional symptoms and for the jarisch-herxheimer reaction. first a vigorous t-cell immune response develops, followed later b ...	1992	1448684
lyme borreliosis in genetically resistant and susceptible mice with severe combined immunodeficiency.	the evolution of lyme borreliosis was examined in genetically resistant c.b-17 and susceptible c3h/he(c3h) mice homozygous for the severe combined immune deficiency (scid) gene, or their immunocompetent counterparts. the c.b-17, c.b-17-scid, c3h, and c3h-scid mice were inoculated intradermally with 10(4) borrelia burgdorferi and examined on days 14, 21, 30, 45, and 60 after inoculation. spirochetemia was detected through 30 days, but was cleared in all groups by 45 days. kidney and brain were in ...	1992	1449201
differences of two borrelia burgdorferi strains in complement activation and serum resistance.	complement activation and serum resistance of the borrelia burgdorferi strains b31 (american strain) and pko (european strain) were compared. in 25% (v/v) normal human serum (nhs) free of b. burgdorferi-specific antibodies the cells of the pko strain were high activators of complement as indicated by rapid and strong c9 consumption, by deposition of up to 336763 c9 molecules per cell and by the formation of the terminal complement complex on the cell surface. by comparison, complement activation ...	1992	1452216
purification and immunological characterization of a major low-molecular-weight lipoprotein from borrelia burgdorferi.	borrelia burgdorferi resembles gram-negative bacteria in having both cellular and outer membranes. we previously showed that a lipopolysaccharide (lps)-like material could be extracted from b. burgdorferi with phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether (pcp). the pcp extract of b. burgdorferi exhibited biological activity in several in vitro assays (e.g., mitogenicity, pyrogenicity, and cytokine release). these activities suggested the presence of endotoxin. the pcp extract of b. burgdorferi, however, al ...	1992	1452330
experimental borrelia burgdorferi infection of outbred mice.	infectivity of borrelia burgdorferi strain 297 in normal outbred ddy mice was examined. strain 297 was inoculated intraperitoneally in 3-week-old outbred ddy mice. b. burgdorferi was routinely cultured from the heart and urinary bladder 5 to 84 days postinoculation. the combined isolation rate from both heart and urinary bladder was significantly higher than the rate from spleen, kidney, liver, urine, and blood samples. three- and 10-week-old mice were infected with inocula of 10(4) and 10(5) or ...	1992	1452675
diagnosis of early lyme disease by polymerase chain reaction amplification and culture of skin biopsies from erythema migrans lesions.	current laboratory diagnosis of lyme disease relies on tests for the detection of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of the disease. these tests are often unreliable because of a lack of sensitivity and specificity and test-to-test variability. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification for detection of b. burgdorferi in skin biopsy specimens. forty-six 2-mm skin biopsy samples were obtained from ...	1992	1452688
[the results of a clinico-serological examination of 60 patients with lyme disease].	clinical and serological examinations were carried out in 60 patients with lyme disease. the diagnosis was established on the basis of the disease marker--tick-borne migrating erythema and serological data obtained with the use of indirect immunofluorescence and western blot. the spectrum of clinical manifestations and the rate of different clinical syndromes are described and compared with the data by this country and foreign authors. it is shown that borrelia infection is capable of imitating ...	1992	1455388
isolation of borrelia burgdorferi from a patient infected in maryland.		1992	1457648
serologic testing only part of lyme diagnosis.		1992	1459869
distribution of the lyme disease vector, ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) and isolation of borrelia burgdorferi in ontario, canada.	ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin was confirmed at long point, lake erie, ontario, on small mammals and white-tailed deer and by dragging for ticks. mean intensities of up to 16.2 larvae and 2.1 nymphs were found on peromyscus leucopus (rafinesque), with an overall prevalence of infestation up to 92%. adult i. dammini (101.6 +/- 77.63) (mean +/- sd) were found on 8 white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus (zimmerman). the seasonal pattern of recovery of ticks from hosts and th ...	1992	1460617
distribution of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) in residential lawns on prudence island, rhode island.	the distribution of nymphal ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin in residential lawns was assessed by flagging on prudence island, ri. the number of ticks per sample was five times greater in lawns adjacent to woods than in lawns adjacent to other lawns. relative tick abundance was negatively correlated with distance from the woods, but the decline was gradual. spirochete prevalence in ticks did not differ among lawn types or at different distances from the woods. therefore, barri ...	1992	1460622
occurrence of ixodes pacificus (parasitiformes: ixodidae) in arizona.	adults and immatures of ixodes pacificus cooley & kohls were collected by flagging vegetation and from lizards during a 3-mo period in the hualapai mountain park, mohave county, az, in 1991. collections were made at altitudes > or = 2,134 m. two of 48 gut-salivary gland extracts of adult ticks were positive by ifa using a monoclonal antibody (h5332) specific to borrelia burgdorferi. these are the first records of i. pacificus and of spirochetes tentatively identified as b. burgdorferi in arizona ...	1992	1460624
isolation of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, from ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) collected on prince edward island, canada.	studies were undertaken to monitor for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme disease, on prince edward island, canada. gut contents were removed for culturing from seven engorged ticks collected in 1991-1992 including five ixodes dammini (spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin) and two i. scapularis (say) removed from a dog that had recently traveled to the southern united states. b. burgdorferi was recovered from one i. dammini that had been removed from a cat in charl ...	1992	1460625
studies on the ecology of lyme disease in a deer forest in county galway, ireland.	the abundance of the tick ixodes ricinus (l.) and the infection rate of ticks with borrelia burgdorferi (johnson et al.) were compared on either side of a deer fence in a forest park in county galway, ireland, in an attempt to elucidate the role of fallow deer, dama dama, and woodmice, apodemus sylvaticus, in determining the population density of i. ricinus and the transmission of b. burgdorferi. the results showed that tick numbers were much higher on the deer side of the fence, although the de ...	1992	1460628
detection of borrelia burgdorferi in laboratory-reared ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) fed on experimentally inoculated white-tailed deer.	larvae and nymphs of ixodes dammini spielman, piesman, clifford & corwin from a laboratory colony were fed on two white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus (zimmerman) inoculated with either the sh2-82 or jd-1 strains of borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner. ticks were exposed to one deer 43 and 69 d after inoculation of the spirochete and to a second deer 35 and 61 d after inoculation. polymerase chain reaction assays amplified the 158 bp ospa dna target sequence in ...	1992	1460639
[serologic diagnosis of lyme disease in patients with undifferentiated arthritis. diagnostic problems].	arthritis is a frequent manifestation of lyme disease. the diagnosis of this disease is especially supported by serological techniques which however have false positives or negatives. the aim of this study was to establish the frequency of serologies positive to borrelia burgdorferi in patients with non-filiated arthritis and in other well defined rheumatic diseases.	1992	1460939
nucleotide sequence of the borrelia burgdorferi rpmh gene encoding ribosomal protein l34.		1992	1461740
lyme disease: an orthopedic perspective.	the incidence of lyme disease is increasing. this spirochetal infection may frequently manifest itself with joint involvement without characteristic dermatologic signs or history of tick bite. serologic testing remains unreliable. oral or parenteral antibiotics remain the mainstay of treatment. chronic arthritis develops in approximately 10% of patients with stage iii disease. lyme arthritis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with mono- or oligoarticular joint involveme ...	1992	1461815
[acute myelo-meningo-radiculitis caused by the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi].	a case of severe myelo-meningo-radiculitis with lyme neuro-borreliosis is described in a patient aged 33 years suffering from insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. it is essential to examine the cerebro-spinal fluid for borelia burgdorferi specific intrathecal antibody production if sensory radiculitis persist and, finally, if there are focal motor signs and unexplained lymphocytic pleocytosis in the cerebro-spinal fluid. early diagnosis is very important in order to shorten the course of the ill ...	1992	1462471
isolation of borrelia burgdorferi from ticks in southern california.		1992	1462548
[lyme disease--also a childhood disease].	in the light of a survey of the world literature lyme borreliosis, an epidemic disease caused by gram-negative organisms borrelia burgdorferi is described. the disease has three phases with involvement of the skin, the nervous system, the cardiovascular system and joints. treatment with antibiotics is effective. the disease lies in the fields of interest of various specialties including paediatrics.	1992	1462570
[temporary av block iii in correlation with borreliosis].		1992	1462669
tick infection rates with borrelia: ixodes ricinus versus haemaphysalis concinna and dermacentor reticulatus in two locations in eastern germany.	unfed nymphal ixodes ricinus, haemaphysalis concinna, and adult dermacentor reticulatus were collected in two locations of saxony in july and september 1991 by flagging. in july, the abundance of nymphal i. ricinus was about 2-3 times higher than that of nymphal h. concinna, a time of the year when nymphs of both species are reported to have a seasonal peak of activity. no d. reticulatus were flagged concurrently. in september, host-seeking activity of nymphal i. ricinus was again quite high as ...	1992	1463902
seroprevalence survey of borreliosis in children with chronic arthritis in british columbia, canada.	a seroprevalence survey using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) for igg antibodies to borrelia hermsii and borrelia burgdorferi was conducted for varied pediatric chronic arthritis patients and a nonrheumatic control group in the province of british columbia, canada. overall, a higher rate of sera with ifa titers > or = 1/256 was found for b. hermsii (36.6%) compared to b. burgdorferi (12.5%). there were no significant differences among the arthritis subgroups and controls for the distr ...	1992	1464879
antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in various population groups in croatia.	the purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of antibody to borrelia burgdorferi in croatia in various population groups. the study comprised 263 individuals: 93 healthy subjects (travellers); 100 controls separated into 2 subgroups, 50 from high risk zone (endemic) and 50 from low risk zone (non-endemic); and 70 members of a high risk population (forestry workers). antibody to b. burgdorferi of igm and igg class were analysed by an elisa technique using mixed antigen made ...	1992	1465590
borrelia arthritis in swedish children: clinical manifestations in 10 children.	since 1986, serology against borrelia burgdorferi has been performed on patients with arthritis admitted to the division of pediatric rheumatology, s:t göran's hospital, stockholm. we studied, retrospectively, the period 1986-88. among 300 children with arthritis, 10 had positive titers against b. b. burgdorferi. other causes of arthritis were excluded. the onset of borrelia arthritis was throughout the year. only 3 of the 10 children remembered an actual tick bite. no other manifestations of ly ...	1992	1467615
detection of borrelia burgdorferi in ticks by species-specific amplification of the flagellin gene.	we developed a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) that specifically amplifies a fragment of the flagellin gene (fla) of borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease. this fla target, amplified with nested primers, was conserved among all 80 strains of b. burgdorferi tested. strains examined included cultures from ticks, humans, and rodents from major b. burgdorferi-endemic regions of the united states and parts of europe and asia. templates from b. hermsii, b. parkeri, b. turicatae, an ...	1992	1471733
antigenic variation and strain heterogeneity in borrelia spp.	antigenic variation and strain heterogeneity have been demonstrated for the pathogenic borrelia species, i.e. b. burgdorferi and the relapsing fever borreliae. in relapsing fever, new borrelia serotypes emerge at a high rate spontaneously, a mechanism that is caused by dna rearrangements on linear plasmid translocating genes coding for variable major proteins from previous silent to expression sites (i.e. from inner sites to telomeric sites of the plasmid). as a result of this variation, the bor ...	1992	1475519
spirochete chemotaxis, motility, and the structure of the spirochetal periplasmic flagella.	spirochetes have a unique motility system that is characterized by flagellar filaments contained within the outer membrane sheath. direct evidence using video microscopy has recently been obtained which indicates that these periplasmic flagella (pf) rotate in several spirochetal species. this rotation generates thrust. as shown for one spirochete, spirochaeta aurantia, motility is driven by a proton motive force. spirochete chemotaxis has been most thoroughly studied in s. aurantia. this spiroch ...	1992	1475520
genetic approaches to cell biology and metabolism of spirochetes.	genetic analysis and methodology have only comparatively recently been applied to the study of spirochetes. although genetic transfer procedures for spirochetes are not widely available, there are several examples of progress in genetic analysis of spirochetes by other approaches. some examples of these approaches are the following. 1) genes for synthetic pathways in treponema and leptospira have been cloned by complementation of escherichia coli serving as plasmid hosts. 2) the ospa protein of ...	1992	1475521
extrachromosomal elements of spirochetes.	the spirochetes include some important pathogenic bacteria, treponema, borrelia and leptospira. the pathogeneses of these spirochetes are very diverse. in an attempt to learn more about the virulence factors among the spirochetes, their genetic organization and capacity have been studied. structural analysis of the genome in borrelia has shown that the genome is composed of one linear maxi-chromosome with additional linear minichromosomes as well as several supercoiled circular plasmids. moreove ...	1992	1475522
interaction of spirochetes with the host.	the success of an invading organism must depend on several cytoplasmic, surface-associated and secreted factors. the technical difficulties in handling pathogenic spirochetes like treponema pallidum and borrelia burgdorferi have made it difficult to define specific factors involved in entry and long-term survival. the problem of defining virulence factors has been attacked by several strategies: t. pallidum secretes a number of immunogenic low molecular mass proteins. the most predominant are of ...	1992	1475523
spirochetes: vaccines, animal models and diagnostics.	the detailed characterization of various proteins from spirochetes using molecular biology techniques has made possible new approaches to vaccine and diagnostic development that are described in this session. the importance of animal models was emphasized and illustrated.	1992	1475524
mri findings in children infected by borrelia burgdorferi.	cranial magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities were observed in 8 children (5 boys, 3 girls; ages 4-14 years) with neurologic problems following infection by borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme disease. neurologic features included headache (6), behavioral changes (5), facial palsy (2), papilledema (2), papilledema with diplopia (1), disturbance of sleep pattern (2), and carpal tunnel syndrome (1). two mri studies demonstrated multiple focal areas of increased signal intensity in ...	1992	1476570
incorporation of cysteine by borrelia burgdorferi and borrelia hermsii.	the growth rate of borrelia burgdorferi and borrelia hermsii in bsk ii medium prepared with cysteine-free or cysteine-containing (0.185-5.92 mm) cmrl 1066 medium was studied. in media with cysteine-free cmrl 1066, growth of borreliae was detectable, although it was reduced by approximately 80%. bacterial growth was maximal when the concentration of cysteine in cmrl 1066 reached 1.48 mm, which represents the standard cysteine concentrations of the medium; higher concentrations inhibited the growt ...	1992	1477785
recombination between genes encoding major outer surface proteins a and b of borrelia burgdorferi.	borrelia burgdorferi causes lyme disease, a multisystem illness that can persist in humans for many years. we describe recombination between homologous genes encoding the major outer surface proteins (osps) a and b of b. burgdorferi which both deletes osp gene sequences and creates chimaeric gene fusions. recombinant osp genes occur in multiple strains and encode unique proteins that lack some characteristic osp epitopes. antigenic variation in osp through recombination may be relevant to the pe ...	1992	1479892
seroepidemiological survey for antibody to borrelia burgdorferi in cows.	antibody to borrelia burgdorferi was examined in 380 healthy and 38 clinical cases of cows from hokkaido and shizuoka in japan. in healthy animals, igg and igm antibody to b. burgdorferi ho14 strain were found in 44 cows (14.6%) and 24 cows (8.0%) from hokkaido. in contrast, antibody-positive case was not observed except for only 1 case which was igm positive (1/79: 1.3%) in cows from shizuoka. mean antibody levels of healthy animals in hokkaido and shizuoka were 0.651 and 0.263 (igg antibody to ...	1992	1479959
stage-associated risk of transmission of the lyme disease spirochete by european ixodes ticks.	to more closely define the risk of infection by the agent of lyme disease in europe, we determined whether spirochetal prevalence increases throughout the development of the ixodes ricinus vector tick. of all ticks that could be flagged from vegetation, i. ricinus were by far the most abundant. spirochetal infection rates in the adult stage of this tick (15%) are no higher than those in nymphs (18%) but greatly exceed those in larvae (0.7%). this tick therefore appears to attain infection mainly ...	1992	1480608
cns lyme disease.		1992	1482459
subtelomeric expression regions of borrelia hermsii linear plasmids are highly polymorphic.	borrelia hermsii, a relapsing fever agent, undergoes multiphasic antigenic variation to evade its host's immune response. serotype specificity is determined by variable membrane lipoproteins, vmps, which are expressed from genes located near the end of a linear plasmid. using the polymerase chain reaction and primers representing the promoter of the active vmp and a conserved telomeric sequence, we characterized the subtelomeric expression regions of the 25 known serotypes of strain hs1. the dis ...	1992	1484486
[lyme borreliosis in childhood].	ten years after detection of borrelia burgdorferi as the etiologic agent of lyme borreliosis and after introduction of serological methods an overview of the disease in children is given and compared with own observations. in view of the wide clinical spectrum and the difficulties in interpreting serological results the early diagnosis of lyme borreliosis is still problematic at present. on the other hand, in case of late diagnosis therapeutic failure and/or partial recovery may result. data of ...	1992	1484707
are csf or serum ganglioside antibodies related to peripheral nerve demyelination in neuroborreliosis, guillain-barré syndrome, or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy?	cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and serum igg and igm antibodies to seven gangliosides were determined in patients with neuroborreliosis (nb) (n = 20), guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) (n = 13), and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (cidp) (n = 10). the incidence of elevated antibodies was highest in nb and lowest in cidp. correlation between csf and serum antibodies was only observed for igg antibodies to gm1, gd1b and gt1b in gbs. the strong igm antibody reactivity to gangliosid ...	1992	1486101
two-year survey of the incidence of lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis in a high-risk population in sweden.	a survey was made over a two-year period (september 1987 to august 1989) of a population living in an area endemic for lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis in sweden. for each patient a blood sample was collected and a questionnaire completed annually. all sera were tested for an antibody response to borrelia burgdorferi in an eia using sonicated antigen and for an antibody response to the tick-borne encephalitis virus using an eia and a haemagglutination inhibition test. antibodies to b ...	1992	1486884
risk factors for lyme disease in a small rural community in northern california.	a 1-year prospective study of risk factors for seropositivity to and contraction of lyme disease among members of a small rural community (population, approximately 150) was conducted in northwestern california in 1988-1989. the initial rate of seropositivity for borrelia burgdorferi for 119 current or former residents ranged from 15 to 20% among three laboratories, with statistically significant interlaboratory agreement. questionnaires were completed by 93 current residents at entry and 80 res ...	1992	1488962