Publications

a new human genetic resource: a dna bank established as part of the avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood (alspac).	we describe a unique human dna resource forming part of the avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood (alspac), a longitudinal cohort study involving 14 000 children and their families living in a geographically defined area of england. the dna bank will underpin the search for associations between genetic polymorphisms and common health outcomes. the opportunities to collect blood samples suitable for dna extraction are necessarily limited, and the samples themselves have often been tr ...	2000	10980570
down's (1866) essay and its sociomedical context.	the inaccuracy of j. l. h. down's formulation of the syndrome that now bears his name is recognized widely. the basis for his ideas are not, however, because they are to be found in the concepts of human development prevalent in his day. in this paper down's essay is de-constructed, and his key concepts are related to the scientific literature of the era. the ideas within which down developed his thoughts are found, for example, in contemporary writings on medicine, ethnography, public health, a ...	2000	10981194
human normal immunoglobulin (hnig): lack of availability for travellers.		2000	10984967
shakespeare on old age and disability.	the plays of william shakespeare were reviewed for references to disabilities, aging and disability, and older characters with disabilities. shakespeare's references draw from traditional cultural notions about older people with disabilities. these traditional notions include people with physical disabilities being evil, the entertainment value of disabilty, and those who were mentally ill being wild and animal-like. he viewed the aging process as disabling and old age as a time when individuals ...	2000	10987340
offspring from artificial insemination demand fathers' details.		2000	10987755
respiratory syncytial virus infection in high risk infants and the potential impact of prophylaxis in a united kingdom cohort.	bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of morbidity in ex-premature infants. in a randomised placebo controlled trial monoclonal antibody prophylaxis showed a 55% reduction in relative risk of hospital admission for these high risk infants, against a background incidence of 10.6 admissions per 100 high risk infants.	2000	10999865
the leeds assessment scale of handicap: its operationalisation, reliability, validity and responsiveness in in-patient rehabilitation.	this paper describes the application of the handicap dimension of the international classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps.	2000	11005742
behavioural compensation by drivers of a simulator when using a vision enhancement system.	technological progress is suggesting dramatic changes to the tasks of the driver, with the general aim of making driving environment safer. before any of these technologies are implemented, empirical research is required to establish if these devices do, in fact, bring about the anticipated improvements. initially, at least, simulated driving environments offer a means of conducting this research. the study reported here concentrates on the application of a vision enhancement (ve) system within ...	2000	11014758
luminaries in medicine: richard mead, james gibbs, and solar and lunar effects on the human body in early modern england.		2000	11016094
evidence-based management of groin hernia in primary care--a systematic review.	national clinical guidelines on the surgical management of groin hernia have been published by the royal college of surgeons of england. there is also a need for guidance on the management of pre- and post-hernia repair patients in primary care, in areas such as diagnosis, referral and advice on recuperation.	2000	11021907
influenza activity updates 2000/2001.		2000	11022387
prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis in young men in north west london.	chlamydia trachomatis is the most common, treatable, bacterial sexually transmitted infection in england and wales. among men, chlamydial infection is an important cause of non-gonococcal urethritis, epididymitis, and proctitis. the case for wider screening among women has been accepted by an expert advisory group. in the absence of estimates of the prevalence of infection in men, its potential impact at the population level is difficult to assess.	2000	11026882
'malthus on man--in animals no moral restraint'.		2000	11027070
influenza virus infection in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy: a clinical and seroepidemiological study.	to determine whether maternal influenza virus infection in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy results in transplacental transmission of infection, maternal auto-antibody production or an increase in complications of pregnancy.	2000	11028582
stages in reproduction particularly vulnerable to xenobiotic hazards and nutritional deficits.	biochemical research has identified many failures in reproductive processes with specific nutrient deficits, xenobiotics and some infectious illnesses. this has led to some effective safeguards. during meiosis and fertilization, as genetic material divides and rearranges, it is exposed and open to mutation. a nutritionally unfavourable environment is a major risk factor. at stages of rapid cell division, differentiation and organisation, as in the embryo and later in the fetal brain, the child's ...	2000	11028931
linkage analysis of markers on chromosome 11q13 with asthma and atopy in a united kingdom population.	previous studies have suggested that atopy is linked to the beta chain of the high affinity ige receptor (fcepsilon r1-beta) on chromosome 11q13. fcepsilon r1-beta polymorphisms, i181l, v183l, and e237g, are reported to be associated with asthma and atopy. the aim of this study was to investigate linkage to fcepsilon r1-beta in a uk population and to assess the frequency of the polymorphisms and their association with asthma and atopy. a sample of 131 families was recruited at random with a samp ...	2000	11029329
the dental caries experience of 14-year-old children in the united kingdom. surveys coordinated by the british association for the study of community dentistry in 1998/99.	this paper reports the results of standardised clinical caries examinations of 121.550 14-year-old children from across the united kingdom, jersey and the isle of man. these 1998/99 coordinated surveys are the latest in a series which seeks to monitor the dental health of children and to assess the delivery of dental services.	2000	11039631
the gly972arg variant in insulin receptor substrate-1 is not associated with birth weight in contemporary english children. the alspac study team. avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood.		2000	11043868
measuring injecting risk behaviour in the second decade of harm reduction: a survey of injecting drug users in england.	to measure risk behaviour among injecting drug users (idus) using the injecting risk questionnaire (irq).	2000	11048354
genomics - the new rock and roll?	the end of the beginning of the human genome project was announced on 26 june when the working draft or first assembly was announced. here, ian dunham who led the group at the sanger centre that produced the first complete sequence of a human chromosome reflects on how it felt to be with the genome project from the beginning.	2000	11050332
randomisation and resource allocation: a missed opportunity for evaluating health care and social interventions.	equipoise is widely regarded to be an essential prerequisite for the ethical conduct of a randomised controlled trial. there are some circumstances however, under which it is acceptable to conduct a randomised controlled trial (rct) in the absence of equipoise. limited access to the preferred intervention is one such circumstance. in this paper we present an example of a randomised trial in which access to the preferred intervention, preschool education, was severely limited by resource constrai ...	2000	11055032
nitrogen dioxide and particle pollution near trunk roads and in towns of the south midlands in england.	nitrogen dioxide (no2) and particulate emissions play an important role in atmospheric pollution and might be a major cause of human respiratory problems in urban areas. this report provides an overview of traffic-related emissions monitored on several trunk roads and towns of the south midlands of england between 1996 and 1999. no2 pollution on major trunk roads frequently exceeded british and european union air quality standards, while particle pollution was lower. the possible effects of traf ...	2000	11077807
the law, human rights, and the detention of individuals with tuberculosis in england and wales.	tuberculosis poses a global public health threat, and individuals who fail to comply with treatment risk developing drug-resistant strains, which are a serious public health concern. a number of individuals who have been deemed to pose a 'serious risk of infection' to others have been detained in recent years in england and wales under the public health act 1984. with the incorporation of the european convention on human rights (echr) into british law due to take effect shortly this paper examin ...	2000	11077895
bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease: a risk analysis.	there is doubt that variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) resulted from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) transmission from cattle to human. what is uncertain is the total number of vcjd cases (currently about 80). in this review i covered recent data on the vcjd and bse epidemic, the mode of bse spreading to humans and, finally, the data on the prnp analogue--the doppel gene (prnd).	2000	11693716
hiv/aids and legal issues in england and wales.	in england and wales, the only hiv specialist legal advice service is currently observing "a return of many of the problems that were encountered in the 1980s but which we thought had been resolved." ignorance about hiv and about how hiv is (and is not) transmitted continues, while the many benefits from new treatments have been accompanied by complacency, misunderstanding, and new forms of discrimination. this article, by members of the advice centre of the terrence higgins trust, which include ...	2000	11833210
evidence to the independent inquiry into clinical trials in north staffordshire.		2000	11842853
report of the review into the research framework in north staffordshire.	this review began because of complaints about the conduct of research studies in the paediatric department of the north staffordshire hospital in stroke-on-trent. as it progressed other issues were also examined such as diagnosing munchausen's syndrome by proxy by the use of covert video surveillance. the following extracts concentrate on research issues, and include the whole of the framework for research governance outlined in the report.	2000	11842854
winter crisis. mild weather militates against flu outbreak.		2000	11965813
acclimatizing the world: a history of the paradigmatic colonial science.	this paper examines the institutions, personages, and the theories that informed acclimatization activities in nineteenth-century france, england, and the two colonies of algeria and australia. treating acclimatization as a scientific concept and activity the essay begins with the conditions of its emergence in enlightenment france. subsequent sections trace the growth of the acclimatization movement and its translation to the british context, and consider reasons for its decline in the last thi ...	2000	11971295
copper supplementation in humans does not affect the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to in vitro induced oxidation (foodcue project).	the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ldl) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. copper (cu) is essential for antioxidant enzymes in vivo and animal studies show that cu deficiency is accompanied by increased atherogenesis and ldl susceptibility to oxidation. nevertheless, cu has been proposed as a pro-oxidant in vivo and is routinely used to induce lipid peroxidation in vitro. given the dual role of cu as an in vivo antioxidant and an in vitro ...	2000	11121720
levels of short and medium chain length polychlorinated n-alkanes in environmental samples from selected industrial areas in england and wales.	electron capture or negative ion chemical ionisation gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to measure concentrations of short and medium chain length polychlorinated n-alkanes extracted from samples of water, river sediment, benthos, fish, soil, digested sewage and earthworms. analysis of samples from 20 aquatic and eight agricultural sites indicated that short and medium chain length polychlorinated alkanes were present in the following concentration ranges: sediment < 0.2-65.1 mg/k ...	2001	11584640
"having lived much in the world": inhabitation, embodiment and english women travellers' representations of russia in the eighteenth century.	this article examines representations of russia in the travel writings of british women in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. using a mid-nineteenth- century text, the englishwoman in russia, to introduce the more familiar racialised models of difference deployed by imperial travel writers, the article connects these with two mid-eighteenth-century travel texts by virtue of the women writers' shared preoccupation with the female body as a sign of national culture, and cultural difference. ...	2001	20196245
"secrets of the female sex": jane sharp, the reproductive female body, and early modern midwifery manuals.	early modern midwifery manuals in britain were usually the work of men. these books were a significant source of information about the body to the wider reading public: many sold well, and their prefatory materials include injunctions to readers not to make improper use of them. what is particularly interesting about jane sharp's midwives book (1671) is that it both provides a compendium of current beliefs concerning reproduction, and indicates the author's ironic perception of the misogyny that ...	2001	20196248
the absent body: representations of dying early modern women in a selection of seventeenth-century diaries.	this article seeks to explore the absence of the body in the depiction of dying women in a selection of seventeenth-century diaries. it considers the cultural forces that made this absence inevitable, and the means by which the physical body was replaced in death by a spiritual presence. the elevation of a dying woman from physical carer to spiritual nurturer in the days before death ensured that gender codes were not broken. the centrality of the body of the dying woman, within a female circle ...	2001	20196252
did smallpox reduce height? a final comment.		2001	18604895
destined for deprivation: human capital formation and intergenerational poverty in nineteenth-century england.		2001	18524044
getting away with murder? homicide and the coroners in nineteenth-century london.		2001	18524047
gender, space and modernity in eighteenth-century england: a place called sex.		2001	18770907
"is he no man?" toward an appreciation of male effeminacy in english dance history.		2001	18928009
john donne and the ideology of colonization.		2001	18942234
the contribution of allison and nissen to the evolution of hiatus herniorrhaphy.	even though it was not until 1950 that barrett introduced the term "reflux esophagitis", this entity is now the most common disease afflicting the western world. diaphragmatic herniation, recognized by sennertus in 1541, was first repaired by potemski (1889). before world-war ii, the condition was considered rare; symptomatology, as in external herniae, was ascribed to pinching of the stomach by the hernial ring. only large protrusions, with signs of impending incarceration, volvulus, or strangu ...	2001	12003049
convincing an asian community of the importance of flu vaccination.	increasing the uptake of flu vaccination in an area with a large bangladeshi population required a tailored approach to getting the message across. every opportunity to communicate the issues was taken by the staff of the healthy living centre, including using the topic as subject matter in a class for those improving their spoken english.	2001	12030065
the human cost of the care homes crisis.		2001	11966015
a study of the criteria used by healthcare professionals, managers and patients to represent and evaluate quality care.	to explore the perceptions of and criteria used by healthcare professionals, managers, patients and relatives to represent and evaluate their concept of quality care.	2001	11879448
guidelines in respect of advance directives: the position in england.	the fundamental aim of the advance directive is to provide a means for the patient to continue to exercise autonomy and shape the end of his/her life. the principle is not new. patients who are aware of approaching death have for many years discussed with their health-care team how they wish to be treated. the advance directive registers these views in a more formal way. however, inconsistencies persist in the understanding of the legal issues around advance directives in the uk, and suggest tha ...	2001	11923751
obstacles to influenza immunization in primary care.	general practices undertake annual immunization campaigns to protect susceptible patients against influenza. many practices, however, do not adopt effective approaches and there is great variation in the immunization rates achieved. this study aimed to assess the attitudes of primary care staff to the annual immunization programme, the obstacles they face, and possible reasons for the wide variation in immunization rates.	2001	11873897
a stepwise multivariate analysis of factors that contribute to stress for mental health nurses working in the community.	the aim of the study was to examine the variety, frequency and severity of stressors experienced by community mental health nurses (cmhns) in wales.	2001	11903710
bristol interim report.		2001	11831263
an initial exploration of community mental health nurses' attitudes to and experience of sexuality-related issues in their work with people experiencing mental health problems.	human sexuality is a complex dynamic concept that escapes simple definition. within nursing there seems to be a preference for broad holistic definitions that emphasize sexuality as an aspect of the unique human character. whilst the nursing literature mostly portrays sexuality as wholesome and good, it also notes that sexuality can be a vehicle for the expression of power, hostility or hatred. in this study, the authors did not prescribe or limit the definition of 'sexuality'. rather the term ' ...	2001	11842476
playing god: mary must die so jodie may live longer.	in 2000, conjoined twins were born in england. what made this case unique was the fact that if the twins remained unseparated, medical opinion held they would die; if they were separated one twin would live, and one twin would die; the parents refused to consent to separation; and the hospital charged with their care brought the matter to court. the trial court and court of appeal approved of the surgery, which was promptly performed, resulting in the immediate death of the weaker twin. the auth ...	2001	11816934
medical decision making and the human rights act 1998.	at present in the uk, when there is conflict of opinion between relatives and health care professionals regarding the treatment of incompetent patients, the courts generally support the latter over the former. this article examines the potential impact of the human rights act 1998, which incorporates the european convention on human rights into uk law, on this position. the possibility of challenges by relatives to disputed decisions on the grounds of articles 2,3,8 and 14 is examined in the lig ...	2001	11817380
absence of a genetic association between il-1rn and il-1b gene polymorphisms in ulcerative colitis and crohn disease in multiple populations from northeast england.	inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract of unknown aetiology, phenotypically categorized into ulcerative colitis (uc) and crohn disease (cd). genetic factors are of considerable importance in both. the genetic relationship between ibd and the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-1beta genes (il-1rn, and il-1b, respectively) has been extensively studied. however, the quality and outcome of the genetic association studies, in particular ...	2001	11686217
research information in nurses' clinical decision-making: what is useful?	to examine those sources of information which nurses find useful for reducing the uncertainty associated with their clinical decisions.	2001	11686752
clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of zanamivir (relenza): translating the evidence into clinical practice, a national institute for clinical excellence view.	the uk national institute for clinical excellence (nice) is charged with the duty of providing informed guidance on clinical practice (clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness) to patients and health professionals. the appraisal committee through its process of review of evidence advises nice on the clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of new and existing technologies and their appropriate use within the national health service in england and wales. the appraisal process takes into ...	2001	11779390
a comparison of software packages that assess linkage using a variance components approach.	we report single-point and multipoint results from three statistical genetics software packages using a variance components approach for quantitative traits. when possible, we have shown the effects of covariates. results from genehunter, solar, and act software packages are compared for the quantitative trait immunoglobulin e (ige) using chromosome 5 asthma familial data from oxfordshire (england), perth (australia), and freiburg (germany), and using the genome-wide german data. although few di ...	2001	11793783
adaptations of linkage and association methods for the study of asthma, a complex trait.	early studies that found significant linkage between markers on 5q and asthma and ige have not been reproduced. in an attempt to improve the power of these studies we performed a variance components linkage analysis and transmission-disequilibrium tests (tdt) with haplotypes using markers on 5q, using the southampton and perth data sets supplied by gaw. the linkage analysis with covariates revealed a maximum lod of 1.57 in the perth families. the addition of age and rast significantly improved t ...	2001	11793792
just coercion? detention of nonadherent tuberculosis patients.	the need to balance the rights of individuals and to protect the public health will bring with it demands for the restriction of individuals' liberty. three points should always be considered when these measures are adopted: (1) the lack of evidence that detention benefits the public health; (2) the risk that fundamental human rights may be overridden unnecessarily; and (3) that coercive practices may act as a smokescreen for improved, but more complex or more costly, public health responses to ...	2001	11795415
dermatopathology in historical perspective: the man behind the eponym: horatio george adamson and adamson's fringe.		2001	11801785
macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and c-c chemokine receptor-1 in allergen-induced skin late-phase reactions: relationship to macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and t lymphocytes.	macrophage inflammatory protein (mip)-1alpha binds to c-c chemokine receptor (ccr)-1 with high affinity. ccr-1 is expressed on neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, t lymphocytes and basophils; cells characteristic of atopic allergic inflammation. in vitro, mip-1alpha is chemotactic for monocytes, t cells and basophils and is also a potent histamine-releasing factor for basophils and mast cells. although increased levels of mip-1alpha were shown in atopic allergic disorders, the kinetics of expre ...	2001	11696048
sporadic--but not variant--creutzfeldt-jakob disease is associated with polymorphisms upstream of prnp exon 1.	human prion diseases have inherited, sporadic, and acquired etiologies. the appearance of the novel acquired prion disease, variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd), and the demonstration that it is caused by the same prion strain as that causing bovine spongiform encephalopathy, has led to fears of a major human epidemic. the etiology of classical (sporadic) cjd, which has a worldwide incidence, remains obscure. a common human prion-protein-gene (prnp) polymorphism (encoding either methionine o ...	2001	11704923
fine particle (pm2.5) personal exposure levels in transport microenvironments, london, uk.	in order to investigate a specific area of short-term, non-occupational, human exposure to fine particulate air pollution, measurements of personal exposure to pm2.5 in transport microenvironments were taken in two separate field studies in central london, uk. a high flow gravimetric personal sampling system was used; operating at 16 l min(-1); the sampler thus allowed for sufficient sample mass collection for accurate gravimetric analysis of short-term travel exposure levels over typical single ...	2001	11712603
post-exposure prophylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus: knowledge and experience of junior doctors.	to assess the level of knowledge and experience of post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) among junior doctors.	2001	11714945
side effects of influenza vaccination in healthy older people: a randomised single-blind placebo-controlled trial.	to investigate the frequency of side effects following influenza vaccination in healthy participants aged 65-74 years.	2001	11721144
henry bence jones--physician, chemist, scientist and biographer: a man for all seasons.		2001	11722404
the ethics of vaccine usage in society: lessons from the past.	since the dawn of history, human beings have witnessed the appearance of epidemic or epizootic diseases. the suddenness and the prevalence of these plagues were generally considered to be connected with occult influences of the stars or planets upon human affairs, climatic changes or religious reasons. slowly, the principle of the origins of contagious diseases has become better understood and the role of transmissible influences such as parasites, bacteria and viruses has been accepted. a landm ...	2001	11725304
human population dynamics.	time-series analysis of parish register series can be used to study human population dynamics at three different levels: (i) the metapopulation of preindustrial rural england. a short wavelength, exogenous oscillation in the burials series of 404 parishes can be detected which, it is suggested, was driven by a cycle of malnutrition associated with wheat prices. (ii) individual populations, where long-term endogenous oscillations in baptisms and burials of wavelength 30-32 years or 43-44 years ca ...	2001	11726037
a national register for surveillance of inherited disorders: beta thalassaemia in the united kingdom.	to demonstrate the value of a national register for surveillance of services for an inherited disorder.	2001	11731807
use of hygiene advice and active immunisation to control an outbreak of hepatitis a.	a community outbreak of at least 16 cases of hepatitis a is described. salivary antibody testing of 126 children within a school in that community showed only one case of undiagnosed previous infection. three other children had received hepatitis a vaccine previously, and this was reflected in their antibody titres. for the schools serving the community control measures included advice on good hygiene (supervised handwashing and additional cleaning in the schools). all close contacts of cases (h ...	2001	11732353
campylobacter reporting at its peak year of 1998: don't count your chickens yet.	infections due to campylobacter spp. are the most commonly reported bacterial cause of human gastrointestinal illness, and reports of campylobacteriosis in the uk and other temperate countries have been increasing. an all-time peak of 58,059 cases of campylobacter infectious intestinal disease (iid) were reported to the communicable disease surveillance centre in 1998. an analysis of the age, gender and seasonal and geographical distribution of cases reported in 1998 is presented here, together ...	2001	11732359
guidelines for the control of hepatitis a virus infection.	the phls advisory committee on vaccination and immunisation, following a review of the evidence on control measures for preventing hepatitis a virus (hav) infection and widespread consultation, has prepared the following guidelines. they include a description of the current epidemiology of hav infection in england and wales, where most individuals are now susceptible to hav. hav infection is uncommon, with around 1000 infections notified per year in england and wales. clusters occur in families ...	2001	11732363
the effect of antiretroviral therapy on the prevalence of oral manifestations in hiv-infected patients: a uk study.	the purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of oral manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients on monotherapy, dual therapy, or triple therapy with the prevalence of those not on antiretroviral therapy (art).	2001	11740479
causality assessment of adverse effects: when is re-challenge ethically acceptable?	one of the most difficult tasks in the evaluation of a medicine is whether it causes a particular rare and unusual (idiosyncratic) adverse effect. such causality assessments are sometimes done by drug de-challenge and re-challenge. when the adverse effect is potentially serious, there is clearly an important decision to be made as to whether the re-challenge is justifiable and hence ethical. the recent controversy about the potential cardiotoxicity of fexofenadine, the fatalities associated with ...	2001	11665867
sentinel practice-based survey of the management and health of horses in northern britain.	details of the management, feeding, level of activity and routine health care of horses in scotland and the five northernmost counties in england were recorded through a stratified random sample of horse owners who had responded to a previous survey. sixty-eight per cent of the horses were kept where their owners resided, and 32 per cent were kept away from the owner's home. more than 99 per cent were turned out to grazing for at least part of the year and 81 per cent were stabled for at least p ...	2001	11678214
adverse metabolic and cardiovascular risk following treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood; two case reports and a literature review.	we report two patients who survived childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (all) following treatment with chemotherapy, total body irradiation (tbi) and bone marrow transplantation (bmt). the first case presented with an acute cerebral infarction at 23 years of age and was found to have non-ketotic diabetes and gross mixed hyperlipidaemia; the second presented with non-ketotic diabetes, hypertension, proteinuria and dyslipidaemia at age 16 years. the association of glucose intolerance with othe ...	2001	11678978
beta-secretase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein mediates neuronal apoptosis caused by familial alzheimer's disease mutations.	the amyloid precursor protein (app) is cleaved by two enzymes, beta-secretase and gamma-secretase, to generate the pathological amyloid beta (abeta) peptide. expression of familial alzheimer's disease (fad) mutants of app in primary neurons causes both intracellular accumulation of the c-terminal beta-secretase cleavage product of app and increased secretion of abeta, and eventually results in apoptotic death of the cells. to determine whether either of these two processing products of app is in ...	2001	11744168
contact with farming environment as a major risk factor for shiga toxin (vero cytotoxin)-producing escherichia coli o157 infection in humans.	in a prospective, unmatched case-control study of sporadic shiga toxin (vero cytotoxin)-producing escherichia coli o157 (stec o157) infection in england, exposure to the farming environment emerged strongly as a risk factor (adjusted odds ratio = 2.45; 95% confidence intervals = 1.49-4.02; p=0.0004) posing further challenges and opportunities for prevention.	2001	11747741
runner-up in the young physician's section of the gowers' prize 2000. epilepsy and the physical basis of consciousness.	the issue of human consciousness, in both its popular and neuroscientific sense, is considered from a clinical perspective. the ictal semiologies of the various epilepsies, together with associated clinical features, are demonstrated to highlight certain neuroanatomical and neurophysiological facets of consciousness. it is suggested that further insights into consciousness, even those bordering on the philosophical, may be led by clinical neurological phenomena and emerging neuroinvestigative te ...	2001	11749104
on call. as a physician, i find harvard men's health watch very helpful for my patients and as a 63-year-old man, i find it interesting and helpful for myself. but i'm puzzled by your november 2001 article, which recommends two drinks a day as the safe maximum. i remember reading an editorial in the lancet a few years ago that recommended up to 25 drinks a week, or three a day. which dose of alcohol is correct?		2001	11751096
current smoking, occupation, n-acetyltransferase-2 and bladder cancer: a pooled analysis of genotype-based studies.	the aim of this study was to investigate the association of nat2 gene polymorphism with bladder cancer using the data derived from the international project on genetic susceptibility to environmental carcinogens. four case control studies conducted in four european countries, plus two case series, one from england and one from germany, for a total of 1530 cases and 731 controls (all caucasian) were included. the interaction between nat2 and bladder cancer considering smoking habits and occupatio ...	2001	11751441
ludwig guttmann: emerging concept of rehabilitation after spinal cord injury.	ludwig guttmann was a pioneer of the idea of rehabilitation for victims of spinal cord injury. he looked beyond the physical survival of his patients, to their re-integration into a social life worth living. while the international stoke mandeville games are fairly well known to the general public as a gathering for physically handicapped athletes, less is known about the man who helped start the movement. on the occasion of the recent sydney 2000 paralympics, this paper reviews the contribution ...	2001	11770196
extent and distribution of linkage disequilibrium in three genomic regions.	the positional cloning of genes underlying common complex diseases relies on the identification of linkage disequilibrium (ld) between genetic markers and disease. we have examined 127 polymorphisms in three genomic regions in a sample of 575 chromosomes from unrelated individuals of british ancestry. to establish phase, 800 individuals were genotyped in 160 families. the fine structure of ld was found to be highly irregular. forty-five percent of the variation in disequilibrium measures could b ...	2001	11083947
embedding ergonomics in hospital culture: top-down and bottom-up strategies.	in england there has been increasing emphasis on the use of ergonomics to tackle manual handling problems for the last seven years (mho, 1992, 1998; hsac, 1998). at nottingham city hospital nhs trust, i have tried to incorporate an ergonomic approach throughout a wide range of activities since 1994. this paper does not seek to report a research project, simply to share the experience of trying to tackle hospital manual handling risks by taking an ergonomic approach. it will explain what this has ...	2001	11209833
presentation of in-vitro fertilisation results.		2001	11211032
verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec) o157 and other vtec from human infections in england and wales: 1995-1998.	a total of 3429 isolations of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli o157 (vtec o157) was confirmed from human sources in england and wales during the period 1995-1998. the largest annual total was 1087 in 1997. most infections occurred in the third quarter of each year. the overall rate of infection ranged from 1.28 to 2.10/100,000 population and showed regional variation. the highest incidence was in children aged 1-4 years. annually, between 5% and 11% of strains were from patients who had ...	2001	11211220
paraplegin gene analysis in hereditary spastic paraparesis (hsp) pedigrees in northeast england.	to identify the frequency and characterize the phenotype of paraplegin mutations in the hereditary spastic paraparesis (hsp) population in the northeast of england.	2001	11222789
incidence of mycobacterium paratuberculosis in raw sheep and goats' milk in england, wales and northern ireland.	a blind survey of 104 raw sheep and goats' milk samples (90 goat, 14 sheeps) from bulk tanks on farms throughout england, wales and northern ireland was carried out over a 5-month period (january-may 1998) in order to determine the incidence of mycobacterium paratuberculosis. each milk sample (100 ml) was divided into two 50ml portions. one portion was decontaminated with 0.75% hexadecylpyridinium chloride for 5h before culture on slopes of herrold's egg yolk medium and in bactec radiometric med ...	2001	11230934
unusual cryptosporidium species recovered from human faeces: first description of cryptosporidium felis and cryptosporidium 'dog type' from patients in england.	dna was extracted from faecal samples collected from 1680 patients in which cryptosporidium oocysts were recognised by light microscopy. dna from faeces from five of these patients failed to amplify by pcr three gene fragments--the cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (cowp) gene, the thrombospondin-related adhesive protein of cryptosporidium-1 (trap-c1) gene and the thrombospondin-related adhesive protein of cryptosporidium-2 (trap-c2) gene--with primers designed from c. parvum sequences. howeve ...	2001	11232777
molecular epidemiology of outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus within bone marrow transplantation unit.	during the winter of 1995-1996, eight of nine bone marrow transplantation (bmt) unit patients were infected with the same strain of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). this rsv strain was not detected in 20 hospitalized patients from the community, suggesting that the bmt unit infections did not occur by independent incidents of transmission from the community.	2001	11158157
postnatal malnutrition and growth retardation: an inevitable consequence of current recommendations in preterm infants?	nutrient intakes meeting recommended dietary intakes (rdis) take time to establish and once established are rarely maintained throughout hospital stay in preterm infants. a nutrient deficit, therefore, accrues. rdi are based on needs for maintenance and growth, with no provision to replace this deficit. we, therefore, hypothesized that postnatal malnutrition and growth retardation were inevitable in infants fed current rdi.	2001	11158457
philosophy: a key to open the door to critical thinking.	it has been suggested that philosophy is a bit like manure: pile it high and it rots and stinks, but spread it around and it becomes surprisingly useful. philosophical enquiry, used sparingly, can provide a means to develop critical and analytical ability in nurses. a key principle of philosophical enquiry is the development of skills to rigorously examine and debate ideas or explanations about, for example, the nature of being human. in recent years nurses have been exhorted to critically exami ...	2001	11162260
fluoride concentrations at and near the neonatal line in human deciduous tooth enamel obtained from a naturally fluoridated and a non-fluoridated area.	this study sought to obtain a precise profile of fluoride concentrations at and near the neonatal line in deciduous incisors and canines from the naturally fluoridated area (1.0--1.3 parts/10(6) f in drinking water) of west hartlepool and the non-fluoridated area (less than 0.1 parts/10(6) f in drinking water) of leeds in england. an abrasive microsampling method was used to determine the distribution of fluoride and phosphorus concentrations. the profile of fluoride concentrations in 100-microm ...	2001	11163322
paleopathological and biomolecular study of tuberculosis in a medieval skeletal collection from england.	nine human skeletons of medieval date from a rural english burial site show signs of skeletal tuberculosis. they were subject to polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays aimed at detecting traces of dna from infecting mycobacteria, with the purpose both of confirming the paleopathological diagnosis of tuberculosis and determining in individual cases whether disease was due to m. tuberculosis or m. bovis. in all nine cases, evidence for m. tuberculosis complex dna was found, and in all instances it ...	2001	11275959
stfa '98: an international conference on slipping, tripping and falling accidents.		2001	11277502
identification of risk factors and countermeasures for slip, trip and fall accidents during the delivery of mail.	risk factors for slip, trip and fall accidents (stfa) during the delivery of mail were identified using a range of accident-centred and accident-independent methods. key factors included slippery underfoot conditions, non-weather related environmental hazards (e.g., uneven paving, steps, inadequate lighting), poor slip resistance from footwear, unsafe working practices, management safety practices, and underlying organisational influences. intervention measures were recommended that target stfa ...	2001	11277504
an investigation of underfoot accidents in a maim (merseyside accident information model) database.	underfoot accidents taken from a study of patient interviews have been analysed to investigate factors that may be implicated in the causes of the accidents. within the sample of patients in this study women holding items are more at risk than men from underfoot accidents. carrying items such as shopping and handbags may obstruct the line of sight to underfoot hazards, affect balance and adversely affect reflex corporal movements that may help prevent injury.	2001	11277506
an assessment of screening strategies for fragile x syndrome in the uk.	fragile x syndrome is an inherited form of learning disability that was defined in the late 1970s by cytogenetic detection of an associated fragile site on the x chromosome (xq27.3). cytogenetic estimates of the prevalence of fragile x syndrome were as high as 1 in 1039 males but have since been revised downwards. fragile x syndrome is associated with few medical problems and the subtle physical features make clinical diagnosis difficult. the unusual pattern of inheritance, delineated in the 198 ...	2001	11262423
oestrogens and oestrogenic activity in raw and treated water in severn trent water.	sewage effluent discharged to surface water has been shown to contain human hormones, particularly oestrogens, and synthetic chemicals which may be able to disrupt the endocrine system. since many surface waters which receive sewage effluent are subsequently used as drinking water sources, it is important to demonstrate that treated drinking water is not contaminated. oestrogenic activity in rivers and drinking water in the region of severn trent water was studied using a combination of bioassay ...	2001	11268844
frederick knox, younger brother and assistant of dr robert knox: his contribution to "knox's catalogues".	analysis of the material written in the two manuscript volumes known as the "old" and "new" knox catalogues has revealed that most of their contents are in the hand of frederick knox, younger brother of dr robert knox. frederick was employed by dr knox as his research assistant, and prepared detailed lists of the items in his brother's museum collection. he also dissected and prepared human and non-human specimens, many of which were described by dr knox in his numerous publications. as relative ...	2001	11242743
highly epidemic strains of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus not distinguished by capsule formation, protein a content or adherence to hep-2 cells.	in order to investigate whether highly epidemic methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (emrsa) strains possess special properties that favour their dissemination and survival, a study was undertaken that examined methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococcus aureus isolated in the uk. included in the study were emrsa types 1, 2, 3, 15 and 16. phage types emrsa-15 and -16, in particular, have emerged as significant hospital pathogens in the uk, resisting standard ...	2001	11245319
public health response to an incident of secondary chemical contamination at a beach in the united kingdom.	to gather enough data from a large scale investigation involving two health authorities, to assess the possible concentrations and routes of exposure and the consequent health implications. to use the data to decide whether a polluted beach should remain open to the public. in spring 1997, a chemical incident came to light at a beach on the south coast of england when a local resident reported a sulphurous smell, visible signs of oil, and reduced numbers of fishing bait. the beach was situated a ...	2001	11245739