Publications

use of peptide nucleic acid probes for rapid detection and enumeration of viable bacteria in recreational waters and beach sand.	environmental monitoring and public health risk assessments require methods that are rapid and quantitative with defined sensitivity and specificity thresholds. although several molecular techniques have been developed to rapidly detect bacteria in complex matrices, the challenge to simultaneously detect and enumerate only viable cells remains a limiting factor to their routine application. this chapter describes the use of peroxidase-labeled peptide nucleic acid (pna) probes to simultaneously d ...	2006	16957353
sigma x induces competence gene expression in streptococcus pyogenes.	although not thought to become competent for dna uptake, the bacterium streptococcus pyogenes appears to encode within its genome the dna uptake and recombination machinery required for competence. the promoters of these genes contain a conserved sequence, cin-box, which is recognized by the s. pyogenes alternative rna polymerase sigma factor x. using microarray technology, we found that sigma x induced the expression of competence genes in s. pyogenes. real-time rt-pcr was performed to confirm ...	2006	16963231
phenolics and antimicrobial activity of traditional stoned table olives 'alcaparra'.	in the present work, we report the determination of phenolic compounds in 'alcaparra' table olives by reversed-phase hplc/dad, and the evaluation of their extract in vitro activity against several microorganisms that may be causal agents of human intestinal and respiratory tract infections, namely gram positive (bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, and staphylococcus aureus), gram negative bacteria (pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli, and klebsiella pneumoniae) and fungi (candida albicans a ...	2006	16971127
[a case of pulmonary abscess in which haemophilus parainfluenzae and streptococcus intermedius were isolated by percutaneous needle aspiration].	some microbes, including the bacteroides species, staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus milleri groups, can cause pulmonary abscess. haemophilus parainfluenzae is usually categorized as one of the normal flora which colonizes in the ears and the nasopharynx, and it has been long considered that h. parainfluenzae has little pathogenicity in the lower respiratory tract and lung parenchymal. in this report, we present a case of pulmonary abscess caused by both h. parainfluenzae and streptococcus ...	2006	16972613
molecular epidemiology of clinical and carrier strains of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) in the hospital settings of north india.	the study was conducted between 2000 and 2003 on 750 human subjects, yielding 850 strains of staphylococci from clinical specimens (575), nasal cultures of hospitalized patients (100) and eye & nasal sources of hospital workers (50 & 125 respectively) in order to determine their epidemiology, acquisition and dissemination of resistance genes.	2006	16972997
acute systemic immune activation following conjunctival exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin b.	conjunctival exposure to the staphylococcus aureus superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin b (seb) may occur accidentally, as a result of bioterrorism, or during colonization or infection of the external eye. using human leukocyte antigen class ii transgenic mice, we show for the first time that conjunctival exposure to seb can cause robust systemic immune activation.	2006	16988282
surface adhesins of staphylococcus aureus.	an important facet in the interaction between staphylococcus aureus and its host is the ability of the bacterium to adhere to human extracellular matrix components and serum proteins. in order to colonise the host and disseminate, it uses a wide range of strategies, the molecular and genetic basis of which are multifactorial, with extensive functional overlap between adhesins. here, we describe the current knowledge of the molecular features of the adhesive components of s. aureus, mechanisms of ...	2006	17010697
efficacy of high doses of levofloxacin in experimental foreign-body infection by methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus.	antimicrobial efficacy in orthopedic device infections is diminished because of bacterial biofilms which express tolerance to antibiotics. recently, the use of high doses of levofloxacin with rifampin has been recommended for staphylococcal infections. in the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of levofloxacin at doses of 50 mg/kg/day and 100 mg/kg/day (mimicking the usual and high human doses of 500 mg/day and 750 to 1,000 mg/day, respectively) and compared it to that of to linezolid, clox ...	2006	17015630
rupture of a nonaneurysmal aorta secondary to staphylococcus aortitis.	infectious aortitis has become increasingly uncommon and, when diagnosed, typically occurs in an immunocompromised elderly male with a history of staphylococcus or salmonella infection and underlying atheromatous cardiovascular disease. the authors report a case of a 74-year-old man with aortitis complicated by rupture secondary to staphylococcus aureus infection. the patient presented with worsening abdominal pain and fever after being discharged from the emergency room 2 weeks before with back ...	2006	17022388
effects of human milk fortifier on the antimicrobial properties of human milk.	to evaluate the effects of addition of human milk (hm) fortifier and iron on the anti-infective properties of hm.	2006	17024140
prevalence of agr specificity groups among methicilin resistant staphylococcus aureus circulating at charles nicolle hospital of tunis.	methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) is a major human pathogen with many clinical aspects. in s. aureus, the accessory gene regulator (agr) globally controls the production of virulence factors. there are four agr groups. our study was done to define the agr specificity of mrsa circulating at charles nicolle hospital and to investigate a possible relationship between agr groups and human disease types. from january 2004 to june 2005, a total of 57 mrsa isolated from individual hosp ...	2006	17027197
human lysozyme expressed in the mammary gland of transgenic dairy goats can inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause mastitis and the cold-spoilage of milk.	the addition of human milk components with intrinsic antimicrobial activity to livestock milk by genetic engineering has the potential to benefit milk safety and production as well as the health of the lactating animal. as a model for the dairy cow, we generated transgenic goats that expressed human lysozyme in their milk at 68% of the levels found in human milk. milk from these transgenic animals had a bacteriostatic effect on both in vitro and in vivo growth of several microorganisms important ...	2006	17199520
in vitro activity of linezolid in combination with doxycycline, fosfomycin, levofloxacin, rifampicin and vancomycin against methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus.	the objective of this paper was to investigate the in vitro effects of linezolid combined with five antistaphylococcal antibiotics--doxycycline, fosfomycin, levofloxacin, rifampicin and vancomycin--upon methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus (mssa). five mssa isolates from clinical specimens of human infections--hf008, hf095, hf295, hf602 and hf946--were used in this study. the checkerboard method was used to assess synergism between linezolid and the five antibiotics, and time-kill curve ...	2006	17099793
a new staphylococcal anti-inflammatory protein that antagonizes the formyl peptide receptor-like 1.	bacteria have developed mechanisms to escape the first line of host defense, which is constituted by the recruitment of phagocytes to the sites of bacterial invasion. we previously described the chemotaxis inhibitory protein of staphylococcus aureus, a protein that blocks the activation of neutrophils via the formyl peptide receptor (fpr) and c5ar. we now describe a new protein from s. aureus that impaired the neutrophil responses to fpr-like1 (fprl1) agonists. fprl1 inhibitory protein (flipr) i ...	2006	17114475
a 57-year-old man with a fluid-containing lung cavity: infection of an emphysematous bulla with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.		2006	17167021
[expression of porcine beta-defensin 1 gene in pichia pastoris].	pbd-1 is an antibacterial peptide that plays an important role in defence system of porcine. to produce pbd-1 with bioactivity in pichia pastoris, according to published amino acid sequence of porcine beta-defensin 1(pbd-1) and the partiality codon of yeast, the pbd-1 gene was synthesized by pcr and cloned into ppic9k to construct the recombinant expression vector ppic9k-pbd-1, the obtained recombinant plasmid was linearized by sal i, and then transformed into smd1168 by electroporation. under t ...	2006	17168333
camphor-related self-inflicted keratoconjunctivitis complicating delusions of parasitosis.	to report a case of camphor-related self-inflicted keratoconjunctivitis secondary to delusions of parasitosis.	2006	17172913
daryamides a-c, weakly cytotoxic polyketides from a marine-derived actinomycete of the genus streptomyces strain cnq-085.	in the course of our continuing search for new antitumor-antibiotics from marine-derived actinomycete bacteria, four new cytotoxic compounds, designated as daryamides a (1), b (2), and c (3) and (2e,4e)-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoic acid amide (4), were isolated from the culture broth of a marine-derived streptomyces strain cnq-085. the structures of these new compounds were assigned by detailed interpretation of spectroscopic data. the relative configuration of 1 was determined by comprehensive nmr ...	2006	17190455
molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus strains from pet animals and their relationship to human isolates.	methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) isolates from pet animals were characterized and compared with human isolates from clonal complexes most prevalent in central europe.	2006	16387748
transcriptional activation of the staphylococcus aureus putp gene by low-proline-high osmotic conditions and during infection of murine and human tissues.	staphylococcus aureus can grow virtually anywhere in the human body but needs to import proline through low- and high-affinity proline transporters to survive. this study examined the regulation of the s. aureus putp gene, which encodes a high-affinity proline permease. putp::lacz and putp::lux transcriptional fusions were constructed and integrated into the genomes of several s. aureus strains. enzyme activity was measured after growth in media with various osmolyte concentrations. as osmolarit ...	2006	16368996
is/are pattern recognition receptor(s) for staphylococcus aureus defective in atopic dermatitis?	it is known that staphylococcus aureus induces the expression of human beta-defensin-2 (hbd-2), a well-characterized antimicrobial peptide, in keratinocytes. however, in spite of heavy colonization of atopic dermatitis (ad) skin lesions by s. aureus, these lesions have consistently been shown to contain low expression of hbd-2. the current article discusses various possible mechanisms for the low expression of hbd-2 in ad and raises the question whether the innate recognition of s. aureus by ker ...	2006	16319468
a new method of age estimation based on the changes in human non-collagenous proteins from dentin.	the new method exploits the characteristic of staphylococcal protease v8, which specifically splits peptide bonds where l-glutamic or l-aspartic acid participate. those peptide bonds where d-aspartic acid is present remain unsplit because of the stereospecifity of enzymes. in accordance with expectations, fewer peptide bonds are split by this protease at more advanced ages and larger peptide fragments are thus formed due to the higher content of d-amino acid residues in the proteins of older peo ...	2006	16325361
biological evaluation of isothiazoloquinolones containing aromatic heterocycles at the 7-position: in vitro activity of a series of potent antibacterial agents that are effective against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.	we synthesized a diverse series of 9h-isothiazolo[5,4-b]quinoline-3,4-diones containing heteroaromatic groups at the 7-position via palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling. many of these compounds demonstrated potent antistaphylococcal activity (mics 2 microg/ml) against a multi-drug-resistant strain (atcc 700699) and low cytotoxic activity (cc(50)>100 microm) against the human cell line hep2 (laryngeal carcinoma).	2006	16337789
evaluation of molecular methods to determine enterotoxigenic status and molecular genotype of bovine, ovine, human and food isolates of staphylococcus aureus.	this study evaluated the use of pfge and single enzyme aflp techniques for the determination of the genetic relationships between staphyloccocus aureus isolates from human, bovine, ovine and food related sources and reports the prevalence of 'classic' (sea to see) and 'new' (seg, seh, sei, sej, sem, sen and seo) staphylococcal enterotoxin (se) genes in 92 s. aureus strains. a sub-set of the se genotyping results was confirmed by elisa and the presence of se toxin determined in isolates from diff ...	2006	16310270
the extracellular adherence protein (eap) of staphylococcus aureus inhibits wound healing by interfering with host defense and repair mechanisms.	staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen interfering with host-cell functions. impaired wound healing is often observed in s aureus-infected wounds, yet, the underlying mechanisms are poorly defined. here, we identify the extracellular adherence protein (eap) of s aureus to be responsible for impaired wound healing. in a mouse wound-healing model wound closure was inhibited in the presence of wild-type s aureus and this effect was reversible when the wounds were incubated with an isogenic ...	2006	16317095
influenza a viruses upregulate neutrophil toll-like receptor 2 expression and function.	neutrophils are involved in the initial host response to influenza a virus (iav) infection and exhibit both activation and depressed function after exposure to the virus. we demonstrate that iav causes rapid upregulation of toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) expression on neutrophils. the neutrophil agonists, formyl-methylpleucyl-alanine (fmlp), c5a and lipopolysaccharide did not alter neutrophil tlr2 expression, whereas pma and the microbial tlr2 ligands, peptidoglycan (pgn) and zymosan, reduced it. t ...	2006	16476006
fluorescently labeled collagen binding proteins allow specific visualization of collagen in tissues and live cell culture.	visualization of the formation and orientation of collagen fibers in tissue engineering experiments is crucial for understanding the factors that determine the mechanical properties of tissues. in this study, collagen-specific fluorescent probes were developed using a new approach that takes advantage of the inherent specificity of collagen binding protein domains present in bacterial adhesion proteins (cna35) and integrins (gst-alpha1i). both collagen binding domains were obtained as fusion pro ...	2006	16476406
identification and molecular characterization of mannitol salt positive, coagulase-negative staphylococci from nasal samples of medical personnel and students.	the identification of mannitol salt positive, coagulase-negative staphylococci (cns) is often disregarded when staphylococcus aureus is screened in clinical samples using mannitol salt agar. however, the emergence of cns as important human pathogens has indicated that reliable methods for the identification of clinically significant cns are of great importance in understanding the epidemiology of infections caused by them. the identification and molecular characterization of mannitol salt positi ...	2006	16476796
improvement of the therapeutic index of anticancer drugs by the superoxide dismutase mimic mangafodipir.	anticancer drugs act by increasing intracellular hydrogen peroxide levels. mangafodipir, a superoxide dismutase (sod) mimic with catalase and glutathione reductase activities, protects normal cells from apoptosis induced by h2o2. we investigated its and other oxidative stress modulators' effects on anticancer drug activity in vitro and in vivo.	2006	16478742
molecular and phenotypic typing of staphylococcus aureus isolates from rabbit meat.	twenty-six staphylococcus aureus isolates were recovered from rabbit carcasses and cuts during a period of seven months. samples from 51 different animals, flocks and farms were obtained from five establishments in four spanish provinces. to determine their diversity and possible origin, isolates were typed by three molecular and three phenotypic methods. pfge, with the highest discrimination index (d=0.966), identified 19 patterns (more than one band difference) and 10 types (more than three ba ...	2006	16487685
synthesis and biological activity of new 2-amino-8-chloro-5,5-dioxo[1,2,4]triazolo[2,3-b][1,4,2]benzodithiazines.	two series of 1-(6-chloro-1,1-dioxo-1,4,2-benzodithiazin-3-yl)-4-arylsemicarbazides 6-17 and 2-arylamino-8-chloro-5,5-dioxo[1,2,4]triazolo[2,3-b][1,4,2]benzodithiazines 18-26 were prepared in order to evaluate their biological activity. compounds 6 and 18-26 were tested for their in vitro cytotoxic potency against 12 human cancer cell lines. the compounds 6 and 19 were inactive, whereas triazolobenzodithiazines 18, 20-26 possess tumor growth inhibitory properties. the prominent methyl 8-chloro-2 ...	2006	16488515
downregulation by a long-acting beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist and corticosteroid of staphylococcus aureus-induced airway epithelial inflammatory mediator production.	although staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of pulmonary infection, the role played by this bacterium in the induction of inflammation of human airway epithelial cells (haec) is poorly understood. in this study, we investigated the inflammatory response of haec to s. aureus soluble virulence factors and demonstrate that the combination of a long-acting beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist (salmeterol) with a glucocorticoid (fluticasone propionate) has an anti-inflammatory effect on haec. first, ...	2006	16489115
pharmacodynamic evaluation of the intracellular activities of antibiotics against staphylococcus aureus in a model of thp-1 macrophages.	the pharmacodynamic properties governing the activities of antibiotics against intracellular staphylococcus aureus are still largely undetermined. sixteen antibiotics of seven different pharmacological classes (azithromycin and telithromycin [macrolides]; gentamicin [an aminoglycoside]; linezolid [an oxazolidinone]; penicillin v, nafcillin, ampicillin, and oxacillin [beta-lactams]; teicoplanin, vancomycin, and oritavancin [glycopeptides]; rifampin [an ansamycin]; and ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ...	2006	16495241
[disturbances of antimicrobial lipids in atopic dermatitis].	patients with atopic dermatitis exhibit an increased susceptibility to cutaneous infections, especially to pathological colonization with superantigen-secreting staphylococcus aureus. recent attention has been focused on antimicrobial peptides, especially on cathelicidin and human beta-defensin-2, which are under-expressed in atopic skin. antimicrobial lipids from the stratum corneum are also major contributors to cutaneous antimicrobial defense. current aspects of biochemistry and function of a ...	2006	16503938
diversity and evolution of blaz from staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci.	to elucidate the diversity and evolutionary history of plasmid- and chromosomally-located blaz, to detect indications of frequent exchange of blaz between human and bovine staphylococci and to estimate the frequency of transfer of blaz between coagulase-negative staphylococci (cons) and staphylococcus aureus of bovine origin.	2006	16449305
understanding the rise of the superbug: investigation of the evolution and genomic variation of staphylococcus aureus.	the bacterium staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of human infection, and it is becoming increasingly virulent and resistant to antibiotics. our understanding of the evolution of this species has been greatly enhanced by the recent sequencing of the genomes of seven strains of s. aureus. comparative genomic analysis allows us to identify variation in the chromosomes and understand the mechanisms by which this versatile bacterium has accumulated diversity within its genome structure.	2006	16453141
partial nucleotide sequencing of the meca genes of staphylococcus aureus isolates from cats and dogs.	methicillin-resistant staphylococci (mrs) pose a challenge to clinicians and health administrators in human medicine, but mrs infections in cats and dogs are not perceived as a problem in veterinary medicine. ten methicillin-resistant staphylococcal isolates obtained from healthy and diseased cats and dogs were subjected to partial dna sequencing of the meca gene. sequence analysis shows that mrs isolates from both healthy and diseased cats and dogs can harbor the meca gene. the meca genes of an ...	2006	16455893
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus isolated from a veterinary surgeon and five dogs in one practice.	methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) was isolated from five dogs with wound discharges after surgical procedures at a veterinary practice, and mrsa with similar molecular and phenotypic characteristics was isolated from the nares of one veterinary surgeon in the practice. the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of all the isolates were indistinguishable from each other and from the most common human isolates of mrsa in ireland.	2006	16461622
dose-dependent influence of barbiturates but not of propofol on human leukocyte phagocytosis of viable staphylococcus aureus.	deep sedation with barbiturates or propofol is a standard therapy for patients with critically elevated intracranial pressure. such patients are prone to infectious complications, especially to pneumonias, which are most commonly caused by staphylococcus aureus. although various immunomodulatory effects of barbiturates have been described in vitro, their influence on the phagocytosis of viable s. aureus has yet to be investigated. therefore, we examined the effects of thiopentone, methohexitone, ...	2006	16424731
intracellular staphylococcus aureus and antibiotic resistance: implications for treatment of staphylococcal osteomyelitis.	staphylococcus aureus is responsible for 80% of human osteomyelitis. it can invade and persist within osteoblasts. antibiotic resistant strains of s. aureus make successful treatment of osteomyelitis difficult. null hypothesis: antibiotic sensitivities of s. aureus do not change after exposure to the osteoblast intracellular environment. human and mouse osteoblast cultures were infected and s. aureus cells were allowed to invade. following times 0, 12, 24, and 48 h ( +/- the addition of erythrom ...	2006	16419973
molecular characterization of the capsule locus from non-typeable staphylococcus aureus.	most staphylococcus aureus express a serotype 5 or 8 capsular polysaccharide (cp). however, 20-25% of human isolates and up to 86% of bovine strains of s. aureus are non-typeable (nt), i.e. non-reactive with antibodies to cp types 1, 2, 5 or 8. a vaccine that targets the s. aureus cp would not protect against nt strains. the aim of this study was to characterize nt s. aureus isolates at the molecular level to explain their lack of type 5 or 8 capsule production. the cap5(8) locus was present in ...	2006	16420363
the "hospital superbug": social representations of mrsa.	the so-called 'hospital superbug' methcillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) became a topic of media and political concern in britain from the middle of the 1990s. it was increasingly politicised in the period leading up to the british general election of 2005. this study examines the meanings of mrsa that circulate in britain by analysing newspaper coverage of the disease over the 10-year period 1995-2005. it utilises social representations theory and contextualises mrsa within existing ...	2006	16782254
a staphylococcus aureus lipoteichoic acid (lta) derived structural variant with two diacylglycerol residues.	based on 1,2-o-isopropylidene-sn-glycerol five chiral building blocks containing differently modified glycerol residues were required for the synthesis of the target molecule 2. one of these building blocks is diacylglyceryl beta-gentiobioside carrying a phosphite residue at 6b-o position. ligation of these five building blocks led to the desired glycerol phosphate backbone to which d-alanyl residues were attached, thus generating after o-deprotection the target molecule 2, a bisamphiphilic stru ...	2006	16782351
surface plasmon resonance biosensors for detection of pathogenic microorganisms: strategies to secure food and environmental safety.	this review describes the exploitation of exclusively optical surface plasmon resonance (spr) biosensors for the direct and indirect detection of pathogenic microorganisms in food chains and the environment. direct detection is, in most cases, facilitated by the use of defined monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies raised against (a part of) the target pathogenic microorganisms. the antibodies were immobilized to a solid phase of the sensor to capture the microbe from the sample. alternatively, ant ...	2006	16792081
[septic arthritis as an initial manifestation of bacterial endocarditis caused by staphylococcus aureus].	we describe a case of staphylococcus aureus mitral valve endocarditis, in a 80-year-old man who presented with abrupt onset of septic arthritis of the glenohumeral joint, without cardiac symptomatology. fever and articular infection recovery after articular drainage and antimicrobial therapy, but worsening caused by heart failure made valve replacement surgery urgent. he died suddenly before surgery could be done. until august 2005, in medical literature (index medicus, medline, embase, excerpta ...	2006	16796414
quinine sulfate inhibits invasion of some bacterial skin pathogens.	as some of the many patients who receive antimalarials for the treatment of noninfective inflammatory diseases (lupus erythematosus, collagen vascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and others) are also immunosuppressed because of their disease and/or treatments, and may have concomitant bacterial infections, we investigated the effect of these drugs on the growth and invasion of several bacteria that are commonly associated with skin and soft tissue infections to determine whether they could p ...	2006	16796622
synthetic peptides derived from human antimicrobial peptide ubiquicidin accumulate at sites of infections and eradicate (multi-drug resistant) staphylococcus aureus in mice.	the presence and antimicrobial activity of antimicrobial peptides (amps) has been widely recognized as an evolutionary preserved part of the innate immune system. based on evidence in animal models and humans, amps are now positioned as novel anti-infective agents. the current study aimed to evaluate the potential antimicrobial activity of ubiquicidin and small synthetic fragments thereof towards methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), as a high priority target for novel antibiotics. ...	2006	16814900
surveillance of bacterial pathogens associated with acute diarrheal disease in the republic of korea during one year, 2003.	an epidemiological survey of human enterobacterial infections was conducted to determine the prevalence of enteropathogens in the republic of korea during one year, 2003. we tested for infectious diseases in 26,992 stool samples obtained from people who visited clinics located in six big cities and six rural provinces. from these samples, we isolated 1,291 cases of enteritis bacterial infection (4.8%). in the urban areas, 821 cases of bacterial infection (6.4%) were identified and, in the rural ...	2006	16820763
antimicrobial potential of four lactobacillus strains isolated from breast milk.	the antimicrobial potential of four lactobacilli (lactobacillus salivarius cect5713, lactobacillus gasseri cect5714, l. gasseri cect5715 and lactobacillus fermentum cect5716), isolated from fresh human breast milk, was evaluated in this study and compared with lactobacillus coryniformis cect5711, a reuterin-producing strain isolated from an artisan goat's cheese.	2006	16834593
isolation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from the air plume downwind of a swine confined or concentrated animal feeding operation.	in this study we evaluated the levels of antibiotic- and multidrug-resistant bacteria in bioaerosols upwind, within, and downwind at locations 25 m, 50 m, 100 m, and 150 m from a swine confined animal feeding operation.	2006	16835055
the nitrosative stress response of staphylococcus aureus is required for resistance to innate immunity.	staphylococcus aureus is a highly virulent human pathogen with an extensive array of strategies to subvert the innate immune response. an important aspect of innate immunity is the production of the nitrogen monoxide radical (nitric oxide, no.). here we describe an adaptive response to nitrosative stress that allows s. aureus to replicate at high concentrations of no.. microarray analysis revealed 84 staphylococcal genes with significantly altered expression following no. exposure. of these, 30 ...	2006	16859493
the presence of peptidoglycan o-acetyltransferase in various staphylococcal species correlates with lysozyme resistance and pathogenicity.	human-pathogenic bacteria that are able to cause persistent infections must have developed mechanisms to resist the immune defense system. lysozyme, a cell wall-lytic enzyme, is one of the first defense compounds induced in serum and tissues after the onset of infection. recently, we showed that staphylococcus aureus is resistant to lysozyme by o acetylating its peptidoglycan (pg) by o-acetyltransferase (oata). we asked the question of which staphylococcal species pg is o acetylated. we applied ...	2006	16861647
bell's palsy associated with linezolid therapy: case report and review of neuropathic adverse events.	bell's palsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders affecting the seventh cranial nerve. several disease states have been associated with facial paralysis. drugs, however, have been rarely implicated as an etiology. we describe a 49-year-old man who developed peripheral facial paralysis after 3 weeks of linezolid therapy, along with recurrence of symptoms on rechallenge. he had insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and a longstanding history of bilateral diabetes-related foot problems. aft ...	2006	16863496
staphylococcus aureus induces caspase-independent cell death in human peritoneal mesothelial cells.	bacterial peritonitis remains a serious complication of peritoneal dialysis. although staphylococcus epidermidis is the most common pathogen involved, infections with staphylococcus aureus lead to severe peritoneal damage and are often associated with a dramatic loss of mesothelial cells. induction of cell death appears to be involved in peritoneal damage and mesothelial cell loss during bacterial infections. using cultured human peritoneal mesothelial cells (hmcs), we investigated the ability o ...	2006	16871245
in vitro anti-bacterial and biological properties of magnetron co-sputtered silver-containing hydroxyapatite coating.	bacterial infection after implant placement is a significant rising complication. in order to reduce the incidence of implant-associated infections, several biomaterial surface treatments have been proposed. in this study, the effect of in vitro antibacterial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity of co-sputtered silver (ag)-containing hydroxyapatite (ha) coating was evaluated. deposition was achieved by a concurrent supply of 10 w to the ag target and 300 w to the ha target. heat treatment at 400 d ...	2006	16872671
runx3 negatively regulates cd36 expression in myeloid cell lines.	cd36 is a member of the scavenger receptor type b family implicated in the binding of lipoproteins, phosphatidylserine, thrombospondin-1, and the uptake of long-chain fatty acids. on mononuclear phagocytes, recognition of apoptotic cells by cd36 contributes to peripheral tolerance and prevention of autoimmunity by impairing dendritic cell (dc) maturation. besides, cd36 acts as a coreceptor with tlr2/6 for sensing microbial diacylglycerides, and its deficiency leads to increased susceptibility to ...	2006	16887969
pharmacodynamics of dalbavancin studied in an in vitro pharmacokinetic system.	the antibacterial effect of dalbavancin was studied against staphylococcus aureus using stepwise declining concentrations designed to model a range of free drug concentrations observed in human serum.	2006	16891629
cytotoxic and antimicrobial benzophenones from the leaves of tovomita longifolia.	bioassay-guided fractionation of the chloroform and ethanol extracts of tovomita longifolia leaves using cytotoxic and antimicrobial assays resulted in the isolation of four new benzophenones, (e)-3-(2-hydroxy-7-methyl-3-methyleneoct-6-enyl)-2,4,6-trihydroxybenzophenone (1), (e)-3-(6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2,7-dienyl)-2,4,6-trihydroxybenzophenone (2), 8-benzoyl-2-(4-methylpenten-3-yl)chromane-3,5,7-triol (3), and 5-benzoyl-1,1,4a-trimethyl-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1h-xanthene-6,8-diol (4), and ...	2006	16562847
staphylococcus aureus operates protein-tyrosine phosphorylation through a specific mechanism.	protein phosphorylation on tyrosine has been originally characterized in animal systems and has been shown to be involved in several fundamental processes including signal transduction, growth control, and malignancy. it has been later demonstrated to occur also in a number of bacteria, and recent data suggest that it may participate in the control of bacterial pathogenicity. in this work, we provide evidence that the gram-positive human pathogen staphylococcus aureus harbors a protein-tyrosine ...	2006	16565080
suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by extracellular adherence protein of staphylococcus aureus.	multiple sclerosis (ms) is a devastating inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (cns). a major hallmark of ms is the infiltration of t cells reactive against myelin components. t cell infiltration is mediated by the interaction of integrins of the beta1 and beta2 family expressed by lymphocytes with their endothelial counter-receptors, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule (icam)-1, respectively. we have reported previously that extracellular adherenc ...	2006	16585266
effect of d-alanylation of (lipo)teichoic acids of staphylococcus aureus on host secretory phospholipase a2 action before and after phagocytosis by human neutrophils.	invading bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus induce mobilization of professional phagocytes (e.g., neutrophils) and extracellular antibacterial proteins (e.g., group iia phospholipase a2 (giia pla2)). accumulation of giia pla2 in inflammatory fluids confers potent extracellular antistaphylococcal activity and at lower concentrations promotes bacterial phospholipid degradation during phagocytosis of s. aureus by human neutrophils. d-alanylation of (lipo) teichoic acids of s. aureus increases b ...	2006	16585595
peptidoglycan hydrolase fusions maintain their parental specificities.	the increased incidence of bacterial antibiotic resistance has led to a renewed search for novel antimicrobials. avoiding the use of broad-range antimicrobials through the use of specific peptidoglycan hydrolases (endolysins) might reduce the incidence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens worldwide. staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus agalactiae are human pathogens and also cause mastitis in dairy cattle. the ultimate goal of this work is to create transgenic cattle that are resistant to mastit ...	2006	16598006
mesenchymal stem cells are susceptible to human herpesviruses, but viral dna cannot be detected in the healthy seropositive individual.	allogeneic stem cell transplantation is often complicated by reactivation of herpesviruses. mesenchymal stem cells (msc) are immunomodulatory and may be used to treat graft-versus-host disease. we investigated if herpesviruses infect and can be transmitted by msc, and if msc suppress immune responses to various infectious agents. mesenchymal stem cells from healthy seropositive donors were evaluated with polymerase chain reaction for the most common herpesviruses: cytomegalovirus (cmv), herpes s ...	2006	16604097
antimicrobial peptides from diverse families isolated from the skin of the asian frog, rana grahami.	seven peptides with antimicrobial activity were isolated in pure form from an extract of the skin of the yunnanfu kunming frog rana grahami boulenger, 1917. the peptides were identified as belonging to the nigrocin-2 (three peptides), brevinin-1 (one peptide), brevinin-2 (three peptides), and esculentin-1 (one peptide) families. nigrocin-2grb (glfgkilgvgkkvlcglsgmc) containing three lysine residues, represented the peptide with highest potency against microorganisms (mic = 3 microm against esche ...	2006	16621155
differential effect of dhea on mitogen-induced proliferation of t and b lymphocytes.	dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) is the predominant steroid hormone secreted by adrenal gland, and it has been proposed in recent years that dhea has significant effects on immune function. we investigated the effect of dhea (1 x 10(-5) - 1 x 10(-8)m) on proliferation of human t cells and b cells and on immunoglobulin production, a representative function of b cells. high doses of dhea (1 x 10(-5)) significantly inhibited proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) and t cells induc ...	2006	16621519
piperacillin/tazobactam-induced paresthesiae.	to describe a case of a delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth) reaction to piperacillin/tazobactam in which painful paresthesiae were a predominant feature.	2006	16622157
characterization of the opsonic and protective activity against staphylococcus aureus of fully human monoclonal antibodies specific for the bacterial surface polysaccharide poly-n-acetylglucosamine.	carbohydrate antigens are important targets of the immune system in clearing bacterial pathogens. although the immune system almost exclusively uses antibodies in response to foreign carbohydrates, there is still much to learn about the role of different epitopes on the carbohydrate as targets of protective immunity. we examined the role of acetyl group-dependent and -independent epitopes on the staphylococcal surface of polysaccharide poly-n-acetylated glucosamine (pnag) by use of human monoclo ...	2006	16622211
antimicrobial activity of an abiotic host defense peptide mimic.	bacterial drug resistance is emerging as one of the most significant challenges to human health. antimicrobial peptides (amps), which are produced by many tissues and cell types of invertebrates, insects, and humans, as part of their innate immune system, have attracted considerable interest as alternative antibiotics. interest in novel mimics of amps has increased greatly over the last few years. this report details a new amp mimic, based on phenylene ethynylene, with improved antimicrobial act ...	2006	16626628
antitumor and immunostimulating effects of anoectochilus formosanus hayata.	the water extract of anoectochilus formosanus hayata showed a potent tumor inhibitory activity in balb/c mice after subcutaneous transplantation of ct-26 murine colon cancer cells. the tumor-inhibition ratios of mice pre-administered with a. formosanus for 2 days before tumor transplantation, and treated further for 12 consecutive days, were 55.4% and 58.9% at the oral dose of 50 and 10 mg/mouse per day, respectively. even for the tumor-bearing mice, after oral administration of the water extrac ...	2006	16635745
a novel antimicrobial epoxide isolated from larval galleria mellonella infected by the nematode symbiont, photorhabdus luminescens (enterobacteriaceae).	a novel antimicrobial epoxide, 2-isopropyl-5-(3-phenyl-oxiranyl)-benzene-1,3-diol (1), was identified from larval galleria mellonella infected by a symbiotically associated bacterium-nematode complex (photorhabdus luminescens c9-heterorhabditis megidis 90). its structure was determined with spectroscopic analysis and confirmed by chemical synthesis starting from a known antibiotic, 2-isopropyl-5-(2-phenylethenyl)-benzene-1,3-diol (2). epoxide 1 was active against bacillus subtilis, escherichia c ...	2006	16644226
the antibacterial activity of human neutrophils and eosinophils requires proton channels but not bk channels.	electrophysiological events are of central importance during the phagocyte respiratory burst, because nadph oxidase is electrogenic and voltage sensitive. we investigated the recent suggestion that large-conductance, calcium-activated k(+) (bk) channels, rather than proton channels, play an essential role in innate immunity (ahluwalia, j., a. tinker, l.h. clapp, m.r. duchen, a.y. abramov, s. page, m. nobles, and a.w. segal. 2004. nature. 427:853-858). in pma-stimulated human neutrophils or eosin ...	2006	16702353
severe community-acquired pneumonia due to staphylococcus aureus, 2003-04 influenza season.	during the 2003-04 influenza season, 17 cases of staphylococcus aureus community-acquired pneumonia (cap) were reported from 9 states; 15 (88%) were associated with methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa). the median age of patients was 21 years; 5 (29%) had underlying diseases, and 4 (24%) had risk factors for mrsa. twelve (71%) had laboratory evidence of influenza virus infection. all but 1 patient, who died on arrival, were hospitalized. death occurred in 5 (4 with mrsa). s. aureus isolates we ...	2006	16707043
platensimycin is a selective fabf inhibitor with potent antibiotic properties.	bacterial infection remains a serious threat to human lives because of emerging resistance to existing antibiotics. although the scientific community has avidly pursued the discovery of new antibiotics that interact with new targets, these efforts have met with limited success since the early 1960s. here we report the discovery of platensimycin, a previously unknown class of antibiotics produced by streptomyces platensis. platensimycin demonstrates strong, broad-spectrum gram-positive antibacter ...	2006	16710421
brevinin-1bya: a naturally occurring peptide from frog skin with broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal properties.	brevinin-1bya (flpilaslaakfgpklfclvtkkc) is a cationic alpha-helical peptide containing an intramolecular disulphide bridge that is present in skin secretions of the foothill yellow-legged frog rana boylii. a synthetic replicate of the peptide showed growth inhibitory activity against a range of reference strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) (minimum inhibitory concentration (mic)=2.5 microm), and aga ...	2006	16713189
induction of cxc chemokines in a549 airway epithelial cells by trypsin and staphylococcal proteases - a possible route for neutrophilic inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis.	while various microorganisms have been recovered from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, the inflammatory impact of virulence factors, in particular proteases from staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci on the nasal epithelium, has not yet been investigated. expression of cxc chemokines was determined in the epithelium of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis by immunohistochemistry. in a cell culture system of a549 respiratory epithelial cells, chemokine levels were quanti ...	2006	16734624
efficacy of an alcohol-based healthcare hand rub containing synergistic combination of farnesol and benzethonium chloride.	healthcare workers are required to disinfect the hands several times a day using hand disinfectants, which leads to chronic hand exposure to high levels of antimicrobials contained in the disinfectants, which could compromise the skin integrity. this problem may be addressed by developing hand disinfectants containing synergistic combinations of small amounts of antimicrobials and other agents. the synergistic effect of farnesol and essential oils with several antimicrobials was studied in vitro ...	2006	16750419
dna detection using recombination proteins.	dna amplification is essential to most nucleic acid testing strategies, but established techniques require sophisticated equipment or complex experimental procedures, and their uptake outside specialised laboratories has been limited. our novel approach, recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa), couples isothermal recombinase-driven primer targeting of template material with strand-displacement dna synthesis. it achieves exponential amplification with no need for pretreatment of sample dna. re ...	2006	16756388
solution structure of the neat (near transporter) domain from isdh/hara: the human hemoglobin receptor in staphylococcus aureus.	during infections the pathogen staphylococcus aureus procures the essential nutrient iron from its host using iron-regulated surface determinant (isd) proteins, which scavenge heme bound iron from host hemoproteins. four isd proteins are displayed in the cell wall, where they function as receptors for host proteins and heme. each of the receptors contains one or more copies of a recently discovered domain called neat (near transporter) that has been shown to mediate protein binding. here we repo ...	2006	16762363
potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from specific natural niches in food production and preservation.	autochthonous strains of lactic acid bacteria (lab) have been isolated from traditionally homemade cheeses collected from specific ecological localities across serbia and montenegro. genetic and biochemical analysis of this lab revealed that they produce bacteriocins, proteinases and exopolysaccharides. lab produces a variety of antimicrobial substances with potential importance for food fermentation and preservation. apart from the metabolic end products, some strains also secrete antimicrobial ...	2006	16764959
acute paraplegia following chiropractic therapy.	we report a 44-year-old man suffering complete paraplegia due to paraspinal and epidural abscess, following chiropractic therapy for severe back pain and whose diagnosis was delayed. he received an immediate laminectomy from t3 through t6 to decompress the full extent of the abscess and appropriate antibiotic therapy for 4 weeks postoperatively for the identified microorganism (staphylococcus aureus). after 3 months of rehabilitation, he had recovered bladder function with moderate left lower ex ...	2006	16769516
binding of natural variants of staphylococcal superantigens seg and sei to tcr and mhc class ii molecule.	seg and sei are staphylococcal superantigens (sags) identified recently that belong to the egc operon and whose genes are in tandem orientation. only a few allelic variants of seg and sei have been reported. here we analyzed four staphylococcus aureus strains with genotypic variation in both sags. however, both sags retain key residues in their putative tcr and mhc binding sites and, accordingly, their superantigenic properties. thus, sei significantly stimulates mouse t-cells bearing vbeta3, 5 ...	2006	16023209
t cell chemotaxis and chemokine release after staphylococcus aureus interaction with polarized airway epithelium.	in response to bacterial infection, airway epithelium releases inflammatory mediators including cytokines and chemokines that lead to immune cell efflux and could stimulate the adaptive t cell immune response. the aim of our study was to analyze, in a double chamber culture, the chemokine changes in response to staphylococcus aureus and their consequences for t cells. our data show that s. aureus stimulates basolateral and apical release of il-8 and eotaxin by airway epithelial cells. we also ob ...	2006	16284362
a competitive mechanism for staphylococcal toxin ssl7 inhibiting the leukocyte iga receptor, fc alphari, is revealed by ssl7 binding at the c alpha2/c alpha3 interface of iga.	leukocyte recruitment and effector functions like phagocytosis and respiratory burst are key elements of immunity to infection. pathogen survival is dependent upon the ability to overwhelm, evade or inhibit the immune system. pathogenic group a and group b streptococci are well known to produce virulence factors that block the binding of iga to the leukocyte iga receptor, fc alphari, thereby inhibiting iga-mediated immunity. recently we found staphylococcus aureus also interferes with iga-mediat ...	2006	16293625
abnormalities in the pulmonary innate immune system in cystic fibrosis.	pulmonary infection is the dominant clinical feature of cystic fibrosis (cf), but the basis for this susceptibility remains incompletely understood. one hypothesis is that cf airway surface liquid (asl) is abnormal and interferes with neutrophil function. to study this possibility, we developed an in vitro system in which we collected asl from primary cultures of normal and cf airway epithelial cells. microbial killing was less efficient when bacteria were incubated with neutrophils in the prese ...	2006	16293782
toll-like receptor 2-mediated expression of beta-defensin-2 in human corneal epithelial cells.	we previously showed that human corneal epithelial cells (hcecs) express toll-like receptors (tlrs), which recognize gram-positive bacteria and respond to staphylococcus aureus infection by the expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and beta-defensin-2 (hbd2). in this study, we further elucidated the underlying mechanisms regulating hbd-2 expression and its role in innate defense in hcecs in response to s. aureus challenge. exposure of hucl cells, a telomerase-immortalized hcec li ...	2006	16242370
expression and purification of human antimicrobial peptide, dermcidin, in escherichia coli.	human dermcidin, an anionic antimicrobial peptide expressed in the pons of the brain and the sweat glands, displays antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms such as staphylococcus aureus and candida albicans. here, we describe the recombinant production of a 48 amino acid dermcidin variant with c-terminal homoserine lactone (dcd-1hsl). dermcidin coding sequence was cloned downstream of a 125 amino acid ketosteroid isomerase gene and upstream of a his6tag sequence in pet-31b(+) ve ...	2006	16125410
the universal influenza vaccine m2e-hbc administered intranasally in combination with the adjuvant cta1-dd provides complete protection.	mucosal vaccination requires effective and safe adjuvants. we have evaluated the non-toxic adjuvant cta1-dd for mucosal vaccination against influenza. cta1-dd contains the enzymatically active cta1 subunit of cholera toxin (ct) genetically fused to a gene encoding a dimer of the d-fragment from staphylococcus aureus protein a. cta1-dd only binds to ig-receptor carrying cells of the immune system. nasal administration of the universal influenza vaccine m2e-hbc in combination with cta1-dd complete ...	2006	16169634
coagulase gene polymorphisms detected by pcr in staphylococcus aureus isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis in turkey.	the genetic relatedness of coagulase (coa) positive staphylococcus aureus isolated from cows with subclinical mastitis in turkey was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis. among 700 milk samples positive in the california mastitis test (cmt), species specific pcr identified 200 (28.6%) isolates as s. aureus and 161 (80.5%) of these isolates were positive for the 3' end of the coa gene by pcr. most isolates (n=135, 83.9%) pr ...	2007	16901735
activities of four frog skin-derived antimicrobial peptides (temporin-1dra, temporin-1va and the melittin-related peptides ar-23 and rv-23) against anaerobic bacteria.	the activities of two antimicrobial peptides belonging to the temporin family (temporin-1dra from rana draytonii and temporin-1va from rana virgatipes) and two peptides with structural similarity to the bee venom peptide melittin (ar-23 from rana tagoi and rv-23 from r. draytonii) were evaluated against a range of reference strains and clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria. these peptides were selected because they show broad-spectrum growth inhibitory activity against reference strains of sev ...	2007	17196372
transcriptional regulation of il-8 by staphylococcus aureus in human conjunctival cells involves activation of ap-1.	to identify signal transduction pathways involved in interleukin (il)-8 expression by human conjunctival cells challenged with staphylococcus aureus.	2007	17197543
signaling and dna-binding activities of the staphylococcus aureus hssr-hsss two-component system required for heme sensing.	for the important human pathogen staphylococcus aureus, host heme is a vital source of nutrient iron during infection. paradoxically, heme is also toxic at high concentrations and is capable of killing s. aureus. to maintain cellular heme homeostasis, s. aureus employs the coordinated actions of the heme sensing two-component system (hssrs) and the heme regulated transporter efflux pump (hrtab). hssrs-dependent expression of hrtab results in the alleviation of heme toxicity and tempered staphylo ...	2007	17635909
differentially expressed genes associated with staphylococcus aureus mastitis of canadian holstein cows.	to study pathway specific gene expression within the immune-endocrine axis of dairy cows with staphylococcus aureus mastitis, mrna was collected from blood mononuclear cells (bmcs) and milk somatic cells (mscs) of cows (n=7) identified as culture positive for s. aureus and their matched negative control cows (n=7) with no evidence of s. aureus mastitis. labeled cdna probes derived from bmcs and mscs of infected and healthy cows were applied to a bovine immune-endocrine cdna array containing 167 ...	2007	17658619
species-level identification of clinical staphylococcal isolates based on polymerase chain reaction--restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a partial groel gene sequence.	a pair of degenerate primers that amplified, by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), a partial groel gene sequence (550 bp) was used for the identification of the 12 most common human staphylococcal pathogens. the amplified products were digested by alui endonuclease, and distinctive pcr restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) patterns for reference strains were obtained. this protocol was validated by the identification of 89 clinical staphylococcal isolates, and the results were compared w ...	2007	17662561
purification and antimicrobial activity studies of the n-terminal fragment of ubiquitin from human amniotic fluid.	a 4.3-kda antimicrobial peptide was isolated from human amniotic fluid by dialysis, ultrafiltration, and c18 reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. this peptide, which we named amniotic fluid peptide-1 (afp-1), possessed antimicrobial activity but lacked hemolytic activity. in addition, afp-1 potently inhibited the growth of a variety of bacteria (escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, listeria monocytogenes and staphylococcus aureus), filamentous fungi (botrytis cinerea, aspe ...	2007	17669700
inhibition of staphylococcal biofilm formation by nitrite.	several environmental stresses have been demonstrated to increase polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (pia) synthesis and biofilm formation by the human pathogens staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis. in this study we characterized an adaptive response of s. aureus sa113 to nitrite-induced stress and show that it involves concomitant impairment of pia synthesis and biofilm formation. transcriptional analysis provided evidence that nitrite, either as the endogenous product of res ...	2007	17720780
detection of surfactant proteins a and d in human tear fluid and the human lacrimal system.	to evaluate the expression and presence of surfactant protein (sp) a and sp-d in the lacrimal apparatus, at the ocular surface, and in tears in healthy and pathologic states.	2007	17724171
neuraminidase produces a decrease of adherence of slime-forming staphylococcus aureus to gelatin-impregnated polyester fiber graft fabric: an experimental study.	because slime-forming microorganisms are the major causative agents of graft infections, we aimed to investigate bacterial adherence in slime-forming and nonslime-forming staphylococcus aureus and to determine the role of neuraminidase (nanase) on adherence to gelatin-impregnated polyester fiber graft fabric. an in vitro model was developed to quantitatively measure bacterial adherence to the surface of the graft. the grafts were divided into two groups - those colonized with slime-forming s. au ...	2007	17846717
structural basis for evasion of iga immunity by staphylococcus aureus revealed in the complex of ssl7 with fc of human iga1.	infection by staphylococcus aureus can result in severe conditions such as septicemia, toxic shock, pneumonia, and endocarditis with antibiotic resistance and persistent nasal carriage in normal individuals being key drivers of the medical impact of this virulent pathogen. in both virulent infection and nasal colonization, s. aureus encounters the host immune system and produces a wide array of factors that frustrate host immunity. one in particular, the prototypical staphylococcal superantigen- ...	2007	17848512
cxcl16 is a novel mediator of the innate immunity of epidermal keratinocytes.	the epidermis is constantly exposed to a variety of microbial pathogens and plays a vital role in resisting them. soluble cxc chemokine ligand (cxcl) 16, which is one of the elr- cxc chemokines, acts as a mediator of innate immunity by attracting cxc chemokine receptor (cxcr) 6-expressing cells, such as activated t cells and nkt cells. however, the production of cxcl16 by non-immune cells remains unclear. we found that cultured keratinocytes produced a significant amount of cxcl16 (2-3 ng per 10 ...	2007	17855433
the role of human beta defensins and cathelicidins in atopic dermatitis.	atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with significant barrier disruption, t-helper type 2 mediated skin inflammation, and an impaired innate immune response. these characteristics increase the susceptibility of atopic dermatitis patients to recurrent skin infections, some of which may have potentially fatal implications. the mechanisms resulting in this increased propensity for skin infections have been an area of active investigation.	2007	17873581