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infection of inbred balb/c and c57bl/6 and outbred institute of cancer research mice with the emerging h7n9 avian influenza virus.a new avian-origin influenza virus a (h7n9) recently crossed the species barrier and infected humans; therefore, there is an urgent need to establish mammalian animal models for studying the pathogenic mechanism of this strain and the immunological response. in this study, we attempted to develop mouse models of h7n9 infection because mice are traditionally the most convenient models for studying influenza viruses. we showed that the novel a (h7n9) virus isolated from a patient could infect inbr ...201326038485
towards a better understanding of the novel avian-origin h7n9 influenza a virus in china.recently, a highly dangerous bird flu has infected over 130 patients in china, and the outbreak was attributed to a novel avian-origin h7n9 virus. here, we performed a systematic analysis of the virus. we clarified the controversial viewpoint on neuraminidase (na) origin and confirmed it was reassorted from korean wild birds with higher confidence, whereas common ancestors of pathogenic h7n9 genes existed only one or two years ago. further analysis of na sequences suggested that most variations ...201323897131
[origin and the recombinant model of h7n9 virus prevailing in china].to investigate the origin and the recombinant model of h7n9 virus prevailing in china by sequence analysis.201323895844
compiling of comprehensive data of human infections with novel influenza a (h7n9) virus. 201323888377
monitoring avian influenza a(h7n9) virus through national influenza-like illness surveillance, china.in china during march 4-april 28, 2013, avian influenza a(h7n9) virus testing was performed on 20,739 specimens from patients with influenza-like illness in 10 provinces with confirmed human cases: 6 (0.03%) were positive, and increased numbers of unsubtypeable influenza-positive specimens were not seen. careful monitoring and rapid characterization of influenza a(h7n9) and other influenza viruses remain critical.201323879887
estimating human cases of avian influenza a(h7n9) from poultry exposure.in march 2013 an outbreak of avian influenza a(h7n9) was first recognized in china. to date there have been 130 cases in human, 47% of which are in men over the age of 55.the influenza strain is a novel subtype not seen before in humans; little is known about zoonotic transmission of the virus, but it is hypothesized that contact with poultry in live bird markets may be a source of exposure. the purpose of this study is to estimate the transmissibility of the virus from poultry to humans by esti ...201323873126
h7n9 influenza viruses are transmissible in ferrets by respiratory droplet.a newly emerged h7n9 virus has caused 132 human infections with 37 deaths in china since 18 february 2013. control measures in h7n9 virus-positive live poultry markets have reduced the number of infections; however, the character of the virus, including its pandemic potential, remains largely unknown. we systematically analyzed h7n9 viruses isolated from birds and humans. the viruses were genetically closely related and bound to human airway receptors; some also maintained the ability to bind to ...201323868922
research on an infectious disease transmission by flocking birds.the swarm intelligence is becoming a hot topic. the flocking of birds is a natural phenomenon, which is formed and organized without central or external controls for some benefits (e.g., reduction of energy consummation). however, the flocking also has some negative effects on the human, as the infectious disease h7n9 will easily be transmited from the denser flocking birds to the human. zombie-city model has been proposed to help analyzing and modeling the flocking birds and the artificial soci ...201323864820
resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors conferred by an r292k mutation in a human influenza virus h7n9 isolate can be masked by a mixed r/k viral population.we characterized the a/shanghai/1/2013 virus isolated from the first confirmed human case of a/h7n9 disease in china. the a/shanghai/1/2013 isolate contained a mixed population of r (65%; 15/23 clones) and k (35%; 8/23 clones) at neuraminidase (na) residue 292, as determined by clonal sequencing. a/shanghai/1/2013 with mixed r/k at residue 292 exhibited a phenotype that is sensitive to zanamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate by the enzyme-based na inhibition assay. the plaque-purified a/shanghai/1 ...201323860768
deaths associated with avian influenza a(h7n9) virus in china. 201323856693
inferring the potential risks of h7n9 infection by spatiotemporally characterizing bird migration and poultry distribution in eastern china.in view of the rapid geographic spread and the increasing number of confirmed cases of novel influenza a(h7n9) virus infections in eastern china, we developed a diffusion model to spatiotemporally characterize the impacts of bird migration and poultry distribution on the geographic spread of h7n9 infection.201323849083
h7n9 avian influenza a virus and the perpetual challenge of potential human pandemicity.abstract the ongoing h7n9 influenza epizootic in china once again presents us questions about the origin of pandemics and how to recognize them in early stages of development. over the past ~135 years, h7 influenza viruses have neither caused pandemics nor been recognized as having undergone human adaptation. yet several unusual properties of these viruses, including their poultry epizootic potential, mammalian adaptation, and atypical clinical syndromes in rarely infected humans, suggest that t ...201323839219
public perceptions and reactions to h7n9 in mainland china.h7n9 poses major challenges for chinese society. early examination of public reactions to threat is critical for framing appropriate public health responses. we investigate initial beliefs about the disease, knowledge, media use, anxiety, and behavioural responses to h7n9 methods: randomly selected participants (n = 637) from mainland china completed an online questionnaire 3 weeks after the first case (response rate 92%). items assessed risk representations and communications, personal values, ...201323834972
case-control study of risk factors for human infection with influenza a(h7n9) virus in jiangsu province, china, 2013.we describe a case-control study performed in jiangsu, china, to evaluate risk factors for human infection with novel avian influenza a(h7n9) virus. twenty-five cases and 93 controls matched by age, sex, and location were included in the study. direct contact with poultry or birds in the two weeks before illness onset, chronic medical conditions (hypertension excluded), and environment-related exposures were significantly associated with a(h7n9) infection.201323827526
biological features of novel avian influenza a (h7n9) virus.human infection associated with a novel reassortant avian influenza h7n9 virus has recently been identified in china. a total of 132 confirmed cases and 39 deaths have been reported. most patients presented with severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. although the first epidemic has subsided, the presence of a natural reservoir and the disease severity highlight the need to evaluate its risk on human public health and to understand the possible pathogenesis mechanism. here we s ...201323823727
emerging h7n9 influenza a (novel reassortant avian-origin) pneumonia: radiologic findings.to determine the radiologic findings of human infection with a novel reassortant avian-origin influenza a h7n9 virus in march 2013, the first outbreak in humans.201323821754
substitution rates of the internal genes in the novel avian h7n9 influenza virus. 201323821733
low pathogenic avian influenza a(h7n9) virus causes high mortality in ferrets upon intratracheal challenge: a model to study intervention strategies.infections with low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) a(h7n9) viruses have caused more than 100 hospitalized human cases of severe influenza in china since february 2013 with a case fatality rate exceeding 25%. most of these human infections presented with severe viral pneumonia, while limited information is available currently on the occurrence of mild and subclinical cases. in the present study, a ferret model for this virus infection in humans is presented to evaluate the pathogenesis of the ...201323816392
deadly h7n9 influenza virus: a pandemic in the making or a warning lesson? 201323815712
mild infection of a novel h7n9 avian influenza virus in children in shanghai. 201326038475
low immunogenicity predicted for emerging avian-origin h7n9: implication for influenza vaccine design.a new avian-origin influenza virus emerged near shanghai in february 2013, and by the beginning of may it had caused over 130 human infections and 36 deaths. human-to-human transmission of avian-origin h7n9 influenza a has been limited to a few family clusters, but the high mortality rate (27%) associated with human infection has raised concern about the potential for this virus to become a significant human pathogen. european, american, and asian vaccine companies have already initiated the pro ...201323807079
human infection with avian influenza a h7n9 virus: an assessment of clinical severity.characterisation of the severity profile of human infections with influenza viruses of animal origin is a part of pandemic risk assessment, and an important part of the assessment of disease epidemiology. our objective was to assess the clinical severity of human infections with avian influenza a h7n9 virus, which emerged in china in early 2013.201323803487
[a limited understanding of hazard of influenza a virus subtype h7n9 in children].since the first human case of influenza a virus subtype h7n9 was reported in shanghai, china in march 2013, there have been two h7n9-infected children and one healthy h7n9 carrier. with a brief introduction to the basic information of the three children, this paper discusses the variation of avian influenza virus by referring to the literature, suggests that human-to-human transmission is not confirmed in the small outbreak, and reviews the measures for preventing and treating h7n9 infection in ...201323791050
[virological characteristics of avian influenza a h7n9 virus].from february 2013, a novel avian influenza a h7n9 virus causing human infection with fatal outcomes has been identified in eastern china. this avian influenza a h7n9 virus is a triple reassortant of viruses that are avian-origin only and it is low pathogenic in poultry. several characteristic amino acid mutations in ha and pb2 polymerase subunit (including g186v, q226l and e627k substitution) have been found through sequence analysis, and these mutations probably facilitate binding to human-typ ...201323791049
emergence of a new strain of the avian influenza a (h7n9) virus. 201323790731
rapid reassortment of internal genes in avian influenza a(h7n9) virus. 201323788242
what clinicians should know to fight against the novel avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus? 201323786926
the h7n9 influenza virus in china--changes since sars. 201323782176
avian influenza a (h7n9) virus: can it help us more objectively judge all respiratory viruses? 201323773628
clinical findings for early human cases of influenza a(h7n9) virus infection, shanghai, china.a novel strain of influenza a(h7n9) virus has emerged in china and is causing mild to severe clinical symptoms in infected humans. some case-patients have died. to further knowledge of this virus, we report the characteristics and clinical histories of 4 early case-patients.201323769184
avian influenza a(h7n9) virus infections, shanghai, china. 201323769147
the first avian influenza a (h7n9) viral infection in humans in zhejiang province, china: a death report.this study reports the first death caused by a novel avian influenza a (h7n9) virus in zhejiang province, china. the patient had chronic hepatitis b and history of exposure to poultry. the patient initially complained of diarrhea and influenza-like symptoms on march 7 and 14 respectively. the disease progressed to severe pneumonia, sustained hypoxia, and coagulation abnormalities. the patient died on march 27 because of respiratory failure, multiple organ failure, and disseminated intravascular ...201323757033
glycan receptor binding of the influenza a virus h7n9 hemagglutinin.the advent of h7n9 in early 2013 is of concern for a number of reasons, including its capability to infect humans, the lack of clarity in the etiology of infection, and because the human population does not have pre-existing immunity to the h7 subtype. earlier sequence analyses of h7n9 hemagglutinin (ha) point to amino acid changes that predicted human receptor binding and impinge on the antigenic characteristics of the ha. here, we report that the h7n9 ha shows limited binding to human receptor ...201323746830
is avian influenza a (h7n9) virus staggering its way to humans?human infections by a new avian influenza a (h7n9) virus have been reported. as of april 23, 2013, there were 108 confirmed cases including 22 deaths in china.201323742902
taiwan faces challenges on the emerging avian influenza a (h7n9) virus in china. 201323742900
[nursing experience for patients with severe h7n9 bird flu virus in critical care unit]. 201323739576
lessons learnt from the human infections of avian-origin influenza a h7n9 virus: live free markets and human health. 201323737001
association between adverse clinical outcome in human disease caused by novel influenza a h7n9 virus and sustained viral shedding and emergence of antiviral resistance.on march 30, a novel influenza a subtype h7n9 virus (a/h7n9) was detected in patients with severe respiratory disease in eastern china. virological factors associated with a poor clinical outcome for this virus remain unclear. we quantified the viral load and analysed antiviral resistance mutations in specimens from patients with a/h7n9.201323726392
a comparison of rapid point-of-care tests for the detection of avian influenza a(h7n9) virus, 2013. 201323725980
outbreak with a novel avian influenza a(h7n9) virus in china--scenarios and triggers for assessing risks and planning responses in the european union, may 2013.as part of the risk assessment and strategic planning related to the emergence of avian influenza a(h7n9) in china the european centre for disease prevention and control (ecdc) has considered two major scenarios. the current situation is the one of a zoonotic epidemic (scenario a) in which the virus might be transmitted sporadically to humans in close contact with an animal reservoir. the second scenario is the movement towards efficient human to human transmission (a pandemic scenario b). we id ...201323725867
epidemiological link between exposure to poultry and all influenza a(h7n9) confirmed cases in huzhou city, china, march to may 2013.we analysed the association between influenza a(h7n9) confirmed cases and exposure to poultry in huzhou city, china. all cases (n=12) had a history of direct exposure to poultry or live poultry markets. we detected a(h7n9)-positive poultry samples from each site that was epidemiologically associated with cases. none of the cases’ close contacts tested positive. after closure of the markets, no new cases were identified, suggesting an epidemiological link between poultry exposure and a(h7n9) viru ...201323725866
surveillance of avian influenza a(h7n9) virus infection in humans and detection of the first imported human case in taiwan, 3 april to 10 may 2013.on 3 april 2013, suspected and confirmed cases of influenza a(h7n9) virus infection became notifiable in the primary care sector in taiwan, and detection of the virus became part of the surveillance of severe community-acquired pneumonia. on 24 april, the first imported case, reported through both surveillance systems, was confirmed in a man returning from china by sequencing from endotracheal aspirates after two negative throat swabs. three of 139 contacts were ill and tested influenza a(h7n9)- ...201323725865
risk assessment on the epidemics of human infection with a novel avian influenza a (h7n9) virus in jiangsu province, china.a novel avian influenza a (h7n9) virus was discovered in february 2013 in china and has resulted in more than 100 comfirmed human infections including 26 fatal cases as of may 2, 2013. the situation raises many urgent questions and global public health concerns. in this study, epidemiologic characteristics of infected human cases in jiangsu province were analyzed and risk assessment was undertaken based on the information available. briefly, it is highly unlikely that a pandemic of human infecti ...201323720670
adapting global influenza management strategies to address emerging viruses.death by respiratory complications from influenza infections continues to be a major global health concern. antiviral drugs are widely available for therapy and prophylaxis, but viral mutations have resulted in resistance that threatens to reduce the long-term utility of approved antivirals. vaccination is the best method for controlling influenza, but vaccine strategies are blunted by virus antigenic drift and shift. genetic shift in particular has led to four pandemics in the last century, whi ...201323709619
avian influenza a (h7n9) infections: intensivists as virus hunters in the new century. 201323706866
infectivity, transmission, and pathology of human-isolated h7n9 influenza virus in ferrets and pigs.the emergence of the h7n9 influenza virus in humans in eastern china has raised concerns that a new influenza pandemic could occur. here, we used a ferret model to evaluate the infectivity and transmissibility of a/shanghai/2/2013 (sh2), a human h7n9 virus isolate. this virus replicated in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of the ferrets and was shed at high titers for 6 to 7 days, with ferrets showing relatively mild clinical signs. sh2 was efficiently transmitted between ferrets via direc ...201323704376
induction of cross-reactive antibodies to novel h7n9 influenza virus by recombinant newcastle disease virus expressing a north american lineage h7 subtype hemagglutinin.severe human disease caused by the emerging h7n9 influenza virus in china warrants a rapid response. here, we present a recombinant newcastle disease virus expressing a north american lineage h7 influenza virus hemagglutinin. sera from immunized mice were cross-reactive to a broad range of h7 subtype viruses and inhibited hemagglutination by the novel h7 hemagglutinin. immunized mice were protected against a heterologous h7 subtype challenge, and genetic analysis suggested that cross-protective ...201323698299
live-animal markets and influenza a (h7n9) virus infection. 201323697471
clinical findings in 111 cases of influenza a (h7n9) virus infection.during the spring of 2013, a novel avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus emerged and spread among humans in china. data were lacking on the clinical characteristics of the infections caused by this virus.201323697469
birds of ill omen--is h7n9 the harbinger of the next pandemic?in february 2013, a novel avian virus appeared in humans in china and caused several fatalities since. the rapidity and efficiency of the organizations in charge led to the quick identification of h7n9 and the triggering of preventive measures. however, the sequencing of the viral genome holds good and bad news and it is not clear yet if we face an emerging pandemic.201323688529
population-level antibody estimates to novel influenza a/h7n9.there are no contemporary data available describing human immunity to novel influenza a/h7n9. using 1723 prospectively collected serum samples in southern vietnam, we tested for antibodies to 5 avian influenza virus antigens, using a protein microarray. general-population antibody titers against subtype h7 virus are higher than antibody titers against subtype h5 and lower than titers against h9. the highest titers were observed for human influenza virus subtypes. titers to avian influenza virus ...201323687225
molecular detection of human h7n9 influenza a virus causing outbreaks in china.a novel subtype of influenza a virus (h7n9) was recently identified in humans. the virus is a reassortant of avian viruses, but these human isolates contain mutations [hemagglutinin (ha) q226l and pb2 e627k] that might make it easier for the virus to adapt to mammalian hosts. molecular tests for rapid detection of this virus are urgently needed.201323665848
environmental connections of novel avian-origin h7n9 influenza virus infection and virus adaptation to the human.a novel h7n9 influenza a virus has been discovered as the causative identity of the emerging acute respiratory infection cases in shanghai, china. this virus has also been identified in cases of infection in the neighboring area hangzhou city in zhejiang province. in this study, epidemiologic, clinical, and virological data from three patients in hangzhou who were confirmed to be infected by the novel h7n9 influenza a virus were collected and analyzed. human respiratory specimens and chicken fec ...201323657795
emergence of avian influenza a(h7n9) virus causing severe human illness - china, february-april 2013.on march 29, 2013, the chinese center for disease control and prevention completed laboratory confirmation of three human infections with an avian influenza a(h7n9) virus not previously reported in humans. these infections were reported to the world health organization (who) on march 31, 2013, in accordance with international health regulations. the cases involved two adults in shanghai and one in anhui province. all three patients had severe pneumonia, developed acute respiratory distress syndr ...201323657113
an overview of the recent outbreaks of the avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus in the human.since the first human infection with influenza a (h7n9) viruses have been identified in shanghai on march 31, 2013, the latest variant of the avian flu virus has spread across four chinese provinces recently. human infections with avian influenza are rare and this is the first time that human infection with a low pathogenic avian influenza a virus has been associated with fatal outcome. to date (may 5(th), 2013), china had reported 128 confirmed h7n9 infections in human, among 27 died. most repo ...201323651506
evolutionary characteristics of a/hangzhou/1/2013 and source of avian influenza virus h7n9 subtype in china. 201323650290
virus-host interactions and the unusual age and sex distribution of human cases of influenza a(h7n9) in china, april 2013. 201323647627
origin and diversity of novel avian influenza a h7n9 viruses causing human infection: phylogenetic, structural, and coalescent analyses.on march 30, 2013, a novel avian influenza a h7n9 virus that infects human beings was identified. this virus had been detected in six provinces and municipal cities in china as of april 18, 2013. we correlated genomic sequences from avian influenza viruses with ecological information and did phylogenetic and coalescent analyses to extrapolate the potential origins of the virus and possible routes of reassortment events.201323643111
how to interpret the transmissibility of novel influenza a(h7n9): an analysis of initial epidemiological data of human cases from china.as the human infections with novel influenza a(h7n9) virus have been reported from several different provinces in china, the pandemic potential of the virus has been questioned. the presence of human-to-human transmission has not been demonstrated, but the absence of demonstration does not guarantee that there is no such transmission.201323642092
epidemiologic characteristics of cases for influenza a(h7n9) virus infections in china. 201323633108
the novel h7n9 influenza a virus: its present impact and indeterminate future. 201323631726
erratum: a fatal case caused by novel h7n9 avian influenza a virus in china.[this corrects the article doi: 10.1038/emi.2013.22.].201326039226
erratum: h7n9 avian influenza virus - search and re-search.[this corrects the article doi: 10.1038/emi.2013.18.].201326039114
poor responses to oseltamivir treatment in a patient with influenza a (h7n9) virus infection.in march 2013, the cases of human infection with influenza a of h7n9 subtype were first reported. preliminary data suggested that the h7n9 isolates are sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors, such as oseltamivir, which is the recommended choice of treatment. on april 2(nd), a 56-year-old male patient was presented with fever and cough to our hospital. he had previous history of close contact with another h7n9 patient. after caring for his wife (a confirmed h7n9 infection case died on april 3(rd)) ...201326038464
clinical presentation and sequence analyses of ha and na antigens of the novel h7n9 viruses.recently, a novel h7n9 avian influenza a virus has led to a human influenza outbreak in china. here we report a 64-year old man with possible history of chronic bronchitis died from the h7n9 infection in huzhou city, zhejiang province in eastern china. the patient had been exposed to poultry before disease onset. phylogenetic analyses of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes showed a close genetic relationship between viruses from the patient and from poultry booths where he had visited, indicat ...201326038463
h7n9 is a virus worth worrying about. 201323619655
structures and receptor binding of hemagglutinins from human-infecting h7n9 influenza viruses.an avian-origin human-infecting influenza (h7n9) virus was recently identified in china. we have evaluated the viral hemagglutinin (ha) receptor-binding properties of two human h7n9 isolates, a/shanghai/1/2013 (sh-h7n9) (containing the avian-signature residue gln(226)) and a/anhui/1/2013 (ah-h7n9) (containing the mammalian-signature residue leu(226)). we found that sh-h7n9 ha preferentially binds the avian receptor analog, whereas ah-h7n9 ha binds both avian and human receptor analogs. furthermo ...201324009358
rapid and sensitive detection of h7n9 avian influenza virus by use of reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification.an epidemic of human h7n9 influenza virus infection recently emerged in china whose clinical features include high mortality and which has also resulted in serious economic loss. the novel reassortant avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus which was the causative agent of this epidemic raised the possibility of triggering a large-scale influenza pandemic worldwide. it seemed likely that fast molecular detection assays specific for this virus would be in great demand. here, we report a one-step re ...201324006004
simultaneous detection of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of novel influenza a (h7n9) by duplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.a novel reassortant influenza a (h7n9) virus emerged recently in china. in this study, a duplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes of h7n9 influenza viruses. the sensitivity of the assay was determined to be 10 rna copies per reaction for both ha and na genes. no cross-reactivity was observed with other influenza virus subtypes or respiratory tract viruses. one h ...201324001700
infection of swine ex vivo tissues with avian viruses including h7n9 and correlation with glycomic analysis.swine have been regarded as intermediate hosts in the spread of influenza from birds to humans but studies of the sialylated glycans that comprise their respiratory tract have not been extensively studied in the past. this study analyzed the sialylated n-glycan and o-glycan profile of swine trachea and lung and correlated this with ex-vivo infection of swine explants with avian influenza viruses.201324001121
a case of avian influenza a (h7n9) virus occurring in the summer season, china. 201323999148
clinical management and infection control of sars: lessons learned.the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in 2003 was the first emergence of an important human pathogen in the 21st century. responding to the epidemic provided clinicians with extensive experience in diagnosing and treating a novel respiratory viral disease. in this article, we review the experience of the sars epidemic, focusing on measures taken to identify and isolate patients, prevent the transmission of infection to healthcare workers and develop effective therapies. lesson ...201323994190
erratum: human h7n9 avian influenza virus infection: a review and pandemic risk assessment.[this corrects the article doi: 10.1038/emi.2013.48.].201326039439
cytokine and chemokine levels in patients infected with the novel avian influenza a (h7n9) virus in china.h7n9 avian influenza is an emerging viral disease in china caused by avian influenza a (h7n9) virus. we investigated host cytokine and chemokine profiles in serum samples of h7n9 patients by multiplex-microbead immunoassays. statistical analysis showed that ip-10, il-6, il-17, and il-2 were increased in h7n9 infected patients. furthermore, il-6 and the chemokine ip-10 were significantly higher in severe h7n9 patients compared to nonsevere h7n9 cases. we suggest that proinflammatory cytokine resp ...201323990573
clinical and epidemiological survey and analysis of the first case of human infection with avian influenza a(h7n9) virus in hangzhou, china.to investigate and report on the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the first case of human infection with avian influenza a(h7n9) virus in hangzhou, china. a field epidemiological survey was used to study the first case in hangzhou. the patient was a 39-year-old male chef with a history of exposure to a farm product market and to poultry prior to the onset of disease on 15 march 2013. he had diarrhea, chills, pyrexia, and intermittent cough with freshly red foamy bloody sputum earl ...201323990172
understanding molecular mechanisms of traditional chinese medicine for the treatment of influenza viruses infection by computational approaches.the battle against influenza is an enduring one. for hundreds of years, people have fought such small viruses with practices such as traditional chinese medicine (tcm), however only recently has it been possible to use cutting-edge technology to investigate their mechanisms. here, we re-created this ancient chinese knowledge to explore the chemistry of herbs and elucidate their mechanism of action using molecular computational methods. our results show that tcm compounds can inhibit influenza vi ...201323986228
human infection with h7n9 virus. 201323984743
human infection with h7n9 virus. 201323984742
human infection with h7n9 virus. 201323984741
detection of influenza h7n9 virus: all molecular tests are not equal.the recent emergence of influenza a virus (h7n9) emphasizes the need for its rapid detection. while commercial nucleic acid amplification tests (naats) are commonly used to detect seasonal influenza virus, this study demonstrated that the analytical sensitivity of commercial assays is highly variable compared to that of cdc-based in-house naats for the detection of h7n9.201323966485
r292k substitution and drug susceptibility of influenza a(h7n9) viruses.neuraminidase inhibitors are the only licensed antiviral medications available to treat avian influenza a(h7n9) virus infections in humans. according to a neuraminidase inhibition assay, an r292k substitution reduced antiviral efficacy of inhibitors, especially oseltamivir, and decreased viral fitness in cell culture. monitoring emergence of r292k-carrying viruses using a ph-modified neuraminidase inhibition assay should be considered.201323965618
epidemiological, clinical and viral characteristics of fatal cases of human avian influenza a (h7n9) virus in zhejiang province, china.the high mortality of avian influenza h7n9 in humans is a cause of great concern in china.201323958687
h7n9 influenza viruses interact preferentially with α2,3-linked sialic acids and bind weakly to α2,6-linked sialic acids.the recent human outbreak of h7n9 avian influenza a virus has caused worldwide concerns. receptor binding specificity is critical for viral pathogenicity, and still not thoroughly studied for this emerging virus. here, we evaluated the receptor specificity of the haemagglutinin (ha) of two human h7n9 isolates (a/shanghai/1/13 and a/anhui/1/13) through a solid-phase binding assay and a flow cytometry-based assay. in addition, we compared it with those from several has from human and avian influen ...201323950563
analysis of the clinical characteristics and treatment of two patients with avian influenza virus (h7n9).avian influenza is one of the most dangerous contagions in poultry worldwide, and avian influenza a viruses are the major pathogens responsible. outbreaks of h7n9, a strain of the avian influenza a virus h7 subtype, have increasingly been reported in several countries since 2007. this spring, h7n9 broke out in china and has thus far caused 24 cases of infection and 7 deaths. recently, we treated two patients with h7n9 infection. the infection was characterized by respiratory symptoms, fever, rap ...201323612081
specific detection by real-time reverse-transcription pcr assays of a novel avian influenza a(h7n9) strain associated with human spillover infections in china.in response to a recent outbreak in china, detection assays for a novel avian influenza a(h7n9) virus need to be implemented in a large number of public health laboratories. here we present real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assays for specific detection of this virus, along with clinical validation data and biologically-safe positive controls.201323611031
genetic analysis of novel avian a(h7n9) influenza viruses isolated from patients in china, february to april 2013.novel influenza viruses of the h7n9 subtype have infected 33 and killed nine people in china as of 10 april 2013. their haemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase genes probably originated from eurasian avian influenza viruses; the remaining genes are closely related to avian h9n2 influenza viruses. several characteristic amino acid changes in ha and the pb2 rna polymerase subunit probably facilitate binding to human-type receptors and efficient replication in mammals, respectively, highlighting the ...201323594575
a novel reassortant avian influenza a(h7n9) virus in china - what are the implications for europe. 201323594574
global concerns regarding novel influenza a (h7n9) virus infections. 201323577629
human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus.infection of poultry with influenza a subtype h7 viruses occurs worldwide, but the introduction of this subtype to humans in asia has not been observed previously. in march 2013, three urban residents of shanghai or anhui, china, presented with rapidly progressing lower respiratory tract infections and were found to be infected with a novel reassortant avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus.201323577628
a fatal case caused by novel h7n9 avian influenza a virus in china. 201326038460
h7n9 avian influenza virus - search and re-search. 201326038459
the first patient recovered from avian influenza a h7n9 viral infection: a case report and review of the literature.in march 2013, a novel avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus was isolated from throat swabs of 2 patients at the fifth people's hospital of shanghai, china. subsequently, 4 more patients infected by h7n9 were identified. of the 6 patients, 4 died of acute respiratory distress syndrome. here, we report the first case of a patient who recovered from pneumonia induced by h7n9 infection. the patient presented with fever, cough, and blood in sputum. laboratory tests showed a low level of leukocytes, ...201326029506
vectored expression of the broadly neutralizing antibody fi6 in mouse airway provides partial protection against a new avian influenza a virus, h7n9. 201324132603
h7n9 influenza: something old, something new ….in february 2013, two patients living in shanghai were admitted to the shanghai fifth hospital with fever, cough and respiratory tract infection, followed by severe pneumonia, respiratory distress and multiorgan dysfunction(1). while the first patient, an 87-year-old man, did not present a history of exposure to live birds during the preceding 2 weeks, the second patient, a 27-year-old man,was a butcher at a market selling live birds. a 35-year-old female from the anhui province of china, the th ...201323910504
viruses from ducks and chickens dominate the family tree of h7n9. 201323657185
pandemic potential of avian influenza a (h7n9) viruses.avian influenza viruses rarely infect humans, but the recently emerged avian h7n9 influenza viruses have caused sporadic infections in humans in china, resulting in 440 confirmed cases with 122 fatalities as of 16 may 2014. in addition, epidemiologic surveys suggest that there have been asymptomatic or mild human infections with h7n9 viruses. these viruses replicate efficiently in mammals, show limited transmissibility in ferrets and guinea pigs, and possess mammalian-adapting amino acid changes ...201425264312
live attenuated h7n7 influenza vaccine primes for a vigorous antibody response to inactivated h7n7 influenza vaccine.h7 influenza viruses have emerged as potential pandemic threat. we evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of two candidate h7 pandemic live attenuated influenza vaccines (plaiv) and their ability to prime for responses to an unadjuvanted h7 pandemic inactivated influenza vaccine (piiv).201425446831
surveillance of the first case of human avian influenza a (h7n9) virus in beijing, china.human infections with avian influenza a (h7n9) virus manifested in china in march 2013. the first case infected with h7n9 virus in beijing involved a family member of a chicken dealer and was reported in april 2013. the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of this case and her parents were examined to illustrate some key traits regarding this novel h7n9 virus.201424129555
laboratory findings in patients with avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus infections.reports describing the laboratory findings associated with human h7n9 infections are limited. in this study, the laboratory findings of 39 patients with confirmed h7n9 infection were analyzed retrospectively. patients were enrolled following admission to the first affiliated hospital, college of medicine, zhejiang university, the primary hospital for the treatment of patients with h7n9 infections in zhejiang province in china between march and april in 2013. hematological abnormalities included ...201424127336
inhibition of novel reassortant avian influenza h7n9 virus infection in vitro with three antiviral drugs, oseltamivir, peramivir and favipiravir.a novel reassortant avian-origin influenza a (h7n9) virus was isolated from respiratory specimens obtained from three patients and was identified as h7n9 in china. antiviral agents are required to treat patients with avian influenza h7n9 virus infection.201423948557
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