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evaluation of etoxazole against insects and acari in vegetables in china.etoxazole, 2-(2,6-difluorophenyl-4-[4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-ethoxy-phenyl]-4,5-dihydrooxazole, an organofluorine chitin synthesis inhibitor, was assayed for its bioactivities against several major insect and acarus pests and compared to several other pesticides: two chitin synthesis inhibitors, hexaflumuron and chlorfluazuron; a pyrethroid, permethrin; an organophosphate, acephate; a carboximide, hexythiazox; and a tetrazine, clofentezine. the lc50 of etoxazole was calculated using probit analys ...201425373230
natural occurrence of entomophthoroid fungi of aphid pests on medicago sativa l. in argentina.four species of entomophthoroid fungi, pandora neoaphidis (entomophthorales: entomophthoraceae), zoophthora radicans (entomophthorales: entomophthoraceae), entomophthora planchoniana (entomophthorales: entomophthoraceae) and neozygites fresenii (neozygitales: neozygitaceae) were found to infect aphis craccivora, therioaphis trifolii, and acyrthosiphon pisum and unidentified species of acyrthosiphon on lucerne in argentina. samples were collected from five sites (ceres, rafaela, sarmiento, monte ...201424721275
degradation of the neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid via the n-carbamoylimine derivate (im-1-2) mediated by the nitrile hydratase of the nitrogen-fixing bacterium ensifer meliloti cgmcc 7333.the metabolism of the widely used neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid (ace) has been extensively studied in plants, animals, soils, and microbes. however, hydration of the n-cyanoimine group in ace to the n-carbamoylimine derivate (im-1-2) by purified microbes, the enzyme responsible for this biotransformation, and further degradation of im-1-2 have not been studied. the present study used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine that the ...201425285354
impact of imidacloprid on life-cycle development of coccinella septempunctata in laboratory microcosms.long-term effects of a single application of imidacloprid on ladybird beetle, coccinella septempunctata l., were studied in indoor laboratory microcosms, starting with the 2nd instar larvae of c. septempunctata but covering the full life cycle. the microcosms comprised enclosures containing a pot with soil planted with broad bean plants and black bean aphid, aphis craccivora koch, as food. exposure doses (0.85-13.66g a.i. ha(-1)) in the long-term microcosm experiment were based on a preliminary ...201425240465
pyridine derivatives as insecticides. part 1: synthesis and toxicity of some pyridine derivatives against cowpea aphid, aphis craccivora koch (homoptera: aphididae).five pyridine derivatives, namely, n-morpholinium 7,7-dimethyl-3-cyano-4-(4'-nitrophenyl)-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-2-thiolate (1), sodium 5-acetyl-3-amino-4-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-6-methylthieno[2,3-b] pyridine-2-carboxylate (2), piperidinium 3,5-dicyano-2-oxo-4-spirocyclopentane-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine-6-thiolate (3), piperidinium 5-acetyl-3-cyano-4-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-6-methylpyridine-2-thiolate (4), and piperidinium 5-acetyl-4-(4'-chlorophenyl)-3-cyano-6-methyl-pyridine-2-thiolate ( ...201425226271
evaluation of etoxazole against insects and acari in vegetables in china.etoxazole, 2-(2,6-difluorophenyl-4-[4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-ethoxy-phenyl]-4,5-dihydrooxazole, an organofluorine chitin synthesis inhibitor, was assayed for its bioactivities against several major insect and acarus pests and compared to several other pesticides: two chitin synthesis inhibitors, hexaflumuron and chlorfluazuron; a pyrethroid, permethrin; an organophosphate, acephate; a carboximide, hexythiazox; and a tetrazine, clofentezine. the lc50 of etoxazole was calculated using probit analys ...201425199415
alfalfa leaf curl virus: an aphid-transmitted geminivirus.the family geminiviridae comprises seven genera differentiated by genome organization, sequence similarity, and insect vector. capulavirus, an eighth genus, has been proposed to accommodate two newly discovered highly divergent geminiviruses that presently have no known vector. alfalfa leaf curl virus, identified here as a third capulavirus, is shown to be transmitted by aphis craccivora. this is the first report of an aphid-transmitted geminivirus.201526109720
differential life history trait associations of aphids with nonpersistent viruses in cucurbits.the diversity of vectors and fleeting nature of virus acquisition and transmission renders nonpersistent viruses a challenge to manage. we assessed the importance of noncolonizing versus colonizing vectors with a 2-yr survey of aphids and nonpersistent viruses on commercial pumpkin farms. we quantified aphid alightment using pan traps, while testing leaf samples with multiplex rt-pcr targeting cucumber mosaic virus (cmv), zucchini yellow mosaic virus (zymv), watermelon mosaic virus (wmv), and pa ...201526313961
additive interactions of unrelated viruses in mixed infections of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp).this study was carried out to determine the effects of single infections and co-infections of three unrelated viruses on three cowpea cultivars (one commercial cowpea cultivar "white" and 2 iita lines; it81d-985 and tvu 76). the plants were inoculated with cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv), genus potyvirus, cowpea mottle virus (cmev), genus carmovirus and southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv), genus sobemovirus singly and in mixture (double and triple) at 10, 20, and 30 days after planting (da ...201526483824
survey of aphid population in a yellow passion fruit crop and its relationship on the spread cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus in a subtropical region of brazil.passion fruit woodiness may be caused by cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv) and is currently the major passion fruit disease in brazil. to assess the virus-vector-host interactions, a newly introduced golden passion fruit plantation located in eastern region of são paulo state, brazil, was monitored.201526413443
analysis of genome comparison of two indian isolates of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus from india.the complete sequence of two cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv) isolates (rr3 and rr4) from india was determined. phylogenetic analysis showed that both isolates showed different closeness with other isolates of cabmv. cabmv-rr3 showed maximum identity of 99 % with cabmv-br1 from brazil at nucleotide and protein levels, whereas cabmv-rr4 showed identity of 73 and 95 % with cabmv-z isolate from zimbabwe at nucleotide and protein levels respectively. similarity identity matrix revealed 69 % i ...201526184969
parasitic wasps aphidius ervi are more attracted to a blend of host-induced plant volatiles than to the independent compounds.arthropodal natural enemies respond to volatiles from plants infested by their prey/host herbivores (herbivore-induced plant volatiles; hipvs). however, the relative importance of hipv blends vs. each compound in the blend in attracting natural enemies is not fully understood. in this study, we investigated the response of a parasitic wasp, aphidius ervi, to hipvs that were specific or nonspecific to infestations by its host aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum. to select such compounds, we compared the v ...201526302986
ants learn aphid species as mutualistic partners: is the learning behavior species-specific?in ant-aphid associations, many aphid species provide ants with honeydew and are tended by ants, whereas others are never tended and are frequently preyed upon by ants. in these relationships, ants must have the ability to discriminate among aphid species, with mutualistic aphids being accepted as partners rather than prey. although ants reportedly use cuticular hydrocarbons (chcs) of aphids to differentiate between mutualistic and non-mutualistic species, it is unclear whether the ability to re ...201526590597
circulative nonpropagative aphid transmission of nanoviruses: an oversimplified view.plant virus species of the family nanoviridae have segmented genomes with the highest known number of segments encapsidated individually. they thus likely represent the most extreme case of the so-called multipartite, or multicomponent, viruses. all species of the family are believed to be transmitted in a circulative nonpropagative manner by aphid vectors, meaning that the virus simply crosses cellular barriers within the aphid body, from the gut to the salivary glands, without replicating or e ...201526178991
resource partitioning in a ladybird, menochilus sexmaculatus: function of body size and prey density.in the present study, resource partitioning by natural conspecific size variants (small and large) of ladybird, menochilus sexmaculatus (fabricius) females, in response to varying prey densities was assessed using functional and numerical responses as measures of prey density. the prey provided was small (second) and large (fourth) instars of aphis craccivora koch. results revealed that under choice condition, small and large females of m. sexmaculatus consumed higher number of small and large i ...201525467186
temperature and development impacts on housekeeping gene expression in cowpea aphid, aphis craccivora (hemiptera: aphidiae).quantitative real-time pcr (qrt-pcr) is a powerful technique to quantify gene expression. to standardize gene expression studies and obtain more accurate qrt-pcr analysis, normalization relative to consistently expressed housekeeping genes (hkgs) is required. in this study, ten candidate hkgs including elongation factor 1 α (ef1a), ribosomal protein l11 (rpl11), ribosomal protein l14 (rpl14), ribosomal protein s8 (rps8), ribosomal protein s23 (rps23), nadh-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (nadh), vacuo ...201526090683
design, synthesis and bioactivities of novel dichloro-allyloxy-phenol-containing pyrazole oxime derivatives.in this study, in order to find novel biologically active pyrazole oxime compounds, a number of dichloro-allyloxy-phenol-containing pyrazole oximes were designed and synthesized according to the method of active group combination. all of the target compounds were confirmed by ¹h-nmr, (13)c-nmr and elemental analysis. in addition, bioassays showed that all of the newly synthesized compounds had no acaricidal activity against tetranychus cinnabarinus and low insecticidal activity against aphis cra ...201526670221
triterpenoid saponins from clematis graveolens and evaluation of their insecticidal activities.a new hederagenin based triterpenoid saponin, clematograveolenoside a (1), along with three known saponins, tomentoside a (2), huzhangoside d (3) and clematoside s (4), were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of clematis graveolens. the structure of new compound was elucidated on the basis of detailed analysis of chemical and spectroscopic data including 1d- and 2d nmr spectra. compound 2 was found the most effective against aphid (aphis craccivora) with an lc50 of 1.2 and 0.5 mg/ml after trea ...201526594749
tetrahydroindeno[1',2':4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazol-5(1h)-ones as novel neonicotinoid insecticides: reaction selectivity and substituent effects on the activity level.tetraheterocyclic tetrahydroindeno[1',2':4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazol-5(1h)-one derivatives as novel neonicotinoid candidates were designed and prepared by selective etherification, chlorination and esterification of ninhydrin-heterocyclic ketene aminals adducts. some of the designed compounds showed excellent insecticidal activity against cowpea aphids (aphis craccivora), brown planthopper (nilaparvata lugens), and armyworm (mythimna separata). in particular, the activity against armyworm (mythim ...201525611859
identification of aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) species of economic importance in kenya using dna barcodes and pcr-rflp-based approach.aphids are among pests of economic importance throughout the world. together with transmitting plant viruses, aphids are capable of inflicting severe crop production losses. they also excrete honeydew that favours the growth of sooty mold which reduces the quality of vegetables and fruits and hence their market values. rapid and accurate identification of aphids to the species level is a critical component in effective pest management and plant quarantine systems. even though morphological taxon ...201626490301
synthesis and bioactivities of novel pyrazole oxime derivatives containing a 1,2,3-thiadiazole moiety.a series of new pyrazole oxime compounds bearing a 1,2,3-thiadiazole ring were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their insecticidal, acaricidal and antitumor activities. bioassays demonstrated that some title compounds displayed satisfactory insecticidal and acaricidal properties. especially, compounds 8d and 8h exhibited 90% insecticidal activities against aphis craccivora at the concentration of 100μg/ml. interestingly, some of the target compounds possessed significant antitumor activi ...201627503679
differential induction of flavonoids in groundnut in response to helicoverpa armigera and aphis craccivora infestation.flavonoids are important plant secondary metabolites, which protect plants from various stresses, including herbivory. plants differentially respond to insects with different modes of action. high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) fingerprinting of phenols of groundnut (arachis hypogaea) plants with differential levels of resistance was carried out in response to helicoverpa armigera (chewing insect) and aphis craccivora (sucking pest) infestation. the genotypes used were icgv 86699, icgv ...201627398031
synthesis and biological activities of novel 1,3,4-thiadiazole-containing pyrazole oxime derivatives.a new library of 1,3,4-thiadiazole-containing pyrazole oximes was designed and synthesized. their acaricidal and insecticidal activities were evaluated. bioassay results indicated that some target compounds exhibited good acaricidal and insecticidal properties. especially, compound 8m had 80% acaricidal activity against tetranychus cinnabarinus at the concentration of 50μg/ml, compound 8f displayed 100% insecticidal activities against aphis craccivora at the concentration of 50μg/ml, compounds 8 ...201627324978
relationships between aphids (insecta: homoptera: aphididae) and slugs (gastropoda: stylommatophora: agriolimacidae) pests of legumes (fabaceae: lupinus).lupin plants are frequently damaged by various herbivorous invertebrates. significant among these are slugs and aphids, which sometimes attack the same plants. relationships between aphids, slugs and food plant are very interesting. grazing by these pests on young plants can lead to significant yield losses. there is evidence that the alkaloids present in some lupin plants may reduce grazing by slugs, aphids and other invertebrates. in laboratory study was analyzed the relationships between aphi ...201627324580
all 37 mitochondrial genes of aphid aphis craccivora obtained from transcriptome sequencing: implications for the evolution of aphids.the availability of mitochondrial genome data for aphididae, one of the economically important insect pest families, in public databases is limited. the advent of next generation sequencing technology provides the potential to generate mitochondrial genome data for many species timely and cost-effectively. in this report, we used transcriptome sequencing technology to determine all the 37 mitochondrial genes of the cowpea aphid, aphis craccivora. this method avoids the necessity of finding suita ...201627314587
synthesis and bioactivities of novel pyrazole oxime derivatives containing a 5-trifluoromethylpyridyl moiety.in this study, in order to find novel biologically active pyrazole oxime compounds, a series of pyrazole oxime derivatives containing a 5-trifluoromethylpyridyl moiety were synthesized. preliminary bioassays indicated that most title compounds were found to display good to excellent acaricidal activity against tetranychus cinnabarinus at a concentration of 200 μg/ml, and some designed compounds still showed excellent acaricidal activity against tetranychus cinnabarinus at the concentration of 10 ...201626927054
slow and fast development in two aphidophagous ladybirds on scarce and abundant prey supply.developmental rates are highly variable, both within and between genotypes and populations. but the rationale for two differential (slow and fast) developmental rates within same cohort under varying prey supply has yet not been explored. for this purpose, we investigated the effect of scarce and abundant prey supply on slow and fast development at 27°c in two aphidophagous ladybirds, menochilus sexmaculatus (fabricius) and propylea dissecta (mulsant) and its effect on their body mass and reprod ...201626898500
metagenomic-based screening and molecular characterization of cowpea-infecting viruses in burkina faso.cowpea, (vigna unguiculata l. (walp)) is an annual tropical grain legume. often referred to as "poor man's meat", cowpea is one of the most important subsistence legumes cultivated in west africa due to the high protein content of its seeds. however, african cowpea production can be seriously constrained by viral diseases that reduce yields. while twelve cowpea-infecting viruses have been reported from africa, only three of these have so-far been reported from burkina faso. here we use a virion- ...201627764211
synthesis, biological activities and structure-activity relationships for new avermectin analogues.in an effort to discover new molecules with good insecticidal activities, more than 40 new avermectin derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their biological activities against three species of arachnids, insects and nematodes, namely, tetranychus cinnabarinus, aphis craccivora and bursaphelenchus xylophilus. all the tested compounds showed potent inhibitory activities against three insect species. notably, the majority of compounds exhibited high selectivity against t. cinnabarinus, som ...201627318119
additive effects on the improvement of insecticidal activity: design, synthesis, and insecticidal activity of novel pymetrozine derivatives.a series of new pymetrozine analogues containing both methyl on the imine carbon and phenoxy group at the pyridine ring were designed and synthesized. their insecticidal activities against bean aphid (aphis craccivora), mosquito larvae (culex pipiens pallens), cotton bollworm (helicoverpa armigera), corn borer (ostrinia nubilalis) and oriental armyworm (mythimna separata) were evaluated. the results of bioassays indicated that most of the target compounds showed good insecticidal activity agains ...201626342545
how active ingredient localisation in plant tissues determines the targeted pest spectrum of different chemistries.the efficacies of four commercial insecticides and of two research compounds were tested against aphids (aphis craccivora and myzus persicae), whiteflies (bemisia tabaci) and red-spotted spider mites (tetranychus urticae) in intrinsic (oral administration), curative (direct contact spray) and translaminar (arthropods infested on untreated leaf underside) assays. with a new translaminar model, the transport across the leaf cuticle and tissues and the electrochemical distribution of test compounds ...201626112169
effect of photoperiod on slow and fast developing individuals in aphidophagous ladybirds, menochilus sexmaculatus and propylea dissecta (coleoptera: coccinellidae).the effects of environmental parameters on insect development have been studied extensively. but the reasons for 2 differential developmental rates within same cohort under varying environmental factors have not been explored. for the purpose, in this study the existence and stability of slow and fast development under 5 photoperiods (i.e., 8l: 16d, 10l : 14d, 12l : 12d, 14l : 10d and 16l : 8d; light and dark hours per day) and its effect on body mass and reproductive attributes in 2 aphidophago ...201625382458
capulavirus and grablovirus: two new genera in the family geminiviridae.geminiviruses are plant-infecting single-stranded dna viruses that occur in most parts of the world. currently, there are seven genera within the family geminiviridae (becurtovirus, begomovirus, curtovirus, eragrovirus, mastrevirus, topocuvirus and turncurtovirus). the rate of discovery of new geminiviruses has increased significantly over the last decade as a result of new molecular tools and approaches (rolling-circle amplification and deep sequencing) that allow for high-throughput workflows. ...201728213872
genetic mapping and legume synteny of aphid resistance in african cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp.) grown in california.the cowpea aphid aphis craccivora koch (cpa) is a destructive insect pest of cowpea, a staple legume crop in sub-saharan africa and other semiarid warm tropics and subtropics. in california, cpa causes damage on all local cultivars from early vegetative to pod development growth stages. sources of cpa resistance are available in african cowpea germplasm. however, their utilization in breeding is limited by the lack of information on inheritance, genomic location and marker linkage associations o ...201725620880
establishing alighting preferences and species transmission differences for pea seed-borne mosaic virus aphid vectors.pea seed-borne mosaic virus (psbmv) infection causes a serious disease of field pea (pisum sativum) crops worldwide. the psbmv transmission efficiencies of five aphid species previously found landing in south-west australian pea crops in which psbmv was spreading were studied. with plants of susceptible pea cv. kaspa, the transmission efficiencies of aphis craccivora, myzus persicae, acyrthosiphon kondoi and rhopalosiphum padi were 27%, 26%, 6% and 3%, respectively. lipaphis erysimi did not tran ...201728408208
nostoc calcicola extract improved the antioxidative response of soybean to cowpea aphid.soybean (glycine max (l.) merr. cv. "nam dan") is one of the most valuable crops in agricultural production in nghe an province (vietnam). our previous study revealed that extract of the cyanobacterium strain nostoc calcicola hn9 expressed positive effect on growth and development, and raised soybean productivity (tran et al. in proceeding of vietnam national conference of research on biology, da nang, 2016). we hypothesized that n. calcicola hn9 would improve the defense responses of g. max cv. ...201729185129
ant-mediated indirect negative effects of aphids on spider mites living on the same plant.some aphid species are known to have mutualistic relationships with tending ants; that is, the aphids supply the ants with honeydew and are protected by the ants. although spider mites and honeydew-producing aphids often live on the same host plant, it has not previously been determined whether the ants tending these aphids affect spider mite survival. using replicated microcosms, each containing an artificial ant nest, we compared experimentally the survival of two-spotted spider mites on kidne ...201728509945
tetramorium tsushimae ants use methyl branched hydrocarbons of aphids for partner recognition.in mutualisms, partner discrimination is often the most important challenge for interacting organisms. the interaction between ants and aphids is a model system for studying mutualisms; ants are provided with honeydew by aphids and, in turn, the ants offer beneficial services to the aphids. to establish and maintain this system, ants must discriminate mutualistic aphid species correctly. although recent studies have shown that ants recognize aphids as mutualistic partners based on their cuticula ...201728980108
endosymbionts differentially alter exploratory probing behavior of a nonpersistent plant virus vector.insect endosymbionts (hereafter, symbionts) can modify plant virus epidemiology by changing the physiology or behavior of vectors, but their role in nonpersistent virus pathosystems remains uninvestigated. unlike propagative and circulative viruses, nonpersistent plant virus transmission occurs via transient contamination of mouthparts, making direct interaction between symbiont and virus unlikely. nonpersistent virus transmission occurs during exploratory intracellular punctures with styletifor ...201729290035
genetic structure of the aphis craccivora (hemiptera: aphididae) from thailand inferred from mitochondrial coi gene sequence.the cowpea aphid, aphis craccivora koch (hemiptera: aphididae), is one of the most destructive insect pests of legume plants worldwide. although outbreaks of this pest occur annually in thailand causing heavy damage, its genetic structure and demographic history are poorly understood. in order to determine genetic structure and genetic relationship of the geographic populations of this species, we examined sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) gene of 51 individuals col ...201728973491
improving the artificial diet for adult of seven spotted ladybird beetle coccinella septempunctata l. (coleoptera: coccinellidae) with orthogonal design.in this study, an orthogonal array design with 16 factors at two levels (216) was performed to develop an artificial diet rearing the adults of seven spotted ladybird beetle coccinella septempunctata. the parameters of weight gain and survival rate of adults, preoviposition period, fecundity and hatching rate of diet-fed adults were monitored. the 16 factors were included: pork liver, infant formula, sucrose, olive oil, yolk, corn oil, yeast powder, cholesterol, casein, casein hydrolysate, vitam ...201728925339
social transmission of information about a mutualist via trophallaxis in ant colonies.partner discrimination is crucial in mutualistic interactions between organisms to counteract cheating by the partner. trophobiosis between ants and aphids is a model system of such mutualistic interaction. to establish and maintain the mutualistic association, ants need to correctly discriminate mutualistic aphids. however, the mechanism by which ants recognize aphids as their partners is poorly understood, despite its ecological and evolutionary importance. here, we show for the first time the ...201728855369
a window of opportunity: subdominant predators can use suboptimal prey.introduced species have been linked to declines of native species through mechanisms including intraguild predation and exploitative competition. however, coexistence among species may be promoted by niche partitioning if native species can use resources that the invasive species cannot. previous research has shown that some strains of the aphid aphis craccivora are toxic to a competitively dominant invasive lady beetle, harmonia axyridis. our objective was to investigate whether these aphids mi ...201728770065
next-generation sequencing reveals the first complete genome sequence of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus from uganda.we present here the first complete genome sequence of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv) isolated from cowpea in uganda and compare it with five cabmv complete genome sequences from brazil (2), india (2), and zimbabwe (1). it most resembled the genomes of two brazilian isolates (mg-avr and br1) and one indian isolate (rr3).201829348353
identification of the alarm pheromone of cowpea aphid, and comparison with two other aphididae species.in response to a predator attack, many aphidinae species release an alarm pheromone, which induces dispersal behavior in other individuals within the colony. the major component of this pheromone is the sesquiterpene (e)-β-farnesene (eβf), but variations occur between aphid species. in the present work, we collected, identified, and quantified the alarm pheromone of aphis craccivora koch (hemiptera: aphididae), before quantifying the escape behavior induced in the neighboring individuals. we com ...201829301046
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