Publications

intraspecific variation in odor-mediated host preference of the mosquito culex annulirostris.	the preference of two allopatric populations of culex annulirostris mosquitoes in south australia (sa) for guinea pigs and chickens was investigated using host-baited traps in the field and in a flight tunnel for laboratory assays. mosquitoes from the riverland of sa preferred guinea pigs, those from northeast sa preferred chickens. in the field, 2184 cx. annulirostris were captured during four experiments in each region. the proportion choosing chicken was 0.5393 in northeast sa and 0.4348 in t ...	2003	12956513
oviposition response of chironomus tepperi to nitrogenous compounds and bioextracts in two-choice laboratory tests.	two-choice laboratory tests were used to investigate the oviposition response of chironomus tepperi to a range of nitrogenous compounds and crude bioextracts. responses to nitrogenous compounds varied in response to concentration. ammonium nitrate did not influence oviposition at concentrations from 2 to 12 mg/liter. hydroxylamine hydrochloride increased oviposition at 6 mg/liter, but had no effect at either 2 or 12 mg/liter. sodium nitrate reduced oviposition at 2 mg/liter relative to the contr ...	2003	12775151
field evaluation of repellent formulations containing deet and picaridin against mosquitoes in northern territory, australia.	field efficacy of repellent formulations containing picaridin (1-methyl-propyl 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperidinecarboxylate) or deet (n,n,-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) against mosquitoes in northern territory, australia, was evaluated. the following repellent treatments were evaluated: 19.2% picaridin (autan repel army 20), a solution of 20% deet in ethanol, and 35% deet in a gel (australian defense force [adf]). the predominant mosquito species were culex annulirostris skuse (57.8%), anopheles mera ...	2004	15185943
spatial statistical analysis of adult mosquito (diptera: culicidae) counts: an example using light trap data, in redland shire, southeastern queensland, australia.	many mosquito control agencies use carbon dioxide-baited traps as surveillance tools for adult vector populations. however, decisions regarding the number and location of trap sites and the frequency of collections are often based on logistical issues, and not on the bionomics or spatial distribution of the target species. therefore, with the aim of providing practical information for adult mosquito surveillance programs, we used an array of 81 carbon dioxide- and octenol-baited lights traps to ...	2004	15605654
occurrence of ross river virus and barmah forest virus in mosquitoes at shoalwater bay military training area, queensland, australia.	shoalwater bay military training area (swbta), 2,713 km2 of land located 50-80 km north of rockhampton, queensland, australia, is used by australian and allied forces for training purposes. between march 1998 and february 2000, monthly collections of mosquitoes at 15 sites were conducted using carbon dioxide-baited traps to study the seasonal occurrence of mosquitoes and ross river virus (rrv) and barmah forest virus (bfv) in mosquitoes. a total of 72,616 mosquitoes, comprising 3,897 pools were ...	2004	14989354
toxicity of vectolex (bacillus sphaericus) products to selected australian mosquito and nontarget species.	laboratory and field bioassay studies were conducted in southeast queensland, australia, on the efficacy of vectolex control granule (cg; active ingredient [ai]:50 bacillus sphaericus [b.s.] international toxic units [itu]/mg) and vectolex water dispersible granule (wdg) (ai: 650 b.s. itu/mg) formulations against third-instar larvae of culex annulirostris skuse, culex quinquefasciatus say, culex sitiens wiedemann, ochlerotatus rigilax (skuse), ochlerotatus. notoscriptus (skuse), and aedes aegypt ...	2004	14998127
global change and human vulnerability to vector-borne diseases.	global change includes climate change and climate variability, land use, water storage and irrigation, human population growth and urbanization, trade and travel, and chemical pollution. impacts on vector-borne diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, infections by other arboviruses, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis, and leishmaniasis are reviewed. while climate change is global in nature and poses unknown future risks to humans and natural ecosystems, other local changes are o ...	2004	14726459
using human disease outbreaks as a guide to multilevel ecosystem interventions.	human health often depends on environmental variables and is generally subject to widespread and comprehensive surveillance. compared with other available measures of ecosystem health, human disease incidence may be one of the most useful and practical bioindicators for the often elusive gauge of ecologic well-being. we argue that many subtle ecosystem disruptions are often identified only as a result of detailed epidemiologic investigations after an anomalous increase in human disease incidence ...	2004	15289157
laboratory evaluation of the predation efficacy of native australian fish on culex annulirostris (diptera: culicidae).	the introduction and establishment of fish populations can provide long-term, cost-effective mosquito control in habitats such as constructed wetlands and ornamental lakes. the predation efficacy of 7 native brisbane freshwater fish on 1st and 4th instars of the freshwater arbovirus vector culex annulirostris was evaluated in a series of 24-h laboratory trials. the trials were conducted in 30-liter plastic carboys at 25+/-1 degrees c under a light:dark cycle of 14:10 h. the predation efficacy of ...	2004	15532929
exotic mosquitoes in new zealand: a review of species intercepted, their pathways and ports of entry.	a review was carried out to identify the exotic mosquito species intercepted in new zealand to 2004, together with their origins, pathways and ports of entry into the country. a total of 171 interceptions have been recorded since 1929. there was little or no taxonomic information available for many, but at least 27 exotic species not yet established in new zealand have been intercepted, including important disease vectors such as aedes albopictus, aedes aegypti and culex annulirostris. of 152 in ...	2004	15707185
entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito control: a review.	fungal diseases in insects are common and widespread and can decimate their populations in spectacular epizootics. virtually all insect orders are susceptible to fungal diseases, including dipterans. fungal pathogens such as lagenidium, coelomomyces and culicinomyces are known to affect mosquito populations, and have been studied extensively. there are, however, many other fungi that infect and kill mosquitoes at the larval and/or adult stage. the discovery, in 1977, of the selective mosquito-pa ...	2004	15861235
culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) as a potential west nile virus vector in tucson, arizona: blood meal analysis indicates feeding on both humans and birds.	most reports from the united states suggest culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes feed minimally on humans. given the abundance of c. quinquefasciatus in residential tucson and parts of metropolitan phoenix, and the arrival of west nile virus to this area, discovering the blood meal hosts of the local population is important. using a sandwich elisa technique, the local c. quinquefasciatus were found to feed on both humans and birds. this suggests they should be considered potential west nile virus v ...	2004	15861236
climatic, high tide and vector variables and the transmission of ross river virus.	this report assesses the impact of the variability in environmental and vector factors on the transmission of ross river virus (rrv) in brisbane, australia. poisson time series regression analyses were conducted using monthly data on the counts of rrv cases, climate variables (southern oscillation index and rainfall), high tides and mosquito density for the period of 1998-2001. the results indicate that increases in the high tide (relative risk (rr): 1.65; 95% confidence interval (ci): 1.20-2.26 ...	2005	16248864
tadpoles of four common australian frogs are not effective predators of the common pest and vector mosquito culex annulirostris.	in a laboratory investigation of tadpoles of 4 australian frogs, limnodynastes peronii, limnodynastes tasmaniensis, litoria aurea, and litoria peronii, there was no evidence of active predation on larvae of culex annulirostris. the mortality of larvae was greatest when exposed to the tadpoles of litoria spp., which may have been the result of specific foraging behavior. results indicate that litoria spp. tadpoles may have a minor impact on mosquito populations, but they are unlikely to be useful ...	2005	16506583
laboratory evaluation of methylated coconut oil as a larvicide for anopheles farauti and culex annulirostris.	the toxicity of methylated coconut oil (mco) was compared with a commercially available oil larvicide (golden bear oil gb-1111) in laboratory bioassays of 4th-stage larvae of anopheles farauti laveran and culex annulirostris skuse. both larvicides were more toxic to cx. annulirostris than to an. farauti and the ld50 (dose lethal to 50% of the test organisms) after 24 h exposure indicated that mco was more toxic than gb-1111 for both an. farauti (ld50 = 8.6 microl versus 13.0 microl/156 cm2) and ...	2005	16506579
field evaluation of commercial repellent formulations against mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in northern territory, australia.	field trials comparing commercially available repellent formulations containing picaridin (1-piperidinecarboxylate acid, 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methylpropylester) and deet (n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) against mosquitoes in northern territory, australia, were conducted. three repellents were compared: autan repel containing 9.3% picaridin, rid containing 10% deet, and bushman ultra containing 80% deet in a gel. the predominant mosquito species collected were culex annulirostris skuse (63.2%), oc ...	2005	16506580
synergistic efficacy of botanical blends with and without synthetic insecticides against aedes aegypti and culex annulirostris mosquitoes.	increasing insecticide resistance requires strategies to prolong the use of highly effective vector control compounds. the use of combinations of insecticides with other insecticides and phytochemicals is one such strategy that is suitable for mosquito control. in bioassays with aedes aegypti and culex annulirostris mosquitoes, binary mixtures of phytochemicals with or without synthetic insecticides produced promising results when each was applied at a lc25 dose. all mixtures resulted in 100% mo ...	2005	16599164
efficacy of botanical extracts from callitris glaucophylla, against aedes aegypti and culex annulirostris mosquitoes.	using standard who methodology, this study investigated the susceptibility of 4(th) instar aedes aegypti (l) and culex annulirostris (skuse) larvae to three extracts from callitris glaucophylla (j. thompson & l. johnson) (1: steam distillation extract, 2: liquefied refrigerant gas extract, and 3: methanol reflux extract), lambda-cyhalothrin (a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide) and fenitrothion (an organophosphorous insecticide). cx. annulirostris was significantly more susceptible than ae. aegyp ...	2006	17322820
mosquito species (diptera: culicidae) and the transmission of ross river virus in brisbane, australia.	this study aimed to identify the major mosquito vectors of ross river virus (family togaviridae, genus alphavirus, rrv) and to explore the threshold of mosquito abundance necessary for rrv transmission in brisbane, australia. data on the monthly counts of rrv cases by statistical local areas from the queensland health and the monthly mosquito abundance in brisbane between november 1998 and december 2001 from the brisbane city council were used to assess the pairwise relationship between mosquito ...	2006	16619624
experimental infection of culex annulirostris, culex gelidus, and aedes vigilax with a yellow fever/japanese encephalitis virus vaccine chimera (chimerivax-je).	australian mosquitoes from which japanese encephalitis virus (jev) has been recovered (culex annulirostris, culex gelidus, and aedes vigilax) were assessed for their ability to be infected with the chimerivax-je vaccine, with yellow fever vaccine virus 17d (yf 17d) from which the backbone of chimerivax-je vaccine is derived and with jev-nakayama. none of the mosquitoes became infected after being fed orally with 6.1 log(10) plaque-forming units (pfu)/ml of chimerivax-je vaccine, which is greater ...	2006	17038690
mosquito repellents in frog skin.	the search for novel insect repellents has been driven by health concerns over established synthetic compounds such as diethyl-m-toluamide (deet). given the diversity of compounds known from frog skin and records of mosquito bite and ectoparasite infestation, the presence of mosquito repellents in frogs seemed plausible. we investigated frog skin secretions to confirm the existence of mosquito repellent properties. litoria caerulea secretions were assessed for mosquito repellency by topical appl ...	2006	17148373
efficacy of eight larvicidal botanical extracts from khaya senegalensis and daucus carota against culex annulirostris.	the failure to discover a significant new class of insecticides has led many researchers back to biodiscovery studies in the search for new and economically viable alternatives. after a preliminary screening of botanical extracts using descending series of concentrations (1,000, 500, 100, 50, and 5 mg/liter), 8 extracts from 2 potential botanical agents, khaya senegalensis (desrousseaux) and daucus carota l., were tested against 4th instars of culex annulirostris (skuse) following the standard w ...	2006	17067042
weather variability, tides, and barmah forest virus disease in the gladstone region, australia.	in this study we examined the impact of weather variability and tides on the transmission of barmah forest virus (bfv) disease and developed a weather-based forecasting model for bfv disease in the gladstone region, australia. we used seasonal autoregressive integrated moving-average (sarima) models to determine the contribution of weather variables to bfv transmission after the time-series data of response and explanatory variables were made stationary through seasonal differencing. we obtained ...	2006	16675420
preliminary crystallographic characterization of an rna helicase from kunjin virus.	kunjin virus is a member of the flavivirus genus and is an australian variant of west nile virus. the c-terminal domain of the kunjin virus ns3 protein displays helicase activity. the protein is thought to separate daughter and template rna strands, assisting the initiation of replication by unwinding rna secondary structure in the 3' nontranslated region. expression, purification and preliminary crystallographic characterization of the ns3 helicase domain are reported. it is shown that kunjin v ...	2006	16946468
laboratory evaluation of the effect of alternative prey and vegetation on predation of culex annulirostris immatures by australian native fish species.	the impact of alternative prey and simulated vegetation on culex annulirostris skuse predation efficacy by australian smelt, retropinna semoni (retropinnidae); crimson-spotted rainbowfish, melanotaenia duboulayi (melanotaeniidae); empire gudgeon, hypseleotris compressa (eleotridae); estuary perchlet, ambassis marianus (ambassidae); firetail gudgeon, hypseleotris galii (eleotridae); fly-specked hardyhead, craterocephalus stercusmuscarum (atherinidae); and pacific blue-eye, pseudomugil signifer (a ...	2006	17067039
evaluation of melanotaenia duboulayi (atheriniformes: melanotaeniidae), hypseleotris galli (perciformes: eleotridae), and larvicide vectolex wg (bacillus sphaericus) for integrated control of culex annulirostris.	australian freshwater fish species melanotaenia duboulayi and hypseleotris galii were selected for a small plot field evaluation of an integrated pest management strategy using native fish and vectolex wg (bacillus sphaericus) for the control of culex annulirostris skuse, the principal freshwater vector of arbovirus ross river virus in australia. when tested alone, the level of control afforded by m. duboulayi and h. galii was highly dependent on the prerelease density of mosquito larvae; and ev ...	2006	17067040
ethnoveterinary medicines used for ruminants in british columbia, canada.	the use of medicinal plants is an option for livestock farmers who are not allowed to use allopathic drugs under certified organic programs or cannot afford to use allopathic drugs for minor health problems of livestock.	2007	17324258
purification and crystallization of kokobera virus helicase.	kokobera virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus belonging, like west nile virus, to the japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex. the flavivirus genus is characterized by a positive-sense single-stranded rna genome. the unique open reading frame of the viral rna is transcribed and translated as a single polyprotein which is post-translationally cleaved to yield three structural and seven nonstructural proteins, one of which is the ns3 gene that encodes a c-terminal helicase domain consisting of 431 ...	2007	17329812
mosquito feeding patterns and natural infection of vertebrates with ross river and barmah forest viruses in brisbane, australia.	host feeding patterns of mosquitoes were assessed through the identification of 865 blood meals collected from brisbane during 2000-2001. under natural conditions, mosquito feeding (including that of culex annulirostris, aedes vigilax, and aedes notoscriptus) was primarily on dogs (37.4%), but also on birds (18.4%), horses (16.8%), brushtail possums (13.3%), humans (11.6%), and cats, flying foxes, and macropods, depending on site. from 1997 to 1999, sera (n=1706) were collected from dogs, cats, ...	2007	17360861
a curious coincidence: mosquito biodiversity and the limits of the japanese encephalitis virus in australasia.	the mosquito culex annulirostris skuse (diptera: culicidae) is the major vector of endemic arboviruses in australia and is also responsible for the establishment of the japanese encephalitis virus (jev) in southern papua new guinea (png) as well as its incursions into northern australia. papua new guinea and mainland australia are separated by a small stretch of water, the torres strait, and its islands. while there has been regular jev activity on these islands, jev has not established on mainl ...	2007	17598922
a mosquito predator survey in townsville, australia, and an assessment of diplonychus sp. and anisops sp. predatorial capacity against culex annulirostris mosquito immatures.	a twelve-month survey for mosquito predators was conducted in townsville, queensland, australia, which is located in the arid tropics. the survey revealed the presence of five predaceous insects but only anisops sp. (backswimmers) and diplonychus sp. were common. predatorial capacity and factors influencing this capacity were then assessed for adult anisops sp. and adult and nymph stages of diplonychus sp. against culex annulirostris mosquito immatures under laboratory conditions. predatorial ca ...	2007	17633421
expectoration of flaviviruses during sugar feeding by mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae).	biological transmission of arboviruses to a vertebrate host occurs when virions are expelled along with saliva during blood feeding by a hematophagous arthropod. we undertook experiments to determine whether mosquitoes expectorate flaviviruses in their saliva while sugar feeding. batches of culex annulirostris skuse and culex gelidus theobald (diptera: culicidae) were orally infected with japanese encephalitis (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, jev), kunjin (family flaviviridae, genus flavi ...	2007	17915518
is the extract from the plant catmint (nepeta cataria) repellent to mosquitoes in australia?	the repellency of nepeta cataria (catmint or catnip) was tested against aedes aegypti, ae. vigilax, culex annulirostris, and cx. quinquefasciatus, and compared with a blend of natural plant extracts and n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) on human skin. the catmint and natural plant extract blend did not provide the same level of protection from biting mosquitoes as deet. there were significant differences in the level of protection provided by catmint to the 4 species of mosquito, with mean pr ...	2007	17939520
productivity of natural and artificial containers for aedes polynesiensis and aedes aegypti in four american samoan villages.	six mosquito species were identified in a survey of containers associated with 347 households in four villages in american samoa. aedes polynesiensis marks (diptera: culicidae) and aedes aegypti (l) were the most abundant species, representing 57% and 29% of the mosquitoes identified. culex quinquefasciatus (say), culex annulirostris (skuse), aedes oceanicus (belkin) and toxorhynchites amboinensis (doleschall) were also found. aedes aegypti and ae. polynesiensis showed distinct differences in th ...	2007	17373943
microsporidia evolved from ancestral sexual fungi.	microsporidia are obligate, intracellular eukaryotic pathogens that infect animal cells, including humans [1]. previous studies suggested microsporidia share a common ancestor with fungi [2-7]. however, the exact nature of this phylogenetic relationship is unclear because of unusual features of microsporidial genomes, which are compact with fewer and highly divergent genes [8]. as a consequence, it is unclear whether microsporidia evolved from a specific fungal lineage, or whether microsporidia ...	2008	18976912
evaluation of three traps for sampling aedes polynesiensis and other mosquito species in american samoa.	the efficacy of the recently developed bg-sentinel mosquito trap baited with bg-lure (a combination of lactic acid, ammonia, and caproic acid) was evaluated in american samoa against the omnidirectional fay-prince trap and the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) light trap, both baited with carbon dioxide. the bg-sentinel trap captured the greatest number of the important filariasis and dengue vector aedes (stegomyia) polynesiensis at all 3 collection locations; however, its catch r ...	2008	18666543
evaluation of bistar 80sc (bifenthrin) as a tent treatment for protection against mosquitoes in northern territory, australia.	a field trial to assess the efficacy of bistar 80 sc as a barrier treatment of australian military tents was conducted over 10 d at mount bundey military training area, northern territory, australia, in march 2003. four pairs of standard eight-person tents were erected, with a single tent in each pair treated with 0.1% bistar 80 sc as a course spray, and the remainder left as untreated control tents. carbon dioxide-baited traps were operated in each tent nightly, and biting collections conducted ...	2008	19058633
evaluations of mosquito age grading techniques based on morphological changes.	evaluations were made of the accuracy and practicality of mosquito age grading methods based on changes to mosquito morphology; including the detinova ovarian tracheation, midgut meconium, polovodova ovariole dilatation, ovarian injection, and daily growth line methods. laboratory maintained aedes vigilax (skuse) and culex annulirostris (skuse) females of known chronological and physiological ages were used for these assessments. application of the detinova technique to laboratory reared ae. vig ...	2008	18533427
experimental infection of aedes sollicitans and aedes taeniorhynchus with two chimeric sindbis/eastern equine encephalitis virus vaccine candidates.	two chimeric vaccine candidates for eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) were developed by inserting the structural protein genes of either a north american (na) or south american (sa) eeev into a sindbis virus (sinv) backbone. to assess the effect of chimerization on mosquito infectivity, experimental infections of two potential north american bridge vectors of eeev, aedes sollicitans and ae. taeniorhynchus, were attempted. both species were susceptible to oral infection with all viruses af ...	2008	18187790
genetic determinants of virulence in pathogenic lineage 2 west nile virus strains.	we determined complete genome sequences of lineage 2 west nile virus (wnv) strains isolated from patients in south africa who had mild or severe wnv infections. these strains had previously been shown to produce either highly or less neuroinvasive infection and induced genes similar to corresponding highly or less neuroinvasive lineage 1 strains in mice. phylogenetic and amino acid comparison of highly and less neuroinvasive lineage 2 strains demonstrated that the nonstructural genes, especially ...	2008	18258114
house mouse abundance and ross river virus notifications in victoria, australia.	the number of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases is increasing. as such, understanding the fundamental ecology of infectious disease is critical. short-lived highly fecund amplification hosts are implicated to influence disease prevalence, but few empirical examples exist. we examined the relationship between mouse (mus musculus) abundance and ross river virus (rrv) incidence in northwest victoria, australia.	2008	18468469
predictive indicators for ross river virus infection in the darwin area of tropical northern australia, using long-term mosquito trapping data.	to describe the epidemiology of ross river virus (rrv) infection in the endemic darwin region of tropical northern australia and to develop a predictive model for rrv infections.	2008	18482196
genetic variation of st. louis encephalitis virus.	st. louis encephalitis virus (slev) has been regularly isolated throughout the americas since 1933. previous phylogenetic studies involving 62 isolates have defined seven major lineages (i-vii), further divided into 14 clades. in this study, 28 strains isolated in texas in 1991 and 2001-2003, and three older, previously unsequenced strains from jamaica and california were sequenced over the envelope protein gene. the inclusion of these new sequences, and others published since 2001, has allowed ...	2008	18632961
vector competence of australian mosquito species for a north american strain of west nile virus.	since the establishment of west nile virus (wnv) into the united states, concern has arisen that this virus may also pose a serious threat to australian biosecurity. the vector competence of 19 australian mosquito species for a north american strain of wnv was evaluated. mosquitoes collected from cairns, brisbane, and sydney were exposed to blood containing 10(4.0+/-0.3) cell culture infectious dose(50)/mosquito wnv that was isolated from a crow during the 1999 new york outbreak. mosquitoes were ...	2008	18973445
domestic pigs and japanese encephalitis virus infection, australia.	to determine whether relocating domestic pigs, the amplifying host of japanese encephalitis virus (jev), decreased the risk for jev transmission to humans in northern australia, we collected mosquitoes for virus detection. detection of jev in mosquitoes after pig relocation indicates that pig relocation did not eliminate jev risk.	2008	18976557
size alters susceptibility of vectors to dengue virus infection and dissemination.	the size of arthropod vectors may affect their ability to transmit pathogens. here we test the hypothesis that body size alters the susceptibility of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes to dengue virus (denv) infection and subsequent dissemination throughout the body of the mosquito. after feeding on blood containing known quantities of virus, smaller-sized females were significantly more likely to become infected and to disseminate virus than larger individuals. the effects of size we ...	2008	18981505
climate variability, social and environmental factors, and ross river virus transmission: research development and future research needs.	arbovirus diseases have emerged as a global public health concern. however, the impact of climatic, social, and environmental variability on the transmission of arbovirus diseases remains to be determined.	2008	19079707
tahyna virus and human infection, china.	in 2006, tahyna virus was isolated from culex spp. mosquitoes collected in xinjiang, people's republic of china. in 2007, to determine whether this virus was infecting humans, we tested serum from febrile patients. we found immunoglobulin (ig) m and igg against the virus, which suggests human infection in this region.	2009	19193280
changing patterns of west nile virus transmission: altered vector competence and host susceptibility.	west nile virus (wnv) is a flavivirus (flaviviridae) transmitted between culex spp. mosquitoes and avian hosts. the virus has dramatically expanded its geographic range in the past ten years. increases in global commerce, climate change, ecological factors and the emergence of novel viral genotypes likely play significant roles in the emergence of this virus; however, the exact mechanism and relative importance of each is uncertain. previously wnv was primarily associated with febrile illness of ...	2009	19406093
genomic sequence and phylogenetic analysis of culex flavivirus, an insect-specific flavivirus, isolated from culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) in iowa.	adult mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) were collected in 2007 and tested for specific viruses, including west nile virus, as part of the ongoing arbovirus surveillance efforts in the state of iowa. a subset of these mosquitoes (6,061 individuals in 340 pools) was further tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) using flavivirus universal primers. of the 211 pools of culex pipiens (l.) tested, 50 were positive. one of 51 pools of culex tarsalis coquillet was also positive ...	2009	19645300
laboratory and field evaluation of ss220 and deet against mosquitoes in queensland, australia.	laboratory and field efficacy trials comparing deet (n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) and ss220 [(is, 2's)-2-methylpiperindinyl-3-cyclohexen-1-carboxamide] against mosquitoes in queensland, australia, were conducted. in the laboratory, both compounds provided between 150 and 195 min of protection against aedes aegypti and between 18 and 80 min of protection against anopheles farauti. in laboratory tests against culex annulirostris, 20% ss220 provided 3 h of protection and 20% deet provided >6 h of ...	2009	19653499
transmission of japanese encephalitis virus from the black flying fox, pteropus alecto, to culex annulirostris mosquitoes, despite the absence of detectable viremia.	to determine the potential role of flying foxes in transmission cycles of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) in australia, we exposed pteropus alecto (megachiroptera: pteropididae) to jev via infected culex annulirostris mosquitoes or inoculation. no flying foxes developed symptoms consistent with jev infection. anti-jev igg antibodies developed in 6/10 flying foxes exposed to infected cx. annulirostris and in 5/5 inoculated flying foxes. low-level viremia was detected by real-time reverse transc ...	2009	19706915
determination of mosquito (diptera: culicidae) bloodmeal sources in western australia: implications for arbovirus transmission.	a double-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the bloodmeal sources of adult mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) collected in encephalitis vector surveillance mosquito traps in western australia between may 1993 and august 2004. in total, 2,606 blood-fed mosquitoes, representing 29 mosquito species, were tested, and 81.7% reacted with one or more of the primary antibodies. aedes camptorhynchus (thomson) and culex annulirostris skuse were the most common species tested, ma ...	2009	19769051
are commercially available essential oils from australian native plants repellent to mosquitoes?	while the use of topical insect repellents, particularly those containing synthetic active ingredients such as deet (n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), are a mainstay in personal protection strategies emphasized in public health messages, there is a growing demand in the community for alternative repellents, particularly those of botanical origin and thus deemed to be "natural." this study evaluated the repellency of essential oils from 11 australian native plants in 5% v/v formulations against aed ...	2009	19852219
comparative field evaluation of repellent formulations containing deet and ir3535 against mosquitoes in queensland, australia.	field trials comparing repellent formulations containing ir3535 (ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate) and deet (n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) against mosquitoes in queensland, australia, were conducted. two repellents were compared: avon bug guard, containing 7.5% ir3535; and australian defense force (adf) deet, containing 35% deet in a gel. two tests were conducted, one in february-march 2006, and the second in february 2007. in the 1st test, the predominant mosquito species collected were manson ...	2009	20099600
differential impact of west nile virus on california birds.	the strain of west nile virus (wnv) currently epidemic in north america contains a genetic mutation elevating its virulence in birds, especially species in the family corvidae. although dead american crows (corvus brachyrhynchos) have been the hallmark of the epidemic, the overall impact of wnv on north america's avifauna remains poorly understood and has not been addressed thoroughly in california. here, we evaluate variation by species in the effect of wnv on california birds from 2004 to 2007 ...	2009	20589226
resolving genetic diversity in australasian culex mosquitoes: incongruence between the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase i and nuclear acetylcholine esterase 2.	insects that vector pathogens are under constant surveillance in australasia although the repertoire of genetic markers to distinguish what are often cryptic mosquito species remains limited. we present a comparative assessment of the second exon-intron region of the acetylcholine esterase 2 gene (ace-2) and the mitochondrial dna cytochrome c oxidase i (coi) using two closely related australasia mosquitoes culex annulirostris and culex palpalis. the coi revealed eight divergent lineages of which ...	2009	19059488
quantifying the drivers of larval density patterns in two tropical mosquito species to maximize control efficiency.	understanding the contributions of environmental variation and density feedbacks to changes in vector populations is essential for designing effective vector control. we analyzed monitoring datasets describing larval densities over 7 yr of the two dominant mosquito species, aedes vigilax (skuse) and culex annulirostris (skuse), of the greater darwin area (northern territory, australia). using generalized linear and linear mixed-effects models, we tested hypotheses regarding the environmental det ...	2009	19689879
genetic and epidemiological characterization of stretch lagoon orbivirus, a novel orbivirus isolated from culex and aedes mosquitoes in northern australia.	stretch lagoon orbivirus (slov) was isolated in 2002 from pooled culex annulirostris mosquitoes collected at stretch lagoon, near the wolfe creek national park in the kimberley region of western australia. conventional serological tests were unable to identify the isolate, and electron microscopy indicated a virus of the genus orbivirus, family reoviridae. here, a cdna subtraction method was used to obtain approximately one-third of the viral genome, and further sequencing was performed to compl ...	2009	19282430
application of broad-spectrum resequencing microarray for genotyping rhabdoviruses.	the rapid and accurate identification of pathogens is critical in the control of infectious disease. to this end, we analyzed the capacity for viral detection and identification of a newly described high-density resequencing microarray (rma), termed pathogenid, which was designed for multiple pathogen detection using database similarity searching. we focused on one of the largest and most diverse viral families described to date, the family rhabdoviridae. we demonstrate that this approach has th ...	2010	20610710
melanotaenia duboulayi influence oviposition site selection by culex annulirostris (diptera: culicidae) and aedes notoscriptus (diptera: culicidae) but not culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae).	some species of mosquito can detect the presence of larvivorous fish and select against ovipositing in pools supporting them. the effect of kairomones released by the crimson-spotted rainbowfish melanotaenia duboulayi (castelnau) on the oviposition behavior of the freshwater mosquitoes culex annulirostris skuse, culex quinquefasciatus say, and aedes notoscriptus skuse was evaluated in both laboratory and outdoor artificial pool experiments. in the laboratory, colony-reared cx. annulirostris sele ...	2010	20388286
arboviral encephalitides: transmission, emergence, and pathogenesis.	arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are of paramount concern as a group of pathogens at the forefront of emerging and re-emerging diseases. although some arboviral infections are asymptomatic or present with a mild influenza-like illness, many are important human and veterinary pathogens causing serious illness ranging from rash and arthritis to encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever. here, we discuss arboviruses from diverse families (flaviviruses, alphaviruses, and the bunyaviridae) that are cau ...	2010	20652430
bayesian spatiotemporal analysis of socio-ecologic drivers of ross river virus transmission in queensland, australia.	this study aims to examine the impact of socio-ecologic factors on the transmission of ross river virus (rrv) infection and to identify areas prone to social and ecologic-driven epidemics in queensland, australia. we used a bayesian spatiotemporal conditional autoregressive model to quantify the relationship between monthly variation of rrv incidence and socio-ecologic factors and to determine spatiotemporal patterns. our results show that the average increase in monthly rrv incidence was 2.4% ( ...	2010	20810846
environmental monitoring to enhance comprehension and control of infectious diseases.	in a world of emerging and resurging infectious diseases, dominated by zoonoses, environmental monitoring plays a vital role in our understanding their dynamics and their spillover to humans. here, we critically review the ecology, epidemiology and need for monitoring of a variety of directly transmitted (sin nombre virus, avian influenza) and vector-borne (ross river virus, west nile virus, lyme disease, anaplasmosis and babesiosis) zoonoses. we focus on the valuable role that existing monitori ...	2010	20957286
difference in mosquito species (diptera: culicidae) and the transmission of ross river virus between coastline and inland areas in brisbane, australia.	this study examined the distribution of major mosquito species and their roles in the transmission of ross river virus (rrv) infection for coastline and inland areas in brisbane, australia (27 degrees 28' s, 153 degrees 2' e). we obtained data on the monthly counts of rrv cases in brisbane between november 1998 and december 2001 by statistical local areas from the queensland department of health and the monthly mosquito abundance from the brisbane city council. correlation analysis was used to a ...	2010	20146843
blood feeding patterns of mosquitoes: random or structured?	abstract:	2010	20205866
exploiting mosquito sugar feeding to detect mosquito-borne pathogens.	arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) represent a global public health problem, with dengue viruses causing millions of infections annually, while emerging arboviruses, such as west nile, japanese encephalitis, and chikungunya viruses have dramatically expanded their geographical ranges. surveillance of arboviruses provides vital data regarding their prevalence and distribution that may be utilized for biosecurity measures and the implementation of disease control strategies. however, current su ...	2010	20534559
larval environmental temperature and the susceptibility of aedes albopictus skuse (diptera: culicidae) to chikungunya virus.	a key feature in the recent widespread epidemic of the mosquito-borne alphavirus chikungunya virus (chikv) was the important role of aedes albopictus, formerly regarded as a secondary vector, compared to the presumed primary vector aedes aegypti. ae. albopictus, a container-inhabiting mosquito, is an invasive species that occurs over a wide geographic range spanning tropical and temperate latitudes. in this study we examine the effects of a broad range of larval rearing temperatures on chikv inf ...	2010	19725768
application of satellite precipitation data to analyse and model arbovirus activity in the tropics.	murray valley encephalitis virus (mvev) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus (flaviviridae: flavivirus) which is closely related to japanese encephalitis virus, west nile virus and st. louis encephalitis virus. mvev is enzootic in northern australia and papua new guinea and epizootic in other parts of australia. activity of mvev in western australia (wa) is monitored by detection of seroconversions in flocks of sentinel chickens at selected sample sites throughout wa. rainfall is a major environmental ...	2011	21255449
type iii ifns in pteropid bats: differential expression patterns provide evidence for distinct roles in antiviral immunity.	bats are known to harbor a number of emerging and re-emerging zoonotic viruses, many of which are highly pathogenic in other mammals but result in no clinical symptoms in bats. the ability of bats to coexist with viruses may be the result of rapid control of viral replication early in the immune response. ifns provide the first line of defense against viral infection in vertebrates. type iii ifns (ifn-?s) are a recently identified ifn family that share similar antiviral activities with type i if ...	2011	21278349
the current status and future directions of myxoma virus, a master in immune evasion.	abstract: myxoma virus (myxv) gained importance throughout the twentieth century because of the use of the highly virulent standard laboratory strain (sls) by the australian government in the attempt to control the feral australian population of oryctolagus cuniculus (european rabbit) and the subsequent illegal release of myxv in europe. in the european rabbit, myxv causes a disease with an exceedingly high mortality rate, named myxomatosis, which is passively transmitted by biting arthropod vec ...	2011	21658227
the 6a resolution cryo-em barmah forest virus structure shows detailed transmembrane proteins architecture and interactions.	barmah forest virus (bfv) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that infects humans. a 6å resolution cryo-electron microscopy three-dimensional structure of bfv exhibits a typical alphavirus organization with rna-containing nucleocapsid surrounded by a bilipid membrane anchored with the surface proteins e1 and e2. the map allows details of the transmembrane regions of e1 and e2 to be seen. the c-terminal end of the e2 transmembrane helix binds to the capsid protein. following the e2 transmembrane helix ...	2011	21752915
entomological study of chikungunya infections in the state of kelantan, malaysia.	chikungunya infection has become a public health threat in malaysia since the 2008 nationwide outbreaks. aedes albopictus skuse has been identified as the chikungunya vector in johor state during the outbreaks. in 2009, several outbreaks had been reported in the state of kelantan. entomological studies were conducted in kelantan in four districts, namely jeli, tumpat, pasir mas and tanah merah to identify the vector responsible for the virus transmission.	2011	21727669
Umatilla virus genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis: identification of stretch lagoon orbivirus as a new member of the Umatilla virus species.	The genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae, includes 22 species of viruses with genomes composed of ten segments of linear dsRNA that are transmitted between their vertebrate hosts by insects or ticks, or with no identified vectors. Full-genome sequence data are available for representative isolates of the insect borne mammalian orbiviruses (including bluetongue virus), as well as a tick borne avian orbivirus (Great Island virus). However, no sequence data are as yet available for the mosquito borne ...	2011	21897849
west nile virus (kunjin subtype) disease in the northern territory of australia--a case of encephalitis and review of all reported cases.	west nile virus kunjin subtype (wnv/kunv) is enzootic across the tropical north of australia, with epizootic spread into other jurisdictions. the clinical spectrum of illness in humans is poorly described. we report a clinical case of wnv/kunv encephalitis and performed a retrospective chart audit of all cases of wnv/kunv notified in the northern territory from 1992 to 2010. thirteen cases of wnv/kunv disease were identified; case notes were available for 10 of these presentations. six of these ...	2011	22049056
Habitat modification for mosquito control in the Ilparpa Swamp, Northern Territory, Australia.	Habitat modification is an established method of effective long-term mosquito management, particularly in salt-marsh environments. It is especially pertinent when mosquitoes are known vectors of life-threatening disease and their larval breeding habitat is in close proximity to residential areas. The Ilparpa Swamp is located less than 10 km from Alice Springs, Northern Territory. Wet season rainfall, often followed by effluent discharges to the swamp from the adjacent sewage treatment plant, cre ...	2011	22129400
Globalization, land use, and the invasion of West Nile virus.	Many invasive species that have been spread through the globalization of trade and travel are pathogens. A paradigmatic case is the introduction of West Nile virus (WNV) into North America in 1999. A decade of research on the ecology and evolution of WNV includes three findings that provide insight into the outcome of future pathogen introductions. First, WNV transmission in North America is highest in urbanized and agricultural habitats, in part because the hosts and vectors of WNV are abundant ...	2011	22021850
spatio-temporal patterns of barmah forest virus disease in queensland, australia.	barmah forest virus (bfv) disease is a common and wide-spread mosquito-borne disease in australia. this study investigated the spatio-temporal patterns of bfv disease in queensland, australia using geographical information system (gis) tools and geostatistical analysis.	2011	22022430
a comparison of adult mosquito trapping regimes across seasons and ecosystems in darwin, australia.	mosquitoes are problematic as vectors and pests in many tropical cities, including darwin, the principal city in the northern territory of australia. to monitor peaks in mosquito populations, the medical entomology unit of the health department sets overnight co(2) -baited traps weekly. trap setting and retrieving, followed by mosquito counting and identification, are labor intensive. aiming to reduce this workload, we tested the hypothesis that fortnightly trapping is as effective as weekly tra ...	2012	23181850
effects of landscape disturbance on mosquito community composition in tropical australia.	emerging infectious diseases are considered to be a growing threat to human and wildlife health. such diseases might be facilitated by anthropogenic land-use changes that cause novel juxtapositions of different habitats and species and result in new interchanges of vectors, diseases, and hosts. to search for such effects in tropical australia, we sampled mosquito populations across anthropogenic disturbance gradients of grassland, artificial rainforest edge, and rainforest interior. from >15,000 ...	2012	22548538
efficacy of residual insecticide biflex aquamax applied as barrier treatments for managing mosquito populations in suburban residential properties in southeast queensland.	the pyrethroid insecticide biflex aquamax (bifenthrin) was evaluated for its ability to suppress coastal mosquito populations in a controlled suburban backyard study in mango hill, queensland, australia. the insecticide was applied to perimeter vegetation, fencing in selected backyards, or both, and mosquito populations were monitored weekly from 3 wk before to 8 wk after treatment (11 wk total) by using cdc miniature light traps and human bait landing rates. in addition, bioassays were conducte ...	2012	23025182
culex annulirostris (diptera: culicidae) host feeding patterns and japanese encephalitis virus ecology in northern australia.	japanese encephalitis virus (jev) transmission in northern australia has, in the past, been facilitated by culex annulirostris skuse feeding on domestic pigs, the primary amplifying hosts of the virus. to further characterize mosquito feeding behavior in northern australia, 1,128 bloodmeals from cx. annulirostris were analyzed using a double-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. overall, cx. annulirostris obtained > 94% of blood meals from mammals, comprising marsupials (37%), pigs (20%), ...	2012	22493857
malakal virus from africa and kimberley virus from australia are geographic variants of a widely distributed ephemerovirus.	kimberley virus (kimv) is an arthropod-borne rhabdovirus that was isolated in 1973 and on several subsequent occasions from healthy cattle, mosquitoes (culex annulirostris) and biting midges (culicoides brevitarsis) in australia. malakal virus (malv) is an antigenically related rhabdovirus isolated in 1963 from mosquitoes (mansonia uniformis) in sudan. we report here the complete genome sequences of kimv (15442 nt) and malv (15444 nt). the genomes have a similar organisation (3'-l-n-p-m-g-g(ns)- ...	2012	22925335
full genome sequencing and genetic characterization of eubenangee viruses identify pata virus as a distinct species within the genus orbivirus.	eubenangee virus has previously been identified as the cause of tammar sudden death syndrome (tsds). eubenangee virus (eubv), tilligery virus (tilv), pata virus (patav) and ngoupe virus (ngov) are currently all classified within the eubenangee virus species of the genus orbivirus, family reoviridae. full genome sequencing confirmed that eubv and tilv (both of which are from australia) show high levels of aa sequence identity (>92%) in the conserved polymerase vp1(pol), sub-core vp3(t2) and outer ...	2012	22438872
murray valley encephalitis: a review of clinical features, diagnosis and treatment.	murray valley encephalitis virus (mvev) is a mosquito-borne virus that is found across australia, papua new guinea and irian jaya. mvev is endemic to northern australia and causes occasional outbreaks across south-eastern australia. 2011 saw a dramatic increase in mvev activity in endemic regions and the re-emergence of mvev in south-eastern australia. this followed significant regional flooding and increased numbers of the main mosquito vector, culex annulirostris, and was evident from the wide ...	2012	22432670
rapid molecular detection methods for arboviruses of livestock of importance to northern europe.	arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) have been responsible for some of the most explosive epidemics of emerging infectious diseases over the past decade. their impact on both human and livestock populations has been dramatic. the early detection either through surveillance or diagnosis of virus will be a critical feature in responding and resolving the emergence of such epidemics in the future. although some of the most important emerging arboviruses are human pathogens, this paper aims to high ...	2012	22219660
surveillance should be strengthened to improve epidemiological understandings of mosquito-borne barmah forest virus infection.	barmah forest virus (bfv) is a mosquito-borne virus causing epidemic polyarthritis in australia. this study used case follow-up of cases from the surveillance system to demonstrate that routinely collected bfv notification data were an unreliable indicator of the true location of exposure.	2012	23908926
the contribution of rodent models to the pathological assessment of flaviviral infections of the central nervous system.	members of the genus flavivirus are responsible for a spectrum of important neurological syndromes in humans and animals. rodent models have been used extensively to model flavivirus neurological disease, to discover host-pathogen interactions that influence disease outcome, and as surrogates to determine the efficacy and safety of vaccines and therapeutics. in this review, we discuss the current understanding of flavivirus neuroinvasive disease and outline the host, viral and experimental facto ...	2012	22592957
ecological niche modeling to estimate the distribution of japanese encephalitis virus in asia.	culex tritaeniorhynchus is the primary vector of japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a leading cause of encephalitis in asia. jev is transmitted in an enzootic cycle involving large wading birds as the reservoirs and swine as amplifying hosts. the development of a jev vaccine reduced the number of je cases in regions with comprehensive childhood vaccination programs, such as in japan and the republic of korea. however, the lack of vaccine programs or insufficient coverage of populations in other ...	2012	22724030
natural exposure of horses to mosquito-borne flaviviruses in south-east queensland, australia.	in 2011 an unprecedented epidemic of equine encephalitis occurred in south-eastern (se) australia following heavy rainfall and severe flooding in the preceding 2-4 months. less than 6% of the documented cases occurred in queensland, prompting the question of pre-existing immunity in queensland horses. a small-scale serological survey was conducted on horses residing in one of the severely flood-affected areas of se-queensland. using a flavivirus-specific blocking-elisa we found that 63% (39/62) ...	2013	24048209
ecology of west nile virus in north america.	the introduction, dispersal and establishment of west nile virus in north america were reviewed, focusing on factors that may have enhanced receptivity and enabled the invasion process. the overwintering persistence of this tropical virus within temperate latitudes was unexpected, but was key in the transition from invasion to endemic establishment. the cascade of temporal events allowing sporadic amplification to outbreak levels was discussed within a future perspective.	2013	24008376
a new insect-specific flavivirus from northern australia suppresses replication of west nile virus and murray valley encephalitis virus in co-infected mosquito cells.	recent reports of a novel group of flaviviruses that replicate only in mosquitoes and appear to spread through insect populations via vertical transmission have emerged from around the globe. to date, there is no information on the presence or prevalence of these insect-specific flaviviruses (isfs) in australian mosquito species. to assess whether such viruses occur locally, we used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and flavivirus universal primers that are specific to the ...	2013	23460804
review of insecticide resistance and behavioral avoidance of vectors of human diseases in thailand.	physiological resistance and behavioral responses of mosquito vectors to insecticides are critical aspects of the chemical-based disease control equation. the complex interaction between lethal, sub-lethal and excitation/repellent ('excito-repellent') properties of chemicals is typically overlooked in vector management and control programs. the development of "physiological" resistance, metabolic and/or target site modifications, to insecticides has been well documented in many insect groups and ...	2013	24294938
enhanced arbovirus surveillance with deep sequencing: identification of novel rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses in australian mosquitoes.	viral metagenomics characterizes known and identifies unknown viruses based on sequence similarities to any previously sequenced viral genomes. a metagenomics approach was used to identify virus sequences in australian mosquitoes causing cytopathic effects in inoculated mammalian cell cultures. sequence comparisons revealed strains of liao ning virus (reovirus, seadornavirus), previously detected only in china, livestock-infecting stretch lagoon virus (reovirus, orbivirus), two novel dimarhabdov ...	2013	24314645
mosquito consumption by insectivorous bats: does size matter?	insectivorous bats have often been touted as biological control for mosquito populations. however, mosquitoes generally represent only a small proportion of bat diet. given the small size of mosquitoes, restrictions imposed on prey detectability by low frequency echolocation, and variable field metabolic rates (fmr), mosquitoes may not be available to or profitable for all bats. this study investigated whether consumption of mosquitoes was influenced by bat size, which is negatively correlated w ...	2013	24130851
foraging ranges of insectivorous bats shift relative to changes in mosquito abundance.	the need to develop effective management strategies for insectivorous bat populations requires an understanding of factors influencing habitat use. availability of pest prey, such as mosquitoes is likely to be one such factor. to assess whether this is the case, we radio-tracked vespadelus vulturnus thomas (little forest bat), a predator of aedes vigilax skuse (saltmarsh mosquito), in saltmarsh and adjacent coastal swamp forest during periods of high and low ae. vigilax abundance. when mosquito ...	2013	23667699
a tyrosine-to-histidine switch at position 18 of the ross river virus e2 glycoprotein is a determinant of virus fitness in disparate hosts.	arthritogenic alphaviruses are human pathogens maintained in nature through alternating replication in vertebrates and mosquitoes. using chimeric viruses, we previously reported that replacement of the pe2 coding region of the t48 strain of ross river virus (rrv-t48) with that from the attenuated dc5692 strain, which differ by 7 amino acids, resulted in an attenuated disease phenotype in a mouse model of rrv-induced rheumatic disease. here, we demonstrate that introduction of one of these amino ...	2013	23514884
potential changes in disease patterns and pharmaceutical use in response to climate change.	as climate change alters environmental conditions, the incidence and global patterns of human diseases are changing. these modifications to disease profiles and the effects upon human pharmaceutical usage are discussed. climate-related environmental changes are associated with a rise in the incidence of chronic diseases already prevalent in the northern hemisphere, for example, cardiovascular disease and mental illness, leading to greater use of associated heavily used western medications. suffe ...	2013	23909463
distribution of mosquito larvae on kosrae island, kosrae state, the federated states of micronesia.	surveys of mosquito larvae were carried out in six areas of kosrae island, kosrae state, the federated states of micronesia in december 2009 and june 2012. a total of 962 larvae of six species were collected from 106 natural and artificial habitats. they were identified as aedes aegypti, ae. albopictus, ae. marshallensis, culex quinquefasciatus, cx. annulirostris, and cx. kusaiensis. this is the first report from kosrae island for three of these species-ae. marshallensis, cx. quinquefasciatus, a ...	2013	24478593
gene duplication and phylogeography of north american members of the hart park serogroup of avian rhabdoviruses.	flanders virus (flav) and hart park virus (hpv) are rhabdoviruses that circulate in mosquito-bird cycles in the eastern and western united states, respectively, and constitute the only two north american representatives of the hart park serogroup. previously, it was suggested that flav is unique among the rhabdoviruses in that it contains two pseudogenes located between the p and m genes, while the cognate sequence for hpv has been lacking. herein, we demonstrate that flav and hpv do not contain ...	2013	24314659