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cutaneous pythiosis in a dog from brazil.this report describes a case of cutaneous pythiosis in a 6-year-old female mixed breed dog, from the central west region of são paulo state, brazil. the cytological and histopathological analyses showed an intense inflammatory infiltrate with presence of numerous hyphal elements, suggesting infection due to pythium insidiosum. the diagnosis was confirmed by nested-pcr, which was carried out with specific primers derived from the ribosomal dna region. the pathogen occurs in brazil and veterinaria ...201019706006
identification of pythium insidiosum by nested pcr in cutaneous lesions of brazilian horses and rabbits.pythium insidiosum is a fungus-like organism present in subtropical and tropical areas, such as brazil, known to infect humans and various animal species. p. insidiosum is the etiological agent of pythiosis, an emerging and granulomatous disease characterized mainly by cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions in horses, the principal species affected. accurate diagnosis of pythiosis and identification of its causal agent by microbiological and serological tests can be often difficult and inconclusive ...201021188592
effect of temperature on growth of the pathogenic oomycete pythium insidiosum.pythium insidiosum causes a potentially life-threatening infectious disease called pythiosis. an early, accurate diagnosis is important, since prompt treatment leads to a better prognosis. unsuccessful attempts to isolate the organism have been associated with specimens subjected to lower temperatures. we analyzed growth of p. insidiosum at various temperatures. culture at low (8 degrees c) and high (42 degrees c) temperatures resulted in death or inhibited growth of the organism. culture under ...201021329324
immunotherapy for pythiosis: effect on ntpdase activity in lymphocytes of an experimental model.ntpdase (ec 3.6.1.5) occurs in lymphocytes and plays an important role in immune function, in that hydrolyzes extracellular nucleoside tri- and/or diphosphates to form amp. pythium insidiosum causes the disease pythiosis, a pyogranulomatous disease of horses, dogs, cattle, cats and humans. most antifungal drugs are ineffective against this pathogen, and immunotherapy, a treatment approach that relies on the injection of p. insidiosum antigen, has been successfully used in humans and horses to ma ...201020970953
in vitro susceptibility of pythium insidiosum to macrolides and tetracycline antibiotics.we describe the in vitro activity of macrolides and tetracycline antibiotics against pythium insidiosum. the mics (μg/ml) were determined according clsi procedures (visual mic) and by a colorimetric method (mtt). the lowest geometric means (gm, μg/ml) (0.37/0.7) and mics ranges (0.125-2.0) were obtained by minocycline while the highest were shown by erythromycin (gm= 7.58/12.25 and mic range 2-32). this significant in vitro activity makes these classes of antibiotics good candidates for experime ...201121537028
vulvar pythiosis in two captive camels (camelus dromedarius).two camels (camelus dromedarius), 3- and 4-years-old, respectively, from an eastern tennessee wildlife farm presented with persistent weight loss and large vulvar masses. an initial biopsy of the vulvar mass of one of the camels performed by a local veterinarian showed eosinophilic dermatitis. an allergic or parasitic dermatitis was suspected. the two camels were treated with one dose of sodium iodide (66 mg/kg, in 1.0 l of normosolr, iv) and ivermectin 1% (200 ug/kg po). upon presentation at th ...201121696258
expressed sequence tags reveal genetic diversity and putative virulence factors of the pathogenic oomycete pythium insidiosum.oomycetes are unique eukaryotic microorganisms that share a mycelial morphology with fungi. many oomycetes are pathogenic to plants, and a more limited number are pathogenic to animals. pythium insidiosum is the only oomycete that is capable of infecting both humans and animals, and causes a life-threatening infectious disease, called "pythiosis". in the majority of pythiosis patients life-long handicaps result from the inevitable radical excision of infected organs, and many die from advanced i ...201121724174
does immunotherapy protect equines from reinfection by the oomycete pythium insidiosum?a cutaneous pythium insidiosum reinfection was diagnosed in an equine in brazil. lesions with focal presentation appeared 2 years apart. the first infection and even immunotherapy were not likely to develop enough immune response to prevent reinfection. the use of adjuvants should be considered in the immunotherapy of pythiosis.201121715582
diphenyl diselenide in vitro and in vivo activity against the oomycete pythium insidiosum.this study evaluated the in vitro activity of diphenyl diselenide against 19 pythium insidiosum isolates and the in vivo therapeutic response of rabbits with experimentally induced pythiosis. in vitro: susceptibility tests were performed using the broth macrodilution method in accordance with the clsi document m38-a2. the criteria for interpretation were as follows: mic-1 and mic-2 (inhibition of 90% and 100% of mycelium growth, respectively) and the minimum fungicide concentration (mic-3). in v ...201122055205
development of a specific polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of basidiobolus.the aethiology of chronic diarrhoea is complex in humans and animals. it is always necessary to evaluate a list of differential diagnosis, including bacteria, protozoa and fungi. basidiobolomycosis is a fungal disease reported sporadically worldwide, mainly caused by b. ranarum, a frequent organism found in soil or in the intestine and skin of lizards and frogs. it is an opportunistic infection characterized by granulomatous lesions in the subcutaneous tissues but also in the intestine wall in h ...201122075784
In vitro and in vivo susceptibility of two-drug and three-drug combinations of terbinafine, itraconazole, caspofungin, ibuprofen and fluvastatin against Pythium insidiosum.The present study investigated the in vitro inhibitory activity of terbinafine, itraconazole, caspofungin, fluvastatin and ibuprofen against 15 isolates of Pythium insidiosum in double and triple combinations and determined in vivo correlations using rabbits with experimental pythiosis. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M 38-A2 protocol (2008), and the in vitro interactions were evaluated using a checkerbo ...201122209120
molecular diagnosis of subcutaneous pythium insidiosum infection using pcr screening and dna sequencing.pythium insidiosum is an emerging human pathogen classified among brown algae and diatoms that can cause significant morbidity and mortality in otherwise healthy individuals. here we describe a pediatric patient with pythiosis acquired in the southern united states, diagnosed by molecular screening and dna sequencing of internal transcribed spacer region 1.201122205808
sequential opportunistic infections in two german shepherd dogs.two german shepherd dogs with sequential opportunistic infections are described. the first was a 2-year-old male with cryptococcal rhinitis that spread to involve the optic nerves and brain. it was successfully treated with combination therapy utilising amphotericin b administered for 2 years, but the dog developed a disseminated aspergillus deflectus infection 5 years later and was euthanased. the second case was a 4-year-old male that presented for a severe, deep-seated infection of the right ...201121250949
pythium insidiosum keratitis in israel.to report with morphologic and phylogenetic speciation the first case from israel of pythium insidiosum keratitis associated with contact-lens wear.201121252687
successful treatment of a child with vascular pythiosis.human pythiosis is an emerging and life-threatening infectious disease caused by pythium insidiosum. it occurs primarily in tropical, subtropical and temperate areas of the world, including thailand. the aim of this report is to present the first pediatric case of typical vascular pythiosis.201121276255
phylogenetic analysis of pythium insidiosum thai strains using cytochrome oxidase ii (cox ii) dna coding sequences and internal transcribed spacer regions (its).to investigate the phylogenetic relationship among pythium insidiosum isolates in thailand, we investigated the genomic dna of 31 p. insidiosum strains isolated from humans and environmental sources from thailand, and two from north and central america. we used pcr to amplify the partial cox ii dna coding sequences and the its regions of these isolates. the nucleotide sequences of both amplicons were analyzed by the bioedit program. phylogenetic analysis using genetic distance method with neighb ...201120818919
dual infection with pythium insidiosum and blastomyces dermatitidis in a dog.a 4-year-old male neutered labrador retriever with severe gastrointestinal signs, but no respiratory signs, was diagnosed with multifocal pyogranulomatous gastritis, enteritis, and lymphadenitis with intralesional hyphae and multifocal pyogranulomatous pneumonia with intralesional yeast. based on cytologic evaluation, histologic examination with special stains, and immunohistochemical analysis of tissues collected antemortem or at necropsy, dual infections with pythium insidiosum and blastomyces ...201222747656
in vitro antimicrobial activity of volatile organic compounds from muscodor crispans against the pathogenic oomycete pythium insidiosum.pythium insidiosum is an oomycete capable of causing a life-threatening disease in humans, called pythiosis. conventional antifungal drugs are ineffective against p. insidiosum infection. a synthetic mixture of the volatile organic compounds (vocs) from the endophytic fungus muscodor crispans strain b23 demonstrates antimicrobial effects against a broad range of human and plant pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, and oomycetes. we studied the in vitro effects of b23 vocs against 25 human, 1 an ...201223413712
pythiosis of the digestive tract in sheep.cutaneous and rhinofacial infections by pythium insidiosum have previously been reported in sheep in brazil. in the current study, a new form of pythiosis involving the alimentary tract of 2 nursing lambs from 2 different farms in the semiarid region of brazil is described. the first lamb showed food regurgitation, lethargy, and anorexia, and died 5 days after the presentation of clinical signs. the second lamb had no history of gastrointestinal disease before death. necropsy findings were simil ...201223051827
vascular pythiosis in a thalassemic patient presenting as bilateral leg ulcers.human pythiosis is an emerging disease caused by pythium insidiosum, a fungus-like aquatic organism. clinical presentations can be classified into four types: (i) cutaneous/subcutaneous, (ii) ocular, (iii) vascular, and (iv) disseminated pythiosis. serological tests such as immunodiffusion and immunochromotographic test are useful to make rapid diagnosis in cutaneous and vascular pythiosis. we report a case of 35 year-old male with vascular pythiosis of both legs, diagnosed by serology and molec ...201224432209
treatment of pythiosis in equine limbs using intravenous regional perfusion of amphotericin b.to evaluate the effects of intravenous regional limb perfusion (irlp) administration of amphotericin b in horses to treat pythiosis after surgical excision and thermocautery.201222846053
treatment of intestinal pythiosis in a dog with a combination of marginal excision, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.a 1.5-year-old mixed-breed dog was examined because of a 1-month history of anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss.201222812473
equine pythiosis: report in crossed bred (criole venezuelan) horses.pythium insidiosum is a pathogenic oomycete known since 1890 that causes pythiosis in mammals. in this report, seven p. insidiosum isolates were recovered from venezuelan horses and were characterized. the strains were recovered from biopsied tissues and kunkers collected from granulomatous masses located on the hind limb and from a nodular lesion in the left upper eyelid, which decrease the ability of the horses to be used for working purposes. the methods used to identify p. insidiosum isolate ...201222772508
in vitro susceptibility of pythium insidiosum isolates to aminoglycoside antibiotics and tigecycline.this study evaluated the in vitro activity of aminoglycoside antibiotics and tigecycline against pythium insidiosum. the susceptibility tests were carried out using the broth microdilution method in accordance with the clsi document m38-a2. mic values for gentamicin, neomycin, paromomycin, and streptomycin ranged from 32 to 64 mg/liter, and the minimal fungicidal concentration (mfc) ranged from 32 to 128 mg/liter, which are incompatible with safe concentrations of these drugs in plasma in vivo. ...201222508303
phylogenetic relationships of brazilian isolates of pythium insidiosum based on its rdna and cytochrome oxidase ii gene sequences.pythium insidiosum is an aquatic oomycete that is the causative agent of pythiosis. advances in molecular methods have enabled increased accuracy in the diagnosis of pythiosis, and in studies of the phylogenetic relationships of this oomycete. to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships among isolates of p. insidiosum from different regions of brazil, and also regarding to other american and thai isolates, in this study a total of thirty isolates of p. insidiosum from different regions of brazil ...201222483240
gastric pythiosis in a dog.pythiosis is caused by the agent pythium insidiosum, an aquatic oomycete of the kingdom stramenopila.201222306044
insights into the pathophysiology of iron metabolism in pythium insidiosum infections.pythium insidiosum causes life-threatening disease in mammals. animals with pythiosis usually develop anemia, and most human patients are reported to have thalassemia and the major consequence of thalassemia, iron overload. therefore, this study evaluated the iron metabolism in rabbits experimentally infected with p. insidiosum. ten infected rabbits were divided into two groups: one groups received a placebo, and the other was treated with immunotherapy. five rabbits were used as negative contro ...201323182911
e-ada activity in lymphocytes of an experimental model of pythiosis treated with immunotherapy.pythiosis is a life-threatening disease caused by the oomycete pythium insidiosum. some authors have suggested the involvement of a th2-like immune response in the infected host, which leads to extensive tissue damage. the switch from a th2 to a th1 response pattern is one hypothesis to explain the curative properties of immunotherapy. taking into account the importance of immunotherapy for pythiosis treatment and the contribution of adenine nucleotides in the immunoregulation of the host, we ev ...201323086808
a peptide elisa to detect antibodies against pythium insidiosum based on predicted antigenic determinants of exo-1,3-beta-glucanase.human pythiosis is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by the oomycete pythium insidiosum. diagnosis of pythiosis relies on culture identification, serodiagnosis, and molecular-based assay. preparation of a serodiagnostic test requires culture filtrate antigen (cfa) extracted from the live pathogen. a 74-kda immunoreactive protein of p. insidiosum, is encoded by the exo-1,3-beta-glucanase gene (pinsexo1). pinsexo1 protein is recognized by sera from pythiosis patients but not by sera fro ...201324050102
new lignan esters from alyxia schlechteri and antifungal activity against pythium insidiosum.three new lignan esters, alyterinates a-c (1-3), as well as 10 known compounds were isolated from the roots of alyxia schlechteri. antifungal activity against pythium insidiosum of all lignan derivatives was evaluated using disk diffusion assay. p. insidiosum is not a true fungus since its cell walls do not contain ergosterol as usual fungi, so the antifungals available now are not effective. from activity testing, it was found that compounds 3, 4 and 5 could inhibit the mycelia growth of p. ins ...201323994626
evaluation for the clinical diagnosis of pythium insidiosum using a single-tube nested pcr.pythiosis is a rare infectious disease caused by pythium insidiosum, which typically occurs in tropical and subtropical regions. the high mortality rate may be in consequence of the lack of diagnosis. the objective of this study was to evaluate reliability of a new single-tube nested pcr for detection of p. insidiosum dna. a total of 78 clinical isolates of various fungi and bacteria, 106 clinical specimens and 80 simulated positive blood samples were tested. the developed primer pairs cpl6-cpr8 ...201323948967
canine gastrointestinal pythiosis treatment by combined antifungal and immunotherapy and review of published studies.pythium insidiosum is an oomycete, a fungal like microorganism, which infects mammals, causing pythiosis in animals and humans, especially in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. the treatment for this infection is very difficult, and therapeutic options commonly comprise surgery, immunotherapy and antimicrobial drugs. the present report describes the clinical healing of a dog with gastrointestinal pythiosis by treatment with a combination of antifungals and immunotherapy, as well ...201323918089
toll-deficient drosophila is susceptible to pythium insidiosum infection.there is a paucity of animal models of pythiosis, a life-threatening disease of humans and animals, the immunopathogenesis of which is poorly understood. a pythiosis model was developed by injecting toll (tl)-deficient drosophila melanogaster flies with pythium insidiosum zoospores. the infected tl mutant flies had significantly lower survival rates (73.7%) than did control flies. this study reveals the important role of tl pathway activation in fly immune response to pythiosis.201323865688
long-term follow-up after successful treatment of pythium insidiosum keratitis in israel.the purpose of this project is to report a case of severe pythium insidiosum keratitis confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and its long-term cure after therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty. a 24-year-old woman with a history of contact lens wear and exposure to swimming pool water presented with a severe corneal abscess. she was treated with intensive fortified topical antibiotics and natamycin with limited response. initial cultures suggested the presence of a septate mold, unclearly ...201323627654
clauraila e from the roots of clausena harmandiana and antifungal activity against pythium insidiosum.a new carbazole alkaloid named clauraila e (1) together with 8 known compounds were isolated from the methanol extract of the roots of clausena harmandiana. all compounds were evaluated for antifungal activity against pythium insidiosum using disc diffusion assay. pythium insidiosum is a fungus-like microorganism, for which antifungals available now are not effective. it was found that compounds 3, 6, 7 and 9 could inhibit the mycelia growth of p. insidiosum. the results show convincingly that t ...201323595552
performance comparison of immunodiffusion, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunochromatography and hemagglutination for serodiagnosis of human pythiosis.pythiosis is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by the fungus-like organism pythium insidiosum. morbidity and mortality rates of pythiosis are high. the treatment of choice for pythiosis is surgical debridement of infected tissue. early and accurate diagnosis is critical for effective treatment. in-house serodiagnostic tests, including immunodiffusion (id), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), immunochromatography (ict) and hemagglutination (ha) have been developed to detect anti ...201323537786
a simple, rapid and inexpensive screening method for the identification of pythium insidiosum.growth of pythium insidiosum mycelia around minocycline disks (30μg) did not occur within 7days of incubation at 35°c when the isolates were grown on sabouraud, corn meal, muller-hinton or rpmi agar. this technique offers a simple and rapid method for the differentiation of p. insidiosum from true filamentous fungi.201323419825
photodynamic therapy for pythiosis.pythiosis is a life-threatening disease caused by pythium insidiosum. photodynamic therapy (pdt) is an alternative treatment to surgery that uses the interaction of a photosensitizer, light and molecular oxygen to cause cell death.201323331689
iron chelation therapy as a treatment for pythium insidiosum in an animal model.iron plays an important role in the pathogenesis of pythium insidiosum. human pythiosis frequently occurs in iron-overloaded thalassaemic patients and experimentally infected animals develop iron deficiency anaemia. therefore, we sought to determine the in vitro and in vivo activities of the iron chelator deferasirox against p. insidiosum.201323329785
[pythium insidiosum ocular infection]. 201322981326
outbreak of pythium keratitis during rainy season: a case series.to describe typical clinical and laboratory characteristics of severe fungal keratitis caused by pythium insidiosum during the rainy season in northeast thailand and to report the efficacy of p. insidiosum vaccine in the treatment of pythium keratitis.201322902492
pathology of nasal infection caused by conidiobolus lamprauges and pythium insidiosum in sheep.conidiobolomycosis and pythiosis are important diseases of sheep in midwestern brazil. veterinary practitioners consider it difficult to differentiate between these diseases because they have similar clinical features. in this study, 186 sheep were subjected to necropsy examination over a 6-year period. thirty (16.1%) cases of rhinitis in sheep that were caused by conidiobolus lamprauges (n = 15) or pythium insidiosum (n = 15) were investigated further. the lesions of c. lamprauges infection wer ...201323375916
detection of diketopiperazine and pyrrolnitrin, compounds with anti-pythium insidiosum activity, in a pseudomonas stutzeri environmental strain.screening of bacterial flora for strains producing metabolites with inhibitory effects on the human pathogenic oomycete pythium insidiosum. separation and characterization of extracts from pseudomonas stutzeri with anti-pythium inhibitory activity. search for genes with anti-pythium effect within the genome of p. stutzeri.201423149469
new insights into the in vitro susceptibility of pythium insidiosum.we have determined the in vitro activity of several antibacterial and antifungal drugs against pythium insidiosum using broth microdilution (bmd), disk diffusion, and etest methods. the largest zones of inhibition (disk diffusion) and the lowest bmd and etest mics were observed for azithromycin, clarithromycin, linezolid, mupirocin, doxycycline, minocycline, and tigecycline. the in vitro activities observed suggest that antibacterials, which act by inhibiting protein synthesis, are promising can ...201425223997
a complicated case of vascular pythium insidiosum infection treated with limb-sparing surgery.pythiosis is a serious life- and limb-threatening infection endemic to thailand, but rarely seen in the western hemisphere. here, we present a unique case of vascular pythiosis initially managed with limb-sparing vascular bypass grafts complicated by a pseudoaneurysm in our repair.201425194603
efficiency comparison of three methods for extracting genomic dna of the pathogenic oomycete pythium insidiosum.the fungus-like organism pythium insidiosum is the causative agent of a life-threatening tropical infectious disease, pythiosis, which has high rates of morbidity and mortality. a lack of reliable diagnostic tools and effective treatments for pythiosis presents a major challenge to healthcare professionals. unfortunately, surgical removal of infected organs remains the default treatment for pythiosis. p. insidiosum is an understudied organism. in-depth study of the pathogen at the molecular leve ...201425123015
transcriptome analysis reveals pathogenicity and evolutionary history of the pathogenic oomycete pythium insidiosum.oomycetes form a unique group of microorganisms that share hyphal morphology with fungi. most of pathogenic oomycetes infect plants, while some species are capable of infecting animals. pythium insidiosum is the only oomycete that can infect both humans and animals, and causes a life-threatening infectious disease, called 'pythiosis'. controlling an infection caused by p. insidiosum is problematic because effective antimicrobial drugs are not available. information on the biology and pathogenesi ...201425088078
in vitro synergism observed with azithromycin, clarithromycin, minocycline, or tigecycline in association with antifungal agents against pythium insidiosum.we describe here the in vitro activities of azithromycin, clarithromycin, minocycline, or tigecycline alone and in combination with amphotericin b, itraconazole, terbinafine, voriconazole, anidulafungin, caspofungin, or micafungin against 30 isolates of the oomycete pythium insidiosum. the assays were based on the clsi m38-a2 technique and the checkerboard microdilution method. the main synergisms observed were through the combination of minocycline with amphotericin b (73.33%), itraconazole (70 ...201425001300
evaluation of nested pcr technique for detection of pythium insidiosum in pathological specimens from patients with suspected fungal keratitis.diagnosis of pythium keratitis is problematic due to the difficulty in obtaining a culture report resulting in unnecessarily prolonged usage of antimicrobial medication due to misdiagnosis. this study evaluated and compared nested pcr technique with culture and immunoperoxidase staining assays of pythium insidiosum in paraffin-embedded corneal tissues from patients with suspected fungal keratitis. six of 51 pathological reports compatible with fungal infection and 6 of 48 culture-proven fungal k ...201424964666
suprainguinal vascular pythiosis: effective long-term outcome of aggressive surgical eradication.vascular pythiosis, a vascular infectious disease in hemoglobinopathy patients, caused by pythium insidiosum, has an endemic area in tropical and subtropical countries. according to literature review, suprainguinal vascular pythiosis leads to 100% of mortality. the authors report a 35-year-old thalassemic patient who presented with a right inflammatory pulsatile groin mass and right limb ischemia. the computerized tomography angiography indicated a false aneurysm at the right external iliac arte ...201424911809
keratitis caused by pythium insidiosum in an immunosuppressed patient with crohn's disease. 201424793025
coumarinoids from the fruits of micromelum falcatum.four new compounds, microminutin b (1), microminutin c (2), micromarinate (3), and secomicromelin (4) as well as 17 known compounds were isolated from the fruits of micromelum falcatum. all compounds were evaluated for antifungal activity against pythium insidiosum using disc diffusion assay. p. insidiosum is a fungus-like microorganism for which antifungal agents now available are not effective. the results show that four compounds including secomicromelin (4), 7-methoxy-8-(4'-methyl-3'-furanyl ...201424561007
in vitro susceptibility of zoospores and hyphae of pythium insidiosum to antifungals.the purpose of this study was to compare the in vitro susceptibilities of 22 brazilian isolates of pythium insidiosum to antifungals using a standardized inoculum of zoospores and a proposed novel inoculum prepared from cultured mycelia (hyphae) of p. insidiosum.201424521855
photodynamic therapy in pythium insidiosum - an in vitro study of the correlation of sensitizer localization and cell death.pythiosis is an infectious disease caused by pythium insidiosum, a fungus-like organism. due to the lack of ergosterol on its cell membrane, antibiotic therapy is ineffective. the conventional treatment is surgery, but lesion recurrence is frequent, requiring several resections or limb amputation. photodynamic therapy uses photo-activation of drugs and has the potential to be an attractive alternative option. the in vitro pdt response on the growing of pythium insidiosum culture was investigated ...201424465559
molecular detection of pythium insidiosum from soil in thai agricultural areas.pythium insidiosum is an aquatic fungus-like organism in the kingdom stramenopila that causes pythiosis in both humans and animals. human pythiosis occurs in ocular, localized granulomatous subcutaneous and systemic or vascular forms. individuals whose occupations involve exposure to aquatic habitats have an elevated risk of contracting pythiosis. previously, we reported the first successful isolation of pythium insidiosum from aquatic environmental samples by culture including confirmation usin ...201424444720
cutaneous pythiosis in two dogs from wisconsin, usa.pythium insidiosum is an oomycete that causes cutaneous lesions or infiltrative gastrointestinal disease in dogs, cats, humans, horses and other mammals, primarily in tropical and subtropical climates.201424372864
in vitro reproduction of the life cycle of pythium insidiosum from kunkers' equine and their role in the epidemiology of pythiosis.pythium insidiosum is an important pathogen of mammals' species, including humans. equine is the main species affected by this oomycete. p. insidiosum requires an aquatic environment to develop its life cycle, and the susceptible hosts are contaminated when they contact the microorganism in swampy areas. the equine pythiosis is characterized by the formation of irregular masses within the cutaneous lesions, called kunkers, which easily detach from the lesion. from these structures, it is possibl ...201424326464
the immunoreactive exo-1,3-β-glucanase from the pathogenic oomycete pythium insidiosum is temperature regulated and exhibits glycoside hydrolase activity.the oomycete organism, pythium insidiosum, is the etiologic agent of the life-threatening infectious disease called "pythiosis". diagnosis and treatment of pythiosis is difficult and challenging. novel methods for early diagnosis and effective treatment are urgently needed. recently, we reported a 74-kda immunodominant protein of p. insidiosum, which could be a diagnostic target, vaccine candidate, and virulence factor. the protein was identified as a putative exo-1,3-ß-glucanase (exo1). this st ...201526263509
the elicitin-like glycoprotein, eli025, is secreted by the pathogenic oomycete pythium insidiosum and evades host antibody responses.pythium insidiosum is a unique oomycete that can infect humans and animals. patients with a p. insidiosum infection (pythiosis) have high rates of morbidity and mortality. the pathogen resists conventional antifungal drugs. information on the biology and pathogenesis of p. insidiosum is limited. many pathogens secrete proteins, known as effectors, which can affect the host response and promote the infection process. elicitins are secretory proteins and are found only in the oomycetes, primarily ...201525793767
in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of minocycline in combination with azithromycin, clarithromycin, or tigecycline against pythium insidiosum.the present study investigated the in vitro and the in vivo interactions among azithromycin, clarithromycin, minocycline, and tigecycline against pythium insidiosum. in vitro antimicrobial activities were determined by the broth microdilution method in accordance with clsi document m38-a2, and the antibiotic interactions were assayed using the checkerboard mic format. in vivo efficacy was determined using a rabbit infection model. the geometric mean mics of azithromycin, clarithromycin, minocycl ...201526459895
pythium insidiosum: a rare necrotizing orbital and facial infection.pythium insidiosum, also known as "swamp cancer," has been long known for its destructive effects on plants and animals. infections with this fungus-like organism typically occur in temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions [ 1]. human infection with p insidiosum, although exceedingly rare, is characterized by invasion of the cornea, cutaneous, subcutaneous, and orbital tissues with eosinophilic, tumor-like masses demonstrating arterial tropism [ 1, 2]. in most cases, patients have a history ...201526407370
detection of the oomycete pythium insidiosum by real-time pcr targeting the gene coding for exo-1,3-β-glucanase.pythiosis is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by pythium insidiosum. early and accurate diagnosis is the key to prompt treatment and an improved prognosis for patients with pythiosis. an alternative to microbiological and immunological approaches for facilitating diagnosis of pythiosis is the pcr-based assay. until recently, the ribosomal dna (rdna) region was the only target available for pcr-based detection of p. insidiosum. failure to detect p. insidiosum by pcr amplification usin ...201526296566
a biochemical screening approach to putatively differentiate mammalian pathogenic oomycota species in the clinical laboratory.the report of four novel mammalian pathogenic species of the genus lagenidium prompted us to study the use of biochemical assays to differentiate the oomycota mammalian pathogens pythium insidiosum and lagenidium spp. we investigated the reaction of 23 lagenidium and eight pythium species in various biochemical assays. because the morphological features of the oomycota species are similar to those of species in the entomophthoramycota and mucormycota, five fungal species with coenocytic hyphae w ...201526293112
vascular pythiosis of the lower extremity in northern thailand: ten years' experience.pythiosis is a disease caused by pythium insidiosum, a fungus-like organism. p. insidiosum is pathogenic in mammals, particularly in horses, dogs, and humans. human pythiosis can be classified into 4 types: (1) cutaneous/subcutaneous, (2) ocular, (3) vascular, and (4) disseminated pythiosis. vascular pythiosis is a rare disease but a serious limb- and life-threatening infection. we reviewed 22 cases over a 10-year period in maharaj nakorn chiang mai/chiang mai university hospital. the survival r ...201526286930
geographic variation in the elicitin-like glycoprotein, eli025, of pythium insidiosum isolated from human and animal subjects.oomycetes are fungus-like in appearance, but form a distinct clade within the eukaryotes. while most pathogenic oomycetes infect plants, the understudied oomycete pythium insidiosum infects humans and animals, and causes a life-threatening infectious disease, called pythiosis. phylogenetic analyses divide p. insidiosum into 3 groups, according to geographic origins: clade-i (americas), clade-ii (asia and australia), and clade-iii (thailand). surgical removal of the infected organ is the inevitab ...201526254563
environmental sampling reveals that pythium insidiosum is ubiquitous and genetically diverse in north central florida.pythiosis is a deadly disease of horses, dogs, and other mammals, including humans, in tropical and subtropical regions. in the united states, the disease has been reported in the southeast as well as in the temperate north and the dry southwest. the causal agent of pythiosis is pythium insidiosum, one of few mammalian pathogens in the fungus-like oomycetes. p. insidiosum has not been studied in the environment in the united states. given anecdotal reports of pythiosis in gainesville, florida do ...201526229152
draft genome sequence of the pathogenic oomycete pythium insidiosum strain pi-s, isolated from a patient with pythiosis.pythium insidiosum is an oomycete that causes a life-threatening infectious disease called pythiosis in humans and animals living in tropical and subtropical countries. here, we report the first draft genome sequence of p. insidiosum. the genome of p. insidiosum is 53.2 mb and contains 14,962 open reading frames.201526089407
treatment of experimental pythiosis with essential oils of origanum vulgare and mentha piperita singly, in association and in combination with immunotherapy.this study investigated the in vivo antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of origanum vulgare and mentha piperita both singly, associated and in combination with immunotherapy to treat experimental pythiosis. the disease was reproduced in 18 rabbits divided into six groups (n=3): group 1, control; group 2, treated with essential oil of mentha piperita; group 3, treated with essential oil of origanum vulgare; group 4, treated with commercial immunotherapic; group 5, treated with a associat ...201526036789
complex interaction of deferasirox and pythium insidiosum: iron-dependent attenuation of growth in vitro and immunotherapy-like enhancement of immune responses in vivo.pythium insidiosum iron acquisition mechanisms are unknown. we previously showed that the iron chelator deferasirox had weak activity in vitro and in rabbits with experimental pythiosis. here we show that deferasirox causes damage to p. insidiosum hyphae in vitro, but that activity is diminished in the presence of exogenous iron. the tissue activity of the proinflammatory enzyme adenosine deaminase and the histological pattern observed in pythiosis lesions of rabbits treated with deferasirox wer ...201525738758
pythium insidiosum keratitis: clinical profile and role of dna sequencing and zoospore formation in diagnosis.to report the molecular and microbiological diagnosis and clinical profile of 13 patients with pythium insidiosum keratitis.201525738236
in vitro activity of carvacrol and thymol combined with antifungals or antibacterials against pythium insidiosum.we describe the in vitro activities of the combinations of carvacrol and thymol with antibiotics (azithromycin, clarithromycin, minocycline and tigecycline) and antifungal agents (amphotericin b, caspofungin, itraconazole and terbinafine) against 23 isolates of the oomycete pythium insidiosum. the assays were based on the m38-a2 technique and checkerboard microdilution. based on the mean fici values, the main synergies observed were combinations of carvacrol+itraconazole and thymol+itraconazole ...201525639921
treatment outcomes of surgery, antifungal therapy and immunotherapy in ocular and vascular human pythiosis: a retrospective study of 18 patients.human pythiosis is a life-threatening disease for which no standard treatment protocols with proven efficacy exist. we present the results of our institutional pythiosis treatment protocol, composed of surgery, antifungal agents, iron chelator (only vascular cases) and immunotherapy.201525630647
cutaneous pythiosis in a goat.pythiosis is reported for the first time in a goat. the affected goat had daily access to an aquatic environment and had developed an ulcerative lesion on the skin of the left hindlimb. microscopically, there were dermal pyogranulomas with 'negatively stained' hyphae, which were identified immunohistochemically as pythium insidiosum.201525555632
imported pythium insidiosum keratitis after a swim in thailand by a contact lens-wearing traveler.a 30-year-old woman with a history of contact lens wear and exposure to swimming pool water in thailand presented with a non-responsive, progressive corneal ulcer of the right eye. confocal microscopy evidenced septate linear branching structures, raising suspicion of fungal keratitis. she was promptly treated with topical antibiotics and both topical and intravenous caspofungin plus voriconazole. worsening of the clinical picture after 1 month of intensive medical therapy led to a large therape ...201525535313
micafungin alone and in combination therapy with deferasirox against pythium insidiosum.this study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo activity of micafungin alone and in combination with the iron chelator deferasirox against pythium insidiosum. micafungin showed a poor in vitro activity when it was used alone, but synergistic interactions were observed for 88.2% of the strains when the drug was combined with deferasirox. smaller lesions were observed in infected rabbits receiving the combination therapy, although it favored disease dissemination to the lungs. the present results sh ...201525459680
in vitro susceptibility of brazilian pythium insidiosum isolates to essential oils of some lamiaceae family species.the present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial action of origanum vulgare, origanum majorana, mentha piperita and rosmarinus officinalis on pythium insidiosum oomycete zoospores. the antimicrobial activity evaluation was performed by the broth microdilution method according to csli m38-a2 documentation adapted to phytopharmaceuticals. twenty-two p. insidiosum isolates were evaluated, and the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined at 100% growth inhibition. all p. insidio ...201525431090
cutaneous pythiosis in calves: an epidemiologic, pathologic, serologic and molecular characterization.this study reports the epidemiological, pathological and mycological findings of cutaneous pythiosis in cattle in southern brazil. 23 calves, that were kept next to a river with extensive marshy regions, presented ulcerated cutaneous lesions in thoracic and pelvic limbs, sometimes extending to the ventral thoracic region. histopathological examination revealed multifocal pyogranulomas in the superficial and deep dermis. the grocott-methenamine silver, immunohistochemistry anti-pythium insidiosum ...201628050341
diagnosis and treatment of pythium insidiosum corneal ulcer in a chinese child: a case report and literature review.background pythium insidiosum keratitis is a rare but sight-threatening disease with a high morbidity rate. it can be misdiagnosed as fungal keratitis in clinic settings. we report a case of severe pythium insidiosum keratitis in a chinese child, treated with combined approaches. case report a 7-year-old boy from hainan province in the south of china developed a suppurative corneal ulcer after being in a forest. a mass of hyphae was detected by confocal imaging in vivo, fungal smear test, and hi ...201628025573
cutaneous pythiosis in a red brangus beef calf cured by immunotherapy.pythiosis in southern usa have been increasingly reported in the past ten years. the infection occurs more frequently in dogs and horses inhabiting the endemic areas. cases of the disease are rarely diagnosed in other species including humans. herein, we describe the first case of bovine pythiosis in a breed other than brahman successfully treated by the used of immunotherapy.201627995050
in vitro susceptibility of the oomycete pythium insidiosum to metallic compounds containing cadmium, lead, copper, manganese or zinc.pythium insidiosum is an aquatic oomycete that causes pythiosis, an important and severe disease of difficult treatment that affects humans, domestic and wild animals. this infection is often described in horses in brazil and humans in thailand. in clinical practice, we have observed many cases that do not respond to available therapies, indicating the need to explore alternative therapeutic approaches. in this sense, studies using metal compounds in conjunction with available antimicrobial agen ...201627816906
outcomes and factors influencing prognosis in patients with vascular pythiosis.vascular pythiosis, caused by pythium insidiosum, is associated with a high mortality rate. we reviewed the outcomes and established the factors predicting prognosis of patients treated in our institution with surgery, antifungal therapy, or immunotherapy.201626951999
in vitro activity of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) in its free oil and nanoemulsion formulations against pythium insidiosum.pythium insidiosum is an important aquatic oomycete which can cause pythiosis in both animals and humans. this microorganism shows low susceptibility to antifungal drugs available. this study analyzed the in vitro antimicrobial activity of melaleuca alternifolia in its free oil (fo) and nanoemulsion (ne) formulations against brazilian p. insidiosum isolates. the antimicrobial activity evaluation was performed by the broth microdilution method according to csli m38-a2 document adapted to phytopha ...201627544535
in vitro activity of antifungals in combination with essential oils against the oomycete pythium insidiosum.the aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro susceptibility of pythium insidiosum to combinations of the antifungal drugs terbinafine or itraconazole with melaleuca alternifolia, mentha piperita and origanum vulgare essential oils (eos).201627417677
pythiosis in the nasal cavity of horses.two cases of nasal pythiosis are reported in horses from the semi-arid region of northeastern brazil. from january 1986 to december 2015, the laboratory of animal pathology, federal university of campina grande received 830 equine samples, 156 (18.79%) of which were diagnosed with pythiosis. of these, two horses (1.28%), a male and a female adult cross-breed, had lesions in the nasal cavity. both horses had access to water reservoirs. clinically, they had swelling in the rhinofacial region and a ...201627406311
cutaneous pythiosis in a donkey (equus asinus) in brazil.our study describes the clinical, epidemiologic, pathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular aspects pcr of a case of cutaneous pythiosis in a donkey (equus asinus) from brazil. during a dry period, the animal grazed for 4 months around a pond where the vegetation remained green. skin lesions were nodular, multifocal, and disseminated, mainly involving the legs, ventral chest, and mammary gland. on cut surface, there were multifocal to coalescent discrete yellow foci, and occasional small cav ...201627271986
in vitro synergism between azithromycin or terbinafine and topical antimicrobial agents against pythium insidiosum.we describe here in vitro activity for the combination of azithromycin or terbinafine and benzalkonium, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium, mupirocin, triclosan, or potassium permanganate. with the exception of potassium permanganate, the remaining antimicrobial drugs were active and had an mic90 between 2 and 32 μg∕ml. the greatest synergism was observed for the combination of terbinafine and cetrimide (71.4%). in vivo experimental evaluations will clarify the potential of these drugs for the topical t ...201627216049
in vitro susceptibility of pythium insidiosum to melaleuca alternifolia, mentha piperita and origanum vulgare essential oils combinations.pythium insidiosum is the etiologic agent of pythiosis, a severe and emerging disease that affects mammals. failure of conventional antifungal therapies is partially justified by the absence of ergosterol in the plasma membrane of this oomycete. despite research advancement, the treatment of pythiosis has not been not fully established. the present study investigated the in vitro susceptibility profile of brazilian isolates of p. insidiosum (n = 20) against melaleuca alternifolia, mentha piperit ...201627209011
protein a/g-based immunochromatographic test for serodiagnosis of pythiosis in human and animal subjects from asia and americas.pythiosis is a life-threatening infectious disease of both humans and animals living in asia, americas, africa, and parts of australia and new zealand. the etiologic pathogen is the fungus-like organism pythium insidiosum the disease has high mortality and morbidity rates. use of antifungal drugs are ineffective against p. insidiosum, leaving radical surgery the main treatment option. prompt treatment leads to better prognosis of affected individuals, and could be achieved by early and accurate ...201627118800
whole genome sequence of the emerging oomycete pathogen pythium insidiosum strain cdc-b5653 isolated from an infected human in the usa.pythium insidiosum atcc 200269 strain cdc-b5653, an isolate from necrotizing lesions on the mouth and eye of a 2-year-old boy in memphis, tennessee, usa, was sequenced using a combination of illumina miseq (300 bp paired-end, 14 millions reads) and pacbio (10  kb fragment library, 356,001 reads). the sequencing data were assembled using spades version 3.1.0, yielding a total genome size of 45.6 mb contained in 8992 contigs, n50 of 13 kb, 57% g + c content, and 17,867 putative protein-coding gene ...201626981361
swamp cancer: a case of human pythiosis and review of the literature.pythiosis is an infection caused by the aquatic oomycete pythium insidiosum. commonly known as 'swamp cancer' in veterinary pathology, pythiosis is now considered an emerging human disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. however, because clinical information is limited, many healthcare providers, including dermatologists, are unfamiliar with this diagnosis. to increase awareness of this life-threatening infection, a case of cutaneous pythiosis is presented. we describe a mid ...201626946963
genome sequence of dengue virus 3 from the pythium insidiosum transcriptomes. 201627379056
comparative mitochondrial genome analysis of pythium insidiosum and related oomycete species provides new insights into genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships.oomycetes are eukaryotic microorganisms, which are phylogenetically distinct from the true-fungi, which they resemble morphologically. while many oomycetes are pathogenic to plants, pythium insidiosum is capable of infecting humans and animals. mitochondrial (mt) genomes are valuable genetic resources for exploring the evolution of eukaryotes. during the course of 454-based nuclear genome sequencing, we identified a complete 54.9 kb mt genome sequence, containing 2 large inverted repeats, from p ...201626299654
enzymatic variability among brazilian pythium insidiosum isolates.pythium insidiosum is an oomycete classified in the kingdom stramenopila. p. insidiosum hyphae are not able to initiate infection without the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes, which are considered an important factor in microbial virulence.201623318164
single nucleotide polymorphism-based multiplex pcr for identification and genotyping of the oomycete pythium insidiosum from humans, animals and the environment.pythium insidiosum causes a life-threatening infectious disease, called pythiosis, in humans and animals worldwide. diagnosis of pythiosis is difficult and often delayed. surgical removal of infected tissue is the main treatment option. disabilities and death are common outcomes for pythiosis patients. reports of py. insidiosum infections are rising. while it would be useful for clinical, epidemiological, and microbiological studies, information on genetic variation in py. insidiosum strains is ...201728826756
pythium insidiosum keratitis: histopathology and rapid novel diagnostic staining technique.to elucidate the histopathology of pythium insidiosum keratitis and to describe a novel, simple, and rapid staining technique for identification of oomycete pythium insidiosum and to differentiate it from fungi.201728582375
pulmonary pythiosis in a canine patient.a staffordshire terrier presented for evaluation of a chronic, nonproductive cough that was unresponsive to antibiotic therapy. a large mass identified in the pulmonary hilum was most consistent with tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy on radiographic and computed tomography (ct) images. bronchoscopy confirmed a mass compressing the dorsal portion of the intrathoracic trachea. bronchoscopic biopsies of the tracheal mass revealed necrosuppurative and eosinophilic inflammation with intralesional pyth ...201728547920
chemically induced disseminated pythiosis in balb/c mice: a new experimental model for pythium insidiosum infection.pythiosis is a severe and life-threatening disease that affects humans and various animal species. we report a model of vascular/disseminated pythiosis occurring after subcutaneous inoculation of 2 x 104 pythium insidiosum zoospores/ml in immunocompromised balb/c mice. for this model, we carried out two rounds of experiments. first, we evaluated two protocols of immunosuppression before inoculation: cyclophosphamide at 150 mg/kg (cyp group) and cyclophosphamide 200 mg/kg plus hydrocortisone acet ...201728542438
differential diagnosis for pythiosis using thermophilic helicase dna amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism (thda-rflp).pythiosis is caused by pythium insidiosum, a fungus-like microbe belonging to the kingdom stramenopila. its diagnosis is challenging due to clinical and histopathological similarities with the fungal microbes that cause mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis. in addition, the proper identification of p. insidiosum in the clinical laboratory is difficult. we have developed a rapid and accurate, species-specific identification method using a thermophilic helicase dna amplification (thda) technique, ...201728525598
a leishmania murine model to evaluate the immunomodulatory properties of pythium insidiosum proteins.pythium insidiosum immunomodulatory vaccine (piv) has been tested in clinical and experimental pythiosis. previous data showed that p. insidiosum immunogens have the ability to switch the th2 immune response, normally in place during pythiosis, to a curative th1 response. pythiosis cannot be reproduced in experimental rodents with the exception of rabbits, and thus thorough evaluation of piv´s immunomodulatory properties has been limited by the lack of a compatible inbred mouse model. in this st ...201728393124
stryphnodendron adstringens and purified tannin on pythium insidiosum: in vitro and in vivo studies.pythium insidiosum is the etiological agent of pythiosis, an emerging life-threatening infectious disease in tropical and subtropical regions. the pathogen is a fungus-like organism resistant to antifungal therapy, for this reason, most cases need extensive surgical debridments as treatment, but depending on the size and anatomical region of the lesion, such approach is unfeasible. we investigate the fungicidal effect and toxicity of crude bark extract of stryphnodendron adstringens and commerci ...201728231795
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