Publications

relationship between the mandibular condyle and the occlusal plane during hominid evolution: some of its effects on jaw mechanics.	a selection of mandibles from recent higher primates, fossil hominids, and hominoids has been studied from photographs of skulls, reproductions, and material published by others, all viewed in the sagittal plane. tracings of each mandible were constructed so that the dentitions were all scaled to the same length (d) and superimposed. the (scaled) positions of the articular surfaces of the condyles (j = joint point) were compared. the height of each j point above the scaled dentition (h = effecti ...	1987	3113263
kebara 2 neanderthal pelvis: first look at a complete inlet.	the renewed excavations at the kebara cave revealed a neanderthal skeleton dated at about 50-55,000 years b.p. the pelvis of this individual is the most intact neanderthal pelvis yet discovered, presenting for the first time a complete inlet. although the superior pubic ramus is extremely long, as typically seen in the neanderthals, the size of the pelvic inlet is comparable to that of modern homo sapiens. the length of the superior pubic ramus is found to stem from a more externally rotated inn ...	1987	3113264
the third metacarpal styloid process in humans: origin and functions.	the development, mechanics, and pathology of the third carpometacarpal joint have been investigated in order to explain the unique presence in humans of a styloid process on the third metacarpal. structure and functions of the joint are compared in a large series of old world anthropoid hand skeletons, cadavers, and x-rays, and shown to differ in the three groups. developmental anomalies reveal the source of the human styloid in a group of cells which fuse with the capitate in other old world an ...	1987	3116852
artificial grooves on the krapina neanderthal teeth.	gross and microscopic examination of the krapina neanderthal dental remains reveals the presence of artificial grooves along the cemento-enamel junction of 14 teeth representing ten different individuals. the grooves display distinct morphological features including their consistent location (primarily on the mesial and/or distal root walls), their troughlike appearance, striations and/or polishing in the channel, and the ridges of reactive cementum bordering the groove. these grooves occur only ...	1987	3322035
bone breakage in the krapina hominid collection.	the fragmentary condition of the krapina neandertal remains has been offered as one line of evidence for the hypothesis that these hominids were the victims of cannibals seeking marrow and brains. two other hypotheses regarding the causes of the framentation have been raised: a substantial portion of the breakage in the krapina collection is attributable to excavation damage; and the rest of the breakage is attributable to sedimentary pressure and to natural rock falls that occurred during the s ...	1987	3107398
femoral diaphyseal histomorphometric age determinations for the shanidar 3, 4, 5, and 6 neandertals and neandertal longevity.	histomorphometric analysis of femoral diaphyseal fragments from the shanidar 3, 4, 5, and 6 neandertals provide age at death estimates of 41 (+/- 6.7), 36 (+/- 6.7), 40 (+/- 6.7), and 24 (+/- 6.7) years. these determinations are in agreement with previous macroscopic age assessments. since the shanidar 3, 4, and 5 (and slightly younger shanidar 1) individuals are among the oldest known neandertals, these age determinations suggest that significant postreproductive survival was rare among the nea ...	1987	3103459
neandertal radial tuberosity orientation.	examination of adult and immature neandertal radii demonstrates that the medial versus anterior orientations of their radial tuberosities fall within recent human ranges of variation, but on the average their radial tuberosities are significantly more medially, as opposed to anteromedially, oriented. this more posterior positioning of their radial tuberosities implies a maintenance of an effective moment arm for m. biceps brachii through the full range of supination, an interpretation which fits ...	1988	3124631
reconstruction of human evolution: bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data.	the genetic information for this work came from a very large collection of gene frequencies for "classical" (non-dna) polymorphisms of the world aborigines. the data were grouped in 42 populations studied for 120 alleles. the reconstruction of human evolutionary history thus generated was checked with statistical techniques such as "boot-strapping". it changes some earlier conclusions and is in agreement with more recent ones, including published and unpublished dna-marker results. the first spl ...	1988	3166138
mechanical effect of vocalization on human brain and meninges.	vibrations of human skull, as produced by loud vocalisation, exert a massaging effect on the brain and facilitate elution of metabolic products from the brain into the cerebrospinal fluid (csf). in addition, these vibrations, through their effect on arachnoid villi, speed up the flow of csf from the subarachnoid space into the blood within the superior sagittal sinus and lacunae lateralis. in this way, the speed of renewal of csf is increased, which again contributes to a faster cleaning process ...	1988	2893971
esr dates for the hominid burial site of es skhul in israel.	the middle east has been critical to our understanding of recent human evolution ever since the recovery of neanderthal and early anatomically modern fossils from the caves of tabun and skhul (mount carmel) over 50 years ago. it was generally believed, on archaeological and morphological grounds, that middle eastern neanderthals (such as those from tabun, amud and kebara) probably dated from more than 50,000 years ago, whereas the earliest anatomically modern specimens (from skhul and qafzeh) pr ...	1989	2541339
incidence and patterning of dental enamel hypoplasia among the neandertals.	dental enamel hypoplasia (deh), as an indicator of nonspecific stress during development, provides an assessment of the relative morbidity of past human populations. an investigation of 669 neandertal dental crowns yielded an overall deh frequency of 36.0% by tooth (41.9% for permanent teeth; 3.9% for deciduous teeth) and about 75% by individual. these incidences place the neandertals at the top of recent human ranges of variation in deh frequencies, indicating high levels of stress during devel ...	1989	2665513
[the most ancient case of synostosis of the carpal bones: pyramido-lunate synostosis in la ferrassie man].	re-examining the neandertal skeleton la ferrassie ii, the authors found a synostosis of the right carpus with fusion of the lunate and the triquetrum. this congenital abnormality had never been noticed before. reconstruction of the right carpus of the man of la ferrassie ii is now complete.	1989	2684063
a middle palaeolithic human hyoid bone.	the origin of human language, and in particular the question of whether or not neanderthal man was capable of language/speech, is of major interest to anthropologists but remains an area of great controversy. despite palaeoneurological evidence to the contrary, many researchers hold to the view that neanderthals were incapable of language/speech, basing their arguments largely on studies of laryngeal/basicranial morphology. studies, however, have been hampered by the absence of unambiguous fossi ...	1989	2716823
frozen neanderthals.		1989	2812000
were neanderthals the first humans to bury their dead?		1989	2755484
deciduous teeth of the neandertal mandible from molare shelter, near scario (salerno, italy).	excavations at hearth levels at the molare shelter in 1985 yielded the mandible of a 3-4-year-old child. the associated lithic artifacts recovered with it are mousterian. its features, although quite archaic, are within the known range of variation of neandertals. four deciduous molars are still preserved in the mandible. they were compared with other known specimens, which date to the middle and upper pleistocene. the metrical characteristics are surprisingly primitive, within the range of vari ...	1989	2672830
a reappraisal of the anatomical basis for speech in middle palaeolithic hominids.	the recovery of a fossil hominid skeleton with a complete hyoid bone from mousterian deposits in kebara cave, israel, provides new evidence pertaining to the evolution of speech. previous studies of speech in the middle palaeolithic (most notably those on neandertals) have focused on the basicranium as an indicator of speech capabilities. this work critiques the use of the basicranium and instead presents the anatomical relations of the hyoid and adjacent structures in living humans as a basis f ...	1990	2248373
[stress and hypertension: greetings from neanderthal].		1990	2365247
on the differences between two pelvises of mousterian context from the qafzeh and kebara caves, israel.	two pelvises from a similar archaeological context have been discovered in recent years in two different caves in israel. the pelvis from the qafzeh cave (qafzeh 9) was dated by means of thermoluminescence at approximately 95 kyr bp. all available measurement values, the most significant being those of the diagnostic obturator region, fall within those of the modern range. the other pelvis emanates from the kebara cave and differs fundamentally from modern pelvises and from the qafzeh specimen, ...	1990	2327476
neandertal scapular glenoid morphology.	analysis of neandertal and recent human scapular glenoid fossae reveals that the former had long, narrow, and flat glenoid articular surfaces relative to those of modern humans. comparison of glenoid length, breadth, and curvature to humeral articular dimensions demonstrates that neandertal glenoid length and curvature scale to proximal and distal humeral articular dimensions in the same manner as those of modern humans. the remaining contrast is in the relatively greater glenoid fossa width see ...	1990	2248374
femur/stature ratio and estimates of stature in mid- and late-pleistocene fossil hominids.	in previous limited investigations of the human femur/stature ratio we (feldesman and lundy: journal of human evolution 17:583-596, 1988; feldesman et al.: american journal of physical anthropology 79:219-220, 1989) have shown it to be remarkably stable across ethnic and gender boundaries. in this study we evaluate the femur/stature ratio in 51 different "populations" of contemporary humans (n = 13,149) sampled from all over the world. we find that the mean ratio of femur length to stature in th ...	1990	2252082
speech and the neanderthals.	the ability to communicate by speech was a crucial step in human evolution and there has been much controversy concerning the point at which it occurred. the recent discovery at kebara of a well-preserved hyoid bone some 60,000 years old suggests that neanderthal man had developed the anatomical structures necessary to articulate words. this in itself does not prove that such articulation occurred. but contributory evidence, such as endocranial casts indicates that the necessary brain differenti ...	1991	1710561
thermoluminescence dating of neanderthal and early modern humans in the near east.	archaeological excavations in europe provide no evidence for the first modern humans pre-dating neanderthal man. in the near east, however, a quite different sequence seems to have pertained. thermoluminescence dating indicates that at some sites the modern humans were settled some 30,000 years before the neanderthals. this raises the possibility of two lines of descent from a common ancestor.	1991	1720086
[neanderthal markers of the frontal bone--a conspicuous hallstatt cranium of the burial field dietfurt/oberpfalz].	between the skulls from early iron age cemeteries of the hallstatt period (beilngries, dietfurt, schirndorf and some other localities) in the upper palatinate (bavaria) the skull dietfurt 13/1 attracted attention because of its archaic traits at the viscerocranium and because of its extraordinarily large cranial capacity (1654 cm3). such large cranial capacities were well known from neandertals. therefore this skull was examined for other neandertaloid traits: it was shown that the values for th ...	1991	1859196
aquatic ape theory and fossil hominids.	while most older palaeo-anthropological studies emphasise the similarities of the fossil hominids with modern man, recent studies often stress the unique and the apelike features of the australopithecine dentitions, skulls and postcranial bones. it is worth reconsidering the features of australopithecus, homo erectus and homo neanderthalensis in the light of the so-called aquatic ape theory (aat) of hardy and morgan, and to compare the skeletal parts of our fossil relatives with those of (semi)a ...	1991	1909768
analytical morphies on mid-sagittal craniograms glabella-opisthocranion of homo erectus and homo sapiens neanderthalensis: fourier parameters and synthesis of mean craniograms.	among mathematic procedures used in morphological description, fourier analysis was indicated as extremely effective in obtaining numerical representations of shape. in order to fully exploit its potentiality in morphology the worked data have to be referred exclusively to the shape of the investigated object and the application of suitable procedures of dimensional normalization are necessary, moreover the significance of the parameters obtained from the analysis must be referable univocally to ...	1991	1930897
analytical morphies on mid-sagittal craniograms glabella-opisthocranion of homo erectus and homo sapiens neanderthalensis: fourier parameters and multivariate discriminant analysis.	the analytical description of complicated morphologies offers the possibility to define patterns of parameters characterizing the investigated groups. these patterns must be considered as morphies useful in performing classification and comparison. fourier parameters are extremely effective in describing and comparing complex irregular forms and since they are statistically independent we can use them in performing multivariate discriminant analysis. two groups of mid-sagittal craniograms glabel ...	1991	1930898
paleoepidemiological inference and neanderthal dental enamel hypoplasias: a reply to neiburger.		1991	1928319
thermoluminescence dating of the late neanderthal remains from saint-césaire.	anatomically modern humans have long been thought to have been responsible for the aurignacian and châtelperronian industries of the early upper palaeolithic of western europe, whereas the middle palaeolithic mousterian industry has been attributed to neanderthals. the presence of both middle and upper palaeolithic strata at saint-césaire in france offers an excellent opportunity for studying the cultural transition between the two. saint-césaire is the only châtelperronian site that has yielded ...	1991	2062366
palaeoanthropology. time for the last neanderthals.		1991	2062364
pulling neandertals back into our family tree.		1991	2017678
mechanical advantages of the neanderthal thumb in flexion: a test of an hypothesis.	it has been proposed that the pollical phalangeal length proportions of the neanderthals provided them with a greater mechanical advantage relative to recent humans for their pollical flexor muscles in power grips across the interphalangeal (ip) joint at the expense of the mechanical advantage of those pollical flexor muscles in precision grips at the finger tip. to test these related hypotheses, we compared the pollical load arm dimensions (phalanx lengths) to power arm dimensions (dorsopalmar ...	1991	2024713
shanidar 1: a case of hyperostotic disease (dish) in the middle paleolithic.	the shanidar 1 neandertal partial skeleton presents osteophytic lesions on its vertebrae and appendicular skeleton which appear independent of the multiple traumatic and degenerative joint disease lesions on the individual. in particular, the large flowing osteophyte on the l3 body, a smaller one on the l5 body, and enthesopathic osteophytes on both calcaneal tuberosities, both patellae and the left ulnar olecranon, support a diagnosis of hyperostotic disease (dish). the diagnosis is supported b ...	1992	1463085
paleoanthropology. neandertal language debate: tongues wag anew.		1992	1566057
neanderthal dates debated.		1992	1552939
medicinal plants in a middle paleolithic grave shanidar iv?	this paper deals with phytopharmacological evaluation of the therapeutic potential of the plants found in the neanderthal grave of a shanidar iv individual (iraq), where the palynological analysis of some other authors discovered the following flowers: achillea-type, centaurea solstitialis, senecio-type, muscari-type, ephedra altissima, althea-type. the purpose of our theoretical analysis was to evaluate the objective healing activity of the flowers. the result of the research revealed that shan ...	1992	1548898
[the first peopling of europe: the extraordinary history of neanderthal man].		1992	1303297
recent human evolution in northwestern africa.	the first modern humans in the maghreb are said to be associated with the aterian industries which appeared at least 40 ka bp in the northwest. their predecessors are mainly represented by the jebel irhoud (morocco) specimens. palaeontological evidence, as well as electron spin resonance (esr) dating, suggests that this series is older than previously published, and should belong to oxygen isotope stage 5 or even 6. there is no evidence of any neanderthal apomorphy in this group which can no lon ...	1992	1357693
reconstructing recent human evolution.	the two most distinct models of recent human evolution, the multiregional and the recent african origin models, have different retrodictions concerning specific archaic-recent population relationships. the former model infers multiple regional archaic-modern connections and the ancient establishment of regional characteristics, whereas the latter model implies only an african archaic-all modern relationship, with recent (late pleistocene) development of regionality. in this paper, four late arch ...	1992	1357696
archaeology and the population-dispersal hypothesis of modern human origins in europe.	the transition from anatomically 'archaic' to 'modern' populations would seem to have occurred in most regions of europe broadly between ca. 40 and 30 ka ago: much later than in most other areas of the world. the archaeological evidence supports the view that this transition was associated with the dispersal of new human populations into europe, equipped with a new technology ('aurignacian') and a range of radical behavioural and cultural innovations which collectively define the 'middle-upper p ...	1992	1357697
[hermann schaaffhausen (1816-1893) and the early history of the profession of anthropology].	the most important and best-known merit of hermann schaaffhausen is the correct explanation of the neanderthal man as a fossil human being. considering his work in the field of paleoanthropology one can designate him as the founder of this anthropological discipline in germany. beyond that he was also very active in the "deutsche anthropologische gesellschaft" of the 19th century and played an important role as an editor of the journal "archiv für anthropologie". thus, hermann schaaffhausen can ...	1992	1476422
a comparison of tooth structure in neanderthals and early homo sapiens sapiens: a radiographic study.	tooth components of 1st and 2nd erupted permanent molars were measured from standardised radiographs of homo sapiens sapiens and homo sapiens neanderthalensis. enamel height was greater in homo sapiens sapiens but pulp height and width and the height of the enamel to floor of the pulp chamber were greater in homo sapiens neanderthalensis. dentine height, crown width and enamel width showed similar results in the two groups. unerupted first molars were measured to analyse the influence of functio ...	1992	1487432
sexual dimorphism in the human bony pelvis, with a consideration of the neandertal pelvis from kebara cave, israel.	sexual dimorphism of the human pelvis is inferentially related to obstetrics. however, researchers disagree in the identification and obstetric significance of pelvic dimorphisms. this study addresses three issues. first, common patterns in dimorphism are identified by analysis of pelvimetrics from six independent samples (whites and blacks of known sex and four amerindian samples of unknown sex). second, an hypothesis is tested that the index of pelvic dimorphism (female mean x 100/male mean) i ...	1992	1510108
tooth components of mandibular deciduous molars of homo sapiens sapiens and homo sapiens neanderthalensis: a radiographic study.	tooth components of deciduous molars were measured from standardized radiographs of homo sapiens sapiens and homo sapiens neanderthalensis. enamel height and width were greater in deciduous teeth of homo sapiens sapiens than in homo sapiens neanderthalensis and the differences were statistically significant (p less than 0.01). dentin height showed no significant differences between the two groups, but enamel to floor of pulp chamber and pulp height and width dimensions were significantly greater ...	1992	1562057
metrical reconsideration of the skhul iv and ix and border cave 1 crania in the context of modern human origins.	the "out-of-africa" models for origins of modern homo sapiens incorporate skhul as one site documenting that early origination. however, only skhul v is usually considered in the comparative craniology of the question, neglecting the other substantial crania, skhul iv and ix. craniometric comparison demonstrates that iv and ix amplify the picture of continuous gradations of neandertal-to-modern variations throughout the levant; much variation is thus represented within this one site, raising ser ...	1992	1580351
reexamination of the immature hominid maxilla from tangier, morocco.	reexamination of the immature upper pleistocene hominid maxilla from mugharet el-'aliya (tangier), morocco is undertaken in light of new evidence on the growth and development of upper pleistocene hominids. metric and qualitative comparisons were made with 17 immature upper pleistocene maxillae, and with a recent homo sapiens sapiens sample. no unambiguous criteria for aligning the maxilla with neandertals were found, although one character, the degree of maxillary flexion on the zygoma, strongl ...	1993	8296874
zuttiyeh face: a view from the east.	we analyze the phylogenetic position of the frontofacial fragment from zuttiyeh, israel. this specimen is dated to the middle pleistocene (the latest estimate is between 250 and 350 kyr) and is associated with the acheulo-yabrudian, which makes it the oldest cranium from the region. it has been previously regarded as a neandertal, and early "anatomically modern homo sapiens," and a generalized specimen ancestral to both. these different phylogenetic interpretations of its features have a histori ...	1993	8333489
mass-spectrometric u-series dates for israeli neanderthal/early modern hominid sites.	the nature of the relationship between neanderthals and early modern homo sapiens is controversial, yet it is fundamental to our understanding of early human evolution. the middle palaeolithic sites of israel are critical to this debate, because unlike those of western europe and africa they contain both neanderthal (at tabun and kebara for example) and anatomically modern hominids (as at skhul and qafzeh). here we present new mass spectrometric 230th/234u dates for dental fragments from the mid ...	1993	8387643
three new human skulls from the sima de los huesos middle pleistocene site in sierra de atapuerca, spain.	three important fossil hominids were found in july 1992 in the middle pleistocene cave site called sima de los huesos (sierra de atapuerca, burgos, northern spain). one is a complete calvaria (cranium 4), the second a virtually complete cranium (cranium 5), the third represents a more fragmentary cranium of an immature individual (cranium 6). there is a large difference in size between the two adult specimens (for example endocranial volume 1,125 cm3 versus 1,390 cm3). the atapuerca human remain ...	1993	8464493
biomechanical analysis of masticatory system configuration in neandertals and inuits.	considerable debate has surrounded the adaptive significance of neandertal craniofacial morphology. numerous unique morphological features of this form have been interpreted as indicating an adaptation to intense anterior tooth use. conversely, it has been argued that certain features related to muscle position imply a reduced mechanical advantage for producing bite forces on the incisors and canines. in this study, hypotheses about morphological specializations for anterior tooth use have been ...	1993	8512051
possible neandertal ancestor found.		1993	8235638
hominid enamel thickness: i. the krapina neandertals.	dental x-rays were taken of isolated and in situ adult molar teeth of the krapina neandertal (n = 63) and of recent and contemporary molars (n = 423). the radiographs were digitized at high resolution (1,024 x 1,520 x 8 bits) with a 35 mm solid state scanner. ratios of enamel cap area to the underlying dentinal-pulpal area were determined and comparisons were made between average ratios for the neandertal and contemporary molars. neandertal molars had significantly smaller ratios than did contem ...	1993	8273825
cannibals among the neanderthals?		1993	8459848
neandertal supralaryngeal vocal tract.	interpretations of skeletal anatomy claiming to show that neandertals could not have had a similar supralaryngeal vocal apparatus to that of humans are demonstrated to be flawed. correction of the errors suggests that the neandertal vocal apparatus need not have differed from that of recent humans.	1993	8430750
functional tongues and neanderthal vocal tract reconstruction: a reply to dr. houghton (1993).		1994	7864065
thin enamel and other tooth components in neanderthals and other hominids.		1994	7998604
brief communication: additional cranial remains from vindija cave, croatia.	two additional cranial specimens from vindija cave, croatia, are described. one specimen is a zygomatic, providing the first information about the midfacial anatomy of the vindija hominids. the other specimen is a frontal/supraorbital torus fragment. both specimens exhibit morphology typically associated with neandertals. they derive from level g1 and provide further indication that both the level g3 and g1 hominids at vindija represent neandertals.	1994	8147441
mtdna and the origin of caucasians: identification of ancient caucasian-specific haplogroups, one of which is prone to a recurrent somatic duplication in the d-loop region.	mtdna sequence variation was examined in 175 caucasians from the united states and canada by pcr amplification and high-resolution restriction-endonuclease analysis. the majority of the caucasian mtdnas were subsumed within four mtdna lineages (haplogroups) defined by mutations that are rarely seen in africans and mongoloids. the sequence divergence of these haplogroups indicates that they arose early in caucasian radiation and gave raise to modern european mtdnas. although ancient, none of thes ...	1994	7942855
patterns of dental development in homo, australopithecus, pan, and gorilla.	smith ([1986] nature 323:327-330) distinguished patterns of development of teeth of juvenile fossil hominids as being "more like humans" or "more like apes" based on statistical similarity to group standards. here, this central tendency discrimination (ctd) is tested for its ability to recognize ape and human patterns of dental development in 789 subadult hominoids. tooth development of a modern human sample (665 black southern africans) was scored entirely by an outside investigator; pongid and ...	1994	7943188
postcranial robusticity in homo. ii: humeral bilateral asymmetry and bone plasticity.	the analysis of humeral asymmetry in recent human skeletal samples and an extant tennis-player sample documents minimal asymmetry in bone length, little asymmetry in distal humeral articular breadth, but pronounced and variable asymmetry in mid- and distal diaphyseal cross-sectional geometric parameters. more specifically, skeletal samples of normal modern euroamericans, prehistoric and early historic amerindians, and prehistoric japanese show moderate (ca. 5-14%) median asymmetry in diaphyseal ...	1994	8141238
subvertical grooves of interproximal facets in neandertal posterior teeth.	subvertical grooves, located on the interproximal facets of most neandertal posterior teeth, are less frequently noted on the teeth of other hominids, including modern humans. these grooves, 0.1-0.5 mm in width, are strictly localized within the facet area. scanning electron microscopic (sem) examination of grooves present on neandertal teeth from caverna delle fate (liguria, italy) and genay (côte d'or, france) demonstrated that they were produced during the life of these individuals. character ...	1995	7726295
pattern profile analysis of hominid and chimpanzee hand bones.	in a study designed to complement morphological research on hominid hand bones, length and width measurements of the thumb, index, and middle rays were obtained from radiographs of modern human hands. these rays are primary in precision-gripping postures and are therefore the ones most relevant for investigating evolutionary changes in fine manipulation. pattern profile analysis allows individuals or samples to be plotted against a reference sample in standard deviation units, or z-scores. it pr ...	1995	7785726
neanderthal infant burial.		1995	7566170
fossil homo femur from berg aukas, northern namibia.	the proximal half of a hominid femur was recovered from deep within a paleokarst feature at the berg aukas mine, northern namibia. the femur is fully mineralized, but it is not possible to place it in geochronological context. it has a very large head, an exceptionally thick diaphyseal cortex, and a very low collodiaphyseal angle, which serve to differentiate it from holocene homologues. the femur is not attributable to australopithecus, paranthropus, or early homo (i.e., h. habilis sensu lato). ...	1995	7653506
neanderthal computer skulls.		1995	7753190
neanderthal carnivory.		1995	17775812
enamel hypoplasia in the middle pleistocene hominids from atapuerca (spain).	the prevalence and chronology of enamel hypoplasias were studied in a hominid dental sample from the sima de los huesos (sh) middle pleistocene site at the sierra de atapuerca (burgos, northern spain). a total of 89 permanent maxillary teeth, 143 permanent mandibular teeth, and one deciduous lower canine, belonging to a minimum of 29 individuals, were examined. excluding the antimeres (16 maxillary and 37 mandibular cases) from the sample, the prevalence of hypoplasias in the permanent dentition ...	1995	7785727
age assessment of the spitalfields cemetery population by rib phase analysis.	accurate paleodemographic reconstruction depends in large part on the ability to estimate age at death from the skeleton. thus, it is important to evaluate the reliability of standards utilized for this assessment. the rib phase technique has proven to be one of the most consistently reliable means of determining age in modern human adults. a recent study also demonstrated that this method can be applied to neandertals because they exhibit the same pattern of age-related change. however, the eff ...	1995	28557099
what the nose knows: new understandings of neanderthal upper respiratory tract specializations.		1996	8855213
paleolithic and neolithic lineages in the european mitochondrial gene pool.	phylogenetic and diversity analysis of the mtdna control region sequence variation of 821 individuals from europe and the middle east distinguishes five major lineage groups with different internal diversities and divergence times. consideration of the diversities and geographic distribution of these groups within europe and the middle east leads to the conclusion that ancestors of the great majority of modern, extant lineages entered europe during the upper paleolithic. a further set of lineage ...	1996	8659525
did neandertals lose an evolutionary "arms" race?		1996	8658130
a late neanderthal associated with upper palaeolithic artefacts.	the french site of arcy-sur-cure is a key locality in documenting the middle-upper palaeolithic transition in europe. reliable attribution of the fragmentary hominid fossils associated with its early upper palaeolithic châtelperronian industry has not been possible. here we report the first conclusive identification of one of these fossils as neanderthal on the basis of newly discovered derived features of the bony labyrinth. dated at about thirty-four thousand years (34 kyr) ago, the fossil is ...	1996	8622762
sexual dimorphism in the pelvic midplane and its relationship to neandertal reproductive patterns.	the fragmentary nature of the fossil record has limited the analysis of the neandertal pelvis to the superior pubic ramus and the pelvic inlet. from an obstetric viewpoint, the pelvic midplane or "plane of least dimensions," defined by the distance between the ischial spines, must be considered in the analysis of hominid reproduction. we examined the relationship between bsd and weight in a mixed sex hospital population undergoing diagnostic computed tomography (ct) scans (41 females and 40 male ...	1996	8859957
comment on the causes of thin enamel in neandertals.		1996	8779343
dietary inferences through buccal microwear analysis of middle and upper pleistocene human fossils.	buccal microwear has been studied in a sample of 153 molar teeth from different modern hunter-gatherer, pastoralist, and agriculturalist groups, with different diets (inuit, fueguians, bushmen, australian aborigines, andamanese, indians from vancouver, veddahs, tasmanians, lapps, and hindus), preserved at museum collections. molds of an area of the buccal surface have been obtained and observed at 100x magnification in a scanning electron microscope (sem). the length and orientation of each stri ...	1996	8798994
chin morphology and sexual dimorphism in the fossil hominid mandible sample from klasies river mouth.	the site of klasies river mouth (krm) in south africa has produced a small sample of early upper pleistocene hominid remains that have been a focus for discussions of the origins of modern humans. despite certain primitive characteristics exhibited by these fossils, proponents of a single recent origin have attributed them to early modern humans. critics of this hypothesis have emphasized the significance of the archaic features evident in this sample, including the absence of pronounced chins a ...	1996	8842327
particulate versus integrated evolution of the upper body in late pleistocene humans: a test of two models.	evolutionary biologists are largely polarized in their approaches to integrating microevolutionary and macroevolutionary processes. neo-darwinians typically seek to identify population-level selective and genetic processes that culminate in macroevolutionary events. epigeneticists and structuralists, on the other hand, emphasize developmental constraints on the action of natural selection, and highlight the role of epigenetic shifts in producing evolutionary change in morphology. accordingly, th ...	1996	8842328
significance of some previously unrecognized apomorphies in the nasal region of homo neanderthalensis.	for many years, the neanderthals have been recognized as a distinctive extinct hominid group that occupied europe and western asia between about 200,000 and 30,000 years ago. it is still debated, however, whether these hominids belong in their own species, homo neanderthalensis, or represent an extinct variant of homo sapiens. our ongoing studies indicate that the neanderthals differ from modern humans in their skeletal anatomy in more ways than have been recognized up to now. the purpose of thi ...	1996	8855270
geographic variation in human mitochondrial dna control region sequence: the population history of turkey and its relationship to the european populations.	the hypervariable segment i of the control region of the mtdna (positions 16024-16383) was amplified from hair roots by pcr and sequenced in 45 unrelated individuals from anatolia (asian turkey). forty different sequences were found, defined by 56 variable positions, of which only one involves a transversion. the neighbor-joining tree of kimura's distance matrix for all sequences shows four main clusters. cluster d was found to be the most statistically robust of the four, and all the sequences ...	1996	8865661
relative dental development of upper pleistocene hominids compared to human population variation.	the relative development of permanent teeth in samples of neandertal/archaic homo and early modern/upper paleolithic hominids is compared to the range of variability found in three recent human samples. both fossil hominid samples are advanced in relative m2 and m3 development compared to white french-canadians, but only the neandertal/archaic homo m3 sample is advanced when compared to black southern africans. both fossil hominid samples are delayed in relative i1 and p3 development compared to ...	1996	8928714
cladistic analysis of dental traits in recent humans using a fossil outgroup.	the relationships between a range of modern human samples are assessed from cladistic analyses of the published population frequencies of tooth crown characters, using new data on the krapina neanderthal sample as an outgroup. all of the most parsimonious trees show an early divergence of african and australasian groups. this result is compared with an alternative dendrogram proposed by turner (1992). reconstruction of a hypothetical dental ancestor suggests that the similarities between the afr ...	1997	9085188
genetic factors in reproduction and their evolutionary significance.	the reproductive process is a major driving force in human evolution. an evolutionary perspective was brought to bear on some aspects of reproduction and its aberrations, and, conversely, some of the insights of modern reproductive genetics were used to investigate problems in evolution.	1997	9138455
developmental age and taxonomic affinity of the mojokerto child, java, indonesia.	an increasing number of claims place hominids outside africa and deep in southeast asia at about the same time that homo erectus first appears in africa. the most complete of the early specimens is the partial child's calvaria from mojokerto (perning i), java, indonesia. discovered in 1936, the child has been assigned to australopithecus and multiple species of homo, including h. modjokertensis, and given developmental ages ranging from 1-8 years. this study systematically assesses mojokerto rel ...	1997	9140541
a hominid from the lower pleistocene of atapuerca, spain: possible ancestor to neandertals and modern humans.	human fossil remains recovered from the td6 level (aurora stratum) of the lower pleistocene cave site of gran dolina, sierra de atapuerca, spain, exhibit a unique combination of cranial, mandibular, and dental traits and are suggested as a new species of homo-h. antecessor sp. nov. the fully modern midfacial morphology of the fossils antedates other evidence of this feature by about 650, 000 years. the midfacial and subnasal morphology of modern humans may be a retention of a juvenile pattern th ...	1997	9162001
neandertal incisor beveling.	in discussions of the neandertals, there has been repeated emphasis on the accelerated rate of attrition and the frequent presence of labial beveling of their incisors. interpretations of this dental attrition have related it to paramasticatory and dietary uses of their anterior teeth as well as to aspects of their facial morphology. in light of this, we examined the rate of beveling (the angle between the labial and incisal surfaces) of central incisors relative to tooth wear in samples of nean ...	1997	9169991
body proportions in late pleistocene europe and modern human origins.	body proportions covary with climate, apparently as the result of climatic selection. ontogenic research and migrant studies have demonstrated that body proportions are largely genetically controlled and are under low selective rates; thus studies of body form can provide evidence for evolutionarily short-term dispersals and/or gene flow. following these observations, competing models of modern human origins yield different predictions concerning body proportion shifts in late pleistocene europe ...	1997	9169992
a multivariate analysis of pleistocene hominids: testing hypothesis of european origins.	multivariate analysis of intra- and inter-group variability in middle and upper pleistocene human remains, based on facial traits, show close affinities between upper palaeolithic and mesolithic samples, which are clearly distinct from lower palaeolithic and neanderthal samples. the between-group differences observed were significant, although no sexual differentiation was considered. this allowed the classification of the fossil remains by discriminant analysis. a modern metrical pattern can be ...	1997	9169993
neandertal capitate-metacarpal articular morphology.	neandertal capitate-metacarpal 2 and 3 articulations have been observed to differ in orientation and shape from those of more recent humans. to evaluate this, we tested for differences in capitate-metacarpal 2 (mc2) and mc2-capitate facet orientations and mc2 and mc3 robusticity indices, and for multivariate shape equivalence of the capitate-mc2/mc3 facets and the mc3 diaphysis and styloid process between samples of neandertals and recent humans. canonical discriminant functions of log size- and ...	1997	9209579
chronological changes in stone tool assemblages from krapina (croatia).	this study presents the results of the first recent analysis of stone tool assemblages from krapina (croatia). all assemblages are pleistocene in age and many are associated with human remains, the krapina neandertals. the assemblages are described typologically and technologically, and subtle chronological changes in raw material selection and technology of tool blank production are observed. these changes involve increasingly sophisticated and selective use of lithic materials. changing artefa ...	1997	9210018
neandertal dna sequences and the origin of modern humans.	dna was extracted from the neandertal-type specimen found in 1856 in western germany. by sequencing clones from short overlapping pcr products, a hitherto unknown mitochondrial (mt) dna sequence was determined. multiple controls indicate that this sequence is endogenous to the fossil. sequence comparisons with human mtdna sequences, as well as phylogenetic analyses, show that the neandertal sequence falls outside the variation of modern humans. furthermore, the age of the common ancestor of the ...	1997	9230299
the archaeological attributes of behaviour: difference or variability?	did the neanderthals evolve into anatomically modern humans, or were they replaced by incoming populations of homo sapiens sapiens? this is perhaps the most well-known question debated by palaeoanthropologists and archaeologists interested in the period from roughly 250,000 to 30,000 years ago in eurasia. but while this debate may have attracted most of the media attention, there are other research questions that are at least as worthy of public interest as biological origins.	1997	9237429
an adolescent female neandertal mandible from montgaudier cave, charente, france.	in 1974, an incomplete human mandible was discovered in the site of montgaudier cave, along the tardoire (charente), france. the mandible was found in association with stone tools and animal bones in geological deposits referable to the very end of the middle pleistocene or the beginning of the upper pleistocene. the mandible preserves much of the anterior part of the body and three permanent teeth: left lateral incisor, canine and first molar. estimates based on tooth eruption of modern humans, ...	1997	9292168
palaeodemography of the atapuerca-sh middle pleistocene hominid sample.	we report here on the palaeodemographic analysis of the hominid sample recovered to date from the sima de los huesos (sh) middle pleistocene cave site in the sierra de atapuerca (burgos, spain). the analysis of the mandibular, maxillary, and dental remains has made it possible to estimate that a minimum of 32 individuals, who probably belonged to the same biological population, are represented in the current sh human hypodigm. the remains of nine-individuals are assigned to males, and nine to fe ...	1997	9300346
postcranial evidence of cold adaptation in european neandertals.	the low brachial and crural indices of the european neandertals have long been considered indicative of cold adaptation. recent work has documented lower limb/trunk ratios and deeper chests (anterior-posterior diameter) in european neandertals than among their successors. the present study uses variables reflective of limb length, body mass and trunk height, and compares european neandertals to 15 globally diverse recent human samples (1 "eskimo," 3 north african, 4 sub-saharan african and 7 eur ...	1997	9386830
[variation of sphenoidal angle of human skull in the course of aging].	the degree of the cranial base flexion is a major parameter in the study of the evolution of verbal communication in mankind. the variability of this area among modern humans has received little attention. in the present study, a sample of 330 modern human skulls have been used to characterize the changes in the angle of the cranial base flexion with age, and its possible relationships with gender and ethnic origin. statistical analysis of the results show significant changes with age. two concl ...	1997	9499941
a molecular handle on the neanderthals.		1997	9230424
from the miocene to olestra: a historical perspective on fat consumption.	given the extraordinary dietary and geographic diversity of pleistocene hominids, there is no single "paleolithic diet" or average pre-holocene fat intake. even the neanderthals initially were scavengers, possibly becoming seasonal hunters of large game at a later period. fat intakes of greater than 20 g/day (11% of total caloric intake) developed after the domestication of mammals and then by selective breeding of genetically fatter animals in suitably temperate climates. by the late 1940s, the ...	1997	9216569
isotopic biogeochemistry as a marker of neandertal diet.	natural abundances in 13c and 15n of bone collagen are linked to those of the diet. this isotopic signal can thus be linked to the dietary parameters of a given individual, such as the plants at the beginning of his food web and his position in the trophic web. in order to use this approach to study the diet of ancient humans, it is crucial to be sure that the original isotopic abundances of fossil collagen are preserved. this is done by controlling the biochemical purity of the organic matter e ...	1997	9259974
re-analysis of the hominid radii from cave of hearths and klasies river mouth, south africa.	two of the few postcranial fragments from the late early stone age and/or the middle stone age of southern africa are the proximal radii from the cave of hearths and klasies river mouth. the cave of hearths fossil is metrically indistinguishable from both archaic (e.g., neandertals) and recent humans, and presents a mosaic of primitive and modern features. the primitive include a relatively slender neck and thick cortical bone (the latter of which distinguishes recent humans from archaic, early ...	1997	9210019
body mass and encephalization in pleistocene homo.	many dramatic changes in morphology within the genus homo have occurred over the past 2 million years or more, including large increases in absolute brain size and decreases in postcanine dental size and skeletal robusticity. body mass, as the 'size' variable against which other morphological features are usually judged, has been important for assessing these changes. yet past body mass estimates for pleistocene homo have varied greatly, sometimes by as much as 50% for the same individuals. here ...	1997	9144286