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molecular evolution and antigenic variation of european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv).european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv) is the aetiological agent of european brown hare syndrome (ebhs), a disease affecting lepus europaeus and lepus timidus first diagnosed in sweden in 1980. to characterize ebhsv evolution we studied hare samples collected in sweden between 1982 and 2008. our molecular clock dating is compatible with ebhsv emergence in the 1970s. phylogenetic analysis revealed two lineages: group a persisted until 1989 when it apparently suffered extinction; group b emerg ...201425155199
assessment of the gastrointestinal helminth fauna of mountain hares (lepus timidus varronis) from the northwestern italian alps, with new records of parasite occurrence.we describe the gastrointestinal parasite community of lepus timidus varronis, a subspecies of the mountain hare (l. timidus) living in the alps. two nematode species are reported for the first time in l. timidus.201424484488
home-loving boreal hare mitochondria survived several invasions in iberia: the relative roles of recurrent hybridisation and allele surfing.genetic introgression from a resident species into an invading close relative can result from repeated hybridisation along the invasion front and/or allele surfing on the expansion wave. cases where the phenomenon is massive and systematic, such as for hares (genus lepus) in iberia, would be best explained by recurrent hybridisation but this is difficult to prove because the donor populations are generally extinct. in the pyrenean foothills, lepus europaeus presumably replaced lepus granatensis ...201424149657
identification of a bitter-taste receptor gene repertoire in different lagomorphs species.the repertoires of bitter-taste receptor (t2r) gene have been described for several animal species, but these data are still scarce for lagomorphs. the aim of the present work is to identify potential repertoires of t2r in several lagomorph species, covering a wide geographical distribution. we studied these genes in lepus timidus, l. europaeus, oryctolagus cuniculus algirus, romerolagus diazi, and sylvilagus floridanus, using o. cuniculus cuniculus as control species for pcr and dna sequencing. ...201627092177
seasonal and diel activity patterns of eight sympatric mammals in northern japan revealed by an intensive camera-trap survey.the activity patterns of mammals are generally categorized as nocturnal, diurnal, crepuscular (active at twilight), and cathemeral (active throughout the day). these patterns are highly variable across regions and seasons even within the same species. however, quantitative data is still lacking, particularly for sympatric species. we monitored the seasonal and diel activity patterns of terrestrial mammals in hokkaido, japan. through an intensive camera-trap survey a total of 13,279 capture event ...201627732611
louping ill virus in the uk: a review of the hosts, transmission and ecological consequences of control.louping ill virus (liv) is a tick-borne flavivirus that is part of the tick-borne encephalitis complex of viruses (tbev) and has economic and welfare importance by causing illness and death in livestock, especially sheep, ovies aries, and red grouse, lagopus lagopus scoticus, an economically valuable gamebird. unlike western tbev which is found primarily in woodlands and is reservoired by small rodents, liv is not generally transmitted by small rodents but instead by sheep, red grouse and mounta ...201626205612
first evidence of established populations of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus (acari: ixodidae) in sweden.the tick species ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus are of exceptional medical importance in the western and eastern parts, respectively, of the palaearctic region. in russia and finland the range of i. persulcatus has recently increased. in finland the first records of i. persulcatus are from 2004. the apparent expansion of its range in finland prompted us to investigate if i. persulcatus also occurs in sweden.201627370406
the effects of acaricide treatment of sheep on red grouse lagopus lagopus scotica tick burdens and productivity in a multi-host system.ixodes ricinus (ixodida: ixodidae) ticks are of economic and pathogenic importance across europe. within the uplands of the u.k., management to reduce ticks is undertaken to benefit red grouse lagopus lagopus scotica (galliformes: phasianidae). management strategies focus on the acaricide treatment of domestic sheep ovis aries (artiodactyla: bovidae), but the effectiveness of this is less certain in the presence of wild hosts, particularly red deer cervus elaphus (artiodactyla: cervidae) and mou ...201729194726
mountain hare transcriptome and diagnostic markers as resources to monitor hybridization with european hares.we report the first mountain hare (lepus timidus) transcriptome, produced by de novo assembly of rna-sequencing reads. data were obtained from eight specimens sampled in two localities, alps and ireland. the mountain hare tends to be replaced by the invading european hare (lepus europaeus) in their numerous contact zones where the species hybridize, which affects their gene pool to a yet unquantified degree. we characterize and annotate the mountain hare transcriptome, detect polymorphism in the ...201729206218
tularaemia in european brown hares (lepus europaeus) and mountain hares (lepus timidus) characterized by histopathology and immunohistochemistry: organ lesions and suggestions of routes of infection and shedding.tularaemia is an emerging zoonotic infectious disease caused by the bacterium francisella tularensis. in sweden, hares are considered to be key species in the epidemiology of tularaemia. the aim of this study was to characterize the pathology of natural tularaemia infection in european brown hares (ebhs) (lepus europaeus) and mountain hares (mhs) (lepus timidus) in sweden, in order to better understand the presentation of disease and the routes of infection, body dissemination and shedding of f. ...201728942292
[the effect of coprophagy on the size of plant fibers in the digestive tract of hares lepus europaeus and l. timidus (lagomorpha, leporidae)].we have studied the distribution of plant fibers of different sizes in the digestive tracts of two hare species: the brown hare (lepus euopaeus) and the mountain hare (l. timidus). in all studied hares (18 specimens), the highest amount of fine-sized fibers (less than 0.25 mm length) was observed in the cecum (50-70% of the total fiber mass). it was found out that the fine-sized content in the digestive tract, and especially in the cecum, is provided not only by the separation mechanism of the c ...201726638238
how genetic data improve the interpretation of results of faecal glucocorticoid metabolite measurements in a free-living population.measurement of glucocorticoid metabolites (gcm) in faeces has become a widely used and effective tool for evaluating the amount of stress experienced by animals. however, the potential sampling bias resulting from an oversampling of individuals when collecting "anonymous" (unknown sex or individual) faeces has rarely been investigated. we used non-invasive genetic sampling (nigs) to investigate potential interpretation errors of gcm measurements in a free-living population of mountain hares duri ...201728832649
ecological and physiological characteristics of the mountain hare (lepus timidus) cold resistance in the northeastern siberia. 201718536285
counting mountain hares in scotland.the mountain hare (lepus timidus) is britain's only native hare, but counting them is challenging. here,georgina millsexplains how new research is helping to finally discover the numbers of this elusive species.201829440602
widespread introgression of mountain hare genes into fennoscandian brown hare populations.in fennoscandia, mountain hare (lepus timidus) and brown hare (lepus europaeus) hybridize and produce fertile offspring, resulting in gene flow across the species barrier. analyses of maternally inherited mitochondrial dna (mtdna) show that introgression occur frequently, but unavailability of appropriate nuclear dna markers has made it difficult to evaluate the scale- and significance for the species. the extent of introgression has become important as the brown hare is continuously expanding i ...201829370301
the importance of wildlife in the ecology and epidemiology of the tbe virus in sweden: incidence of human tbe correlates with abundance of deer and hares.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is one tick-transmitted disease where the human incidence has increased in some european regions during the last two decades. we aim to find the most important factors causing the increasing incidence of human tbe in sweden. based on a review of published data we presume that certain temperature-related variables and the population densities of transmission hosts, i.e. small mammals, and of primary tick maintenance hosts, i.e. cervids and lagomorphs, of the tbe viru ...201830153856
overcoming species barriers: an outbreak of lagovirus europaeus gi.2/rhdv2 in an isolated population of mountain hares (lepus timidus).prior to 2010, the lagoviruses that cause rabbit hemorrhagic disease (rhd) in european rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) and european brown hare syndrome (ebhs) in hares (lepus spp.) were generally genus-specific. however, in 2010, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (rhdv2), also known as lagovirus europaeus gi.2, emerged and had the distinguishing ability to cause disease in both rabbits and certain hare species. the mountain hare (lepus timidus) is native to sweden and is susceptible to european ...201830477499
[spatial-temporal dynamics of the pine marten (martes martes l.), mountain hare (lepus timidus l.) and red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris l.) trail activity in the european southern taiga].observations of trail activity of the martens, mountain hares, and red squirrels in winter along fixed routes in the central forest reserve showed its high variability and synchronism in time and space. polynomial dependence of the trail activity and correlation between spatial distribution of marten, mountain hare and squirrel are detected. the influence of weather on the trail activity is smaller, but statistically significant. it is proved that the space-time dynamics of the trail activity is ...201830024137
alpine glacial relict species losing out to climate change: the case of the fragmented mountain hare population (lepus timidus) in the alps.alpine and arctic species are considered to be particularly vulnerable to climate change, which is expected to cause habitat loss, fragmentation and-ultimately-extinction of cold-adapted species. however, the impact of climate change on glacial relict populations is not well understood, and specific recommendations for adaptive conservation management are lacking. we focused on the mountain hare (lepus timidus) as a model species and modelled species distribution in combination with patch and la ...201829532601
gastrointestinal parasite infestation in the alpine mountain hare (lepus timidus varronis): are abiotic environmental factors such as elevation, temperature and precipitation affecting prevalence of parasite species?information concerning factors regulating alpine mountain hare (lepus timidus varronis) populations such as host-parasite interactions is missing as only a few parasitological surveys exist of this subspecies. parasites are not only dependent on their host but also on suitable environmental conditions for infestation. abiotic environmental factors have an important regulating role on parasites in mammals. it is estimated that the elevation range of parasites is likely to shift in response to alt ...201931193935
introgression drives repeated evolution of winter coat color polymorphism in hares.changing from summer-brown to winter-white pelage or plumage is a crucial adaptation to seasonal snow in more than 20 mammal and bird species. many of these species maintain nonwhite winter morphs, locally adapted to less snowy conditions, which may have evolved independently. mountain hares (lepus timidus) from fennoscandia were introduced into the faroe islands in 1855. while they were initially winter-white, within ∼65 y all faroese hares became winter-gray, a morph that occurs in the source ...201931712446
first report of hare treponematosis seroprevalence of european brown hares (lepus europaeus) in the czech republic: seroprevalence negatively correlates with altitude of sampling areas.the aim of this study was to quantify the seroprevalence of hare treponematosis in european brown hare (lepus europaeus) populations in the czech republic and to test for an association between treponematosis prevalence and the altitude of the areas in which hares were sampled. we tested 289 serum samples of brown hares collected between 2015 and 2017. the sampling areas included 12 districts (73 villages) distributed throughout the czech republic. serum samples were tested for the presence of a ...201931627750
transcriptomic regulation of seasonal coat color change in hares.color molts from summer brown to winter white coats have evolved in several species to maintain camouflage year-round in environments with seasonal snow. despite the eco-evolutionary relevance of this key phenological adaptation, its molecular regulation has only recently begun to be addressed. here, we analyze skin transcription changes during the autumn molt of the mountain hare (lepus timidus) and integrate the results with an established model of gene regulation across the spring molt of the ...202032076506
hare's affairs: lessons learnt from a noninvasive genetic monitoring for tracking mountain hare individuals.systematic monitoring of individuals and their abundance over time has become an important tool to provide information for conservation. for genetic monitoring studies, noninvasive sampling has emerged as a valuable approach, particularly so for elusive or rare animals. here, we present the 5-year results of an ongoing noninvasive genetic monitoring of mountain hares (lepus timidus) in a protected area in the swiss alps. we used nuclear microsatellites and a sex marker to identify individuals an ...202033005371
an annotated draft genome of the mountain hare (lepus timidus).hares (genus lepus) provide clear examples of repeated and often massive introgressive hybridization and striking local adaptations. genomic studies on this group have so far relied on comparisons to the european rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus) reference genome. here, we report the first de novo draft reference genome for a hare species, the mountain hare (lepus timidus), and evaluate the efficacy of whole-genome re-sequencing analyses using the new reference versus using the rabbit reference gen ...202031834364
lagovirus europeus gi.2 (rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2) infection in captive mountain hares (lepus timidus) in germany.rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv, lagovirus europeus gi.1) induces a contagious and highly lethal hemorrhagic disease in rabbits. in 2010 a new genotype of lagovirus (gi.2), emerged in europe, infecting wild and domestic population of rabbits and hares.202032460756
welfare implications for hares, lepus timidus hibernicus, taken from the wild for licensed hare coursing in ireland.hare coursing is legal in the republic of ireland under licenses issued to coursing clubs but is illegal in other jurisdictions in the british isles including northern ireland. supporters of coursing maintain that coursing contributes to the conservation of the hare whilst opponents claim that coursing is cruel and the welfare of the hares is compromised. however, while the contribution of coursing to conservation has been considered, the impact of coursing on hare welfare has not been investiga ...202031963609
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