Publications

electrotransfection of turnip yellow mosaic virus rna into brassica leaf protoplasts and detection of viral rna products with a non-radioactive probe.	we describe here a convenient and efficient system for studying turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) replication in leaf protoplasts. inoculation of rapeseed (brassica napus) or chinese cabbage (b. sinensis) protoplasts was achieved via electroporation, and sensitive detection of viral rna products was performed by northern blot analyses using a non-radioactive digoxigenin-labelled cdna probe. virus replication was detected when 1.5 x 10(6) rapeseed protoplasts were inoculated with 20 ng of tymv rn ...	1993	8376966
cauliflower mosaic virus gene i product (p1) forms tubular structures which extend from the surface of infected protoplasts.	immunofluorescent staining of chinese cabbage protoplasts infected with cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) showed different patterns of staining when antibodies raised against virus particles or antibodies specific for the camv movement protein (p1) were used. anti-virion serum showed that particles accumulated as small discrete aggregates within the cytoplasm of infected protoplasts. in contrast, anti-p1 serum identified long thread-like structures extending from the protoplast surface. the same s ...	1993	8317106
high performance liquid chromatographic determination of phenolic acids in fruits and vegetables.	a simple isocratic hplc technique has been developed for the quantitative analysis of phenolic acids (pas) in fruits and vegetables. nine benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives were separated in less than 30 min, and the resolution was all more than 1.23. the ranges of linearity for pas standards were 0.2-100 ng, even up to 600 ng (r = 0.983-1.000) and the detection limits were 0.02-0.24 mg/kg. samples of fresh vegetables and fruits were extracted with 80% methanol and ethyl acetate, then purifie ...	1993	8198755
pcr-rflp of s locus for identification of breeding lines in cruciferous vegetables.	a simple method of detecting polymorphism of s locus glycoprotein gene, slg, in chinese cabbage and cabbage was developed, and used for identification of breeding lines. dna was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with a pair of primers having s 6 slg sequences from inbred lines, and digested with restriction endonucleases which recognize tetranucleotide sequences. the cleaved dna fragments were size-fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and detected by silver staining. ...	1994	24196218
determination of biogenic amines in leafy vegetables by amino acid analyser.	an automated ion-exchange chromatographic method is described for determination of biogenic amines in leafy vegetables using a cation-exchange resin column in potassium form and a three-buffer system. the following amines were separated and quantified for chinese cabbage, endive, iceberg lettuce and radiocchio: putrescine, histamine, cadaverine, spermidine, agmatine, spermine, tyramine. amines from vegetable samples were extracted with 10% trichloroacetic acid. the total concentration of these a ...	1994	8178576
role of polyamines on de novo shoot morphogenesis from cotyledons of brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis (lour) olsson in vitro.	the promotive effect of ethylene inhibitors (els), i.e. agno3 and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (avg) on de novo shoot regeneration from cultured cotyledonary explants of brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis cv. shantung in relation to polyamines (pas) was investigated. the endogenous levels of free putrescine and spermidine in the explant decreased sharply after 1-3 days of culture, whereas endogenous spermine increased, irrespective of the absence or presence of els. agno3 at 30 μm did not affect end ...	1994	24193830
evaluation of brassicas in grazing systems for sheep: i. quality of forage and animal performance.	four years of grazing trials were conducted with brassica forages to evaluate their chemical composition and effect on adg of fattening lambs and breeding ewes in late fall. brassicas tested included kales (brassica oleracea l. var. acephala dc), turnips (b. rapa l.), and a chinese cabbage hybrid (b. rapa l. x b. pekinensis [lour.] rupr.). daily gains of lambs varied widely among years (19 to 330 g/d); adg on brassicas were, however, generally higher than on stockpiled kentucky 31 tall fescue (f ...	1994	7928762
evaluation of brassicas in grazing systems for sheep: ii. blood composition and nutrient status.	blood composition of lambs grazing brassicas and stockpiled grass or grass-clover pastures in the fall of 4 yr was monitored to assess possible effects of plant metabolites (e.g., glucosinolates, s-methyl cysteine sulfoxide) on health and performance. serum thyroxine (t4) concentrations in lambs grazing brassicas decreased upon initiation of grazing, with a subsequent recovery, and concentrations were increased by oral dosing with i or i+cuo. serum triiodothyronine (t3) increased gradually with ...	1994	7928763
fermentation and sensory characteristics of kimchi containing potassium chloride as a partial replacement for sodium chloride.	a study was designed to determine the effects of substituting up to 50% of the nacl in kimchi, a fermented chinese cabbage (brassica pekinensis) product containing scallions, garlic, ginger and hot red pepper powder, with kcl. brine water (15% salt) used to soak cabbage contained nacl:kcl ratios of 1:0 (control), 5:1, 2:1 and 1:1 (wt:wt). total acidity and ph of kimchi reached acceptable ranges of 0.4-0.6% (as lactic acid) and 4.4-4.7, respectively, after 13 days of incubation at 13 +/- 1 degree ...	1994	8043352
feed intake and apparent digestibility of hay-supplemented brassica diets for lambs.	animal performance on brassica diets often does not reflect laboratory estimates of the nutritive value of the herbage. hay supplementation of brassica pastures should increase diet dm and fiber intake and dilute anti-quality factors. the optimal hay:brassica ratio needed to achieve desirable animal performance, however, has not been established. effects of changing the hay:brassica ratio on feed and water intake, apparent digestibility of diets, thyroid status, and anemia were examined in five ...	1994	8071189
structure-activity relationships of brassinin in preventing the development of carcinogen-induced mammary lesions in organ culture.	brassinin, a phytoalexin, is found in chinese cabbage. previously, we showed that brassinin significantly inhibited dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (dmba)-induced mammary lesions in organ culture. moreover, it was an effective inhibitor against two stage skin carcinogenesis. in the present study, we synthesized several analogs of brassinin and evaluated their effectiveness in the mouse mammary gland organ culture model. results showed that cyclobrassinin, also a naturally occurring brassinin analog, w ...	1994	8074474
in vitro effect of vegetable and fruit juices on the mutagenicity of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline.	the antimutagenic potencies of the juices of 28 fruits and 34 vegetables commonly consumed in germany were investigated with respect to the mutagenic activities induced by 2-amino-3-methyl[4,5-f]-quinoline (iq), and in part by 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (meiq) or 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (meiqx) in salmonella typhimurium ta98 and ta100. with iq, weak to strong antimutagenic activities were found in 68% of the fruits and 73% of the vegetables that were tested ...	1994	8206443
embryogenesis and plant regeneration of pakchoi (brassica rapa l. ssp. chinensis) via in vitro isolated microspore culture.	isolated microspores of various populations of three varieties of the chinese cabbage pakchoi (brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) were cultivated in vitro on nln82 medium (lichter 1982) and embryos and plantlets obtained with nine cultivars. the best embryo yield per bud was 57.4. a 33°c one day heat treatment was generally necessary to induce embryogenesis. analysis of ploidy level through flow cytometry for two cultivars indicated that haploids were present.	1994	24194023
molecular marker analysis of genes controlling morphological variation in brassica rapa (syn. campestris).	construction of a detailed rflp linkage map of b. rapa (syn. campestris) made it possible, for the first time, to study individual genes controlling quantitative traits in this species. ninety-five f2 individuals from a cross of chinese cabbage cv 'michihili' by spring broccoli were analyzed for segregation at 220 rflp loci and for variation in leaf, stem, and flowering characteristics. the number, location, and magnitude of genes underlying 28 traits were determined by using an interval mapping ...	1995	24173777
preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of crystals of turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv).	turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) was purified from chinese cabbage and crystallized in a form that permits high resolution structural analysis using x-ray diffraction. the crystals have a hexagonal bipyramidal morphology and often achieve dimensions of 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.5 mm. the crystals appear to be of hexagonal space group p6(2)22 with a=b=525 a, c=315 a, but we cannot strictly rule out the possibility that the space group is p622. they appear different than any crystals of tymv previously repor ...	1995	7716173
agrobacterium-mediated transformation and regeneration of fertile transgenic plants of chinese cabbage (brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis cv. 'spring flavor').	a procedure for the regeneration of fertile transgenic chinese cabbage (brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis cv. 'spring flavor') is presented in this report. the protocol is based on infection of cotyledon explants of 5-d-old seedlings with an agrobacterium tumefaciens strain lba4404 carrying a disarmed binary vector ptok/bks-1. the t-dna region of this binary vector contains the nopaline synthase/neomycin phosphotransferase ii (nptii) chimeric gene for kanamycin resistance and the cauliflower m ...	1995	24194308
responses of some common cruciferae to root-knot nematodes.	ten cultivated plants of the family cruciferae were evaluated for susceptibility to meloidogyne arenaria race 1, m. incognita races 1 and 3, and m. javanica in a series of four separate greenhouse tests. after 62-64 days, or 1,032-1,072 degree days (10 c base), several of the crops evaluated showed moderate to severe levels of galling (> 3.0 on 0-5 scale) and moderate numbers of egg masses (>2.0 on 0-5 scale) in response to each of the nematode species and races. among the plants tested, collard ...	1995	19277321
nucleotide sequence of a cdna clone encoding the complete precursor for the "10-kilodalton" polypeptide of photosystem ii from chinese cabbage.		1995	7610192
nucleotide sequence of cdna clone encoding a metallothionein-like protein from chinese cabbage.		1995	7610190
transfer factors of some selected radionuclides (radioactive cs, sr, mn, co and zn) from soil to leaf vegetables.	transfer factors of radionuclides from soil to leaf vegetables (cabbage, chinese cabbage, komatsuna, spinach and lettuce) have been studied by radiotracer experiments using andosol as a representative of japanese soils. the transfer factors of radioactive cs, sr, mn, co and zn for edible parts of vegetables (average of five vegetables) were 0.11, 0.24, 0.61, 0.05 and 0.52, respectively. these values should be used in safety assessment for japanese agricultural environment. the transfer factors o ...	1995	7473347
stable isotope dilution-mass spectrometry for determining total selenium levels in plants, soils and sewage sludges.	quantitation of selenium in plants, soils and sludges was achieved by isotope dilution-mass spectrometry using a benchtop instrument. samples for analysis were spiked with (76)se isotope solution. plant material was digested on a heating block at 150 degrees c using a mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. selenium in soils and sludges was released by treatment with nitric acid followed by digestion with nitric and hydrofluoric acids. selenium in the digests was reduced to se(iv) with hyd ...	1996	18966585
synthesis and biological activities of substituted 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-(indoie-3-)butyric acids, novel fluorinated plant growth regulators.	substituted 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-(indole-3-)butyric acids (tfibas), novel fluorinated plant growth regulators, were easily synthesized from substituted 2,2,2-trifluoro-l-(indole-3-)ethanols. the synthetic substituted tfibas showed marked root growth-promoting activity toward chinese cabbage, lettuce, and rice plants. 5-meo-2-me-tfiba (2d) had especially strong promoting activity toward chinese cabbage, while 5-me- tfiba (2b) markedly promoted the root growth of all three plants. the promoting activ ...	1996	27281137
instrumentation for plant health and growth in space.	the present-day plant growth facilities ("greenhouses") for space should be equipped with monitors and controllers of ambient parameters within the chamber because spacecraft environmental variations can be unfavorable to plants. moreover, little is known about the effects of spaceflight on the greenhouse and rooting media. lack of information about spaceflight effects on plants necessitates supplying space greenhouses with automatic, non-invasive monitors of, e.g., gas exchange rate, water and ...	1996	11538792
expressed sequence tags of chinese cabbage flower bud cdna.	we randomly selected and partially sequenced cdna clones from a library of chinese cabbage (brassica campestris l. ssp. pekinensis) flower bud cdnas. out of 1216 expressed sequence tags (ests), 904 cdna clones were unique or nonredundant. five hundred eighty-eight clones (48.4%) had sequence homology to functionally defined genes at the peptide level. only 5 clones encoded known flower-specific proteins. among the cdnas with no similarity to known protein sequences (628), 184 clones had signific ...	1996	8787028
effects of composting on phytotoxicity of spent pig-manure sawdust litter.	the phytotoxicity of spent pig-manure sawdust litter (spent litter) was evaluated during further composting. aqueous extracts of the spent litter were prepared by shaking the sample with water (1:10 w/v), and the toxicity of these extracts was determined on relative seed germination, relative root elongation and germination index (gi, a factor of relative seed germination and relative root elongation). the sensitivity of six plant species, namely brassica parachinensis (chinese cabbage), brassic ...	1996	15093523
characterization of a cdna encoding cysteine proteinase inhibitor from chinese cabbage (brassica campestris l. ssp. pekinensis) flower buds.	a cdna encoding a new phytocystatin isotype named bcpi-1 was isolated from a cdna library of chinese cabbage flower buds. the bcpi-1 clone encodes 199 amino acids resulting in a protein much larger than other known phytocystatins. bcpi-1 has an unusually long c-terminus. a bcpi-1 fusion protein expressed in escherichia coli strongly inhibits the enzymatic activity of papain, a cysteine proteinase. genomic southern blot analysis revealed that the bcpi gene is a member of a small multi-gene family ...	1996	8616262
[characterization of low molecular weight zinc species in normal commercial vegetable foodstuffs].	in six different ordinary vegetables, namely kohlrabi, chinese cabbage, chard, leak, spinach and jerusalem artichoke, zinc was mainly found as low molecular weight species. in the present study, these important zinc compounds are further investigated. the determinations of the metal are performed by et-aas. the zinc complexes of all vegetables are anionic at ph 8.0 and show similar elution behaviour in gel permeation and anion exchange chromatography. consequently, a great resemblance in structu ...	1996	8721222
methods for observing microbial biofilms directly on leaf surfaces and recovering them for isolation of culturable microorganisms.	epifluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to observe microbial biofilms directly on leaf surfaces. biofilms were observed on leaves of all species sampled (spinach, lettuce, chinese cabbage, celery, leeks, basil, parsley, and broad-leaved endive), although the epifluorescent images were clearest when pale green tissue or cuticle pieces were used. with these techniques, biofilms were observed that were about 20 (mu)m in depth and up ...	1997	16535579
characterization of three anther-specific genes isolated from chinese cabbage.	two cdna libraries were constructed from poly(a)+ rnas isolated from each of immature flowers (less than 2.0 mm long buds) and anthers (2.0-5.0 mm long buds) of chinese cabbage (brassica campestris l. ssp. pekinensis). using dot-differential hybridization, three cdna clones, designated bif38, ban54, and ban237, have been isolated from the constructed cdna libraries and sequenced completely in both directions. northern blot analyses indicate that all three cdna clones are abundantly expressed in ...	1997	9037172
promoter sequences of two homologous pectin esterase genes from chinese cabbage (brassica campestris l. ssp. pekinensis) and pollen-specific expression of the gus gene driven by a promoter in tobacco plants.	the promoter regions of two genomic clones, gban215-6 and gban215-12 from chinese cabbage (brassica campestris l. ssp. pekinensis), were sequenced. the nucleotide sequences of their promoter regions were compared with that of the bp19 pollen-specific gene of brassca napus. high nucleotide sequence homologies were observed among these three genes in the region between 210 bp upstream and the putative transcription start site. a sequence motif tgtggtg, which is similar to that of the pb core motif ...	1997	9085260
turnip yellow mosaic virus rna-dependent rna polymerase: initiation of minus strand synthesis in vitro.	an rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) activity was detergent-solubilized from the chloroplast membranes of chinese cabbage leaves infected with turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv). the template-dependent, micrococcal nuclease-treated activity synthesized full-length minus strands from tymv rna and 3'-fragments as short as a 28-nucleotide-long rna comprising the amino acid acceptor stem of the 3'-trna-like structure (tls). minus strands were shown to arise by de novo initiation with the insertion ...	1997	9217066
a functional role for the conserved protonatable hairpins in the 5' untranslated region of turnip yellow mosaic virus rna.	the 5' untranslated region (utr) of the rna of several tymoviruses contains conserved hairpins with protonatable internal loops, consisting of c-c and c-a mismatches (k. hellendoorn, p. j. a. michiels, r. buitenhuis, and c. w. a. pleij, nucleic acids res. 24, 4910-4917, 1996). here, we present a functional analysis of the 5' utr of turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) rna, which contains two protonatable hairpins with nearly identical internal loops. mutations were introduced in an infectious cdna ...	1997	9343237
lifestyle and anti-helicobacter pylori immunoglobulin g antibody among outpatients.	since eradication of helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) is thought to be a preventive measure against stomach cancer, several studies have examined factors associated with the infection. this paper reports the association of the infection with lifestyle factors observed in a hospital-based case-control study. cases were 140 anti-h. pylori igg antibody-positive outpatients (75 males and 65 females). controls were 52 antibody-negative outpatients (22 males and 30 females). both groups had undergone g ...	1997	9439678
from fresh vegetables to the harvest of wheat plants grown in the "svet" space greenhouse onboard the mir orbital station.	researchers report the results of experiments conducted onboard mir in 1990, 1995, and 1996 in raising edible crops. in the 1990 experiment, radishes and chinese cabbage were grown successfully, though the experimental plants were up to four times smaller than controls at harvest. the 1995 experiment in growing wheat through a complete life cycle was not completed. the 1996 experiment was successful in growing wheat through a complete life cycle to the seed stage. no seeds developed on any of th ...	1997	11540703
lead uptake and effects on seed germination and plant growth in a pb hyperaccumulator brassica pekinensis rupr.		1998	9470991
turnip yellow mosaic virus isolates with experimentally produced recombinant virion proteins.	the consensus secondary structure of the virion proteins (vps) of tymoviruses was predicted from their amino acid sequences using a combination of computer methods: profile alignment, hydrophobicity moment and 'predictprotein'. all methods predicted that they were eight-stranded anti-parallel beta-barrels with two alpha-helical regions. the predicted structure was used to design recombinants of turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) in which selected parts of its vp were replaced with homologous regi ...	1998	9472626
virion protein sequence variation among australian isolates of turnip yellow mosaic tymovirus.	the virion protein genes, and 3' untranslated regions, of six variants of turnip yellow mosaic tymovirus (tymv) that produced different symptoms in their native host cardamine robusta and in chinese cabbage plants, have been sequenced. the sequences have been compared with each other, and with the same region of the pbl-16 clone of the blue lake isolate of tymv. the sequences of the virion protein genes differed by a mean of 1.89% (range 0-2.82%), and the encoded proteins by a mean of 1.71% (ran ...	1998	9505977
pollen ablation of transgenic tobacco plants by expression of the diphtheria toxin a-chain gene under the control of a putative pectin esterase promoter from chinese cabbage.	we previously showed that a 383 bp (-274 to approximately +109) promoter of a pollen-specific gene, gban215-6, had a property of a late gene in pollen development in transgenic tobacco plants. it drove gus gene expression from uninucleate microspores to pollen tube growth of trinucleated cells. to more precisely characterize the specificity of the promoter, we placed the diphtheria toxin a-chain (dtx-a) coding region under the control of the gban215-6 promoter. transgenic tobacco plants containi ...	1998	9666468
[chemoprevention of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine-induced carcinogen-dna adducts by chinese cabbage in rats].	to examine the preventive effect of chinese cabbage (brassica chinensis) against colon carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (phip)-induced phip-dna adduct formation in rats and its possible mechanism.	1998	10920929
chemoprevention of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyli-midazo 4,5-b pyridine-induced carcinogen-dna adducts by chinese cabbage in rats.	aim:the food-borne carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo 4,5-b pyridine (phip) induces colon and mammary gland tumors in rats and has been implicated in the etiology of human colorectal cancer.this study was conducted to examine the potentially preventive effect of chinese cabbage (brassica chinensis),a brassica vegetable most commonly consumed in china, against this carcinogen-induced dna adduct formation in rats and its possible mechanisms.methods:sprague-dawley rats were maintained for ...	1999	11819413
diet and brain cancer in adults: a case-control study in northeast china.	a hospital-based case-control study was conducted in the heilongjiang province of northeast china between may 1993 and may 1995. a total of 129 histologically confirmed brain cancer cases (73 gliomas and 56 meningiomas) and 258 matched controls were interviewed in 6 major hospitals to examine the influence of dietary factors in developing brain cancer. information was obtained about frequency of consumption of 57 food items. odds ratios (ors) were obtained from conditional logistic regression, i ...	1999	10077146
cloning and expression of a new isotype of the peroxiredoxin gene of chinese cabbage and its comparison to 2cys-peroxiredoxin isolated from the same plant.	a cdna encoding a newly identified isotype of peroxiredoxin (prx) was isolated from a chinese cabbage flower bud cdna library and designated cprxii. database searches using the predicted cprxii amino acid sequence revealed no substantial homology to other proteins with the exception of the yeast type ii prx with which cprxii shares 27.8% sequence identity. recombinant cprxii expressed in escherichia coli was able to protect glutamine synthetase from inactivation in a metal-catalyzed oxidation sy ...	1999	10329461
[effect of green vegetable on digestive tract absorption of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in rats].	the effect green vegetable on fecal excretion of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (pcdd) congeners and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (pcdf) congeners was examined in male rats. the rats were administered 10% vegetable diets or a basal diet containing 0.2 ml of the causal rice-bran oil of yusho that had occurred in the southwest part of japan in 1968 and kept on the same diet for five days. the fecal excretion of 2,3,7,8-t4cdd and 2,3,4,7,8-p5cdf in the group fed with komatsuna, mitsuba, spinach a ...	1999	10396873
molecular cloning, expression, and functional characterization of a 2cys-peroxiredoxin in chinese cabbage.	a cdna (c2c-prx) corresponding to a 2cys-peroxiredoxin (2cys-prx) was isolated from a leaf cdna library of chinese cabbage. the predicted amino acid sequence of c2c-prx has 2 conserved cysteines and several peptide domains present in most of the 2cys-prx subfamily members. it shows the highest sequence homology to the 2cys-prx enzymes of spinach (88%) and arabidopsis (86%). southern analysis using the cdna insert of c2c-prx revealed that it consists of a small multigene family in chinese cabbage ...	1999	10487217
surface disinfestation of resting spores of plasmodiophora brassicae used to infect hairy roots of brassica spp.	abstract resting spores of plasmodiophora brassicae were surface-disinfested by treatment with 2% chloramine-t for 20 min and then with an antibiotic solution (1,000 ppm of colistin sulfate, 1,000 ppm of vancomycin hydrochloride, and 6,000 ppm of cefotaxime sodium) for 1 day. the disinfested resting spores were used to inoculate hairy roots of cabbage (brassica oleracea var. capitata cv. fuji wase), chinese cabbage (b. pekinensis cv. musou hakusai), turnip (b. rapa var. rapifera cv. wase okabu), ...	1999	18944777
[vegetables rich in carotenoids on the vitamin a status of children].	vitamin a (va) deficiency is still an important nutritional problem in our country. in order to determine whether plant carotenoids ingestion can improve va nutrition, a study by using yellow and dark green vegetables was conducted in two classes of a kindergarten for ten weeks in september through december in 1996. the va nutritional status was marginal to adequate among 41 children (5.3-6.6 year-old), and serum retinols in 39% of these children were below 0.30 mg/l. each child in class a was p ...	1999	11938982
nitrate and nitrite in vegetables on the danish market: content and intake.	the contents of nitrate and nitrite in lettuce, leek, potato, beetroot, chinese cabbage and white cabbage on the danish market were determined for 3 years in the period 1993-1997 as part of the danish food monitoring programme. these vegetables are supposed to provide the major contribution to the intake of nitrate from the diet. results for nitrate and nitrite in fresh and frozen spinach are also shown. the highest content of nitrate was found in lettuce followed by beetroot, chinese cabbage, f ...	1999	10656054
evaluation of spinning disc technology for the application of entomopathogenic nematodes against a foliar pest.	two spinning disc spray application systems, the micron herbaflex and micron ulva+, were assessed for their potential for the application of infective juveniles (ijs) of entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) against larvae of the diamondback moth (dbm), plutella xylostella. the effect of initial concentration of ijs on subsequent infection was examined for three species of epns: steinernema sp. (m87), steinernema sp. (ssl85), and heterorhabditis sp. increasing the concentration of ijs generally resu ...	1999	10222182
zinc-finger proteins: the classical zinc finger emerges in contemporary plant science.	tfiiia-type zinc fingers have been found in a number of eucaryotic transcription factors as dna-binding motifs. in plants, as many as 30 proteins have been reported that have either one, two, three or four zinc fingers. plant zinc-finger proteins are characterized by long spacers of diverse lengths between adjacent fingers and a highly conserved sequence, qalggh, located within a putative dna-contacting surface of each finger. in vitro dna-binding experiments with two-fingered proteins of petuni ...	1999	10380795
high-pressure carbon dioxide effect on kimchi fermentation.	baechu (chinese cabbage) kimchi was treated with high-pressure carbon dioxide at 70 kg/cm(2) for 24 h. the effect of this treatment on kimchi fermentation during storage at 10°c was investigated in terms of ph value, titratable acidity, lactic acid bacterial count, and sensory properties. kimchi samples treated with pressurized co2 had relatively a higher ph value, lower titratable acidity, and smaller lactic acid bacterial population than the untreated sample. a sensory evaluation showed that t ...	1999	27389338
[effect of green and yellow vegetables on serum carotenoid in children].	to assay the effect of green and yellow vegetables on serum carotenoid concentration and its relation to serum retinol level in children.	2000	11860907
[arthropod diversity in leafy vegetable field and sampling technology].	two sampling units (plant and quadrat) and two sampling methods (random and fixed) were adopted to compare the variation degree of the diversity of arthropod communities in different chinese cabbage fields. the results show that a lower variation degree was found when the random sampling method was adopted with quadrat (0.11 m2) as sampling unit at seedling stage and with plant as sampling unit from growing to mature stage. the community diversity was relatively steady, when the critical number ...	2000	11767537
cdna cloning and expression of an aminoalcoholphosphotransferase isoform in chinese cabbage.	aminoalcoholphosphotransferase (aapt) catalyzes the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine from diacylglycerol plus a cdp-aminoalcohol such as cdp-choline or cdp-ethanolamine. previously we reported the cloning of a cdna encoding this enzyme from chinese cabbage roots, and suggested the presence of possible isoforms [min et al. (1997) j. plant biol. 40: 234]. we now report the cdna cloning and expression analysis of a second aapt from chinese cabbage. this aapt cdna, aapt2 ...	2000	11100782
leafy head formation of the progenies of transgenic plants of chinese cabbage with exogenous auxin genes.	the experiment was performed to evaluate the progenies of plant lines transgenic for auxin synthesis genes derived from ri t-dna. four lines of the transgenic plants were self-crossed and the foreign auxin genes in plants of t5 generation were confirmed by southern hybridization. two lines, d1232 and d1653, showed earlier folding of expanding leaves than untransformed line and therefore had early initiation of leafy head. leaf cuttings derived from plant of transgenic line d1653 produced more ad ...	2000	10896176
chemical methods and phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals.	the effects of chemical amendments (calcium carbonate (cc), steel sludge (ss) and furnace slag (fs)) on the growth and uptake of cadmium (cd) by wetland rice, chinese cabbage and wheat grown in a red soil contaminated with cd were investigated using a pot experiment. the phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil with vetiver grass was also studied in a field plot experiment. results showed that treatments with cc, ss and fs decreased cd uptake by wetland rice, chinese cabbage and wheat b ...	2000	10819205
molecular characters and morphological genetics of cal gene in chinese cabbage.	bcpcal, the homologous gene of cal, was isolated from chinese cabbage. unlike bobcal of cauliflower, bcpcal did not hold the terminating mutation in the fifth exon. after crosses of cauliflower with chinese cabbage, the resultant hybrids failed to form curd, which implicates the genetic complement of bcpcal to the mutated bobcal in the function of curd formation. one of cal gene isolated from the hybrid apparently comes from the female parent (chinese cabbage) even though there are a few of the ...	2000	10765981
glucosinolates and derived products in cruciferous vegetables. analysis of 14 varieties of chinese cabbage.		2000	762327
isolation and characterization of a class i slg gene from chinese cabbage (brassica campestris).	in brassica species, self-incompatibility in the recognition reaction between self and non-self pollens is determined by two genes, slg and srk, at the s locus. we have cloned and characterized a genomic dna fragment containing a complete open reading frame of the slg gene from chinese cabbage. the genomic clone, named bcslg2, was found to possess the region that shares a homology of 77% in amino acid identity with the slg46 gene of brassica campestris. northern blot analysis revealed that the b ...	2000	11211873
[effects of iaa and stimulated microgravity on formation of adventitious roots of chinese cabbage].	under the induction of indole-3-acetic acid (iaa), adventitious roots were differentiated on hypocotyl segments derived from seedlings of chinese cabbage (brassica campestris spp. pekinensis). iaa at concentration of 0.4-1.0 mg/l in solid ms medium incited many adventitious roots on hypocotyl segments. the earliest anatomic changes were observed on cut surface of hypocotyl segments under optical microscope 24 hours after iaa treatment: cytoplasmic and nuclear density became higher in a few of pa ...	2000	12548982
analysis of expressed sequence tags from brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis.	non-redundant expressed sequence tags (ests) were generated from six different organs at various developmental stages of chinese cabbage, brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis. of the 1,295 ests, 915 (71%) showed significantly high homology in nucleotide or deduced amino acid sequences with other sequences deposited in databases, while 380 did not show similarity to any sequences. briefly, 598 ests matched with proteins of identified biological function, 177 with hypothetical proteins or non-annotate ...	2000	10987136
classical and biochemical endpoints in the evaluation of phytotoxic effects caused by the herbicide trichloroacetate.	three terrestrial plant species, oat (avena sativa ), chinese cabbage (brassica campestris cv. chinensis) and lettuce (lactuca sativa), were exposed to different concentrations of herbicide tca (sodium trichloroacetate) in a growth test according to guideline oecd # 208. classical (i.e. germination and biomass) and biochemical (i.e., antioxydant enzyme activities) endpoints were investigated. germination rate decreased significantly at 3.9 mg tca kg dry soil(-1) (for oat and lettuce) and 62.5 mg ...	2000	11064042
cloning and structural and expressional characterization of bcplh gene preferentially expressed in folding leaf of chinese cabbage.	vegetative growth of chinese cabbage undergoes the four successive stages which are characterized with the definite types of juvenile, rosette, folding and head leaves. from shoot tips of chinese cabbage at early folding stage, we constructed a cdna library and screened the differentially expressed cdna clones using the cdnas derived from developing folding leaves and rosette leaves as probes. one complete length of cdna clone is designated asbcplh. computer alignment matched bcplh to the domain ...	2000	18726388
aiia, an enzyme that inactivates the acylhomoserine lactone quorum-sensing signal and attenuates the virulence of erwinia carotovora.	n-acylhomoserine lactones, known as autoinducers (ais), are widely conserved signal molecules present in quorum-sensing systems of many gram-negative bacteria. ais are involved in the regulation of diverse biological functions, including expression of pathogenic genes in the plant pathogens pseudomonas solanacearum, several erwinia species, and the human pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa. a bacterial isolate, bacillus sp. 240b1, is capable of enzymatic inactivation of ais. the gene (aiia) for ai i ...	2000	10716724
[choice of plant light status for space greenhouse: results of ground-based experience].	to decide on the light status of plants in space greenhouse, a theoretical study was undertaken to correlate specific productivity of space greenhouse with illumination characteristics including vertical par flux density (i), photoperiod (tau), and crop leaf index (l). it was demonstrated that in pace with i the daily productivity per a volume unit tended to monotonously approach maximum at i = ip, whereas the greenhouse energy efficiency me peaked at i = ie, ik < ie < ip, where ik is a compensa ...	2000	10732194
synthesis and biological activities of 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid and its esters.	4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid (4-cl-iaa) and its esters were synthesized from 2-chloro-6-nitrotoluene as the starting material. the biological activities of 4-ci-iaa and its esters were determined by four bioassays. except for the tert-butyl ester, 4-cl-iaa and its esters had stronger elongation activity toward avena coleoptiles than had indole-3-acetic acid. the biological activities of the methyl, ethyl and allyl esters were as strong as the activity of the free acid. all the esters, except for ...	2000	10830497
chromatographic separation of a small subunit (psbw/psay) and its assignment to photosystem i reaction center.	by using a hydroxyapatite column, the five major photosystem i (psi) subunits (psaa,-b,-c,-d,-e) solubilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) were fractionated from a spinach psi reaction center preparation. another small (5-6 kda) polypeptide was also separated, and purified to homogeneity. mass spectroscopy yielded its molecular weight to be 5942 +/- 10. this polypeptide had an n-terminal sequence homologous to those of previously reported 5-kda subunits from spinach and wheat and a 6.1-kda sub ...	2000	10924904
seasonal abundance of the parasitoid complex associated with the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae) in hangzhou, china.	an investigation of insect parasitoids of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (linnaeus), in brassica vegetable crops in the suburbs of hangzhou was conducted during five periods from 1989 to 1997. eight species of primary parasitoids were recorded: trichogramma chilonis ishii, cotesia plutellae kurdjumov, microplitis sp., oomyzus sokolowskii kurdjumov, diadromus collaris (gravenhorst), itoplectis naranyae (ashmead), exochus sp. and brachymeria excarinata gahan. seven species of hyperparas ...	2000	10996863
fistupyrone, a novel inhibitor of the infection of chinese cabbage by alternaria brassicicola, from streptomyces sp. tp-a0569.	a new microbial metabolite, designated fistupyrone, was isolated from the culture broth of a plant-associated streptomyces sp. tp-a0569. fistupyrone inhibited the in vivo infection of the seedlings of chinese cabbage by alternaria brassicicola tp-f0423, the cause of alternaria leaf spot, without any in vitro fungicidal activity.	2000	11132956
[prokaryote expression and western analysis of bcplh gene of chinese cabbage].	bcplh gene preferentially expressed in folding leaf of chinese cabbage contains dsrna-binding domains. the cdna of bcplh gene was cloned into a his-fusion expression vector pet-28a (+) and was induced to express in e. coli strain bl21 (de3). then, the specific protein was partially purified and the rabbit was immunized to prepare the anti-serum. meanwhile bcplh cdna was cloned into the pmal-c2 containing the solubizing partner, and then the soluble protein generated. it was demonstrated from wes ...	2000	12549068
flavonoid (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin) content of edible tropical plants.	studies were conducted on the flavonoids (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin) contents of 62 edible tropical plants. the highest total flavonoids content was in onion leaves (1497.5 mg/kg quercetin, 391.0 mg/kg luteolin, and 832.0 mg/kg kaempferol), followed by semambu leaves (2041.0 mg/kg), bird chili (1663.0 mg/kg), black tea (1491.0 mg/kg), papaya shoots (1264.0 mg/kg), and guava (1128.5 mg/kg). the major flavonoid in these plant extracts is quercetin, followed by myrice ...	2001	11410016
the superiority of organically cultivated vegetables to general ones regarding antimutagenic activities.	we found organically cultivated (oc) vegetables, using a water-soluble chitosan as a soil improvement agent and leaf surface spray, had much longer shelf life and better taste than that of generally cultivated (gc) vegetables. the purpose of this study is to determine the relative antimutagenic activity between oc and gc vegetables. eleven oc vegetables were harvested in march and april in 1999 and 2000, and gc ones were supplied as a control from nearby farms on the same date. the former vegeta ...	2001	11551483
mode of antagonism of brevibacillus brevis against botrytis cinerea in vitro.	to assess the activity of brevibacillus brevis (formerly bacillus brevis) nagano and the antibiotic it produces, gramicidin s, against the plant pathogen botrytis cinerea.	2001	11576302
synthesis, absolute configuration and biological activity of both enantiomers of 2-(5,6-dichloro-3-indolyl)propionic acid: new dichloroindole auxins.	racemic 2-(5,6-dichloro-3-indolyl)propionic acid (5,6-cl2-2-ipa) was synthesized from 5,6-dichloroindole-3-acetic acid (5,6-cl2-iaa) by successive esterification, methoxycarbonylation, methylation, and double hydrolysis. the racemate was converted to the diastereomeric esters of (s)-(-)-1-phenylethyl alcohol. these were separated by hplc into two optically active diastereomers and then hydrolyzed with p-tsoh to the optically active enantiomers of 5,6-cl2-2-ipa. the absolute configurations of bot ...	2001	11302158
partial purification of polyphenol oxidase from chinese cabbage brassica rapa l.	polyphenol oxidase (ppo) was purified and characterized from chinese cabbage by ammonium sulfate precipitation and deae-toyopearl 650m column chromatography. substrate staining of the crude protein extract showed the presence of three isozymic forms of this enzyme. the molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be approximately 65 kda by gel filtration on toyopearl hw-55f. on sds-page analysis, this enzyme was composed of a subunit molecular weight of 65 kda. the optimum ph was 5.0 ...	2001	11513690
the uptake and speciation of various al species in the brassica rapa pekinensis.	an investigation was carried out on the uptake and speciation of al species in al tolerant chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis). plants were exposed to 10 microg cm(-3) of al in the chemical forms of al3+, al-citrate and al-malate in a time span from 1 up to 24 h. in each experiment the nutrient solution and stem sap were analysed by a combination of fplc icp aes and es ms ms techniques. speciation analysis enabled determination of particular chemical forms of al present in the nut ...	2001	11382234
anaerobically digested poultry slaughterhouse wastes as fertiliser in agriculture.	chemical and physical analysis, 27-d plant growth assays with carrot (daucus carota) and chinese cabbage (brassica campestris var. chinensis), and 5-d phytotoxicity assays with chinese cabbage and perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne) were used to investigate the suitability of anaerobically digested poultry slaughterhouse waste for fertiliser in agriculture and the effect of aerobic post-treatment on the properties of the digested material. the digested material appeared to be rich in nitrogen. i ...	2001	11265792
pyrethroid insecticide residues on vegetable crops.	pyrethroid insecticides were applied on various vegetable crops as foliar treatments to determine dissipation rates. on chinese broccoli (guy lon), chinese mustard (pak choi) and chinese cabbage (kasumi, napa), fenvalerate was persistent with residues of 0.10, 0.14 and 0.11 mg kg-1, respectively, by day 21. cypermethrin residues on head lettuce were below 0.1 mg kg-1 by day 10 but on the leafier romaine and endive varieties it was more persistent and required 14-19 days to dissipate below this c ...	2001	11517721
the alpha-linolenic acid content of green vegetables commonly available in australia.	green vegetable consumption has long been considered to have health benefits mainly due to the vitamins, minerals and phytonutrients (such as vitamin c, folate, antioxidants etc) contained in a vegetable-rich diet. additionally, green vegetables are known to contain a relatively high proportion of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (pufas), primarily in the form of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3). however, there are no data available on the fatty acid composition and concentration of green veget ...	2001	11582857
controlling self-incompatibility by co2 gas treatment in brassica campestris: structural alteration of papillae cell and differential gene expression by increased co2 gas.	self-imcompatibility is a controlling genetic mechanism to prevent self-pollination for chinese cabbage (brassica campestris), one of the major vegetable crops in korea. to maintain inbred lines of the crop plant, a method in that high co2 gas is treated to the pistils to overcome the self-incompatibility and thereby self-pollens can successfully make germination and fertilization has been widely used in seed companies. despite the common utilization of this method, any molecular and cellular st ...	2001	11355699
toxicity evaluation of sewage sludges in hong kong.	anaerobically digested sewage sludges collected from four wastewater treatment plants located in sha tin, tai po, yuen long, and shek wu hui in hong kong were subjected to chemical characterization and toxicity testing to provide preliminary assessment of their suitability for land application. all sewage sludges were slightly alkaline with ph range of 8.3-8.7. electrical conductivity (ec; 0.69 ds m(-1)) and soluble nh4-n content (996 mg kg(-1)) of sewage sludge from yuen long were lower than th ...	2001	11757851
the response of shoot accumulation of trace elements in chinese cabbage to microclimate modification.	in three consecutive years of field experiments (1994-96), three different environmental conditions for the growth of chinese cabbage (brassica pekinensis (lour) rupr. cv. nagaoka 50) were established by using two cover treatments (t1 and t2) and a control uncovered cultivation (t0). the t1 [50 microm polyethylene cover; 20 degrees c air temperature; 61.9% relative moisture; 207 wm(-2) irradiance] and t2 [a 17 gm(-2) non-woven fleece; 18 degrees c; 63.4%; 205 wm(-2) gave rise to differences in e ...	2001	11688678
enhanced accumulation of lead in brassica pekinensis by soil-applied chloride salts.		2001	11381314
[landscape ecological studies on autumnal chinese cabbage fields in shenyang city suburb. ii. relationship between chinese cabbage field patches and their neighboring landscape elements].	the relationship between autumnal chinese cabbage patches and their neighboring other lanascape elements were studied in shenyang suburb. the groups and quantities of arthropods moving through a boundary between a chinese cabbage patch and its neighboring corn patch in certain period, were investigated and the 7 oders of arthropods moving through the boundary with an average flow of 10.3 individuals.m-1.d-1 were observed. the changes of falling dust rates on a chinese cabbage patch near a countr ...	2002	12682968
[landscape ecological studies on autumnal chinese cabbage fields in shenyang city suburb. i. features of autumnal chinese cabbage field patches].	some typical patches of autumnal chinese cabbage fields in the agricultural landscapes of shenyang city suburb were investigated, and their basic features, such as areas, shapes, neighborings and connections, were recorded. their mosaic features were also analyzed and discussed. in the region of less 5 km distance from city, many chinese cabbage patches neighbored each other and connected to highways, while in the region of 5-10 km distance from city, they neighbored with corn patches and connec ...	2002	12682967
[the problem of developing a lettuce greenhouse for the international space station and future interplanetary missions].	in order to evaluate the effects of gravity on growing plants, we conducted ground-based long-term experiments with dwarf wheat (cultivar "apogee usu") and chinese cabbage (cultivar "khibinskaja"). the test crop had been grown in overhead position with hps lamp below the root module so that gravity and light gradients were in opposite direction. plants of the control crop grew in normal position under the same lamp. both crops were grown on porous metallic membranes with stable--1 kpa water pote ...	2002	12572116
nutrition influence on copper accumulation by brassica pekinensis rupr.	effect of nutrition status in the growth medium on cu accumulation and plant growth were tested in brassica pekinensis grown in hydroponic culture in a cultural facility. cu concentration in the roots and shoots increased with increasing external cu in the culture solution. on the other hand, it decreased with increasing hoagland's solution (hs) strength. interaction between external cu and hs strength was also observed to affect cu concentration in the tissues. a low level of external cu could ...	2002	12568454
four case reports of families with esophageal cancer in a high-risk region on the guangdong chaoshan coast of china.	four families with a history of esophageal cancer were studied and their family trees analyzed. all the families had lived in chaoshan for about 20 generations, speak chanshan dialect, and generally have a predilection for drinking scalding gong fu tea and eating pickled chinese cabbage. the majority of the esophageal cancer patients of the first generation were diagnosed 40 or 50 years ago after presenting with the typical symptom of dysphagia, whereas patients of the second and third generatio ...	2002	12445002
[effect of covering with new soil on reducing the accumulation of radio-strontium in plant].	effects of covering with new soil on reducing the accumulation of 89sr by soybean and chinese cabbage (especially in the edible part of crop) were studied on simulated pollutants by using the isotope-tracer techniques. the results showed that the absorption and accumulation of 89sr in the soybean and chinese cabbage could be decreased significantly by covering soil polluted 89sr with new soil. the specific activity of 89sr in bean hull, bean straw, bean root and chinese cabbage were reduced by 8 ...	2002	12371094
field-simulator studies of insecticide resistance to dimethylcarbamates and pyrethroids conferred by metabolic- and target site-based mechanisms in peach-potato aphids, myzus persicae (hemiptera: aphididae).	a range of insecticides was applied at recommended application rates against populations of myzus persicae (sulzer) carrying various combinations of three insecticide resistance mechanisms (carboxylesterase-based metabolic resistance and two target-site mechanisms, known as mace and kdr), supported on either chinese cabbage or potatoes in field simulator cages. patterns of response were similar on both host species. mace conferred extreme resistance to pirimicarb and triazamate (dimethylcarbamat ...	2002	12192906
joint enhancement of lead accumulation in brassica plants by edta and ammonium sulfate in sand culture.	when edta was added alone in the pb-contaminated sand, the plant biomass and the total pb amount in plant decreased in both species, brassica pekinensis and b. juncea var. multiceps, though the shoot pb amount increased. in contrast, when (nh4)2so4 was added alone in the pb-contaminated sand, little effect was observed on the shoot pb amount, though the root pb amount was significantly increased in b. juncea var. multiceps. when amending edta and (nh4)2so4 in combination, however, the shoot pb a ...	2002	12046290
[comparative study on ecotoxicological indexes of crops exposure to reactive x-3b red dye].	ecotoxicological indexes of wheat, chinese cabbage and rice exposed to reactive x-3b red dye were studied using the experimental method of crop seed exposure. the results showed that reactions of the three crops to reactive x-3b red dye were different from each other. based on the inhibition of seed gemination, the half effect concentration(ic50) of wheat, chinese cabbage and rice was 8965, 7010 and 7514 mg.l-1. based on the inhibition of root elongation, the ic50 of wheat, chinese cabbage and r ...	2002	11993111
[eco-toxicological effects of heavy metals on the inhibition of seed germination and root elongation of chinese cabbages in soils].	the eco-toxicity effects of individual cu, zn, pb and cd on the inhibition of seed germination and root elongation of chinese cabbages (brassica pekimensis) were tested in four types of soils (red loam soils, meadow brown soils, chestnut soils and dark brown soils) and water solution. the combined effects of heavy metals pollution were determined with meadow brown soils. results indicated that with same concentration, the inhibition rates of heavy metals on root elongation of chinese cabbages ar ...	2002	11987391
accumulation of zn, cd, cu, and pb in chinese cabbage as influenced by climatic conditions under protected cultivation.	accumulation of heavy metals from agricultural soils contaminated by low levels heavy metals has important implications in the understanding of heavy metal contamination in the food chain. through field experiments (1994-1996), the influence of thermal regime under different treatments on the accumulation of zinc, cadmium, copper, and lead in chinese cabbage [brassica pekinensis (lour) rupr. cv. nagaoka 50] grown in a calcareous fluvisol (xerofluvent) in granada (southern spain) was examined. tw ...	2002	11902941
[the molecular biology of cytoplasmic male sterility in chinese cabbage (brassica campestris ssp.pekinensis)].		2002	15901566
differences of cadmium absorption and accumulation in selected vegetable crops.	a pot experiment and a sandy culture experiment grown with three vegetable crops of chinese cabbage (b. chinensis l., cv. zao-shu 5), winter greens (b. var. rosularis tsen et lee, cv. shang-hai-qing) and celery (a. graveolens l. var. dulce dc., cv. qing-qin) were conducted, respectively. the initial soil and four incubated soils with different extractable cd (0.15, 0.89, 1.38, 1.84 and 2.30 mg cd/kg soil) were used for the pot experiment. five treatments were designed (0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.250 an ...	2002	12211993
coding sequence divergence between two closely related plant species: arabidopsis thaliana and brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis.	to characterize the coding-sequence divergence of closely related genomes, we compared dna sequence divergence between sequences from a brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis est library isolated from flower buds and genomic sequences from arabidopsis thaliana. the specific objectives were (i) to determine the distribution of and relationship between k(a) and k(s), (ii) to identify genes with the lowest and highest k(a): k(s) values, and (iii) to evaluate how codon usage has diverged between two closely ...	2002	12029356
nitrate and nitrite in vegetables from north china: content and intake.	the contents of nitrate and nitrite in potato, cabbage, chinese cabbage, scallion (shallot), celery, cucumber, tomato, eggplant and wax gourd taken from the north china market from 1998 to 1999 were determined. these vegetables provide the major contribution to the nitrate intake from the diet. the highest content of nitrate was found in celery followed by chinese cabbage, cabbage, scallion, wax gourd and eggplant. for all the products, a great variation in the content of nitrate was found. gene ...	2002	12623672
dietary factors and gastric cancer in korea: a case-control study.	to assess gastric cancer (gc) risk in relation to dietary intake in korea, a case-control study was performed. trained dietitians interviewed 136 patients diagnosed with gc, and the same number of controls were selected by matching sex, age and hospital. a significant decrease in gc risk was observed with increased intake of baiechu kimchi (prepared with salted chinese cabbage and red pepper, etc.), baiechu kimchi-stew, garlic, mushroom and soybean milk. on the contrary, a significant increase i ...	2002	11802218
a chinese cabbage cdna with high sequence identity to phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidases encodes a novel isoform of thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase.	a cdna, phcc-tpx, specifying a protein highly homologous to known phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidases was isolated from a chinese cabbage cdna library. phcc-tpx encodes a preprotein of 232 amino acids containing a putative n-terminal chloroplast targeting sequence and three conserved cys residues (cys(107), cys(136), and cys(155)). the mature form of enzyme without the signal peptide was expressed in escherichia coli, and the recombinant protein was found to utilize thioredoxin (t ...	2002	11823460
the symbiosis of bacillus subtilis l-forms with chinese cabbage seedlings inhibits conidial germination of botrytis cinerea.	to establish whether germination of botrytis cinerea was affected by the symbiosis of bacillus subtilis l-form bacteria with chinese cabbage.	2002	11849491