Publications

baroreflex sensitivity in an amphibian, rana catesbeiana, and a reptilian, pseudemys scripta elegans.	an inverse relationship between heart rate and systematic arterial pressure is demonstrated in unanesthetized bullfrogs (rana catesbeiana) and red-eared turtles (pseudemys scripta elegans). drug-induced elevation of systemic blood pressure resulted in proportional decreases in heart rate and lengthening of the pulse interval. conversely, nitroglycerin-induced decreases in blood pressure produced compensatory increases in heart rate. this relationship in frogs is defined by y = 25.4x + 1684, and ...	1980	6970247
basal ganglionic pathways to the tectum: studies in reptiles.	relations between the basal ganglia and the tectum were investigated in two different orders of reptiles: turtles (chrysemys scripta) and crocodilians (caiman crocodilus). in both species, efferents from the paleostriatal complex, a telencephalic region considered comparable to the mammalian basal ganglia on the basis of topographic, histochemical, and hodological criteria, were found to project to a prominent pretectal cell group called the dorsal nucleus of the posterior commissure (ndcp). cel ...	1980	7440783
distribution of ventilation in the turtle pseudemys scripta.	spontaneously ventilating turtles, pseudemys scripta, were allowed to rebreathe 133xe to equilibrium. frequent gamma camera images were obtained and processed to allow regional evaluation of ventilation. the distribution of ventilation was markedly inhomogeneous, with washin to equilibrium most rapid in anterior lung compartments and slowest in posterior lung compartments. similarly washout from equilibrium was most rapid in anterior compartments and slowest in posterior compartments. during apn ...	1980	7444225
the frequency selectivity of auditory nerve fibres and hair cells in the cochlea of the turtle.	1. the electrical responses of single auditory nerve fibres or cochlear hair cells were recorded in the isolated half-head of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans. responses to sound stimuli presented to the tympanum could be recorded for at least 4 hr after isolation.2. impulses were recorded extracellularly from single auditory nerve fibres. for tones of suprathreshold intensity the impulses occurred with a preferred phase relation (i.e. they were phase-locked) to the cycles of the sound stimu ...	1980	7463380
intracellular analysis and structural correlates of the organization of inputs to ganglion cells in the retina of the turtle.	intracellular recording from the ganglion cells of the retina of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans shows that the photoresponses are characterized by either of two reversal potentials. these have been related to the bipolar and amacrine cell inputs to ganglion cells. of the recorded ganglion cells, 33% (type a) are driven predominantly by one type of input, attributed to bipolar cells. other ganglion cells (66%, type b) receive a mixed input from bipolar and amacrine cells. type a ganglion ce ...	1980	6105651
photoreceptor signals at visual threshold.	electrical responses of cone photoreceptors in the retina of the freshwater turtle have been characterised for flashes and steps of light in darkness and in the presence of background light. these intracellular measurements have been combined with the behavioural increment threshold curve to yield an estimate of 5-10 muv for the signal developed in a cone when the turtle can just detect an increment flash. the signal developed when the cones under the stimulus image are dark-adapted is of intere ...	1980	7360231
light responses of ganglion cells in the retina of the turtle.	1. recordings were made from single axons of 218 ganglion cells in the optic nerve of the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans. responses to light stimuli were used to classify 182 of the cells into four functional groups.2. movement-sensitive cells (113 units) responded best to moving stimuli independent of the stimulus colour or direction of motion. their receptive fields were organized into antagonistic centres and surrounds with the same spectral sensitivity. based on their patterns of response ...	1980	7381765
substance p-like immunoreactivity in cerebellar mossy fibers and terminals in the red-eared turtle, chrysemys scripta elegans.		1980	6158019
ultrastructure of the tastebuds of the red-eared turtle, chrysemys scripta elegans.	the fine structure of the turtle tastebud has been examined by light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy. it contains five types of cells on the basis of their cytological features, designated types 1,2,3,a, and b. types 1, 2, and 3 reach the taste pore, whereas types a and b are located basally. the type 2 cell has access to the tongue surface, i.e., the site of gustatory stimuli, and also synapses onto afferent nerves; it probably is a gustatory receptor cell and corresponds to the ...	1980	30189715
the cytoarchitecture of the torus semicircularis in the red-eared turtle.	the cytoarchitecture and neuronal morphology of the torus semicircularis in the red-eared turtle, chrysemys scripta elegans, were examined in nissl-stained and golgi-impregnated material. the torus semicircularis begins in the caudodorsal mesencephalon and extends rostrally and laterally to end ventrally to the tectal ventricle. the torus semicircularis consists of a central nucleus and a laminar nucleus, which is interposed between the central nucleus and the ventricle. the central nucleus can ...	1981	30139190
characterization of angiotensin pressor responses in the turtle pseudemys scripta.	studies were conducted in turtles (pseudemys scripta) to characterize vascular responses to administration of exogenous angiotensin [asp1-ile5]angiotensin ii (aii). marked pressor responses were present following aii administration (2 microgram/kg iv). the pressor response was completely blocked by concomitant administration of an analogue of aii, [sar1-ile8]aii. both alpha-receptor blockade with phenoxybenzamine or catecholamine depletion by reserpine administration reduced the pressor response ...	1981	7235045
growth of the turtle chrysemys scripta under constant controlled laboratory conditions.	the purpose of this study was to determine 1) growth of the turtle shell and change in weight under constant controlled laboratory conditions and 2) whether under these constant conditions there were seasonal changes. fifty unfed refrigerated eight-week-old hatchling turtles chrysemys scripta were received in october and maintained in aquaria with 16 hours of artificial light and eight hours of darkness, at 24-27 degrees c and a humidity of 30% and fed twice weekly. gross linear measurements of ...	1981	7258687
anatomical distribution of estrogen target neurons in turtle brain.	autoradiographic studies with [3h]estradiol-17 beta in red-eared turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans) show concentration and retention of radioactivity in nuclei of neurons in certain regions. accumulations of estrogen target neurons exist in the periventricular brain with relationships to ventral extensions of the forebrain ventricles, including parolfactory, amygdaloid, septal, preoptic, hypothalamic and thalamic areas, as well as the dorsal ventricular ridge, the piriform cortex, and midbrain-p ...	1981	7317778
atrophic gastritis in a hermann's tortoise (testudo hermanni) and two red-eared turtles (chrysemys scripta elegans).	atrophic gastritis, with concomitant pseudopyloric metaplasia, occurred in a tortoise and 2 turtles. mild gastritis, with some atrophy of gastric glands and minor loss or oxynticopeptic cells which were replaced by mucous cells, was observed in the hermann 's tortoise (testudo hermanni). chronic atrophic gastritis, characterized by inflammation and atrophy of glandular elements, with changes resembling pseudopyloric metaplasia, was seen in 2 red-eared turtles (chrysemys scripta elegans). the 3 a ...	1981	7340590
nucleus laminaris of the torus semicircularis: projection to spinal cord in reptiles.	neurons in nucleus laminaris of the torus semicircularis were retrogradely labeled following application of horseradish peroxidase (hrp) to the cervical spinal cord in two lizards (gekko gecko and iguana iguana) and a turtle (pseudemys scripta). different patterns of cell labeling were seen among the species studied and may be related to the distinctive differences in head and body movements seen in these animals during defensive, aggressive and social behaviors.	1981	6270598
evidence for auditory localization ability in the turtle.	evidence is presented that the semiaquatic turtle chrysemys scripta and the terrestrial turtle terrapene carolina major can detect the direction of a tone within their sensitive area of hearing. it is further suggested that not only can these species respond behaviorally to sound without extensive manipulation but can use limited hearing in a problem-solving situation of maze learning. adult emydid turtles (5 c. scripta, 3 t. carolina) learned a y-maze with a 500-c/s signal to an invisible open ...	1981	7186502
electron microscope study of vertebrate liver innervation.	liver fine structure was studied in various groups of vertebrates to reveal intrahepatic nerves. nerve fibers were found in the connective tissue of the liver in all mammals, birds, and reptiles studied (japanese monkey, crab-eating monkey, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, golden hamster, pigeon, japanese quail, and turtle, pseudemys scripta). nerve fibers also made direct contact with hepatocytes in these animals except for the rat and the golden hamster. intrahepatic nerves were rare or absent in amph ...	1981	7316686
light- and electron-microscopic demonstration of immunoreactive opsin in the pinealocytes of various vertebrates.	an antibody to opsin isolated from rod outer segments of the frog retina was applied in light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemical studies to the pineal organ of various vertebrates (cyprinus carpio, carassius auratus, rana esculenta, emys orbicularis, pseudemys scripta elegans, lacerta agilis and viridis. gallus domesticus, columba livia, melopsittacus undulatus, serinus canaria, taeniopyga punctata, didelphis virginiana, erinaceus roumanicus, myotis myotis, rabbit, rat, cat).	1981	6458362
identification and distribution of neurons presumed to give rise to cerebellar climbing fibers in turtle. a retrograde axonal flow study using radioactive d-aspartate as a marker.	radioactive d-aspartate and horseradish peroxidase were injected into the cerebellar cortex in turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans. while neurons retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase were found in various regions of the spinal cord and brainstem, labeled cells following aspartate injections were only observed in circumscribed regions of the caudal medulla. in rat it was recently reported that climbing fibers, but no other cerebellar afferents, were retrogradely labeled with d-aspartate ...	1982	7172016
immunoreactive opsin in the pineal organ of reptiles and birds.	the presence of opsin was investigated with light microscopic immunocytochemistry in pinealocytes of reptiles and birds (emys orbicularis, pseudemys scripta elegans, lacerta agilis et viridis, gallus domesticus, columba livia, melopsittacus undulatus, serinus canaria, taeniopyga punctate). the outer segments of pinealocytes selectively bound antiopsin antibody as revealed by indirect immunocytochemical techniques, indicating the occurrence of a rhodopsin-like photopigment in these structures. th ...	1982	6213109
distribution and structural characterization of neurons giving rise to descending spinal projections in the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.	descending spinal projections were investigated in the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans following injections of horseradish peroxidase and/or radioactive wheat germ agglutinin into the spinal cord at various levels. using various planes of section the cells of origin in the brainstem, cerebellum, and diencephalon were characterized according to their size, dendritic tree, and precise location. projections to levels as far caudal as the lumbar spinal cord were found to arise from medial and later ...	1982	7161413
organization of nucleus rotundus, a tectofugal thalamic nucleus in turtles. ii. ultrastructural analyses.	nucleus rotundus in a large, tectorecipient nucleus in the dorsal thalamus of the pond turtles pseudemys scripta and chrysemys picta. rotundal neurons form a single, morphologically homogeneous population (rainey, '79) that projects to the dorsal ventricular ridge in the telencephalon. the present paper examines the morphology of and the distribution of synapses upon rotundal neurons. astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons can be identified in both 1-micrometer sections stained with toluidine ...	1982	7130452
afferent connections of the cerebellum in various types of reptiles.	the origin of cerebellar afferents was studied in various types of reptiles, viz., the turtles pseudemys scripta elegans and testudo hermanni, the lizard varanus exanthematicus, and the snake python regius, with retrograde tracers (the enzyme horseradish peroxidase and the fluorescent tracer "fast blue"). projections to the cerebellum were demonstrated from the nucleus of the basal optic root, the interstitial nucleus of the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis, the vestibular ganglion, and the ve ...	1982	7107986
the distribution of motoneurons innervating hindlimb muscles in the terrapin pseudemys scripta elegans.	the distribution of motoneurons innervating a number of hindlimb muscles in the spinal cord of the terrapin pseudemys scripta elegans was studied by means of intramuscularly injected horseradish peroxidase (hrp). it appeared that motoneurons innervating knee extensors were localized more rostrally in the spinal cord than those innervating knee flexors and hip retractors. muscles on the dorsal side of the limb were positioned more ventrally in the ventral horn compared to motoneurons innervating ...	1982	7070704
signal transmission from red cones to horizontal cells in the turtle retina.	1. intracellular recordings were made from l-type horizontal cells in the retina of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans. the responses were evoked by 500 msec pulses of 'white' light. 2. l-type horizontal cells were classified as either, 'small receptive field' s.r.f. or 'large receptive field' l.r.f. based upon (1) receptive field size and (2) kinetics of responses to test flashes covering small and big spots. 3. constant illumination of the entire receptive field, with any intensity studied, ...	1982	220415
sensory transduction and neuronal transmission as related to ultrastructure and encoding of information in different labyrinthine receptor systems of vertebrates.	mechano-electric transduction and neuronal transmission were studied in sensory systems ascending from and descending to single receptor cells of the labyrinth organs in submammalian vertebrates. the animals were young crocodiles (caiman crocodilus), geckos (gekko gecko, tarentola mauritanica), and turtles (pseudemys scripta elegans, chinemys reevesii). intracellular receptor potentials from the apical region of the hair cell (or from the ciliary surface) were recorded in the ampullar, macular, ...	1982	6289788
phi, contractility and ca-balance under hypercapnic acidosis in the myocardium of different vertebrate species.	the influence of hypercapnic acidosis upon the heart was examined in four vertebrate species. the co2 in the tissue bath was increased from 2.7 to 15% at 12 degrees c for flounder (platichthys flesus) and cod (gadus morhua) and from 3 to 13% at 22 degrees c for turtle (pseudemys scripta) and rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri). during hypercapnia, as previously described, there was a decline and recovery of contractility in heart strips of flounder and turtle, and a sustained decrease in cod and rai ...	1982	6804589
mesodiencephalic and other target regions of ascending spinal projections in the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.	ascending spinal projections were investigated in turtle pseudemys scripta elegans following injections of radioactive amino acids into the spinal cord at various levels. experiments using s35-methionine were most successful in demonstrating various mesodiencephalic target areas. ascending projections from lumbar and cervical segments terminated predominantly in caudal and lateral reticular fields including the perihypoglossal complex. these spinal regions also projected for a lesser extent to r ...	1982	7161414
acid-base stress and central chemical control of ventilation in turtles.	central chemical control of ventilation in turtles, chrysemys (pseudemys) scripta, has been characterized by alterations in breathing frequency (f). to assess the effects of acid-base stress on the central ventilatory response, three groups of animals were subjected to 2 h of anoxia (98% n2-2% co2), 2 h of hypercapnia (8% co2 in air), or 2 h of anoxia plus hypercapnia (92% n2-8% co2). ventilatory responses were measured continuously, and arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) acid-base var ...	1982	6818207
the morphology of the bipolar cells, amacrine cells and ganglion cells in the retina of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans.	the morphology of the neurons that contribute to the inner plexiform layer of the retina of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans has been studied by light microscopy of whole-mount material stained by the method of golgi. cells have been distinguished on the basis of criteria that include dendritic branching patterns, dendritic morphology, dendritic tree sizes and stratification of processes in the inner plexiform layer. many of the neurons have dendritic trees oriented parallel to and a few exh ...	1982	6127731
the architecture of the spleen of the red-eared slider, chrysemys scripta elegans (reptilia, testudines).	the morphology of the spleen of the red-eared slider, chrysemys scripta elegans, has been described. the outer surface of the spleen is covered by a thin fibromuscular capsule, from which a number of trabeculae extend into the parenchyma. the parenchyma of the spleen shows a definite demarcation into a red and white pulp. the white pulp is composed of two lymphoid compartments: lymphoid tissue surrounds both central arterioles and ellipsoids, forming the periarteriolar and periellipsoidal lympho ...	1982	7186548
light and electron microscopy of the photoreceptors in the retina of the red-eared slider, pseudemys scripta elegans.	the six different types of photoreceptor in the retina of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans have been studied by light and electron microscopy. fresh whole-mount retina, in which the oil droplet colors of the photoreceptors could be seen, was compared with fixed tissue cut in the vertical plane. the red single cone (large red oil droplet) is largest in diameter and, in electron microscopy (em) views, has the least opaque oil droplet. it also has a vacuolated paraboloid and a cone pedicle that ...	1982	7130460
quantitative studies of retinal ganglion cells in a turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans: ii. size spectrum of ganglion cells and its regional variation.	recent evidence suggests that ganglion cell size and its regional variation may be an important feature of vertebrate retinas. accordingly, we have examined nissl-stained, whole-mounted pseudemys scripta retinas to determine the soma size spectrum of ganglion cells at different retinal loci. cell size histograms reveal that at any given point on the retina, a majority of ganglion cells are small (6-10 microns), and in peripheral samples there is some evidence for a second, larger size class (12- ...	1982	6181104
quantitative electron microscopic analysis of the optic nerve of the turtle, pseudemys.	it is estimated by means of electron microscopy that the optic nerve of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans contains 394,900 fibers of which approximately 80% are myelinated. the total fiber count agrees well with counts obtained from electron microscopic studies on other turtle species. there are, however, differences among these species in the percentage of myelinated fibers in the optic nerve. the axon diameter distribution of the myelinated fibers (excluding myelin) has a mode at 0.87 micro ...	1982	7096642
circulatory mechanoreceptors in the pond turtle pseudemys scripta.	this study was undertaken to characterize cardiovascular receptors in the turtle, pseudemys scripta, with particular attention being given to neural activity changes associated with alterations in blood pressure. vagal afferent nerve traffic, synchronous with heart contractions, was recorded in anesthetized artificially ventilated turtles. action potentials, from receptors that fired regularly during each heart cycle, occurred during ventricular systole. mechanical probing and vascular occlusion ...	1982	7065215
connections of the small bipolar cells with the photoreceptors in the turtle. an electron microscope study of golgi-impregnated, gold-toned retinas.	the connections between photoreceptors and the small bipolar cells with a landolt club in the turtle retina (pseudemys scripta elegans) were analyzed with the electron microscope after golgi impregnation and gold toning. the dendritic tree of several bipolars was partially or completely reconstructed from continuous series of thin sections. all bipolar cells studied established both basal and invaginating junctions with cone pedicles; in invaginating junctions, their dendrites invariably ended a ...	1982	6175667
membrane specializations in the outer plexiform layer of the turtle retina.	the internal organization of the plasma membrane at specialized contacts in the outer plexiform layer of the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans, was analyzed with the aid of the freeze-fracturing technique. in the invaginating synapse of cone pedicles the plasma membrane of the photoreceptor ending contains an aggregate of p-face particles, images of synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and rows of forming coated vesicles which are arranged in sequence from apex to base of the synaptic ridge. thus, freez ...	1982	6276452
[seasonal variations of the ultimobranchial body of the turtle (pseudemys scripta)].	ultrastructural seasonal cyclic aspects of ultimobranchial body (c.u.b.) in fresh turtles (pseudemys scripta) are studied. the c.u.b. consists of follicles and cords. the cord cells are characterized by many secretory granules measuring approximately 180 nm with variable feature and electron density. these granules are localized in the cytoplasm close to basal laminae. the follicular cells, on the contrary, present few and large secretory granules, glycogen particles, bundle of filaments and a s ...	1982	6220558
[fine structure of the parathyroid gland of the fresh water turtle (pseudemys scripta)].	the ultrastructural characteristics of parathyroid in fresh-water turtles (pseudemys scripta) are studied during the four seasons of the year. the gland parenchyma consists of chief cells organized in solid cordons. no oxifil cell is seen in turtle parathyroid. the chief cells present seasonal variations in cytoplasmatic organization. these are essentially represented by: the presence of secretory granules, cilia with centriolar apparatus and microfilaments in autumn; middle and wide lipid vacuo ...	1982	6217700
characterization and quantification of peptidergic amacrine cells in the turtle retina: enkephalin, neurotensin, and glucagon.	immunocytochemical methods were used for selective labeling and characterization of amacrine cells of the turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans) retina which contained neuropeptide-like immunoreactivity (leu-enkephalin, glucagon, and neurotensin). processes of amacrine cells arborized in specific strata of the inner plexiform layer (ipl). different strata were defined in relation to the boundaries of the ipl. zero represented the strata nearest the inner nuclear layer and 100 represented the strata ...	1983	6363468
systemic and renal effects of angiotensin ii in the freshwater turtle pseudemys scripta elegans.	this study examined the renal and systemic effects of angiotensin ii (ang ii) in the freshwater turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans. we infused [asn1, val5]ang ii at doses of 1, 10, 100, and 500 ng x kg-1 x min-1 in conscious turtles while monitoring blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate (gfr), urine volume, and plasma and urine electrolytes. saline (0.6%) was infused for two 1-h control periods at 1 ml x kg-1 x h-1 followed by a 1-h infusion of saline with ang ii added. saline alone was then ...	1983	6660329
some afferent and efferent connections of the vestibular nuclear complex in the red-eared turtle pseudemys scripta elegans.	in the present study some afferent, commissural, and efferent connections of the vestibular nuclear complex in the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans were demonstrated with the hrp tracing technique. afferent projections to the vestibular nuclei were found to arise in the nucleus of the basal optic root, the interstitial nucleus of the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis, the medial and lateral cerebellar nuclei, the perihypoglossal nuclear complex, and the reticular formation. distinct commissural ...	1983	6643738
acetylation of sulphamethoxazole by fresh water turtles pseudemys scripta elegans.		1983	6632082
functional venous admixture in the lungs of the turtle, chrysemys scripta.	pulmonary functional venous admixture was determined during forced, unidirectional ventilation with pure o2 and air. at a normal lung volume of 140 ml x kg-1, anatomical shunts (physical bypass of gas exchange surface by the blood) averaged 10% of pulmonary blood flow but it increased to 28% as lung volume declined to 30 ml x kg-1. diffusion limitation and possibly inhomogeneity in ventilation: perfusion ratio also contributed to a total functional venous admixture of about 25% at normal lung vo ...	1983	6622867
ultrastructure of the corpuscular nerve ending in the lymph heart of the turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans).	corpuscular nerve endings were found in the tunica externa of the lymph heart of a turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans). they consisted of axon terminals and surrounding cellular lamellae. serial thin sections of one such presumable sensory corpuscle were made and reconstructed for the three-dimensional analysis of the corpuscle, with special reference to the axon terminals. it was revealed that axon terminals ramified at several points within the corpuscle and formed varicosities of various sizes ...	1983	6870488
freeze-fracture study of the turtle lung. 1. intercellular junctions in the air-blood barrier of pseudemys scripta.	the air-blood barrier in the lung of the turtle pseudemys scripta was studied by means of freeze-fracture replicas in an attempt to give a detailed account on the structural organization of the intercellular junctions. between the pneumocytes, zonulae occludentes containing 4-19 strands in the apico-basal direction are present; they are considered to be physiologically very tight. in the endothelium, fasciae occludentes, i.e., discontinuous occluding junctions can be found, composed of up to 4 s ...	1983	6850793
a correlative light-, fluorescence- and electron-microscopic study of neuroepithelial bodies in the lung of the red-eared turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.	neuroepithelial bodies (neb) were identified for the first time in the respiratory tract of a reptile by the use of combined morphological and histochemical methods. in the red-eared turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans, neb were found within the trabecular epithelium of the respiratory tract, mainly in the branching regions of the trabeculae. an intracellular formaldehyde-induced fluorescent compound was identified as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht) by means of microspectrofluorometry. subsequent histo ...	1983	6196119
the ascending connections of the torus semicircularis central nucleus in chrysemys scripta elegans.	horseradish peroxidase was injected into the torus semicircularis central nucleus of the red-eared turtle chrysemys scripta elegans. the following observations were made. axons originating in the central nucleus project ipsilaterally through the tectoreuniens tract to the ipsilateral nucleus reunions. a second tract leaves the central nucleus medioventrally, courses under the floor of the cerebral aqueduct and terminates as an axonal field in the contralateral central nucleus. finally, there was ...	1983	6662825
cerebellar corticonuclear projections in the red-eared turtle pseudemys scripta elegans.	in the present study the organization of the corticonuclear projections of the cerebellum in the red-eared turtle pseudemys scripta elegans was investigated. to find out whether a zonal pattern exists in the cerebellar cortex, a topological analysis was made of the purkinje cell layer of a nissl-stained series of the cerebellum. this analysis showed a distinct, longitudinally oriented zonal pattern of purkinje cells. in each cerebellar half a medial, an intermediate, and a lateral zone could be ...	1983	6304155
supraspinal cell populations projecting to the cerebellar cortex in the turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans).	neuronal cell populations giving rise to cerebellar projections in the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans, were analysed following injections of horseradish peroxidase into the cerebellar cortex. the most prominent retrograde cell labeling occurred bilaterally within the caudal rhombencephalon and especially in the ventral portion of the inferior reticular field. based on the structural parameters of the labeled cells (size, dendritic tree), their location and laterality of projection, attempts w ...	1983	6861928
primary afferent projections to the spinal cord and the dorsal column nuclear complex in the turtle pseudemys.	primary afferent projections from cervical and lumbar levels were studied in the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans. injections of radioactive amino acids, wheat germ agglutinin and horseradish peroxidase were made into the dorsal root ganglia or the spinal cord. previous reports on the terminal distribution of primary afferents within the ipsilateral segment of entry were confirmed (kusuma and ten donkelaar 1979, 1980) and additional dorsal root projections were demonstrated to the contralateral ...	1983	6846858
the retinopetal system in the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans.	injections of 125i wheat-germ agglutinin or horseradish peroxidase into the eyes of turtles labeled retrogradely cells in a mesencephalic reticular area lying between the trochlear and the isthmic nuclei. their number was small and they were found predominantly contralateral to the injected eye. these reticular neurons were not labeled following control injections into the orbital cavity and therefore are considered to project to the retina similar to correspondingly located neurons in some othe ...	1983	6640619
spinocerebellar projections in the turtle. observations on their origin and terminal organization.	spinocerebellar projections were studied in the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans, by both anterograde (injections of 35s-methionine into various spinal segments) and retrograde (injections of horseradish peroxidase into the cerebellar cortex) tracing techniques. after unilateral hrp injections, labeled neurons were found on both sides of the spinal cord. the total number of retrogradely labeled spinocerebellar tract neurons was relatively small and neuronal aggregations were not observed. most ...	1983	6201378
antigen trapping in the spleen of the turtle, chrysemys scripta elegans.	using horse-radish peroxidase (hrp)-anti-hrp immune complexes, 'antigen trapping' was studied in the spleen of the turtle, chrysemys scripta elegans. it was found that antigen-trapping cells were situated in the periellipsoidal lymphocyte sheath of the white pulp only. the antigen-trapping cells have a dendritic character and a large lobulated nucleus. carbon injections revealed that these cells do not phagocytose. the results are discussed with respect to the phylogeny of antigen-trapping cells ...	1983	6840808
the dark brown integumentary pigment of a barnacle (balanus eburneus). a comparative study.	a histochemical analysis involving tinctorial and solubility tests was pursued in conjunction with electron microscopy for the purpose of identifying the dark brown epidermal pigment of a barnacle (balanus eburneus) as melanin and/or ommochrome. histochemically, comparisons were made with other brown pigments located in the subcarapal epidermis of another crustacean, the fiddler crab (uca pugilator), the dorsal skin of the red-backed salamander (plethodon cinereus), the liver and testis of a sli ...	1983	6874419
morphology of lumbar motoneurons innervating hindlimb muscles in the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans: an intracellular horseradish peroxidase study.	motoneurons in the turtle lumbar spinal cord, electrophysiologically identified as innervating a muscle belonging to a functional group, were injected with horseradish peroxidase by electrophoresis. a total of 45 motoneurons were reconstructed from transverse sections. eleven motoneurons were identified as innervating knee extensor muscles, eight as innervating hip retractor and knee flexor muscles, 14 as supplying ankle and/or toe extensors, and 12 as innervating ankle and/or toe flexor muscles ...	1984	6520242
chemical structure of angiotensin in the turtle, pseudemys scripta.	the chemical structure of angiotensin generated by incubating kidney extract with homologous plasma from the turtle, pseudemys scripta, has been analyzed. the turtle angiotensin was proposed to be [asp1, val5, his9] ang i by its amino acid composition and by its fluorescent peptide mapping. it was the same structure as angiotensin i in the ox and the sheep. the n-terminal amino acid of the turtle angiotensin was not blocked, unlike that of another reptilian angiotensin found in the snake, elaphe ...	1984	6714649
characterization of the renin-angiotensin system in the turtle pseudemys scripta.	studies were conducted in freshwater turtles pseudemys scripta to define some characteristics of the renin-angiotensin system in this reptile. dialyzed acid-treated kidney extract (1 g tissue per ml water) produced a prolonged pressor response in unanesthetized turtles, which was eliminated by boiling the extract or by pretreating the turtle with [sar1, ile8]angiotensin ii. a rat pressor assay was employed because turtle angiotensin (ang) was bound poorly by the anti-[asp1, ile5, his9]ang i used ...	1984	6377928
studies on the specificity of thyroid response to pituitary glycoprotein hormones.	thyrotropins (tsh) and gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone, lh, and follicle-stimulating hormone, fsh) purified from ovine, bovine, ostrich, sea turtle, and bullfrog pituitary glands were tested for their ability to simulate the thyroid glands of four species of amphibians (three anurans and a urodele), a reptile (the slider turtle), and a bird (the cockerel). all animals tested responded specifically to mammalian, sea turtle, and ostrich thyrotropins; any thyroid-stimulating activity of the gona ...	1984	6436141
effects of synthetic mammalian thyrotrophin releasing hormone, somatostatin and dopamine on the secretion of prolactin and growth hormone from amphibian and reptilian pituitary glands incubated in vitro.	pituitary glands of grassfrog (rana pipiens), bullfrog (rana catesbeiana), clawed toad (xenopus laevis) and two species of terrapin (chrysemys picta and pseudemys scripta) were incubated in medium containing hypothalamic extract (he), thyrotrophin releasing hormone (trh), somatostatin, dopamine, or combinations of these treatments. prolactin and gh concentrations in the medium were determined by densitometry after polyacrylamide-gel electrophoretic separation. hypothalamic extract stimulated sec ...	1984	6146654
the organization of motoneurons in the turtle lumbar spinal cord.	the distribution of motoneurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans was studied by using the technique of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. a total of 19 different hindlimb muscles were injected with varying amounts of horseradish peroxidase. the resulting distribution of labeled motoneurons was studied in both longitudinal and transverse sections of spinal cord. motoneurons innervating a particular hindlimb muscle are clustered in longitudinally ...	1984	6207212
choline acetyltransferase-like immunoreactivity in the forebrain of the red-eared pond turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans).	choline acetyltransferase (chat) immunohistochemistry was used to map the cholinergic neurons in the forebrain of pseudemys turtles. cell bodies with chat-like immunoreactivity were seen in the septum, the nucleus of the diagonal band, and embedded within the medial and lateral forebrain bundles. the region of the medial and lateral forebrain bundles contained the greatest concentration of chat-positive neurons. virtually no chat-like immunoreactivity was seen in the areas composing the reptilia ...	1984	6395936
a light and fluorescence cytochemical and electron microscopic study of granule-containing cells in the intrapulmonary ganglia of pseudemys scripta elegans.	in the lung of the red-eared turtle, large numbers of intramural ganglia located in the intraparenchymal connective tissue are demonstrated. numerous cells in close proximity to the principal ganglionic neurons displayed a bright blue-white formaldehyde-induced fluorescence. microspectrofluorometric analysis revealed the presence of dopamine (da) in all cells measured. subsequent light histochemical staining of the fluorescent sections showed the da-containing cells to display argentaffinity. el ...	1984	6517038
efferent desensitization of auditory nerve fibre responses in the cochlea of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans.	extracellular recordings were made from single auditory afferents in the isolated half-head of the turtle, and changes in their acoustic sensitivity were examined following electrical stimulation of the efferent fibres to the basilar papilla. short trains of efferent shocks caused a prolonged elevation of the pure tone thresholds of the auditory afferents and an abolition of their spontaneous activity. these changes could be demonstrated in a majority of recordings and without antidromic firing ...	1984	6520796
catecholamine- and indoleamine-containing neurons in the turtle retina.	we identified a population of presumed dopaminergic amacrine cells and populations of presumed serotonergic bipolar and amacrine cells in the retina of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans by a combination of autoradiographic, fluorescence, and immunocytochemical techniques. antisera directed against the dopamine-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (toh), stained perikarya located at the border of inner nuclear (inl) and inner plexiform (ipl) layers. processes emitted by these cells arbori ...	1984	6148363
excretion rates of sulfamethoxazole and n4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole by fresh water turtles pseudemys scripta elegans.	sulfamethoxazole and n4-acetylsulfamethoxazole are excreted by fresh water turtles pseudemys scripta elegans in a biphasic mode, characterized half-lives of 5 and 100 min. acetylation and deacetylation reactions cannot be detected below a dose of 50 mg/kg. the mass balance of the dose administered is incomplete, only 30 per cent of the dose can be recovered as parent compound and metabolite. the sulfonamides must be mainly excreted by the faeces and may be metabolized in the gastro-intestinal tr ...	1984	6485242
the reconnection of auditory posterior root fibers in the red-eared turtle, chrysemys scripta elegans.	the auditory portion of the eighth nerve, the posterior root, was transected in chrysemys scripta elegans. two groups of animals were allowed to survive; one for 22 days and the second for 64 days. each group was then reoperated to inject hrp into the cochlear duct and allowed to survive for an additional three days - for a total survival time of 25 days and 67 days. the 67 day survivors had hrp reaction product in the eighth nerve and the primary auditory nuclei, while the 25-day survivors did ...	1984	6480526
angiotensin and norepinephrine effects on isolated vascular strips from a reptile.	in order to better understand the vascular effects of angiotensin ii (aii) in lower vertebrates, the contractile responses of aortic strips from the freshwater turtle pseudemys scripta elegans were studied. circumferential strips from the left aortic arch were suspended in a tissue bath in 25 degrees c reptilian ringer's solution at ph 7.5. both [asn1,val5] aii (10(-9)-10(-5) m) and norepinephrine (ne) (10(-8)-10(-4) m) produced dose-dependent contractions. the threshold dosage for aii was betwe ...	1984	6735143
freeze-fracture study of the turtle lung. 2. rod-shaped particles in the plasma membrane of a mitochondria-rich pneumocyte in pseudemys (chrysemys) scripta.	in thin sections of the lung of the fresh-water turtle pseudemys (chrysemys) scripta some pneumocytes can be distinguished from the remaining pulmonary epithelial cells by a larger amount of mitochondria. in these cells the typical features of type-i and type-ii cells are absent. freeze-fracture replicas reveal rod-shaped particles in the apical plasma membrane of a small population of pneumocytes, which by cytological criteria seem to be identical with the mitochondria-rich cells observed in th ...	1984	6733771
the cerebellar and vestibular nuclear complexes in the turtle. i. projections to mesencephalon, rhombencephalon, and spinal cord.	cerebellar and vestibular projections were investigated in the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans following injection of 35s-methionine into the cerebellar and vestibular nuclear complexes at various locations. fibers arising from the cerebellar nuclei were traced via the cerebellar commissure to the contralateral vestibular nuclear complex (particularly the n. vestibularis inferior and n. vestibularis ventrolateralis) and caudal rhombencephalic tegmentum. ascending projections crossing the midlin ...	1985	4078046
the cerebellar and vestibular nuclear complexes in the turtle. ii. projections to the prosencephalon.	prosencephalic projections from the cerebellar and vestibular nuclear complexes in the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans were investigated with anterograde tracing. following injections of 35s-methionine at various locations within the cerebellar and vestibular nuclear complexes, labeled ascending fibers were found to arise from the lateral cerebellar and the rostral (superior and/or dorsolateral) vestibular nuclei. the great majority of these fibers coursed within the ipsilateral ascending periv ...	1985	2416784
an immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study of the endocrine pancreas of pseudemys scripta elegans (chelonia).	immunocytochemical and ultrastructural methods have shown four cell types in the endocrine pancreas of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans: insulin-, glucagon-, somatostatin-, and pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive cells. each endocrine cell type was distributed differently in the duodenal or splenic regions of the turtle pancreas. round or fusiform insulin- and glucagon-containing cells could be seen as single scattered cells which were more numerous in the duodenal regions, and the cell gr ...	1985	2865192
gamma-aminobutyric acid concentrations are maintained in anoxic turtle brain.	changes in gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) concentrations in the turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans) brain were studied in situ during prolonged anoxia. with the onset of anoxia, the well-documented rapid increases in gaba found in mammalian brains were not observed in the turtle brain. although not statistically significant, mean gaba concentrations in the turtle brain were reduced from anesthetized control values during the first 30 min of anoxia. during this initial period brain glutamate conte ...	1985	4037122
central chemical control of ventilation and response of turtles to inspired co2.	the role of central chemosensors in the overall ventilatory response of freshwater turtles (chrysemys scripta elegans) to the addition of co2 in inspired gas was measured. centrally mediated ventilatory responses were isolated in the unanesthetized animal by combining co2 breathing and brain ventricular perfusion with mock cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of varying acid-base status. breathing 4.5% co2 resulted in increases in both ventilatory frequency (f) and tidal volume (vt), with increases in vt p ...	1985	3929630
dendrite distribution of identified motoneurons in the lumbar spinal cord of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans.	motoneurons in the turtle lumbar spinal cord were injected with hrp by electrophoresis after being electrophysiologically identified as innervating a muscle belonging to a functional group. the distribution of dendrites was studied in transverse reconstructions of 45 motoneurons, including 11 motoneurons identified as innervating knee extensor muscles, eight motoneurons innervating hip retractor and knee flexor muscles, 14 motoneurons innervating ankle and/or toe extensors and 12 motoneurons inn ...	1985	4044916
partitioning of body fluids and cardiovascular responses to circulatory hypovolaemia in the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.	investigations were conducted (1) to measure the steady state compartmentation of body fluids and (2) to assess the efficacy of blood volume and pressure maintenance during haemorrhage-induced hypovolaemia in the pond turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans. the pre-haemorrhage blood volume, as determined by tracer dilution of 51cr-labelled erythrocytes, averaged 6.89 +/- 0.33% of the body mass, and was part of comparatively large extracellular (40.2 +/- 0.70%) and total body fluid volumes (75.25 +/- ...	1985	4056653
synaptic organization of dorsal area of the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.	the dorsal ventricular ridge is a subcortical structure receiving sensory information from the thalamus in reptiles. in the red-eared turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans, it contains four cytoarchitectonic areas each characterized by distinct thalamic projections. this is an electron microscopic study of one of these, the dorsal area, which receives its thalamic input from the tectorecipient nucleus rotundus. it contains four concentric zones, internal to the ependymal zone, each of which is disti ...	1985	3989865
mesencephalic pathway to the retina exhibits enkephalin-like immunoreactivity.	using immunocytochemical methods it was possible to demonstrate a small number of fibers within the optic nerve of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans exhibiting met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity. the fibers project to the retina where they ramify within the inner plexiform layer in the region of the visual streak. retrograde labelling with nuclear yellow in combination with immunocytochemical staining revealed the origin of these fibers within visceral nuclei of the caudal mesencephalon. th ...	1985	2581186
tectoreticular pathways in the turtle, pseudemys scripta. ii. morphology of tectoreticular cells.	the morphology of tectoreticular neurons in turtles was examined with serial section reconstructions of neurons retrogradely filled with hrp. six classes of tectal neurons project into the three tectobulbar pathways characterized in the preceding paper (sereno, '85). (1) large multipolar neurons with somata in the central gray layers, and with moderately branched dendrites sometimes spanning over a millimeter, project into the dorsal tectobulbar pathway, tbd. their dendrites are covered with fin ...	1985	3980773
ultrastructure and synaptic contacts of enkephalinergic amacrine cells in the retina of turtle (pseudemys scripta).	bistratified amacrine cells of the turtle retina containing enkephalin-like immunoreactivity were examined with the electron microscope with the aid of peroxidase immunocytochemical techniques. our goal was to determine the nature and the location of the synaptic contacts of these cells and the intracellular localization of the immunoreactivity. there was a diffuse reaction product throughout the cytoplasm which coated the surfaces of all the organelles and a dense reaction product which filled ...	1985	2982924
localization of the na-k pump in turtle retina.	the kinetics of ouabain binding to na-k pump and the distribution of pump sites were examined in the retina of pseudemys scripta elegans. binding to retinal slices followed bimolecular kinetics characterized by a kd of 1.5 x 10(-6) m and a maximum binding capacity of 11.2 x 10(-8) mol g-1 of protein. quantitative autoradiography of slices revealed a high concentration of bound ouabain in the inner segment, outer plexiform, inner plexiform and optic nerve layers, and correspondingly, a low level ...	1985	2409239
spectral sensitivity of the freshwater turtle pseudemys scripta elegans: evidence for the filter-effect of colored oil droplets.	spectral sensitivity was measured in the light adapted state for two individuals (s1 and s2) of pseudemys scripta elegans using a behavioral training technique. the curves have three pronounced maxima at 450 nm, at 570 nm (s1) or 540 nm (s2), and at 640 nm. the spectral sensitivity functions can be described by the over-envelope of the effective cone sensitivity functions which are determined by the absorption spectra of the cone photopigments (lambda max at 450, 518 and 620 nm) and by the filte ...	1985	4024481
climbing fiber projection to the turtle cerebellum: longitudinally oriented terminal zones within the basal third of the molecular layer.	injections of various radiolabeled amino acids were made into the caudal rhombencephalic tegmentum in the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans. in animals in which injections encompassed the entire area previously identified as the possible source of cerebellar climbing fibers, the basal portion of the molecular layer was labeled almost throughout the contralateral cerebellum. in cases of restricted injections, labeled climbing fibers terminated in quite distinct longitudinally oriented zones. cont ...	1985	3974878
morphological and pharmacological analysis of putative serotonergic bipolar and amacrine cells in the retina of a turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.	using immunocytochemical methods, we have been able to demonstrate serotonin-like immunoreactivity (sli) in amacrine and bipolar cells of the turtle retina. inhibition of monoamine oxidase with pargyline drastically increases the amount of 5-hydroxytryptamine within both cell types. the indoleamine 6-hydroxytryptamine is taken up by both cell types and both types are destroyed within 10 days following intraocular injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. increasing the external potassium concentrati ...	1985	3896508
renin release in turtles: effects of volume depletion and furosemide administration.	to gain insight into the phylogenetic history of mechanisms controlling renin release, we conducted studies in the freshwater turtle pseudemys scripta. maneuvers known to stimulate renin release in mammals were evoked in the turtle, and the response was compared with that in mammals. cumulative hemorrhage (30% blood vol) in anesthetized turtles failed to increase renin even though arterial pressure was reduced to 50% of control. an even more severe hemorrhage (60% blood loss) or hypotension indu ...	1985	3893163
steroid biosynthesis in turtle testes.	testicular metabolism of radiolabelled substrates (pregnenolone, progesterone and androstenedione) was examined in two species of turtles, pseudemys scripta and sternotherus odoratus. chemical methods (chromatography, derivative formation and crystallization) identified testosterone (in both species) and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol (in s. odoratus) as products. tentative identifications were also made of 20 beta-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one in both turtles. chromatographic profiles indicat ...	1985	3928242
prolonged diving and recovery in the freshwater turtle, pseudemys scripta--iv. effects of profound acidosis on o2 consumption in turtle vs rat (mammalian) brain and heart slices.	the oxygen consumption of rat versus turtle brain and heart slices was compared as a function of extracellular ph and temperature. at ph = 6.20 rat (mammalian) brain and heart slices show a significant depression of oxygen consumption as compared to ph = 7.50 at temperatures of both 24 degrees and 37 degrees c. in the turtle oxygen consumption in brain and heart slices was not depressed at ph = 6.20 compared to ph = 7.50 at 24 degrees c and brain oxygen consumption was not significantly differen ...	1985	2863049
morphology of retinogeniculate terminals in the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans.	the dorsal lateral geniculate complex in turtles receives a bilateral, topographic projection from the retina and projects to the telencephalon. this study examined the morphology of individual retinogeniculate terminals that were filled with horseradish peroxidase by injections in the optic tract or optic tectum. a large number of retinogeniculate terminals were successfully filled and detailed drawings were prepared of 87 terminals. terminals were classified into three types based on the size ...	1985	4044902
terminations of primary afferents on lumbar motoneurons in the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans.	the existence of monosynaptic contacts between primary afferents and motoneurons in the lumbar spinal cord of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans was demonstrated by intracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase. three afferent-motoneuron combinations were satisfactorily labeled and revealed 1, 4 and 6 contacts respectively. all contacts were made on the dorsal dendritic tree of the motoneurons. it is suggested that the contacting primary afferents are from muscle spindles.	1985	4027610
tectoreticular pathways in the turtle, pseudemys scripta. i. morphology of tectoreticular axons.	tectoreticular projections in turtles were examined by reconstructing from serial sections axons that were anterogradely filled with horseradish peroxidase after tectal injections. three tectoreticular pathways each contain extensively collateralized axons. the crossed dorsal pathway (tbd) contains large and small caliber axons. after leaving the tectum, tbd axons emit collaterals into the ipsilateral profundus mesencephali rostralis and then give off a main rostral branch that bears secondary c ...	1985	3980772
morphology of primary afferents to the spinal cord of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans.	the morphology of primary afferents to the spinal cord of the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans was studied by means of intra-axonal injections of horseradish peroxidase. a total of 74 collaterals arising from 34 different afferents in 22 animals was investigated. within this sample, a division into three morphologically distinct collateral types appeared possible. collaterals of the same parent axon could always be classified to the same type. type a collateral arborizations could be found withi ...	1985	3985359
electron microscopy of golgi-impregnated photoreceptors reveals connections between red and green cones in the turtle retina.	red and green cones of two turtle species (pseudemys scripta elegans and chelydra serpentina) retina have been stained with golgi procedures and examined by light microscopy of whole-mount tissue and by electron microscopy of serial thin sections. by light microscopy, red and green single cones appear indistinguishable, but double cones can be readily identified. all golgi-stained photoreceptors in turtle retina have a spray of telodendria radiating from their synaptic pedicles. the telodendria ...	1985	4031990
the viability of nearctic freshwater turtles submerged in anoxia and normoxia at 3 and 10 degrees c.	survival times of temperature-acclimated freshwater turtles submerged in normoxic and anoxic water were determined. juvenile chrysemys scripta from alabama and adult chrysemys picta bellii from wisconsin exhibited the maximal survival times of the 10 species and subspecies investigated, both being able to survive at least a half-year of submergence at 3 degrees c in normoxic water. minimal viability was exhibited by sternotherus odoratus and trionyx spiniferus submerged in anoxia at 10 degrees c ...	1985	2863050
studies on the excitability of the central program generator in the spinal cord of the terrapin pseudemys scripta elegans.	we present observations on the multicyclic scratch reflex in spinal terrapins as produced by electrical stimuli applied to the shell at the specific regions at which a mechanical stimulus produces the reflex. emgs and hip and knee movements are recorded. the responses to the electrical stimuli are similar to the responses to mechanical stimuli. there is a three phase emg pattern (stein and grossman, 1980), to which the movement pattern is related (bakker and crowe, 1982). a response may consist ...	1985	2863079
ultrastructure of the dorsal lateral geniculate complex in turtles of the genera pseudemys and chrysemys.	the ultrastructure of the dorsal lateral geniculate complex in the turtles pseudemys scripta elegans and chrysemys picta belli has been studied. the majority of neurons have somata situated in a cell plate that forms the medial face of the complex. relatively few synaptic contacts occur on the somata of cell plate neurons, but three types of axon terminals contact their proximal dendrites as they course through the cell plate. the most frequent are terminals with clear, round synaptic vesicles t ...	1986	3594200
organization of corticogeniculate projections in the turtle, pseudemys scripta.	the efferent pathways from the visual cortex to the dorsal lateral geniculate complex of turtles have been studied by using the orthograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (hrp). injections of hrp in the lateral thalamus retrogradely label neurons throughout the visual cortex. the majority of labeled neurons have somata in layer 2 of the lateral part of dorsal cortex (d2); a minority have somata in layer 3. labeled neurons in layer 2 tend to have vertically oriented, fusiform s ...	1986	3805361
organization of motor pools supplying the cervical musculature in a cryptodyran turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans. i. dorsal and ventral motor nuclei of the cervical spinal cord and muscles supplied by a single motor nucleus.	in this and the accompanying paper (yeow and peterson, '86) we characterize motor nuclei of the cervical spinal cord in pseudemys scripta and the motor pools of eight cervical muscles. we have identified three motor nuclei that supply the cervical musculature by using serial reconstructions of nissl-stained spinal cords cut in three cardinal planes, and in experimental cases in which horseradish peroxidase (hrp) was applied to individual neck muscles. these nuclei are named according to their po ...	1986	3944274
light and electron microscopy of s-antigen- and opsin-immunoreactive photoreceptors in the retina of turtle, chicken, and hedgehog.	s-antigen and opsin-immunoreactive sites were studied in the retina of turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans), chicken (gallus domesticus), and hedgehog, (erinaceus roumanicus) by light-microscopic avidin-biotin-peroxidase and electron-microscopic protein a-gold and immunoglobulin-gold (immunogold) techniques. in general, s-antigen and opsin immunoreactions were exclusively localized to certain photoreceptors of the retinae studied. in turtle and chicken, strong s-antigen immunoreactivity was found ...	1986	2937651
postsynaptic potentials of bulbar respiratory neurons of the turtle.	membrane potentials of bulbar respiratory neurons of pseudemys scripta were recorded from unanesthetized, decerebrate animals. efferent neurograms were recorded from the serratus magnus (inspiratory) and pectoralis (expiratory) nerves. the animals were paralyzed and ventilated by a servo-respirator driven by the pectoralis neurogram to mimic the spontaneous turtle respiratory cycle. neurons, comparable to mammalian medullary respiratory neurons, were observed, namely: augmenting inspiratory, aug ...	1986	3704386
effect of autonomic agents on renin release in the turtle, pseudemys scripta.	experiments were conducted in the freshwater turtle, pseudemys scripta, to study the effect of autonomic agents on the control of renin in this primitive species. the unique finding in these studies was that, unlike mammals, isoproterenol infusion fails to increase renin activity even though heart rate and arterial pressure patterns indicated that systemic responses were similar to that in mammals. on the other hand, acetylcholine (ach) infusion resulted in a prompt threefold elevation (p less t ...	1986	3538909