Publications

[fatty acid content of the lipid fraction of the meat from deer and roe deer].	investigations were carried out on musculus longissimus dorsi as sampled from 8 deer, weighing 90 to 120 kg, and from 10 fallow deer, weighing 25 to 35 kg, hunted in the autumn-winter season of 1983-1984. fatty acid determination was performed via gas chromatograph pye unicam, model 104, supplied with a flame-ionization detector. it was found that the average content of fatty acids in the lipid fraction of m. longissimus dorsi from deer in percent to the total amount of fatty acids was 1.82% for ...	1986	3727371
hormonal changes around oestrus of farmed fallow deer, dama dama.	concentrations of lh, progesterone, oestradiol-17 beta and androstenedione were measured in serum from blood samples collected from 6 fallow does every hour for 46 h during a spontaneous oestrus. four does had similar serum hormone profiles, with a pronounced preovulatory lh surge (approximately 20 ng/ml) occurring within 4 h of the onset of oestrus, a small elevation (from 0.1 to 0.3 ng/ml) of progesterone at the onset of oestrus, a gradual but non-significant increase (up to 25 pg/ml) of oestr ...	1986	3806511
[health problems in fallow deer for meat production].	though fallow deer is considered very resistant to infectious diseases and parasites, diseases of different kind occur in enclosed pastures. normally the diseases are the same as with wild animals or with farm ruminants. diseases limited only to fallow deer are not known up to now. parasitic diseases are a common problem, and prophylactic measures are necessary in all enclosed pastures to control parasites. most losses in the enclosed pastures at the state farms of grub and romenthal caused by i ...	1986	3824365
genetic variability in fallow deer, dama dama l.	twelve blood proteins and enzymes were tested for polymorphism in a herd of fallow deer, dama dama l., bred for meat production in western germany, to investigate the genetic constitution of the population. although an enzyme polymorphism was detected (catalase) for the first time in this species, electrophoretic variation is very low in comparison to other large ungulates. possible explanations for this finding, such as recent inbreeding and a past genetic bottleneck, are given. the relationshi ...	1986	3826756
transmission of megatrypanum trypanosomes to cervus dama by tabanidae.	four fallow deer, cervus dama, became infected with trypanosoma (megatrypanum) sp. by oral application of triturated guts from tabanids collected in an area with deer but without any cattle; four control calves remained negative. upon challenge with triturated guts from tabanids from an area with pastured cattle, the four calves became infected with trypanosoma (m.) theileri. the prepatent period in deer was five days or less. haematopota spp. and tabanus spp. were identified as vectors of the d ...	1987	3572837
annual cycle of liveweight and reproductive changes of farmed male fallow deer (dama dama) and the effect of daily oral administration of melatonin in summer on the attainment of seasonal fertility.	entire bucks (n = 7) exhibited pronounced liveweight gains over spring and summer months (october-february), to reach a peak mean weight of 59.8 kg, and rapid liveweight losses over the rutting period (april-may) with a minimum mean liveweight of 54.2 kg. mean neck girth and serum testosterone levels increased during late summer (january-march) and peaked at 387 mm and 12 ng/ml respectively immediately before the onset of the rut (april). thereafter both measures declined during winter and sprin ...	1987	3572870
nors, heterochromatin, and r-bands in three species of cervidae.	chromomycin a3 banding of the chromosomes of three species of cervidae (red deer, fallow deer, roe deer) allows the demonstration of both centromeric constitutive heterochromatin and r-banding patterns useful for identifying all the chromosomes of a given karyotype. in all three species significant amounts of chromomycin-bright heterochromatin are present at the centromeres of all autosomes. the x chromosomes of all investigated species contained appreciable amounts of centromeric heterochromati ...	1987	3584935
prevalence of nematode parasites in wild fallow deer (dama dama).		1987	3629863
induction of oestrus and ovulation in farmed fallow deer (dama dama) by using progesterone and pmsg treatment.	twenty non-lactating fallow does were each treated with an intravaginal progesterone device (cidr) for 14 days followed by an i.m. injection of 500 i.u. pmsg, 3-4 weeks before the expected start of the natural rut. an additional 7 does received no treatments and were used as controls. induced oestrus was observed for 19 (95%) of the treated does, the onset occurring between 48 and 76 h after cidr removal/pmsg administration. laparoscopic examination 12 days after cidr removal revealed ovulation ...	1987	3668942
pregnancy diagnosis of fallow deer by ultrasonography.		1987	3318795
prevention of experimental haemorrhagic septicaemia with a live vaccine.	pasteurella multocida serotype b:3,4 isolated from a fallow deer in england was used as a vaccine to prevent haemorrhagic septicaemia. the deer strain was less virulent for calves than typical serotype b:2 of haemorrhagic septicaemia strains. it elicited antibodies in cattle that protected mice against serotype b:2 infection. the live deer vaccine containing 2 x 10(7) viable organisms per dose was used to immunise calves. six months after vaccination, five of six calves were protected against se ...	1987	3111071
failure to detect infection in fallow deer (cervus dama) exposed to theileria cervi from white-tailed deer.	a frozen stabilate was produced from theileria cervi sporozoites in salivary glands of adult amblyomma americanum. the stabilate was inoculated into three fallow deer (cervus dama) and two white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). following inoculation, the white-tailed deer developed parasitemias as determined by blood smear examination at 11 and 13 days postexposure. repeat examination of blood from the three fallow deer for 30 days postexposure failed to reveal observable piro-plasms. these ...	1987	3119873
serological and immunological study of pasteurella multocida strains that produced septicaemia in fallow deer.		1987	3122404
prevalence, ultrastructure of the cyst wall and infectivity for the dog and cat of sarcocystis sp. from fallow deer (cervus dama).	the prevalence of sarcocystis sp. (protozoa: sarcocystidae) in fallow deer (cervus dama) in tuscany, italy was determined by digestion technique and histological examination. forty-four of 45 fallow deer were infected. infections occurred in adult deer and in fawns. samples from the heart were more intensively parasitized than samples from tongue, oesophagus and diaphragm muscle. with transmission electron microscopy, the primary cyst wall was folded and formed narrow, overlapping, sinuous proje ...	1988	3127606
an outbreak of meningo-encephalitis in fallow deer caused by listeria monocytogenes.	an outbreak of listeric meningo-encephalitis occurred in a population of 1800 fallow deer (dama dama) in a park during the winter and early spring of 1985 to 1986. listeriosis was diagnosed in 41 of 42 fallow deer that showed the typical central nervous system signs of circling disease or were found dead. the diagnosis was verified by bacteriological examination of the brains of 35 animals. in five of the seven remaining cases listeriosis was diagnosed by histological examination, and in one ani ...	1988	3131946
hormonal changes during luteal regression in farmed fallow deer, dama dama.	concentrations of progesterone, oxytocin and pgfm (pulmonary metabolite of pgf-2 alpha) were measured in plasma from peripheral blood samples collected from 5 fallow does every hour or 2 h for 12-h periods on days 15-20 inclusive of the oestrous cycle (i.e. luteolysis). for 3 does that exhibited oestrus on day 21, plasma progesterone concentrations fluctuated between 3 and 10 ng/ml on days 15-18 inclusive. thereafter, values declined progressively to attain minimum concentrations of less than 0. ...	1988	3184058
[macroscopic description of the bones of the forelimb of pudu pudu (molina 1782)].	the present study describes the anatomical details of the bones of the thoracic limb from pudu pudu (molina 1782). the results were similar to findings discovered in capreolus capreolus, dama dama, and ovis aries, while there were hardly any similarities to findings in capra hircus.	1988	3197939
effects of subcutaneous melatonin implants on reproductive seasonality of farmed fallow deer (dama dama).	a total of 18 fallow does, including pubertal, non-pregnant and pregnant adult does (6 per class), each received a single subcutaneous implant containing 18 mg melatonin on 4 occasions at 29-30-day intervals from 10 november 1986 (approximately 120-day treatment period). a further 18 contemporary does served as herd-mate controls. two adult fallow bucks were treated the same and were run with the does until 16 march. thereafter, 1 of 4 control bucks was run with the does until 1 june. of the 6 p ...	1988	3199387
polymorphism and genetic control of erythrocyte 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the genus cervus.	a study of 11 enzyme systems in blood samples of cervus dama, c. elaphus, c. nippon and hybrids c. elaphus x nippon has revealed an erythrocyte 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase polymorphism in the hybrid populations. genetic analysis suggests that this enzyme is controlled by one gene locus with two codominant alleles, one specific for pure japanese sika deer, the other for pure red deer as well as for fallow deer, while both alleles have been found in the red x sika hybrids.	1988	3207221
[legal fundamentals and practical accomplishments of abattoir and meat research in mammalian game animals].	meat regulations also involve game inspection. the previous publication mainly dealt with the regulations and their practice concerning game intended for slaughter. the following publication deals with game hunted for food (deer: red deer, sika deer, fallow deer, roe deer; horned ungulates: european mufflon, chamois; wild boar; european hare; european rabbit) and also game such as the badger and the raccoon.	1988	3222786
[the individual muscles of the shoulder limb of pudu pudu (molina 1782)].	the present study gives a topographic description of the muscles of the thoracic limb of pudu pudu (molina 1782). this description is intended as basis for surgery, but is also to be rated as a morphological study. the results are therefore discussed together with findings in dama dama, capreolus capreolus, ovis aries, capra hircus, and also with findings in cattle and pigs.	1988	3224788
[macroscopic presentation of the bones of the pelvic limb of pudu pudu (molina 1782)].	the present study describes the anatomical details of the bones of the pelvic limb from pudu pudu (molina 1782). the results were similar to findings in dama dama and ovis aries, while there were very few similarities to findings in capra hircus.	1988	3224790
low biochemical variability in european fallow deer (dama dama l.): natural bottlenecks and the effects of domestication.	tissue and blood samples from 180 fallow deer (dama dama l.) belonging to an italian free-ranging population were studied for biochemical variability by means of cellulose acetate and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the 51 putative genetic loci successfully resolved showed a very low level of variability (p = 0.020, h = 0.006) in accordance with previously reported data on british and west german populations. that low biochemical polymorphism in european fallow deer populations is discussed ...	1988	3230030
an outbreak of a disease in farmed fallow deer (dama dama l) resembling bovine virus diarrhea/mucosal disease.		1988	3271008
[biotelemetrically established daily profile of the core body temperature of the female fallow deer (dama dama l.) following immobilization with the hellabrunner mixture in various environmental temperatures].		1988	3281815
[topography and structure of the stylohyoid muscle in mammals].	topography and structure of the musculus stylohyoideus (msh) have been studied in 78 species of mammalia from 12 orders. the muscle in question has specific peculiarities not only in its position and fixation, but also in a great variability of its structure. the msh is not revealed in philander opossum, lagostrophus fasciatus, guinea pig, meriones eversmanni, rhombomys opimus, nyctereutes procyonoides, thos aureus, mastelidae. various pathways of development and different functional loading def ...	1988	3408352
serological investigations for some bacterial and viral pathogens in fallow deer (cervus dama) and wild boar (sus scrofa) of the san rossore preserve, tuscany, italy.	sera of 43 fallow deer (cervus dama) of the san rossore preserve (tuscany, italy) were examined for antibodies against eight pathogens; one proved positive for brucella sp., 21 for listeria monocytogenes, 34 for chlamydia psittaci, three for coxiella burnetii, one for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, 11 for parainfluenza-3 virus, 25 for bovine viral diarrhea virus and six for bovine respiratory syncytial virus. no age and sex difference in the positivity rates and titers was evidenced, w ...	1988	2832622
successful uterine insemination of fallow deer with fresh and frozen semen.	six fallow does were inseminated directly into the uterine horns 72 h (three does) or 78 h (three does) after the removal of progestagen intravaginal sponges. three does were inseminated with fresh (two at 72 h and one at 78 h) or frozen-thawed (one at 72 h and two at 78 h) semen. the semen used had been collected by electroejaculation and had been stored for 2 yr in liquid nitrogen in a tris, citric acid, glycerol diluent containing 2.25% egg yolk. three does each produced a live fawn to insemi ...	1988	16726438
an analysis of mother-young behaviour of fallow deer during lactation period.	in the doñana national park (sw spain) female fallow deer (dama dama ) give birth during the first fortnight of june, the next breeding season starting at the beginning of october. between these two events the most important part of lactation takes place. daily observations were made during the summer of 1984 and 1985. the population studied was made up of fourteen mother-young pairs that we were able to recognize individually. during each sampling period a pair of mother-young was scanned. acti ...	1988	24897185
seasonal changes of testis volume and sperm quality in adult fallow deer (dama dama) and their relationship to the antler cycle.	four adult male fallow deer were investigated for 1-4 consecutive years to study the relationships between annual changes in testis volume, sperm quality and antler status. testicular volume started to increase in july/august, peaked just before the rut, declined until december to 50% of maximum, persisted at this level up to february/march and reached minimal volume after antler casting in late april. there was no apparent age effect on the seasonality of testis size fluctuations. velvet sheddi ...	1989	2915363
adrenal and ovarian sources of progesterone secretion in young female fallow deer, dama dama.	six young female fallow deer, including 3 that were ovariectomized at 9 months of age, were blood sampled at frequent intervals after i.v. injections of (1) acth analogue (tetracosactrin), (2) gnrh analogue (buserelin) and (3) saline solution on separate occasions at 11, 13, 15 and 18 months of age. relative to prechallenge plasma values, acth administration resulted in a 4-10-fold increase in mean plasma progesterone concentrations, but only a 10-45% increase in mean plasma cortisol concentrati ...	1989	2495360
occurrence of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the digestive epithelium of fallow deer (dama dama l).	intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were observed in the digestive epithelium of fallow deer (dama dama l) suffering from bovine virus diarrhea/mucosal disease. similar inclusion bodies were also found in the ruminal epithelium of fallow deer subjected to overfeeding by supplementary food. inclusion bodies were not found in the upper alimentary mucosa of clinically healthy deer but were frequently found when these tissues were subjected to autolysis. at electron microscopical studies the inclusion ...	1989	2560891
[legal regulations and practical application of studies of slaughtered game animals and their meat].	meat regulations also involve game inspection. the previous publications on the one hand dealt with the regulations and their practice concerning game intended for slaughter, especially the control of fences and the gaining of meat. on the other hand regulations concerning game hunted for food (deer: red deer, sika deer, fallow deer, roe deer; horned ungulates: european mouflon, chamois; wild boar; european hare; european rabbit; game such as badger and raccoon) and regulations to be observed by ...	1989	2617520
genetic polymorphism of transferrin in fallow deer, cervus dama l.	a study of 15 blood protein systems in fallow deer, cervus dama l., has revealed a transferrin polymorphism in two german populations for the first time in this species. genetic analysis of complete families suggests that the transferrin system is controlled by one gene locus with two codominant alleles. the comparison of the present results with other studies on this species leads to the hypothesis that at least the european mainland fallow deer populations are genetically more differentiated t ...	1989	2619108
light and scanning electron microscopy of fallow deer (dama dama) spermatozoa.	no basic differences in size (mean +/- s.d. for at least 300 spermatozoa), shape and ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of fallow deer were detected (1) in comparison to other artiodactyls, (2) between different fallow bucks, and (3) between different months of the fertile season. the total length of the normal spermatozoon was 67.2 +/- 1.2 microns. the flat, paddle-shaped head was 8.2 +/- 0.3 microns long, 4.4 +/- 0.2 microns for the greatest width, 1.9 +/- 0.2 microns for basal width and, appro ...	1989	2621694
an outbreak of mycobacterium bovis infection in fallow deer (dama dama).	in an outbreak of mycobacterium bovis infection in fallow deer in south australia, 3 herds related by recent movement of deer were infected. from these 3 infected herds, 47 of 51 animals were tuberculosis at necropsy. a range of lesions was seen most of which differed from classical bovine tuberculosis in that pus was a white liquid, fibrous encapsulation was not marked and calcification was rare. histopathology was of classical tuberculosis. m. bovis was cultured from lesions and m. avium-intra ...	1989	2673180
pulmonary mycosis in farmed deer: allergic zygomycosis and invasive aspergillosis.	during 1988, pulmonary mycosis was diagnosed in four of 116 farmed deer examined on suspicion of tuberculosis. the histopathology showed allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis in a red deer (cervus elaphus) and the agent was identified as a zygomycete, probably absidia corymbifera, by immunofluorescence staining. three fallow deer (dama dama) had invasive necrotizing mycotic pneumonia and progressive exudative mycotic alveolitis caused by aspergillus fumigatus. in the red deer, weakness due to paratu ...	1989	2689623
seasonal pattern of lh and testosterone secretion in adult male fallow deer, dama dama.	at monthly intervals during the year blood samples were collected every 20 min for 12 h from 4 entire and 2 prepubertally castrated adult fallow deer bucks. in the entire bucks there were seasonal changes in mean concentrations and pulse frequencies of plasma lh. mean concentrations in late summer and autumn were 3-6 times higher than during other seasons. lh pulse frequency was low (0-1 pulses/12 h) during most of the year and increased only during the 2-month period (january and february) that ...	1989	2704002
rhabdomyosarcoma in a fallow deer (dama dama).		1989	2728302
physiological effects of etorphine, acepromazine and xylazine on the black fallow deer (dama dama).	confined and unconfined fallow deer (dama dama) of the black variety kept at whipsnade park were sedated with etorphine in combination with acepromazine, or xylazine or both, with or without atropine. induction, sedation and recovery times were recorded. during the period under sedation, systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, electrocardiographs, body temperature, arterial blood gas pressures and ph, packed cell volume and plasma electrolytes and enzymes were monitored. in both groups, and w ...	1989	2740632
mate choice on fallow deer leks.	leks, on which males defend small clustered mating territories, may have evolved because of the unusual opportunities they provide for female choice of mating partners, and several studies of lek-breeding animals have demonstrated correlations between the mating success of males and their phenotype or behaviour. however, these could arise because (1) females select mates on the basis of male phenotypic traits; (2) males interfere with each other's mating attempts; or (3) females show preferences ...	1989	2755506
[legal foundation and practical execution of slaughtering and meat examination of game animals].	meat regulations also involve game inspection. on the one hand the previous publications dealt with the regulations and their practice concerning game intended for slaughter, especially the control of fences and the gaining of meat. on the other hand regulations concerning game hunted for food (deer: red deer, sika deer, fallow deer, roe deer; horned ungulates: european mufflon, chamois; wild boar; european hare; european rabbit; game such as badger and raccoon) and regulations to be observed by ...	1989	2763282
pleural mesothelioma in a european spotted fallow deer (cervus dama).	an adult, captive european spotted fallow deer (cervus dama) was submitted for necropsy due to sudden death. gross lesions consisted of serosanguinous fluid in the thoracic cavity with multiple, often confluent, nodules covering visceral and parietal pleura. microscopic examination revealed tubular structures lined by cuboidal cells covering a delicate fibrous stroma. gross and microscopic morphology was consistent with a mesothelioma.	1989	2810560
determination of the transfer of cesium and iodine from feed into domestic animals.	the transfer of 131i and 137cs, released after the chernobyl accident, into domestic animals was studied experimentally in order to determine transfer coefficients from feed into animal products under realistic conditions. the 137cs transfer coefficients for meat were calculated to be: 0.01 d/kg beef (cow), 0.038 d/kg beef (heifer), 0.038 d/kg beef (bull), 0.35 d/kg veal, 0.4 d/kg pork, 0.33 d/kg sheep, 0.28 d/kg fallow deer and 1.3 d/kg chicken. the transfer coefficients for cow's milk were cal ...	1989	2814462
pestivirus infections in ruminants other than cattle.	pestiviruses infect a wide range of domestic, captive and free-living ruminants. among domestic livestock, border disease virus is a well recognised cause of an important congenital disease of sheep in virtually all sheep-rearing countries of the world. the clinical signs, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology and control of this disease are described in detail. one natural outbreak of border disease in domestic goats has been described and there is serological and virological evidence that pest ...	1990	1966719
serum testosterone (t) and 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (dht) in male fallow deer (dama dama l.): seasonality and age dependence.	1. seasonal levels of testosterone (t) and 5-alpha-dht (dht) were determined by ria in serum of seven adult male fallow deer living under outdoor conditions (göttingen, frg; 51.32 degrees nl). 2. the study, spread over six consecutive years, reveals the following seasonal t changes: minimum concentrations in november or december, around antler casting and at early antler growing phase; increasing levels in the course of late antler development (mineralization) with relatively high values around ...	1990	1970532
rearing performance of farmed fallow deer (dama dama).	the ability of fallow does to rear fawns to weaning age was examined in a group of 243 adult does of known age (group 1) and 509 adult does of unknown age (group 2). all does had between 1 and 8 opportunities to rear fawns. there was an increasing proportion of does that failed to rear a fawn to weaning age as the number of rearing opportunities increased, although most does (93.6%) only failed on one occasion. a small percentage of does in groups 1 and 2 failed repeatedly to rear fawns to weani ...	1990	2076070
[seroepidemiologic studies of the distribution of respiratory syncytial virus in wild ruminants].	sera from wild ruminants (302 roe, 39 red deer, 17 fallow deer, 1 mouflon) were tested for antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). 22 sera (6.1%) were positive: 20 roe, 1 red deer, 1 mouflon. the findings are discussed from the epizootiological point of view.	1990	2078187
tumor-like growth of antlers in castrated fallow deer: an electron microscopic study.	male deer regenerate new sets of antlers each year. when fully grown, rising levels of testosterone promote antler ossification, cutting off the blood flow and causing the velvet integument to be shed. after the mating season, the old antlers fall off to be replaced by new ones. when the adult fallow deer is castrated in autumn or winter, its bony antlers are shed and replaced by usually shorter regenerates that remain permanently viable and in velvet. if prevented from winter freezing, these an ...	1990	2080434
contribution to knowledge of the morphogenesis of the nasal apparatus of the fallow deer (dama dama l.).	as in the red deer, in the fallow deer embryo we found a number of ancestral structures reminiscent of relationships in other mammals, such as paraseptal cartilages, a septum nasi with trabecular widening, a lamina transversalis ant., a cart. ectochoanalis, a capsule wall with a roof and a lateral wall formed of a clearly distinguishable cart. parietotectalis and cart. paranasalis, an ethmoturbinale i projecting a long way rostrally and additionally, in the fallow deer, cart. paraseptales poster ...	1990	2083886
major lymph nodes of the head of the fallow deer (dama dama) and lymphatic drainage of antlers.	heads from 10 fallow deer bucks were examined to provide a description of the major lymph nodes in this region. the distribution and size of these nodes were similar to those of sheep and goats. to determine whether there was drainage of lymph from the skin of antlers, and to follow the route of this drainage, a solution containing evans blue was injected intradermally into the antlers of 2 bucks whilst the animals were anaesthetised. dye appeared in tracheal lymph ducts 14 to 30 min after injec ...	1990	2085295
genetic analysis of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase polymorphism in the genus cervus.	a study of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase in cervus dama, cervus elaphus, cervus nippon and cervus elaphus x cervus nippon hybrids has revealed a polymorphism of this enzyme system in cervus elaphus as well as in the hybrid population. genetic analysis suggests that this enzyme system is controlled by one gene locus with two codominant alleles. the allele frequencies allow a clear discrimination between the hybrid population and the red deer population, whereas the fallow deer are fixed for th ...	1990	2090010
standard karyotype and chromosomal evolution of the fallow deer (dama dama l.).	g-banding, c-banding and silver staining techniques were used to study the chromosomes of the fallow deer dama dama (2n = 68, nf = 70). on the basis of g-banded metaphases a diagrammatic representation of banding patterns at the 350 band level is proposed. c-banding reveals constitutive heterochromatin in the centromeric regions of all the acrocentric chromosomes. faint c-banding is present in the centromere of the y chromosome, while the single pair of metacentrics are c-band negative. the nucl ...	1990	2090390
[the sertoli cell nucleolus in domestic and wild animals].	sertoli cells produce special microenvironment for developing germ cells; therefore it is assumed that they play primary role in the onset and control of spermatogenesis. in this connection we extended our previous study on the ultrastructure of sertoli cells in different domestic and wild animals with special regard to nucleolus. sertoli cells of domestic and wild ruminants possess the typical vesicular nucleolus except for fallow deer, in this species no vesicular nucleolus occurs in sertoli c ...	1990	2102585
the pineal gland of the red deer male. histology and ultrastructure with notes on the fallow deer and mouflon pineals.	the most conspicuous morphological feature of the investigated red deer pineal gland was very deep pineal recess, covered with continuous layer of the ependymal cells. its branches (2-3) reached the distal part of the gland. the slight differences in pineal structure of sexually active and sexually inactive red deer were observed. relatively large pineal glands both of mouflon and fallow deer showed many common as well as different structural features.	1990	2136651
yersiniosis in farmed deer.	samples from 77 chital (axis axis), 42 fallow (dama dama), 26 red (cervus elaphus), 7 rusa (cervus timorensis) and 1 sambar deer (cervus unicolor) were examined. yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection was diagnosed as the cause of death in 6 (23%) of the red and 23 (30%) of the chital deer. yersiniosis was the most common infectious cause of death diagnosed. affected deer were usually found moribund or dead, often with faecal staining of the perineum. gross pathology in chital included a fibrinou ...	1990	2222364
the reproductive performance of farmed fallow deer (dama dama) in new south wales.	observations on the reproductive performance of fallow deer on 47 farms in new south wales were made over 6 consecutive years. the minimum fawning rate for does varied significantly (p less than 0.001) between years, the corresponding fawning percentages varying from 75.0% to 96.4%, with an overall mean of 88.8%. the weaning rate also varied significantly (p less than 0.001) between years, the corresponding percentages varying from 65.0% to 89.1% with a mean over 6 years of 81.4%. weaning rates ...	1990	2222374
the reversal of xylazine/ketamine immobilisation of fallow deer with yohimbine.	fallow deer were immobilised using a combination of xylazine and ketamine. adult males (n = 10) and adult females (n = 10) received 4 mg/kg of each drug intramuscularly. juveniles (n = 11) received 2 mg/kg of each drug, intravenously. times to recumbency were as follows: adult males 4.9 +/- 2.9 min, adult females 4.1 +/- 1.9 min, juveniles 2.3 +/- 1.1 min. after 30 min each deer received 0.2 mg/kg of yohimbine, or an equal volume of sterile diluent intravenously. yohimbine substantially reduced ...	1990	2264802
[fibrosarcoma of the zygomatic bone in a fallow deer. illustrated report].		1990	2326793
[raising of fallow deer inside fences from the view of ethics and animal welfare].	during the last years, keeping of fallow deer for the purpose of meat production has become a branch of industry that requires special attention from the view of ethology and animal protection. in zoological and judicial terms, the deer habituated to paddock keeping still belong to wild animals that are held captive. this paper describes the valid demands of fallow deer to its biotic and abiotic environment and deals in particular with population density, feeding practices, antlers amputation, k ...	1990	2351053
temporal relationship between the onset of oestrus, the preovulatory lh surge and ovulation in farmed fallow deer, dama dama.	a study was conducted to determine the timing of ovulation relative to the onset of oestrus and the preovulatory lh surge in fallow deer. mature fallow does were randomly allocated to two treatments (n = 10 per treatment) designed to synchronize oestrus on or about 17 may. does assigned to group 1 (prostaglandin-induced oestrus) each initially received single intravaginal cidr [controlled internal drug release] devices for 13 days followed by an i.m. injection of 750 mg cloprostenol on day 12 (1 ...	1990	2402000
intrauterine insemination of farmed fallow deer (dama dama) with frozen-thawed semen via laparoscopy.	estrus and ovulation of mature fallow does (n=155) on two north american farms were synchronized by intravaginal silastic devices containing 0.3 g progesterone (cidr-type g) for 14 d. each of 151 does received laparoscopic intrauterine inseminations of either 50x10(6) (n=125) or 25x10(6) (n=26) frozen-thawed spermatozoa, 65 to 68 h after cidr device withdrawal. four does received intrauterine inseminations per vaginam of 50x10(6) spermatozoa 68 to 69 hours after cidr device withdrawal. semen fro ...	1990	16726861
polioencephalomalacia in a captive fallow deer.		1990	17423563
a dna sequence that is present in both sexes of artiodactyla is repeated on the y chromosome of cattle, sheep, and goats.	we have cloned a 307-bp sau3ai fragment of dna from the bovine male genome by deletion enrichment. although a single-copy homolog is present in the female cattle genome, the sequence (bry.1) is repeated at a moderate and variable frequency only in males. this pattern occurs too in sheep and goats, but bry.1 is found in equal amounts in both sexes of fallow deer and pigs, approximating single copy. the conservation of a homologous sequence over millions of years and its repetition exclusively on ...	1991	2004555
pattern of lh and testosterone secretion of adult male fallow deer (dama dama) during the transition into the breeding season.	pituitary secretion of lh and testicular secretion of testosterone were investigated during the transitional period from the non-breeding to breeding season of mature male fallow deer exhibiting either normal transitional patterns or shortened transitional patterns in response to summer melatonin treatment. melatonin implants were administered to 4 bucks for a 150-day period starting 130 days after the winter solstice. four contemporary bucks served as controls. melatonin treatment advanced rutt ...	1991	2013884
gastrointestinal helminthosis in fallow deer (dama dama) and their response to treatment with anthelmintics.		1991	2025209
use of peroxidase-labelled antigen for the detection of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in human and animal sera.	we have developed a modified elisa for the detection of anti-borrelia burgdorferi (bb) antibodies based on a peroxidase enzyme labelled antigen (elat). microtiter plates were coated with antigen of bb. the immunoglobulins of the serum samples were bound to the antigen and specific antibodies were detected by an enzyme labelled antigen. the test principle facilitates the recognition of specific antibodies in different collectives of human and animal sera. we performed epidemiological studies with ...	1991	2028231
identification of a seasonal elevation in daytime melatonin levels associated with the rut in fallow bucks (dama dama): the effect of day length and exogenous melatonin.	the timing of the seasonal reduction in voluntary food intake and hormonal changes associated with the rut were investigated in mature fallow bucks subjected to artificial long-day exposure with and without superimposed melatonin-releasing implants. circulating testosterone profiles and the period of inappetence, signalling the onset of the period of reproductive activity in untreated bucks under natural photoperiod, were phase-advanced in both treatment groups. in the long-day treated group, th ...	1991	1795219
[the lymph nodes of the fallow deer (dama dama l., 1758)].	in the present study the topographic anatomy of the lymph nodes of fallow deer is described in detail. the nl. axillaris proprius is absent. this, however, is the only apparent difference when comparing fallow deer with cattle, sheep, goat and roe deer (capreolus capreolus l. 1758) in respect to the existence of the lymph nodes. minor topographic deviations are of little importance for locating the lymph nodes.	1991	1833174
pasteurella multocida septicaemia in fallow deer (dama dama).	thirteen of 100 fallow deer, aged between 6 months and 10 years, died over a 5 week period. the deaths occurred in 2 outbreaks 3 weeks apart. both outbreaks were preceded by at least 3 days of cold wet and windy weather, and were associated with water-logged pastures. affected animals were usually found dead, with a frothy blood-stained nasal discharge. in the 8 deer necropsied, gross lesions included widespread subserosal petechial haemorrhages, severe pulmonary congestion and oedema with froth ...	1991	1888312
evolution of the cytochrome b gene of mammals.	with the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and versatile primers that amplify the whole cytochrome b gene (approximately 1140 bp), we obtained 17 complete gene sequences representing three orders of hoofed mammals (ungulates) and dolphins (cetaceans). the fossil record of some ungulate lineages allowed estimation of the evolutionary rates for various components of the cytochrome b dna and amino acid sequences. the relative rates of substitution at first, second, and third positions within codons a ...	1991	1901092
conception rates in european fallow does (dama dama dama) following intrauterine insemination with frozen-thawed semen from mesopotamian fallow (dama dama mesopotamica) and crossbred (dama dama dama x dama dama mesopotamica) bucks.	ninety eight parous fallow does received laparoscopic intrauterine insemination of frozen-thawed semen at one of 2 fixed intervals following oestrus synchronisation treatment. semen was collected from a mesopotamian (dama dama mesopotamica) and a crossbred (f1) (dama dama dama x dama dama mesopotamica) fallow buck. does were inseminated at either 56 or 66 hours after the removal of an intravaginal controlled internal drug releasing device. eighty eight does received a single straw of frozen-thaw ...	1991	1953562
velvet antler harvesting from fallow deer dama dama.		1991	1953570
[arbovirus antibodies in wild game caught in moravia].	the hit method was used to examine blood serums of the game in moravia (roebuck, red deer, fallow deer, mouflon, wild boar, brown hare) for the presence of antibodies to arboviruses of these groups: alphavirus (sindbis-sin), flavivirus (west nile-wn), tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) and bunyamwera (tahyna-tah, calovo-cvo). antibodies to all viruses were detected, and namely in these frequencies: sin 0.9%, wn 16.9%, tah 41.5%, cvo 23.1% and tbe 8.5%.	1992	1292172
[the effect of culture media on bacteriocin production in various strains of bacteria].	some staphylococcus and enterococcus strains were used to investigate the effect of culture medium on bacteriocin production. staphylococcus cohnii sc7, staphylococcus sp. ztj 151, s. saprophyticus ss 877, enterococcus faecium ef1 and e. faecalis efg2 were isolated from the rumen wall and contents of lambs, calves and fallow deer, enterococcus gallinarum eg10 and e. avium ea12 were isolated from the caecum of japanese quail. the tested bacteria belong to producers with a wide antimicrobial effec ...	1992	1297243
[the characteristics and regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase in strains of bacteroides ruminicola ssp. ruminicola isolated from the rumen of fallow deer].	very little information about nh4+ assimilation paths in rumen anaerobic bacteria is available, and the information about wild animals is completely missing. glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) isolated from the rumen strain b. ruminicola in fallow deer was purified and its properties were specified after crystalline ammonium sulphate precipitation and gel filtration on sephadex g-200. the properties of partly purified gdh were specified. one of the first specifications concerning gdh from various sou ...	1992	1413388
a scanning electron microscopic study on the distribution of peritubular dentine in cheek teeth of cervidae and suidae (mammalia, artiodactyla).	distribution of peritubular dentine was studied in cheek teeth of fallow deer (dama dama), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and wild boar (sus scrofa). in the two cervid species, especially intense peritubular dentine formation was found in the outer regions of mid and cuspal coronal dentine. in these areas a marked asymmetry occurred, peritubular dentine being predominantly secreted onto the side of the dentinal tubule walls nearest to the dentinoenamel junction. intensity and asymmetry of peritu ...	1992	1416081
sarcocystis jorrini sp. nov. from the fallow deer cervus dama.	sarcocystis jorrini sp. nov. isolated from the muscle of naturally infected fallow deer (cervus dama) from the doñana national park (spain) is described by light and electron microscopy. sarcocysts were macroscopic (2.7 x 1.4 mm) and were found in all striated muscle, including that of the esophagus and the heart. as visualized by light microscopy, the cyst walls were formed by mammilated protrusions surrounded by a coating of connective tissue measuring 10-35 mm in thickness. electron microscop ...	1992	1438146
perennial ryegrass staggers in fallow deer (dama dama).		1992	1445073
silver staining of synaptonemal complexes in surface-spread spermatocytes of fallow deer (dama dama l.).	surface-spread spermatocytes of the fallow deer were examined by light microscopy after silver staining. the development and behaviour of synaptonemal complexes and the partial synapsis of the x and y chromosomes were investigated during leptotene to diplotene chromosome pairing.	1992	1451531
the mechanism of antler casting in the fallow deer.	the process by which antlers are detached from their pedicles was examined histologically in fallow deer castrated in the autumn to induce precocious casting. osteoclastic erosion across an abscission line between the dead bone of the antler and the living bone of the pedicle was found to be responsible for the separation of the 2. as early as 3 days after castration, osteoclasts and associated lacunae were present on the sides of the pedicle bone. these were then found in progressively deeper l ...	1992	1460440
studies on the ecology of lyme disease in a deer forest in county galway, ireland.	the abundance of the tick ixodes ricinus (l.) and the infection rate of ticks with borrelia burgdorferi (johnson et al.) were compared on either side of a deer fence in a forest park in county galway, ireland, in an attempt to elucidate the role of fallow deer, dama dama, and woodmice, apodemus sylvaticus, in determining the population density of i. ricinus and the transmission of b. burgdorferi. the results showed that tick numbers were much higher on the deer side of the fence, although the de ...	1992	1460628
studies on the blood of fallow deer (dama dama) and red deer (cervus elaphus): haematology, red cell enzymes, metabolic intermediates and glycolytic rates.	1. blood samples were obtained from fallow deer (dama dama) and red deer (cervus elaphus). basic haematology, red cell enzymes, and metabolic intermediates and the glycolytic rate of the red cells incubated with different substrates were measured. 2. the major findings were (i) the activity of glucose phosphate isomerase was notably high in the red blood cells of the red deer; (ii) red deer cells also utilized adenosine more efficiently than those of fallow deer and (iii) red cells of both speci ...	1992	1478069
a case of fallow deer allergy. cross-reactivity between fallow deer and horse allergy.	we report the case of a 25-year-old housewife, a native of mexico city, with rhinitis and asthma induced by exposure to fallow deer in an animal park close to her home. in the literature, we could find only one previous case. the patient presented a polyvalent ige sensitization in prick skin tests and rast to several animals' dander and epithelia, but rast inhibition experiments showed a cross-reactivity only between fallow deer and horse allergen extracts.	1992	1485664
studies on the parietal region of the cervid skull. ii. the parietooccipital region in the skull of the fallow deer (dama dama l.).	in contrast to the situation in roe deer (kierdorf and kierdorf, in press) and other cervid species, an os interparietale was missing in the fallow deer cranium. absence of this skull element in dama dama is regarded as an apomorphic character state. the area covered by the interparietals in capreolus was occupied by the parietals in dama. this condition (loss of interparietals, enlargement of parietals) is in accord with a trend seen in vertebrate evolution, that is, progressive reduction in th ...	1992	1489111
parasites and condition of coexisting populations of white-tailed and exotic deer in south-central texas.	we examined the parasites and physical condition of coexisting white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), axis deer (axis axis), fallow deer (dama dama), and sika deer (cervus nippon) on the yo ranch (kerr county, texas, usa) during december 1982 to january 1984. white-tailed deer harbored 12 species of parasites. exotic deer were infected with nine species of parasites. all parasites recovered from exotic deer and white-tailed deer have been reported from white-tailed deer. exotic deer had hig ...	1992	1512889
causes of perinatal mortality in farmed fallow deer (dama dama).	the causes of perinatal mortality in farmed fallow deer in the camden region of new south wales were determined between 1982 and 1987. the results of 144 necropsies on fawns showed that ante-parturient and parturient deaths occurred in 33 (22.9%) of cases, with post-parturient deaths accounting for 99 (69.8%), and undiagnosed causes the remaining 12 (8.3%). the most common cause of post-parturient death (43.1%) was exposure/starvation of fawns that had birthweights lower than the average for sur ...	1992	1530555
[antibodies against hantaviruses in game and domestic oxen in the czech republic].	using the test of indirect immunofluorescence, the authors examined sera of animals for antibodies against the strain cg 18-20 of hantavirus (identical with strain puumala) and against the hantaan strain. as a control and supplement of the examination the authors used cells containing the tbe virus, strain hypr. in a group of 260 hares (lepus europaeus) in 3.5% antibodies were present against hantavirus cg 18-20. of 41 deer (capreolus capreolus) they were present in 14.1%. of 11 fallow-deers non ...	1992	1534516
mortality of fallow deer (dama dama) experimentally-infected with meningeal worm, parelaphostrongylus tenuis.	six fallow deer (dama dama) fawns died after receiving 25 to 150 infective larvae of parelaphostrongylus tenuis. fawns given higher doses usually died sooner (6 to 23 days) than those given lower doses (54 to 67 days). early deaths were associated with severe acute peritonitis resulting from perforation of the intestinal wall; later deaths were associated with paralysis and inability to rise. numerous adult p. tenuis were found within neural tissues of the brain and spinal cord in the three fawn ...	1992	1548808
[suspected iron poisoning in fallow deer].		1992	1549836
effect of progesterone and oestradiol benzoate on oestrous behaviour and secretion of luteinizing hormone in ovariectomized fallow deer (dama dama).	eighteen ovariectomized fallow deer does and two adult bucks were used to investigate the effect of exogenous progesterone and oestradiol benzoate on oestrous behaviour and secretion of luteinizing hormone (lh). in expts 1 and 2, conducted during the breeding season (april-september), does were treated with intravaginal controlled internal drug release (cidr) devices (0.3 g progesterone per device) for 12 days and differing doses of oestradiol benzoate administered 24 h after removal of the cidr ...	1992	1593538
age and sex-independent comparisons of morphological measurements.	a method is proposed for the comparison of morphological parameters that compensates for sex and age effects. an index is calculated for individual animals, from which percentage differences in size that are independent of age-sex classes can be postulated for specific environmental effects. the method is appropriate for any data set that has a sufficiently broad age range to enable an accurate fitting of a growth curve, and thus overcomes the problem of using only fully mature animals for envir ...	1992	1601576
[a suspected iron poisoning in fallow deer].		1992	1604456
secondary sex characteristics and related physiological values in male fallow deer (dama dama l.) and their relationships to changes in the annual cycle of daylengths: frequency alterations to 4- and 3-month photoperiodic cycles, and subsequent re-synchronisation under natural conditions.	five adult male fallow deer were maintained in a barn with artificial light control. in a previous experiment, three 6-month photoperiodic cycles entrained morphogenetic and associated physiological values that revealed typical relationships to the antler cycle. presented here, the light cycle was accelerated to three 4- and one 3-month photoperiods in the same group. each artificial photoperiod generally resulted not only in an almost complete antler cycle but also in an entire cycle of seasona ...	1992	1629664
laparoscopic intra-uterine insemination of fallow deer with frozen-thawed or fresh semen after synchronisation with cidr devices.	this study investigated the efficacy of fixed-time laparoscopic intra-uterine insemination of farmed fallow deer (dama dama) with frozen-thawed or fresh semen. in the trials with frozen-thawed semen, a total of 547 mature non-lactating does across five new zealand farms were used. for oestrous synchronisation and artificial insemination, a standard control regimen was applied to at least 30% of the does on each farm, involving the insertion of single cidr type-g devices intravaginally for 14 day ...	1992	16031649
use of pregnancy-specific protein-b and estrone sulfate for determination of pregnancy on day 49 in fallow deer (dama dama ).	the objective of this study was to determine if pregnancy specific protein-b (pspb) and estrone sulfate (e(1)so(4)) could be used to determine pregnancy status in fallow deer (dama dama ). forty mature does were synchronized for estrus with an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (cidr) and then artificially inseminated via laparoscopy with frozen semen on one day. ultrasound examination and jugular blood sampling were done 49 days later. transrectal ultrasonography was done to presumptive ...	1993	16727316
[biodiversity and similarity between the nematode parasite communities of domestic and wild ruminants].	the analysis of the bibliografical information concerning to the nematode parasite communities of domestic and wild ruminants, permitted to obtein the following values of maximum diversity index, bovidae: 4.88 bits; cervidae: 4.33 bits and cameliae: 3.69 bits. the highest values of this index within each family of host wee 5.75 bits. 5.49 bits and 4.32 bits for ovis aries (bovidae), capreolus capreolus (cervidae), lama pacos and camelus dromedarius (camelidae), respectively. the families of para ...	1993	7483967
effects of an antiandrogen treatment on morphological characters and physiological functions of male fallow deer (dama dama l.).	from mid-april to late november, i.e., during antler growth phase and main breeding season, a group of four (later three) male fallow deer was treated with increasing doses of the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate (ca). throughout the treatment period, plasma testosterone levels of the bucks were either undetectable or only slightly above the detection limit of 0.1 ng/ml. in marked contrast to controls, testicular volumes and neck girths of the ca treated bucks were basal during the application p ...	1993	8228867
real-time ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis and foetal ageing in fallow deer.	three groups of 15 to 17 adult fallow does with some additional yearling does in 2 of the groups were treated to synchronize oestrous cycles, and mated. all does were scanned by ultrasound at 4 weeks of gestation and at weekly intervals from week 7 to week 14 of gestation. growth rates of 13 foetal and uterine characters, which have been used for ageing foetuses of red deer, were similar for adult and yearling does and among the 3 groups. transrectal ultrasound scanning was a reliable and accura ...	1993	8257315
a serologic survey for some bacterial and viral zoonoses in game animals in the czech republic.	between 1986 and 1991, sera were collected from 33 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 24 red deer (cervus elaphus), four fallow deer (dama dama), two mouflon (ovis musimon), 34 wild boars (sus scrofa), and 48 hares (lepus europaeus) shot in two areas of the czech republic. collectively, the sera contained antibodies to coxiella burnetii (prevalence of 12%), francisella tularensis (4%), brucella spp. (2%), central european tick-borne encephalitis virus (8%), tahyna (california serogroup) virus (36%) ...	1993	8258864