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the effect of hyperglycemia on brain capillary permeability in the lizard, anolis carolinensis. a freeze-fracture analysis of blood-brain barrier pathology.the anatomical basis of the blood-brain barrier in the american chameleon, anolis carolinensis, is the system of tight intercellular junctions that occurs between apposed endothelial cells of brain capillaries. under normal physiological conditions, capillaries in the brain cortex of these animals remain sealed by interendothelial zonulae occludentes and, consequently, escape of exogenous tracer proteins such as horseradish peroxidase (hrp) into the extracellular compartment of the central nervo ...1979466426
occluding-like junctions at mesaxons of central myelin in anolis carolinensis are not 'tight'. a freeze-fracture-protein tracer analysis.the junctional complexes of the myelin sheath of central nervous system axons in the american chameleon, anolis carolinensis, exhibit an intramembrane ridge and groove construction in freeze-fracture replicas that has usually been interpreted in other organisms as evidence for an occluding or tight intercellular junction. close examination of pf fracture face ridges, however, shows them to be made up of discontinuous rows of particles of variable length separated by frequent gaps of non-uniform ...1979473168
control of the pars intermedia of the lizard, anolis carolinensis. iv. transection of the pituitary stalk. effects on colour change and histology. 1979535026
androgens and the social behavior of male and female lizards (anolis carolinensis). 1979575950
the role of the basal hypothalamus in the regulation of reproductive behavior in the lizard, anolis carolinensis: lesion studies. 1979552368
effects of intracranial implantation of oestradiol and dihydrotestosterone on the sexual behaviour of the lizard anolis carolinensis.intrahypothalamic implantation of oestradiol and dihydrotestosterone rapidly restored sexual behaviour in castrated, sexually inactive anolis carolinensis. implants in areas other than the anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area failed to elicit sexual behaviour. male aggressive behaviour was unaffected by intracranial hormone implants. histological examination of the renal sex segment, a secondary sex structure, gave no indication of leakage into the peripheral plasma. the effectiveness of oestradi ...1979574532
role of the paleostriatum in species-typical display behavior of the lizard (anolis carolinensis).in a comparative study of forebrain mechanisms of species-typical behavior, unilateral lesions were placed in the subpallial telencephalon of male green anolis lizards (anolis carolinsis), in which there is an almost complete decussation of the optic nerve. responses to a conspecific male antagonist in a territorial confrontation were then tested when the subject's vision was limited to an eye leading to either the normal or lesioned hemisphere. in lizards with lesions involving the paleostriatu ...1979466473
electron microscopy of synapses in reptile spinal cord.the spinal cord of the reptile anolis carolinensis was examined by electron microscopy. motor neurons appear as multipolar cells 30-60 micrometer in diameter. two types of synaptic endings are endings are present on motor neurons. the first type is characterized by distinct synaptic clefts measuring 15-20 nm between pre- and postsynaptic membranes, and by clear presynaptic vesicles. the second type of synapse, which is less common, is characterized by gap junctions between pre- and postsynaptic ...1979530475
the fine structure of the parietal retinas of anolis carolinensis and iguana iguana.an electron microscopic examination of the parietal retinas of anolis carolinensis and iguana iguana demonstrated within each retina (1) two distinct populations of neurons, (2) two populations of glia, and (3) a population of photoreceptors which could not be subdivided. a small population of very electron-dense cells, in many respects similar to photoreceptors, was also found in the iguana. correspondingly dark processes were found in the plexiform layer of each retina. parietal photoreceptors ...1979476797
the blood-brain barrier of a reptile, anolis carolinensis. a freeze-fracture study. 1979445154
control of the pars intermedia of the lizard, anolis carolinensis. iii. changes in the ultrastructure of the disconnected neuro-intermediate lobe.morphological changes in the disconnected neuro-intermediate lobe were studied in the lizard, anolis carolinensis from the 2nd to the 14th post-operative day using a threefold aldehyde fixative (rodríguez, 1969). two phases of colour change capacity were exhibited: phase i started immediately after the transection, lasted for 6 days (mean) and was characterised by an excessive msh release (brown skin). this phase proceeded gradually into phase ii, designated by an interruption by the msh release ...1979466690
a second class of neurons within the retinas of the parietal eyes of anolis carolinensis and iguana iguana. 1979435984
control of the pars intermedia of the lizard, anolis carolinensis. ii. ultrastructure of the intact intermediate lobe.the ultrastructure of the intermediate lobe of the hypophysis was studied in anolis carolinensis with the use of a threefold aldehyde fixative. lizards with a brown skin were selected. the possibility of two types of secretory cells is discussed; neither cell type is innervated. type i cells are rarely found and contain dense granules approximately 0.3 micron in diameter; type ii cells vary widely in secretory activity. most of the type ii cells contain a large number of dense secretory granules ...1979466678
estrogen/progesterone synergy in the control of female sexual receptivity in the lizard, anolis carolinensis. 1979467972
relation between biological potency and clearance rates of gonadotropins in the lizard anolis carolinensis. 1979313892
beta-endorphin potentiates melanocyte-stimulating activity on the skin of anolis carolinensis [proceedings]. 1979438705
membrane systems in skeletal muscle of the lizard anolis carolinensis. 19807218420
monoaminergic control of msh release in the lizard anolis carolinensis. 19806447643
gap junctions between sensory and supporting cells of the utricular and saccular maculae in anolis carolinensis examined by transmission electron microscopy.gap junctions, related to projections of sensory cells into supporting cells, occur from supranuclear to basal levels on hair cells, in both saccular and utricular maculae of the lizard, anolis carolinensis. the larger numbers of junctional projections observed at some levels may indicate a zonular distribution within the neuroepithelia, but only on supracalyceal parts of hair cells in the utricular striola was a series of gap junctions found to be closely associated with the reticular lamina. t ...19806108709
antigonadal effects of prolactin in female anolis carolinensis. 19806771184
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone induction of female sexual receptivity in the lizard, anolis carolinensis.both luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (lhrh) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (trh) induce sexual receptivity in ovariectomized, estrogen-primed female lizards (anolis carolinensis). ovariectomized females pretreated with three daily injections of a subthreshold dose (0.2 micrograms) of estradiol benzoate were administered either 500, 1,000 or 1,500 ng of lhrh, or 1,000 ng of trh 48 h following the last estrogen pretreatment injection. hormone-treated females exhibited significantly higher ...19806769065
induction of sexual receptivity in the female lizard, anolis carolinensis: effects of estrogen and the antiestrogen cl-628. 19806995255
a light microscopic study of the bifoveate retina in the lizard anolis carolinensis: general observations and convergence ratios. 19807445438
colour and brightness preferences in the lizard anolis carolinensis. 19807360614
further evidence that serotonin may be a physiological melanocyte-stimulating hormone-releasing factor in the lizard anolis carolinensis. 19806444393
immunohistochemical identification of cells in the pars distalis of the pituitary of the lizard anolis carolinensis.immunocharacteristics of the pars distalis cells of the pituitary of the male lizard a. carolinensis are determined by employing the immunoperoxidase technique with antisera to mammalian pituitary hormones. on the basis of their immunoreactivity, 5 different cell types with characteristic anatomical distribution are recognized. acth cells are found in the rostral half of the pars distalis, and prl cells in the rostral two thirds of the pars distalis. gh and tsh cells are located in the caudal ha ...19806254930
sperm transfer and storage in the lizard, anolis carolinensis.the relationship of the hemipenis to the cloaca in copula and sperm storage and transport in the female oviduct were studied in anolis carolinensis using light and scanning electron microscopy. during copulation, the hemipenis does not penetrate beyond the cloaca, but the two apical openings of the bifurcate sulcus spermaticus appose the openings of the oviducts from the cloaca. sperm enter the sperm storage tubules between 2 and 6 hr after insemination and small amounts of sperm reach the infun ...198030180393
anatomical distribution of estrogen target neurons in turtle brain.autoradiographic studies with [3h]estradiol-17 beta in red-eared turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans) show concentration and retention of radioactivity in nuclei of neurons in certain regions. accumulations of estrogen target neurons exist in the periventricular brain with relationships to ventral extensions of the forebrain ventricles, including parolfactory, amygdaloid, septal, preoptic, hypothalamic and thalamic areas, as well as the dorsal ventricular ridge, the piriform cortex, and midbrain-p ...19817317778
estrogen-sensitive progestin binding sites in the brain of the lizard, anolis carolinensis.cytosol binding sites for the synthetic progestin [3h]r5020 have been identified in the brain and oviduct from untreated and estrogen primed ovariectomized female lizards (anolis carolinensis). competition of various unlabeled steroids at either 10 nm (brain) or 10 and 100 nm (oviduct) revealed that progestins were effective competitors whereas two glucocorticoids as well as testosterone and estradiol were ineffective. the apparent dissociation constant (kd) of the receptor for [3h]r5020 in the ...19817196792
scanning electron microscope studies of the auditory papillae of some iguanid lizards.the papillae basilares of 16 species (10 general) of iguanid lizards were studied by scanning electron microscopy. variations in the surface structures of the auditory papillae showed the following major differences: 1)papillae with localization of the unidirectional hair cells at the apical end of the papilla (anolis carolinensis); 2)papillae with absence or loss of a portion of the apical bidirectional hair-cell segment (basiliscus basiliscus); 3)papillae with a central, short ciliated, unidir ...19817304475
effects of prostaglandins on sexual receptivity in the female lizard, anolis carolinensis.prostaglandins (pgs) have been implicated in the mediation of sexual behavior in vertebrates. in this study, the effects of administered pgs on sexual receptivity were examined in the ovariectomized female green anole lizard (anolis carolinensis). injection (ip) of 15 microgram pgf2 alpha failed to induce sexual receptivity in nonreceptive females which were either untreated or estrogen primed. on the other hand, pgf2 alpha treatment of sexually receptive estrogen-pretreated females inhibited se ...19817250049
tonic immobility produces hyperalgesia and antagonizes morphine analgesia.hyperalgesia was demonstrated during and immediately after termination of tonic immobility in the lizard anolis carolinensis. additionally, tonic immobility antagonized morphine-induced analgesia. in conjunction with other research, these data suggest that the response is accompanied by a reduced availability of serotonin, possibly at postsynaptic receptors of raphe neurons.19817244620
immunohistochemical localization of enkephalin in the central nervous system and pituitary of the lizard, anolis carolinensis.the topographical distribution of enkephalin in the central nervous system of the lizard, anolis carolinensis, has been studied by the immunoperoxidase technique with antiserum to leucine-enkephalin. immunoreactive enkephalin perikarya, fibers and probably terminals are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system, which agrees well with the distribution of enkephalins in the mammalian brain. enkephalin-containing perikarya are found in the subpallium (septum, nucleus accumbens, stri ...19817019274
skin-colour changes i the lizard, anolis carolinensis, in response to localized electrical stimulation and lesions in the diencephalon.a study was made of changes in skin colour in the lizard, anolis carolinensis, in response to deep electrical stimulation at 0.2 mm intervals throughout the periventricular region of the diencephalon and the anterior brain stem. double-barrelled glass microelectrodes with tip diameters of 3 microns were used. a 20 microa pulse-train consisting of a 500 hz signal lasting for 1 s yielded localized responses. skin darkening occurred only in response to stimulation delivered in the anterior and dors ...19817017054
microfilaments interacting with heavy meromyosin and deoxyribonuclease i in cells of the ovarian follicle of a lizard.two types of filaments (microfilaments 4--6 nm in diameter, and intermediate filaments 7--10 nm in diameter) are common in the surface epithelial cells and theca fibroblasts of vitellogenic ovarian follicles of the lizard anolis carolinensis. heavy meromyosin (hmm), which forms complexes with actin filaments, interacts only with the microfilaments of theca fibroblasts. after myosin extraction of follicles no filaments disappeared, but when this treatment was followed by incubation with deoxyribo ...19816266673
effects of mif-i and sex differences on tonic immobility duration in the lizard, anolis carolinensis.in june, 36 lizards (males and females) were injected with 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, or 100 mg/kg of mif-i, or the diluent vehicle, and placed in a cage for ten minutes. tonic immobility (ti) was then induced on an open lab table. all doses of mif-i significantly reduced ti duration as compared to the duration with the diluent alone. in subsequent experiments lizards were injected with 0.1 mg/kg of mif-i, 0.1 mg/kg of naloxone, or the diluent vehicle, and placed in small aquaria for ten minutes. ti ...19816115366
four hormones in the pancreas of the lizard, anolis carolinensis.the electron microscopic localization of insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide (pp) in the pancreas of the iguanid lizard, anolis carolinensis was studied by the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical technique. insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin were localized absolutely to those cells previously identified on the basis of the characteristics of their secretory granules as being beta cells, alpha cells, and d cells, respectively. the secretory gra ...19816111934
control of the pars intermedia of the lizard, anolis carolinensis. v. extravascular transfer and cellular uptake of horseradish peroxidase in the neuro-intermediate lobe.the distribution of the tracer substance horseradish peroxidase (hrp, mw 40,000) in the neuro-intermediate lobe of the lizard, anolis carolinensis, was studied at various time intervals (13 min to 24 h) after vascular injection. hrp rapidly entered the extracellular lumen of the neural lobe, but did not penetrate into the third ventricle. the tracer was found in micropinocytotic vesicles (mpvs) of ependymal cells within 13 min after injection. the number of cellular inclusions containing hrp inc ...19816258794
possible polypeptide synthesis following injection of balanced but incomplete amino acid mixes into lizards.the rate of disappearance of carcass-free amino acids following and injection of a mixture of the composition of fish muscle was compared with the rate seen after giving the same mix minus three essential amino acids in one series of experiments, and minus five amino acids in another series. the experimental animal was a 3.5 g lizard (anolis carolinensis) whose metabolic rate is about equal to man's. lizards were injected with one of the mixes, at intervals some were killed and homogenized, and ...19817241234
calcium-dependent prolonged effects on melanophores of [4-norleucine, 7-d-phenylalanine]-alpha-melanotropin.a single injection of the melanotropin analog [4-norleucine, 7-d-phenylalanine]-alpha-melanotropin into frogs (rana pipiens) caused near maximum darkening of the skins of the frogs for at least 6 weeks. injections of the natural hormone alpha-melanotropin or of the analog [nle4]-alpha-melanotropin also caused darkening, but this effect lasted only a few days. morphological examination of the skins of frogs injected with [nle4, d-phe7]-alpha-melanotropin revealed that both dermal and epidermal me ...19816973820
corpus luteum - uterine relationships in the control of uterine contraction in the lizard anolis carolinensis. 19827129078
effects of mif-i, sex, and weight on tonic immobility in lizards (anolis carolinensis).three experiments were done with the lizard, anolis carolinensis, as a follow-up on our previous work which showed that mif-i reduced tonic immobility (ti) during the breeding season and that females had longer ti durations than males in the non-breeding season. in june, during the breeding season, 60 male and 60 female lizards were injected with 0.1 mg/kg of mif-i or naloxone or the diluent vehicle and placed in small aquaria for ten minutes. ti was then induced in the small aquaria. similar ex ...19826125952
continuous-perifusion tissue culture of fetal and adult pancreas of the lizard anolis carolinensis.the differentiation of the fetal saurian pancreas in continuous-perifusion tissue culture (cptc) was examined. splenic pancreases from 24-day postoviposition fetuses of the green anole, anolis carolinensis, were grown for 8 to 31 days by cptc following successful preliminary studies with adult pancreas. adult anolian endocrine pancreas was maintained by up to 7 days by cptc. the pancreatic explants were examined morphologically by light and electron microscopy. the functional integrity of the en ...19827049003
an immunocytochemical study of the cytogenesis of pancreatic endocrine cells in the lizard, anolis carolinensis.the differentiation of the pancreatic endocrine cells in the lizard anolis carolinensis following oviposition was examined. immediately postoviposition (po) there was no apparent differentiation of epithelioid cells into endocrine or exocrine components. individual subpopulations of the endocrine-like cells, which could not be identified during the early po period on the basis of either their tinctorial properties at the light-microscopic level or their granule morphologies at the electron-micro ...19827041604
[half-cys4,half-cys10]-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone: a cyclic alpha-melanotropin exhibiting superagonist biological activity.alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-melanotropin; alpha-msh) is a linear tridecapeptide (ac-ser-tyr-ser-met-glu-his-phe-arg-trp-gly-lys-pro-val-nh2) that reversibly darkens amphibian skins by stimulating melanomsome (pigment granule) dispersion within melanophores. by using a number of in vitro melanocyte assays, we have examined the conformational requirements for alpha-msh activity. synthesis of [half-cys4,half-cys10]-alpha-msh, a cyclic, conformationally restricted, "isosteric" analog ...19826281785
localization of multiple forms of acth- and beta-endorphin-related substances in the pituitary of the reptile, anolis carolinensis.immunohistochemical studies on the pituitary of anolis carolinensis detected acth-like, beta-endorphin-like, and 16k fragment-like immunoreactivity in distinct clusters of cells in the anterior lobe; acth-like, alpha msh-like, beta-endorphin-like, and 16k fragment-like immunoreactivity was detected in all the cells of the intermediate lobe. crude acid extracts of both lobes, when analyzed by radioimmunoassay, gave displacement curves in acth and beta-endorphin assays which were parallel to the a ...19826300807
a forebrain atlas and stereotaxic technique for the lizard, anolis carolinensis.a forebrain atlas and stereotaxic neurosurgical techniques were developed for use in anatomical and behavioral experiments on the green anolis lizard (anolis carolinensis). green anoles are convenient and robust experimental subjects with a rich behavioral repertoire, the social components of which are partly under hormonal control. the technique and atlas were devised to conduct neuroethological investigations of the effect of lesions on species-typical display behavior. the atlas consists of 1 ...198230081617
lizard tail autotomy: function and energetics of postautotomy tail movement in scincella lateralis.handling of autotomized, thrashing and autotomized, exhausted tails of the lizard scincella lateralis by mammals and snakes was tested to examine the function of postautotomy tail movement. tail movement attracted a mammal's attack to the tail, permitting the lizard to escape and increased the time required for a snake to subdue a tail before swallowing it, increasing the lizard's escape time by 40 percent. lactate concentrations of autotomized tails after movement were compared to those of inta ...198317815319
corticotropin-releasing factor (crf)-like immunoreactivity in the vertebrate endocrine pancreas.the light microscopic immunocytochemical localization of corticotropin-releasing factor (crf) is described in the endocrine pancreas of several species representing the major classes of vertebrates: fishes (channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus), amphibians (african clawed toad, xenopus laevis), reptiles (chameleon, anolis carolinensis), birds (chicken, gallus domesticus), and several mammals (rat, mouse, cat, rhesus monkey, and man). the crf-containing cells are scattered over the entire islet t ...19836340106
biosynthesis of a proinsulin-like molecule in the pancreas of a lizard.the biosynthesis of insulin, in particular the occurrence of a proinsulin-like molecule (pilm), in the pancreas of the green anole, anolis carolinensis, was investigated. the laboratory rat was used for comparison and validation of the procedures. anolian pancreases were incubated in vitro with radiolabeled leucine or proline. radioactivity incorporated into the acidic ethanol-soluble (aes) phase increased in an essentially linear manner with time. selective incorporation of labeled amino acids ...19836352401
temperature-compensated circadian clock in the pineal of anolis.the pineal organ of the lizard anolis carolinensis can be maintained for up to 10 days in superfused organ culture. during this time it synthesizes and releases melatonin into the medium flowing slowly over it. collection of timed aliquots of medium and subsequent analysis for melatonin by radioimmunoassay reveal circadian rhythms of melatonin output by the isolated pineal. these rhythms persist for many cycles in constant darkness and at several constant ambient temperatures ranging from 22 to ...19836577470
the relationship among ovarian condition, steroid hormones, and estrous behavior in anolis carolinensis.the lizard anolis carolinensis ovulates a single egg alternately from each ovary every 14 days. the ovulated egg enters the ipsilateral oviduct, acquires a shell, and is oviposited 18 or 19 days later. thus, there is only a single egg in one of the oviducts (one-egg condition) during most of the estrous cycle, but there is a 4-5 day period when a mature, shelled egg is in one oviduct while a recently ovulated egg is in the contralateral oviduct (two-egg condition). analysis of ovarian follicular ...19836684672
adrenergic inhibition of uterine contractions and oviposition in the lizard anolis carolinensis.injection of arginine vasotocin (avt), which induces oviposition in several lizard species, fails to do so in anolis carolinensis. we tested the hypothesis that epinephrine-induced activation of beta-adrenoreceptors in the uterus inhibits avt action on uterine smooth muscle. pretreatment of gravid females with the beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist dichloroisoproterenol 15 min before an avt injection resulted in uterine sensitivity to avt and subsequent oviposition. furthermore, in vitro tests indic ...19836136451
localization of neurons containing pro-opiomelanocortin-related peptides in the hypothalamus and midbrain of the lizard, anolis carolinensis: evidence for region-specific processing of beta-endorphin.immunohistochemical analyses of the lizard-brain, following colchicine pretreatment, revealed two populations of pomc-producing cell bodies located in medial-basal hypothalamus and the mesencephalic tegmentum. analyses of extracts of lizard brain regions by radioimmunoassay and gel filtration chromatography indicate that beta-endorphin-sized and alpha-msh-sized peptides are the major pomc-related end products. evidence is presented for region-specific processing of beta-endorphin in the lizard b ...19846099207
beta-endorphin/acth immunocytochemistry in the cns of the lizard anolis carolinensis: evidence for a major mesencephalic cell group.the immunocytochemical distribution of beta-endorphin and other proopiomelanocortin (pomc) peptides in the central nervous system of the lizard anolis carolinensis was determined. colchicine pretreatment was used to enhance perikaryal immunoreactivity. a major finding of this study is the localization of a previously undetected mesencephalic cell group which exhibits immunoreactivity to beta-endorphin, acth, and alpha-msh. the perikarya of these neurons are large, bipolar, and situated in the me ...19846094619
luteolysis induced by prostaglandin f2 alpha in the lizard, anolis carolinensis.the effect of exogenous prostaglandin f2 alpha (pgf) on luteal function and morphology was examined in the lizard, anolis carolinensis. reproductively active females were injected with 1.0 micrograms pgf, 0.1 micrograms pgf, or 0.05 ml saline. animals were killed 2, 6, or 24 hr after injection. prostaglandin treatment induced luteolysis as evidenced by significant decreases in plasma progesterone concentration in animals sacrificed 6 and 24 hr after treatment. both doses of pgf were effective. h ...19846595183
spontaneous, rhythmic contractions of the ovarian follicular wall of a lizard (anolis carolinensis).collapsed walls of vitellogenic follicles from the lizard anolis carolinensis were placed in an in vitro system to measure contractility. three initial tensions were utilized, 0.15, 1.5, and 10.0 g; the latter, after relaxation, produced follicles with a tension similar to that on the wall of an intact vitellogenic follicle. follicles at each tension then were exposed to either saline or 50 ng/ml arginine vasotocin (avt). spontaneous, rhythmic follicular contractions occurred (approx one every 3 ...19846510687
compensatory testicular hypertrophy in the lizard anolis carolinensis.in reproductively responsive, male anolis carolinensis undergoing artificially induced testicular recrudescence, unilateral orchidectomy of the left testis produced compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining testis. testosterone inhibited this compensatory testicular hypertrophy on a weight basis, but did not reduce the rate of spermatogenic development. these results suggest that there is a mechanism of testosterone feedback in anolis carolinensis that controls gonadotropin secretion during the ...19846432937
social status, gonadal state, and the adrenal stress response in the lizard, anolis carolinensis.adult males of the small arboreal iguanid lizard, anolis carolinensis, form social dominance hierarchies when placed in habitats with limited resources. skin color changes occur during hierarchy formation, most conspicuously in subordinates, who appear darker (more brown) than dominants (more green). because skin color in this species is under the control of hormones frequently associated with physiological stress, radioimmunoassay of plasma levels of the principal reptilian adrenal steroid, cor ...19846706316
endogenous circadian rhythm in electroretinogram of free-moving lizards.an endogenous circadian rhythm in the electroretinogram (erg) of free-moving lizards, anolis carolinensis, can be demonstrated in experiments lasting up to eight days. the rhythm does not appear to arise from processes that could modulate the amount of light reaching the photoreceptors. moreover, since the rhythm is well-developed in the b-wave, but not a-wave, the direct modulation of neural processes proximal to the photoreceptors may be involved. lastly, this rhythm may have ecological signif ...19846698728
role of the amygdala in the reproductive and aggressive behavior of the lizard, anolis carolinensis.thirteen male green anole lizards were lesioned in the ventromedial nucleus (vmn) of the posterior dorsal ventricular ridge ("amygdala") and/or the paleostriatum (ps) to determine the influence of these structures on assertion and challenge displays addressed to male intruders, or courtship displays and copulatory neckgrip directed toward females. lesions that affected both vmn and ps reduced or eliminated both challenge and courtship displays as well as the neckgrip, a crucial component in cour ...19846538977
photoaffinity labelling of msh receptors on anolis melanophores: irradiation technique and msh photolabels for irreversible stimulation.excised dorsal skin of anolis carolinensis was exposed to high intensity uv-irradiation in the presence of different photoreactive alpha-msh derivatives. the resulting covalent binding of the hormone to its receptor induced irreversible pigment dispersion. the duration of the longlasting response depended on the type and length of irradiation; it was maximal after two 5 min irradiation phases with a light intensity of approximately 180 mw/cm2 and a spectrum from 310 to 550 nm, fresh hormone bein ...19846098659
synthesis and biological actions of melanin concentrating hormone.a melanin (melanosome) concentrating hormone, mch, was synthesized and the methodology for its synthesis is detailed. this heptadecapeptide, h-asp-thr-met-arg-cys-met-val-gly-arg-val-tyr-arg-pro-cys-trp-glu-val-oh , stimulated melanosome concentration (centripetal aggregation) within melanophores of all species of teleost fishes studied. melanosome aggregation in response to mch was not blocked by dibenamine as was the response to norepinephrine (ne), demonstrating that melanosome aggregating re ...19846466330
melanotropin bioassays: in vitro and in vivo comparisons.a reflectance method was utilized to compare the in vitro responses in three species of frogs (rana pipiens, r. berlandieri forrei, and r. catesbeiana) and a lizard (anolis carolinensis) to alpha- and beta-melanotropins (alpha- and beta p-msh). the integumental chromatic response of the three ranid species was identical, in that alpha-msh was about 2 times more potent than beta p-msh. the melanotropins were equipotent in the lizard skin bioassay. a remarkable feature of the anolis skin assay is ...19846611282
comparative biological activities of potent active-site analogues of alpha-melanotropin. effect of tyrosine substitution at position-4.we have prepared several alpha-melanotropin (alpha-msh) analogues with tyrosine substituted for methionine at the 4-position and determined their melanotropic activities on the frog (rana pipiens), lizard (anolis carolinensis) and s-91 (cloudman) mouse melanoma adenylate cyclase bioassays. the potencies of ac-[tyr4]-alpha-msh4-10-nh2 and ac-[tyr4]-alpha-msh4-11-nh2 were compared with alpha-msh and with their corresponding methionine and norleucine substituted analogues. the tyr-4 analogues were ...19846332085
in vitro synthesis of acth- and beta-endorphin-related substances in the pars distalis of anolis carolinensis.in order to investigate the biosynthesis of acth- and beta-endorphin-related substances in the pars distalis of anolis carolinensis, explants of pars distali were incubated for 24 hr in a complete medium which contained [3h]tyrosine. acid extracts of the incubates were immunoprecipitated with either an affinity-purified acth antiserum or an affinity-purified beta-endorphin antiserum and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. three distinct peaks of acth-related ma ...19846092211
avian and mammalian vitamin d-dependent calcium binding protein in reptilian nephron.a calcium binding protein (cabp) with an apparent relative molecular weight of 28,000 was localized in the kidney of anolis carolinensis with antisera directed against vitamin d-dependent cabp from either rat kidney (rrcabp) or chick intestine (cicabp). when extracts of female saurian kidneys were fractionated by gel filtration on sephadex g-100, both calcium binding activity, as measured by the chelex resin assay, and cabp immunoreactivity, as measured by radioimmunoassay for rrcabp, were obser ...19846204907
comparative studies on the electric nature of amphibian gonadotropin.the isoelectric focusing (ief) profiles of pituitary gonadotropic (gth) activity in six species of adult male amphibians were examined in addition to the newt and bullfrog. the gth activity was measured by two radioreceptor assay (rra) systems; one with xenopus laevis testicular homogenate as the receptor preparation, and the other with anolis carolinensis testicular homogenate, both employing 125i-labeled rat fsh as the radioligand, or by a radioimmunoassay (ria) system for bullfrog basic gth ( ...19853874809
[nle4, d-phe7]-alpha-msh: a superpotent melanotropin with prolonged action on vertebrate chromatophores.the in vitro and in vivo responses of integumental chromatophores to alpha-msh and a related analogue, [nle4, d-phe7] -alpha-msh, were studied in a number of vertebrate species: the teleost, lebistes reticulatus; the amphibians, rana pipiens, r. catesbeiana, xenopus laevis, bufo alvarius, and b. cognatus; the lizard, anolis carolinensis; the rattlesnake, crotalus atrox. the alpha-melanotropin analogue was a superpotent agonist in the in vitro frog (r. pipiens, r. catesbeiana) and lizard (a. caro ...19852859941
involvement of platelet activating factor in physiological stress in the lizard, anolis carolinensis.platelet activating factor (paf) and 1-o-alkyl-linked choline-containing phosphoglycerides have been identified in the blood of the lizard, anolis carolinensis. the level of paf in the blood of chronically stressed lizards is 250% higher than in that of controls; the blood contains sufficient 1-o-alkyl-linked choline-containing phosphoglycerides to support the synthesis of paf. incorporation of paf is higher in the liver than in the blood; control animals incorporate more paf than chronically st ...19852861063
pineal melatonin rhythms in the lizard anolis carolinensis: effects of light and temperature cycles.pineal and ocular melatonin was assessed, over 24 h periods, in male lizards (anolis carolinensis) entrained to 24 h light-dark (ld) cycles and a constant 32 degrees c, and in lizards entrained to both 24 h ld cycles and 24 h temperature cycles (32 degrees c/20 degrees c). at a constant temperature, the duration of the photoperiod has a profound effect on the duration, amplitude, and phase of the pineal melatonin rhythm (fig. 1). the pineal melatonin rhythm under cyclic temperature peaks during ...19853837087
role of progesterone in the control of female sexual receptivity in anolis carolinensis.the synergism of progesterone (p) with estrogen (estradiol benzoate, eb) in the facilitation of receptivity in female green anole lizards (anolis carolinensis) is independent of time since ovariectomy, but is dependent on the time interval between eb and p administration and on the time of year. there is a brief window of time during which p facilitates receptivity in females primed with a subthreshold dose of eb. sexual receptivity is induced if the time interval between eb and p is 24 hr but n ...19854007478
an anolis skin melanophore assay suitable for photoaffinity labeling studies with alpha-msh.visual determination of msh-induced pigment migration in melanophores of small pieces of anolis carolinensis skin is standardized by first measuring photoelectrometrically the change in reflection/transmission of the whole dorsal skin in response to different hormone concentrations. this method allows the rapid and precise recording of time-response curves after photo-affinity labeling of msh receptors or of dose-response curves of large series of synthetic compounds.19853996541
the stimulatory effects of prostaglandins on the melanophores of the lizard, anolis carolinensis.the melanosome dispersing activity of prostaglandins pge1, pge2, pgf1 alpha, pgf2 alpha, pgi2 and 6 beta pgi, was tested on the melanophores of anolis carolinensis. only pge2 and pge1 were active and while pge2 was the most potent and acted synergistically with alpha-msh, pge1 was additive with alpha-msh. arachidonic acid also stimulated melanosome dispersion but its effect was blocked by indomethacin suggesting an action through its conversion to pge1 or pge2. the effect of alpha-msh, on the ot ...19853919235
induction of oviposition in cycling anolis carolinensis requires a beta-adrenoreceptor blocker and a high dosage of arginine vasotocin.in a previous study, a high dosage (2.0 micrograms) of arginine vasotocin (avt), following 10 micrograms of dichloroisoproterenol, induced oviposition in anolis carolinensis at the end of the breeding season. the present study determined if a lower dosage of avt (0.25 microgram), comparable to that effective in other lizard species, would induce oviposition in cycling a. carolinensis. only a high dosage of avt (2.0 micrograms), following 10 micrograms of dichloroisoproterenol 15 min beforehand, ...19852859231
annual testicular cycle of the lizard anolis carolinensis: effects of pinealectomy and melatonin.the effects of pinealectomy and exogenous melatonin treatment on the reproductive system of male anoles were examined at several different times of year. in september pinealectomy of anoles exposed to either a stimulatory ld 14:10 light cycle or a nonstimulatory ld 10:14 light cycle induced significant testicular growth and development over that observed in sham-operated anoles. at a nonphotosensitive time of year (december) pinealectomy also had a significant progonadal effect but no effect of ...19854038731
life cycle and postembryonic development of oochoristica anolis (cyclophyllidea: linstowiidae).gravid proglottids of oochoristica anolis from naturally infected anole lizards, anolis carolinensis, were placed in covered petri dishes with laboratory-reared beetles, tribolium confusum and tenebrio molitor. after maintenance at 25 c, metacestodes developed in 29 of 61 t. confusum (48%), but in none of 5 t. molitor. beetles contained from 1 to 22 metacestodes (means = 3.3), which were fully developed by day 40 postexposure. a primary lacuna was never observed, but the possibility of its prese ...19853981334
effect of deluteinization on plasma progesterone concentration and gestation in the lizard, anolis carolinensis.plasma progesterone concentration in deluteinized female lizards, as determined by radioimmunoassay, did not decrease significantly, as compared to non-surgical controls until 48 hr after surgery. sham surgery induced a significant increase in plasma progesterone concentration 24 hr after surgery. progesterone concentration then declined to an intermediate level not significantly different from non-surgical control or deluteinized females. plasma progesterone concentration in non-surgical contro ...19852858308
the fine structure of early tooth formation in an lguanid lizard, anolis carolinensis.cytodifferentiation and hard tissue formation were studied in anolis to collect information regarding the phylogenetic history of enamel and the functional significance of the events seen in the mammalian tooth during differentiation. the differentiation of the ameloblasts of anolis, like that of mammals, shows two phases: in the early phase, the cells are short and rich in free ribosomes, in the late phase the cells elongate, develop an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the golgi appar ...198530005564
papillary morphology of the tongue of the american chameleon: anolis carolinensis.based on regional differences in surface morphology, the dorsum of the tongue of anolis carolinensis can be subdivided into four distinct zones. the first quarter of the tongue is relatively smooth, whereas the second and fourth quarters are festooned with closely packed cylindriform papillae, which are covered by typical parakeratotic stratified squamous epithelium. the third quarter of the tongue is covered by papillae of novel morphology that we have named "plumose papillae." these are compos ...19863799996
elevated testosterone level in response to clomiphene in male anolis carolinensis.anolis carolinensis were used as experimental models to study the short-term effects of the fertility drug, clomiphene citrate, on male squamate reproductive function. daily injections of 10.0 micrograms of clomiphene induced an increase in plasma testosterone over a 5 day period. no change in testis mass or morphology was elicited over this time.19862878788
light at night cannot suppress pineal melatonin levels in the lizard anolis carolinensis.up to 2 hr exposure of anoles to high intensity natural or artificial illumination at mid-dark does not suppress pineal melatonin levels. the results support the hypothesis that the lizard pineal is completely insensitive to acute exposure to light at night which is in direct contrast to the effects of light in higher vertebrates.19862875831
comparative biological activities of potent analogues of alpha-melanotropin. effect of nonaromatic and para substituted aromatic amino acids at position 7.several alpha-melanotropin (alpha-msh) analogues with para substituted aromatic and nonaromatic amino acids in the 7-position of the hormone were prepared and their melanotropic activities determined in the frog (rana pipiens) and lizard (anolis carolinensis) skin bioassays. d and l-phe(p-no2), d- and l-tyr, d- and l-ala, and gly were substituted in the 7-position. the use of substituted d or l-aromatic amino acids in the 7th position of the central ac-[nle4]-alpha-msh4-11-nh2 fragment resulted ...19863489682
temporal responses to environmental scale in the lizard anolis carolinensis (reptila, lacertilia, iguanidae).an influence of spatial scale on temporal processing has been described in humans (de long, 1981). the hypothesis that a similar relationship exists in reptiles was tested by placing twelve lizards in volumetrically constant but large-scale or small-scale "home" environments and alternately exposing them to large and small scale novel environments in a counterbalanced design. behavioral measures included latencies and frequencies for four types of behavior associated with behavioral arousal and ...198624925186
glucosylceramide in the androgen-responsive kidney of the lizard anolis carolinensis.during the spring breeding season of the american chameleon, anolis carolinensis, elevated levels of glucosylceramides which contain hydroxy fatty acids are produced in the kidneys of males but not females. hyperproduction of this glycolipid is also induced by testosterone. the testosterone-induced hypertrophy of epithelial cells in the proximal tubules of the mouse kidney seems an analogous phenomenon and an elevated concentration of specific glycolipids in the male mouse kidney has been previo ...19863087291
light-induced phosphorylation of proteins from the all-cone retina of the lizard, anolis carolinensis.proteins from the all-cone retina of the lizard anolis carolinensis were phosphorylated using [gamma 32p] atp, separated by sds-page and detected by autoradiography. several proteins incorporated 32p. exposure of the retinal homogenates to light brought about a dramatic increase in phosphorylation of the protein(s) with a molecular weight nearly identical to that of rat rhodopsin. it is likely that these proteins are the cone visual pigments, and that they incorporate phosphate when bleached by ...19863771142
vector incrimination and experimental transmission of plasmodium floridense by bites of infected culex (melanoconion) erraticus.a survey of mosquitoes which are attracted to and readily feed upon lizards in a northcentral florida area where there is a relatively high prevalence of plasmodium floridense in anolis carolinensis was conducted. culex erraticus and cx. territans, collected in lizard-baited traps, readily fed on lizards in the traps and in the laboratory, and the former mosquito species is an experimental vector of plasmodium floridense. sporozoites were observed in the salivary glands from 11 to 14 days at 21- ...19873504906
a comparison of structure-activity relationships within alpha-msh on melanophores of anolis carolinensis and rana pipiens.we have compared the structure-function relationship of the tridecapeptide alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-msh) on the melanophores of the lizard anolis carolinensis and the frog rana pipiens by determining the melanosome-dispersing potency of 15 shorter peptide sequences and 8 substituted alpha-msh analogues. major differences were found between the lizard and the frog in their response to alpha-msh peptide fragments and analogues. in anolis, the sequence ser-tyr-ser- is not as impo ...19873498189
differential structural requirements for the msh and mch activities of melanin concentrating hormone.h-asp-thr-met-arg-cys-met-val-gly-arg-val-tyr-arg-pro-cys-trp-glu-val-oh , melanin concentrating hormone (mch), exhibits both melanin granule concentrating and dispersing (msh-like) activities. fragment analogues of mch were synthesized as described herein and the melanotropic activities of the peptides were determined. in the frog (rana pipiens) and lizard (anolis carolinensis) skin bioassays, the 5-17 and 5-14 fragments of mch were inactive (at concentrations of 10(-5)m or less), whereas the 1 ...19873494178
steady-state analysis of alpha-melanotropin in the pars intermedia of anolis carolinensis: effect of background adaptation.the steady-state levels of alpha-melanotropin-stimulating hormone (alpha-msh)-related peptides were examined in the pars intermedia of the reptile anolis carolinensis as a function of background adaptation. after a 7-day period, the content of immunoreactive alpha-msh-related material in the pars intermedia of light-adapted animals was approximately fourfold higher than that of animals maintained on a dark background for the same period. the immunoreactive alpha-msh-related material present in t ...19873666421
development and keratinization of the epidermis in the common lizard, anolis carolinensis.epithelial-mesenchymal interactions play important roles in the development of the vertebrate integument with its diverse appendages. as a result of these interactions, specific morphogenetic events occur which result in the formation of distinct epidermal appendages. following the early morphogenetic events involving cell proliferation and movement, other developmental events such as stratification, histotypic differentiation, and terminal cytodifferentiation occur in the epidermis. using the c ...19872445898
photosensitivity in the skin of the lizard, anolis carolinensis.skin of the lizard, anolis carolinensis, is remarkably sensitive to light. illuminated in vitro with visible light from a tungsten source (110 w (m-2)), skin changes from brilliant green to dark brown (50% reduction in reflectance) within 2-4 min as a result of dispersion of melanin from a perinuclear position within dermal melanophores into superficial dendritic processes. reversal of the process, reaggregation of pigment, will occur within 2.0 min upon return to darkness. this photic response ...19873615629
seasonal changes in the effects of arginine vasotocin and stretch on anolis uterine contractions in vitro.we determined the effects of acute stretch on spontaneous and arginine vasotocin (avt)-driven contractions of the anolis carolinensis uterus in vitro. whole uteri from reproductively inactive females (october) were placed in a bath of oxygenated 32 degrees c anolis "ringer's." two initial tensions were utilized, 1.5 g or 15 g, the latter being an estimate of the tension on the wall of a uterine compartment. uteri were then exposed to either saline or avt (50 ng/ml), and spontaneous or avt-driven ...19873612049
role of protein kinase c in the pigment cell of the lizard (anolis carolinensis).the role of protein kinase c in melanosome dispersion was examined using the melanophores of the lizard anolis carolinensis and an in-vitro rate method of bioassay. the phorbol ester 12-o-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (tpa), which directly activates protein kinase c, was able to potentiate the melanophore response to alpha-msh in a dose-dependent manner. similarly, the stimulatory response to forskolin, which activates the adenylate cyclase catalytic subunit, was also potentiated by tpa. the ...19873819640
propranolol, a beta-adrenergic antagonist, retards response to msh in skin of anolis carolinensis.lacking sympathetic innervation, the skin of a. carolinensis, an iguanid lizard, darkens within minutes in response to circulating melanocyte stimulating hormone (msh) or beta adrenergic agonists such as epinephrine (epi). this change is produced by dispersion of melanin from a perinculear position within dermal melanophores into superficial dendritic processes. these melanophores possess alpha-2 and beta-2 adrenergic as well as msh receptors except in a patch of skin behind the eye, the eyespot ...19873671516
pineal melatonin rhythms in the lizard anolis carolinensis: ii. photoreceptive inputs.the pineal organ of the lizard anolis carolinensis acts as a transducer of photoperiodic information, since light can affect the pineal melatonin rhythm (pmr). the synthesis and secretion of melatonin may be a major mechanism whereby a circadian pacemaker within the pineal can control circadian clocks located elsewhere. an investigation into potential routes by which light could affect the pmr showed that (1) removal of the photosensory parietal eye did not affect the pmr as compared to controls ...19872979660
pineal melatonin rhythms in the lizard anolis carolinensis: i. response to light and temperature cycles.both light and temperature can influence the pineal's synthesis of the indoleamine melatonin. an investigation of the effects of light and temperature cycles on the pineal melatonin rhythm (pmr) showed the following: (1) both daily light cycles and daily temperature cycles could entrain the pmr; melatonin levels peaked during the dark phase of a light-dark cycle or the cool phase of a temperature cycle. (2) the pmr could be entrained by a temperature cycle as low as 2 degrees c in amplitude in l ...19872979659
development of an avascular region (the stigma) in ovarian follicles of lizards (anolis).the architecture of follicular blood vessels in the ovary of lizards (anolis equestris and anolis carolinensis) was studied by standard histology and also after vascular perfusion with an orange silicone-rubber compound or with india ink. the theca of the follicular wall contains a netlike arrangement of anastomosing sinusoids, which increase in size as a follicle grows. an avascular stigma forms in very small, growing follicles when a portion of the follicular wall contacts the ovarian surface ...198729907009
seasonal changes in a lizard pituitary: immunocytochemistry and ultrastructural morphometry of lactotropes, corticotropes, and gonadotropes.pituitary glands of adult male lizards (anolis carolinensis) were studied in an effort to monitor seasonal cytologic changes quantitatively. cells were identified immunocytochemically and on the basis of ultrastructural characteristics. electron micrographs of the anterior pars distalis (containing lactotropes, corticotropes, and gonadotropes) of lizards collected in spring and fall were analyzed morphometrically. lactotropes are the most numerous cell type in this area and occupy the largest vo ...198729925203
regional differentiation in the stomach of the green anole.the stomach of anolis carolinensis (reptilia: iguanidae) has four histologically and histochemically distinct regions. the gastroesophageal junction has an acidic surface mucin and no glands. the cardia has an acidic surface mucin and mucous glands. this acidic mucin appears to contain neither sulfates nor sialic acid. the fundus has a neutral surface mucin and mucoserous glands. the pylorus has a neutral surface mucin and mucous glands.19883382024
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