Publications

in vitro expression of a full-length dna copy of cowpea mosaic virus b rna: identification of the b rna encoded 24-kd protein as a viral protease.	double-stranded cdna was synthesized from b component rna of cowpea mosaic virus and cloned into appropriate vectors. using four clones, together representing the entire b rna sequence, a full-length dna copy was constructed and subsequently positioned downstream of a phage sp6 or t7 promoter. rna molecules transcribed from this full-size dna copy using sp6 or t7 rna polymerase were efficiently translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates into a 200-kd polypeptide similar to rna isolated from viral ...	1987	16453750
detection of a novel protein encoded by the bottom-component rna of cowpea mosaic virus, using antibodies raised against a synthetic peptide.	a peptide was synthesized that corresponded to a sequence in the cowpea mosaic virus bottom-component rna-encoded 200-kilodalton polyprotein showing homology to the picornaviral 3c proteases. by injecting a rabbit with this peptide, antibodies were obtained that allowed the detection of a novel viral protein derived from the 200-kilodalton polyprotein. this protein, which had a size of 24 kilodaltons was found in both infected cowpea leaves and cowpea protoplasts.	1987	16789262
inhibition of cleavage of a plant viral polyprotein by an inhibitor activity present in wheat germ and cowpea embryos.	in rabbit reticulocyte lysate, the bottom component rna of cowpea mosaic virus directs the synthesis of a 200,000-molecular-weight precursor protein (200k protein) that is cleaved during synthesis by a reticulocyte enzyme to form a 32k protein and a 170k protein. cleavage of the 200k protein was found to be effectively inhibited by inhibitor activity in wheat germ and cowpea embryo extracts. the inhibitor was nondialyzable, precipitatable by ammonium sulfate, and partially stable at high tempera ...	1987	16789263
inheritance of resistance to potato y viruses in phaseolus vulgaris l : 1. two independent genes for resistance to watermelon mosaic virus-2.	resistance to watermelon mosaic virus-2 in phaseolus vulgaris l. is conferred by two distinct dominant alleles at independent loci. based on segregation data one locus is designated wmv, the other, hsw. the dominant allele wmv from cv. great northern 1140 prevents systemic spread of the virus but viral replication occurs in inoculated tissue. in contrast, hsw confers both local and systemic resistance to wmv-2 below 30c. at higher temperatures, plants that carry this allele in the absence of mod ...	1987	24240215
the isolation of the two electrophoretic forms of cowpea mosaic virus using fast protein liquid chromatography.	this report describes the first time entire viral capsids have been purified using fast protein liquid chromatography (fplc) techniques. the fplc is used here to separate the two electrophoretic forms of cowpea mosaic virus. the capsid forms are shown to be separated by the mono-q column without damaging the capsids.	1987	3667850
infectious rna transcripts derived from full-length dna copies of the genomic rnas of cowpea mosaic virus.	a set of full-length dna copies of both m and b rna of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) was cloned downstream of a phage t7 promoter. upon in vitro transcription using t7 rna polymerase, m and b rna-like transcripts were obtained from these dna copies with only two additional nucleotides at the 5' end and five extra nucleotides at the 3' end in comparison to natural viral rna. in cowpea protoplasts the transcripts of several cdna clones of b rna were able to replicate leading to detectable synthesis o ...	1988	3388776
analysis and application of substrate hydrolysis rates in indirect elisa of a purified plant virus.	the transient colorimetric signal in a microtiter plate is used to quantify a purified plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), over five concentration decades in a single plate. the method involves the coating of the polystyrene microtiter plate wells directly with the cpmv antigen, followed by incubation with a rabbit-derived cpmv-specific antibody, and lastly by incubation with a commercially available antibody against rabbit immunoglobulin which has been pre-labeled with alkaline phosphatase ...	1988	3366853
two viral proteins involved in the proteolytic processing of the cowpea mosaic virus polyproteins.	a series of specific deletion mutants derived from a full-length cdna clone of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) b rna was constructed with the aim to study the role of viral proteins in the proteolytic processing of the primary translation products. for the same purpose cdna clones were constructed having sequences derived from both m and b rna of cpmv. in vitro transcripts prepared from these clones with t7 rna polymerase, were efficiently translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. the translation pr ...	1988	3282225
high-level synthesis of cowpea mosaic virus rna polymerase and protease in escherichia coli.	an expression system for the production of polymerase proteins of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) in escherichia coli cells is described. high-level synthesis of proteins containing protease and polymerase moieties (110-kda protein) and polymerase alone (87-kda protein) were obtained from cells containing different plasmid constructions. precursor and processed forms of cpmv proteins were detected by immunoblotting with antisera directed against 170-kda precursor polyprotein and 24-kda viral protease ...	1989	2548928
identification of the initiation codons for translation of cowpea mosaic virus middle component rna using site-directed mutagenesis of an infectious cdna clone.	a full-length cdna copy of cpmv m rna has been cloned downstream of a phage lambda promoter in the plasmid ppmi. transcripts obtained from this clone can be translated in vitro and replicated in cowpea mesophyll protoplasts in the presence of viral b rna. we have constructed a series of site-directed mutants of this clone to investigate the mechanism of translation of cpmv m rna. the results obtained confirm that the aug at position 161 is used to direct the synthesis of a 105k protein in vitro ...	1989	2773321
inhibition of proteolytic processing of the polyproteins of cowpea mosaic virus by hemin.	cleavages of the polyproteins synthesized from cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) b rna and m rna in rabbit reticulocyte lysates are inhibited by hemin. cleavage of the cpmv b rna-encoded 200k polyprotein and of the m rna-encoded 60k intermediary precursor protein were most sensitive to hemin inhibition, while cleavages of other precursor proteins were less sensitive. a significant observation was that at a hemin concentration of 25 microm, but not at higher concentrations, the 60k protein was cleaved t ...	1989	2815588
improvements of the infectivity of in vitro transcripts from cloned cowpea mosaic virus cdna: impact of terminal nucleotide sequences.	full-length dna copies of both b- and m-rna of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) were constructed downstream from a t7 promoter. by removal of nucleotides from the promoter sequence, b- and m-rna-like transcripts with varying numbers of additional nonviral sequences at the 5' end were obtained upon transcription with t7 rna polymerase. the infectivity of the transcripts in cowpea protoplasts was greatly affected by only a few extra nonviral nucleotides at the 5' end. the addition of about 400 nonviral ...	1989	2596025
identification and subcellular localization of a putative cell-to-cell transport protein from red clover mottle virus.	to investigate the mode of gene expression of red clover mottle virus (rcmv) middle component (m) rna, we have synthesized an oligopeptide corresponding to the predicted carboxy-terminus of the rcmv counterparts of the cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) 48k and 58k proteins. using an antiserum raised against this synthetic oligopeptide, we have detected a 43-kda protein in the 30,000 g pellet from extracts of rcmv-infected cowpea protoplasts. immunogold cytochemistry further localized this protein to th ...	1989	2596020
analysis of sequences involved in cowpea mosaic virus rna replication using site-specific mutants.	using a full-length cdna clone of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) b-rna from which infectious transcripts can be generated, we examined the influence of a sequence of 11 nucleotides, uuuuauuaaaa, comprising the nucleotides 5883 to 5893 in the 3' noncoding region of b-rna, on viral rna replication. this sequence is not only present in b-rna but also in m-rna and represents the 7 nucleotides preceding the poly(a) tail and the first four a residues of the poly(a) tail. replication of b-rna transcripts d ...	1989	2596026
computer-aided assignment of the 1h-nmr spectrum of the viral-protein-genome-linked polypeptide from cowpea mosaic virus.	the 1h-nmr spectrum of the viral-protein-genome-linked (vpg) polypeptide from cowpea mosaic virus, has been interpreted via application of 2-dimensional (2d) nmr techniques. the interpretation of the data was performed by a computer program called 'prospect' (protein spectra), which detects the cross-peak patterns of the amino acid residues in the spectra, assigns these patterns to amino acid types, and finally performs the sequential assignments using the well-known 'sequential walks' obtained ...	1990	2373083
the primary structure of the 24k protease from red clover mottle virus: implications for the mode of action of comovirus proteases.	we have determined the nucleotide sequence of the region of red clover mottle virus (rcmv) bottom component rna which encodes the rcmv equivalent of the cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) 24k protease. from the alignment of the deduced amino acid sequence of the rcmv 24k protein with that of the homologous protein from cpmv, we speculate on the relative importance of the various amino acid residues which have been implicated in the catalytic mechanism of comovirus proteases.	1990	2179468
expression of plant virus genes in animal cells: high-level synthesis of cowpea mosaic virus b-rna-encoded proteins with baculovirus expression vectors.	the baculovirus expression system has been used to produce non-structural proteins encoded by bottom-component rna (b-rna) of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). for this, cdnas containing the 60k, 87k, 110k and 170k protein coding sequences were each provided with an atg start codon and the cdna containing the 60k coding sequence with a taa stop codon immediately downstream of the coding sequence. recombinant baculoviruses were retrieved which harboured the modified b-cdna sequences under the control o ...	1990	2254749
the mechanism of translation of cowpea mosaic virus middle component rna: no evidence for internal initiation from experiments in an animal cell transient expression system.	the possibility that internal initiation of translation is responsible for the synthesis of the middle component (m) rna-encoded 95k protein of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) has been investigated by constructing plasmids in which the entire sequence of cpmv m rna was cloned downstream of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. expression of these plasmids in an animal cell expression system revealed that no synthesis of the proteins encoded by the downstream cpmv open reading frame takes place fr ...	1991	1765773
evidence for dissimilar properties of comoviral and picornaviral rna polymerases.	the poliovirus rna polymerase has been synthesized in spodoptera frugiperda cells by using the baculovirus expression system. crude sonicates of these cells exhibited an rna-elongating activity of a synthetic oligo(u) primer with poly(a) or cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) rna as a template. a similar polymerase activity was found in extracts of insect cells in which foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) proteins, including the putative polymerase, were produced. the analogous cpmv 87k protein and sever ...	1991	1848591
potassium salts influence the fidelity of mrna translation initiation in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: unique features of encephalomyocarditis virus rna translation.	it is widely assumed that in vitro translation of mrna is more efficient in the presence of potassium acetate rather than kcl, that the optimum concentration of potassium acetate is higher than for kcl, and that uncapped rnas exhibit a lower optimum salt concentration than capped mrnas. when these assumptions were examined using several different mrna species in four batches of rabbit reticulocyte lysate, some notable exceptions were found. the translation of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) rn ...	1991	1849749
nucleotide sequence of tomato ringspot virus rna-2.	the sequence of tomato ringspot virus (tomrsv) rna-2 has been determined. it is 7273 nucleotides in length excluding the 3' poly(a) tail and contains a single long open reading frame (orf) of 5646 nucleotides in the positive sense beginning at position 78 and terminating at position 5723. a second in-frame aug at position 441 is in a more favourable context for initiation of translation and may act as a site for initiation of translation. the tomrsv rna-2 3' noncoding region is 1550 nucleotides ...	1991	1856689
mutational analysis of the putative catalytic triad of the cowpea mosaic virus 24k protease.	to investigate the mechanism of action of the cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) 24k protease, a full-length cdna clone of bottom component (b) rna has been constructed from which rna can be transcribed in vitro using t7 rna polymerase. translation of the resulting rna in rabbit reticulocyte lysate leads to the synthesis of a 200 kda product (the 200k protein) which cleaves itself in a manner identical to that of the product translated from b rna isolated from virions. site-directed mutagenesis of the f ...	1991	1887592
the atp requirement for initiation of eukaryotic translation varies according to the mrna species.	the requirement for atp for initiation of eukaryotic mrna translation was tested using gel-filtered rabbit reticulocyte lysates incubated with labelled met-trnafmet and exogenous rna templates, and assaying the formation of labelled 80s initiation complexes in the presence of gtp, or labelled 40s initiation complexes in the presence of a non-hydrolysable analogue of gtp. initiation complex formation on globin mrna, or on capped viral rnas such as papaya mosaic virus rna and tobacco mosaic virus ...	1991	1889398
vpg-mediated aggregation of potyviral rna.	rna prepared from the potyvirus tobacco vein mottling virus contained aggregates of the 9.5 kb genomic rna with electrophoretic mobilities corresponding to 20 and 41 kb species. similar aggregates were present in preparations of the rnas of two other potyviruses. aggregation occurred during or after purification of the rna by sucrose gradient centrifugation and alcohol precipitation and was dependent upon the presence of a protein apparently bound covalently to a region at or near the 5' terminu ...	1991	1990064
cowpea mosaic virus middle component rna contains a sequence that allows internal binding of ribosomes and that requires eukaryotic initiation factor 4f for optimal translation.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) middle component rna (m-rna) encodes two proteins of 105 and 95 kda, of which translation starts at nucleotide (nt) 161 and nt 512, respectively. in vitro translation of both proteins directed by t7 transcripts of m-rna was stimulated fourfold by eukaryotic initiation factor 4f (eif-4f), the cap-binding protein complex. the ratio of the synthesis of both proteins after translation was not influenced by eif-4f or by any known eif. part of the cpmv 5' sequence was cloned ...	1991	2033661
tubular structures involved in movement of cowpea mosaic virus are also formed in infected cowpea protoplasts.	in cowpea plant cells infected with cowpea mosaic virus, tubular structures containing virus particles are formed in the plasmodesmata between adjacent cells; these structures are supposedly involved in cell-to-cell spread of the virus. here we show that similar tubular structures are also formed in cowpea protoplasts, from which the cell wall and plasmodesmata are absent. between 12 and 21 h post-inoculation, tubule formation starts in the periphery of the protoplast at the level of the plasma ...	1991	1940857
the sequence between nucleotides 161 and 512 of cowpea mosaic virus m rna is able to support internal initiation of translation in vitro.	cowpea mosaic virus m rna is translated in vitro as well as in vivo into two c-coterminal polyproteins of mr 105k and 95k. initiation of translation of the 95k protein gene occurs at an aug codon at position 512 of m rna, 351 nucleotides downstream of the initiation codon of the 105k protein gene at position 161. by employing an in vitro transcription and translation system it was determined that this 351 nucleotide sequence has the capacity to direct ribosomes to initiate translation at a downs ...	1991	1919521
synthesis of the complete 200k polyprotein encoded by cowpea mosaic virus b-rna in insect cells.	the coding sequence for the entire 200k polyprotein of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) b-rna was expressed in insect cells by using baculovirus expression vectors. the 200k polyprotein, which harbours all virus functions required for rna replication, is completely cleaved into 170k and 32k products by the 24k protease activity contained within the polyprotein. further processing of the 170k protein into cpmv-specific products of 60k, 84k, 87k, 110k and 112k occurred to a limited extent, similar to th ...	1992	1431806
the nucleotide sequence of red clover mottle virus bottom component rna.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the bottom component rna (b rna) of red clover mottle virus strain s has been determined. the sequence consists of 6033 nucleotides and contains a single long open reading frame sufficient to encode a protein of m(r) 210,258. the proteolytic processing sites within this protein have been deduced by comparison of its sequence with that of the b rna-encoded protein of cowpea mosaic virus. comparison of the amino acid sequences of the individual proteins confirms ...	1992	1402822
interaction between viruses and monoclonal antibodies studied by surface plasmon resonance.	an automated biosensor system designed for measuring molecular interactions in real time and without any labelling of the reactants has been used to study the interaction of two animal viruses (vaccinia virus and poliovirus) and two plant viruses (cowpea mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus) with monoclonal antibodies. using monoclonal antibodies specific for different conformational states of viral protein, it was found that the virus particles retained their conformational integrity when immo ...	1992	1372280
a regulatory role for the 32k protein in proteolytic processing of cowpea mosaic virus polyproteins.	we have studied the regulation of proteolytic processing of the polyproteins encoded by cowpea mosaic virus m-rna and b-rna. for that purpose mutations were introduced in full-length cdna clones of these rnas. rna transcripts were translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysate and the effect of mutations on the processing was analysed. these studies revealed that the 32k protein is released from the 200k b-polyprotein by an intramolecular cleavage and remains associated with the 170k protein, probably ...	1992	1413528
processing of vpg-containing polyproteins encoded by the b-rna from cowpea mosaic virus.	to study the processing of putative vpg precursors the expression of specific mutant transcripts derived from a full-length cdna clone of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) b-rna was examined in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. this study revealed that the 170k protein produced by a b-rna mutant that lacks the 32k coding region was efficiently processed by mainly intramolecular cleavages at three different sites into three sets of proteins of 60k + 110k, 84k + 87k, and 58k + 112k. further cleavage o ...	1992	1413529
structure determination of the bacteriophage phix174.	the structure of the single-stranded dna phage phix174 has been determined to 3.4 a resolution. the crystal space group was p2(1) with one icosahedral particle per asymmetric unit, giving 60-fold noncrystallographic redundancy. oscillation diffraction photographs were collected using synchrotron radiation at various wavelengths. the particle orientations in the unit cell were determined with a rotation function. because cowpea mosaic virus has a similar external envelope to phix174, it was used ...	1992	1418820
cloned dna copies of cowpea severe mosaic virus genomic rnas: infectious transcripts and complete nucleotide sequence of rna 1.	cowpea severe mosaic virus (cpsmv) is a member of the comovirus group of messenger-sense rna viruses with bipartite genomes, of which cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is the type member. full-length copies of cpsmv rna 1 were cloned in plasmids bearing a bacteriophage t7 promoter. previously, similar clones of cpsmv rna 2 had been obtained. a 5'-ruauuaaaauuuu sequence is common to rna 1 and rna 2. from two rna 1 clones and four rna 2 clones we excised non-cpsmv sequences so as to provide templates for ...	1992	1448917
a proposal for a bean common mosaic subgroup of potyviruses.	in order to elucidate the taxonomic positions of bean common mosaic virus (bcmv) and blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (b1cmv), several strains of these viruses were compared on the basis of host ranges, antigenic properties established with antisera to virions and to n-terminal peptide domains of their coat proteins, and high performance liquid chromatographic peptide profiles. the comparison includes three strains of bcmv, viz. nl1, nl3 and ny15, four strains of b1cmv, viz. fla, ind, nr, and w, and ...	1992	1450765
serological and biological relationships among viruses in the bean common mosaic virus subgroup.	bean common mosaic virus (bcmv), blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (b1cmv), cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv), azuki bean mosaic virus (azmv), and peanut stripe virus (pstv) are five species of the genus potyvirus, family potyviridae which are seed-transmitted in beans or cowpeas. eighteen isolates of bcmv, five isolates of b1cmv, four isolates of cabmv, and one isolate each of azmv, and pstv were compared serologically using a panel of 13 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) raised against bcmv, b1cmv ...	1992	1450766
strains of bean common mosaic virus consist of at least two distinct potyviruses.	bean common mosaic virus (bcmv) consists of a large number of pathotypes and strains which have largely been identified by their characteristic interactions with a selected number of differential bean cultivars. the relationships among these strains and other potyviruses that infect legumes are complex, with indications that bcmv, blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (blcmv) and azuki bean mosaic virus (azmv) may be strains of the one virus. using high performance liquid chromatographic peptide profiles ...	1992	1450767
coat protein properties suggest that azuki bean mosaic virus, blackeye cowpea mosaic virus, peanut stripe virus, and three isolates from soybean are all strains of the same potyvirus.	the interrelationship of a number of potyviruses infecting legumes has been investigated by comparing molecular properties of their coat proteins. comparison of the coat proteins by the techniques of amino acid analysis and page was inadequate to distinguish strains from distinct potyviruses. however, high-performance liquid chromatographic peptide profiles of tryptic digests of coat proteins of these legume-infecting potyviruses enabled such assignments to be made. these data indicate that amin ...	1992	1500273
effects of site-directed mutagenesis on the presumed catalytic triad and substrate-binding pocket of grapevine fanleaf nepovirus 24-kda proteinase.	grapevine fanleaf nepovirus (gflv) has a bipartite plus-sense rna genome. its structural and functional proteins originate from polyprotein maturation by at least one virus-encoded proteinase. here we describe the cloning of the 24-kda proteinase cistron located between the virus-linked protein (vpg) and the rna-dependent rna polymerase cistron in gflv rna1 (nucleotides 3966 to 4622). proteinase expressed from this clone is able to cleave gflv polyprotein p2 in order to produce the coat protein ...	1992	1519363
sequence upstream of the 24k protease enhances cleavage of the cowpea mosaic virus b rna-encoded polyprotein at the junction between the 24k and 87k proteins.	to investigate cleavage at the junction between the cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) 24k and 87k proteins, plasmids were constructed containing the sequence of bottom-component (b) rna encoding the 110k protein plus a variable length of upstream coding sequence. transcripts derived from these clones were translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysate and the appearance of the 87k protein was used to assess the efficiency of cleavage at the 24k-87k junction. the results show that the 110k protein, containing ...	1992	1604812
expression of cowpea mosaic virus coat protein precursor in transgenic tobacco plants.	tobacco, nicotiana tabacum l., supports cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) replication and cell-to-cell movement, and thus may serve as a model system to study coat protein-mediated protection against cpmv. a chimeric gene consisting of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter, cpmv 60k coat proteins-precursor (cp-p) coding region, and the nopaline synthase polyadenylation signal was transferred to tobacco cv. burley 21 via the agrobacterium tumefaciens binary vector system. gene integration and expres ...	1992	1730936
expression of an animal virus antigenic site on the surface of a plant virus particle.	to investigate if cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) particles can be used to express foreign protein sequences, oligonucleotides encoding an epitope derived from vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were cloned into the region of the cpmv genome encoding the small (s) coat protein. the chimeras were designed so that the foreign sequence was expressed either as an insertion or as a replacement for part of the wild-type sequence. while rna from both chimeras was able to replicate in cowpea protopla ...	1993	7692669
mutational analysis of aug codons of cowpea mosaic virus m rna.	the involvement of the aug codons at positions 115, 161, 512 and 524 in translation and infectivity of cowpea mosaic virus m rna was studied. mutations were introduced in each of these codons in a full length cdna clone of m rna and the effect of the mutations was examined by translation from in vitro transcripts of these mutant cdnas in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and by checking the replication of these transcripts in the presence of b rna in cowpea protoplasts and plants. it was found that au ...	1993	8286445
protoplasts transiently expressing the 200k coding sequence of cowpea mosaic virus b-rna support replication of m-rna.	in order to identify the viral polymerase involved in cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) rna replication the 87k, 110k and 170k proteins as well as the complete 200k polyprotein of cpmv b-rna have been produced in cowpea protoplasts, using expression vectors based on the 35s promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus. cpmv-specific proteins were obtained that were indistinguishable from proteins found in cpmv-infected protoplasts. proteolytic processing of precursor proteins synthesized from the expression ve ...	1993	8409945
sequence data to settle the taxonomic position of bean common mosaic virus and blackeye cowpea mosaic virus isolates.	the nucleotide sequences of the coat protein genes and 3' non-translated regions (3'-ntrs) of three isolates of bean common mosaic virus (nl1, nl3 and ny15) and one isolate of blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (w) were determined. comparison of these sequences revealed that the coat proteins of nl1, ny15 and w were identical in size (287 amino acids) and exhibited an overall sequence similarity (94 to 97%), and 84 to 98% in their n-terminal regions. furthermore, their 3'-ntrs were very similar in len ...	1993	8409946
molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a segment from andean potato mottle virus b rna encoding the putative rna polymerase.	andean potato mottle virus (apmv), an endemic south american comovirus, has a bipartite genome consisting of two plus-strand rna molecules (m and b rna). we have cloned the 3' half of the b rna and identified the complete sequence of the putative apmv rna polymerase. the rna polymerase gene is part of a large polyprotein-encoding open reading frame. the putative, mature rna polymerase, as deduced by comparison with the related cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), type member of the comovirus group, is 70 ...	1993	8429307
evidence that cowpea aphid-borne mosaic and blackeye cowpea mosaic viruses are two different potyviruses.	the immunoreactivity of a panel of polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies (mabs) raised against african isolates of potyviruses from cowpea and african yam bean was examined in elisas. a serological study including reference isolates followed by further characterization in differential hosts resulted in separation of the potyviruses into two distinct serogroups, one containing blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (blcmv) and the other containing cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (camv). using bio ...	1993	8445363
the coat protein genes of squash mosaic virus: cloning, sequence analysis, and expression in tobacco protoplasts.	complementary dna of the middle-component rna of the melon strain of squash mosaic comovirus (sqmv) was cloned. clones containing the coat protein genes were identified by hybridization with a degenerate oligonucleotide synthesized according to the amino acid sequence of a purified peptide fragment of the sqmv large coat protein. a clone containing of 2.5 kbp cdna insert of sqmv m-rna was sequenced. the total insert sequence of 2510 bp included a 2373 bp open reading frame (orf) (encoding 791 am ...	1993	8503782
the cowpea mosaic virus m rna-encoded 48-kilodalton protein is responsible for induction of tubular structures in protoplasts.	tubular structures extending from plasmodesmata in cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv)-infected tissue have been implicated to play an important role in cell-to-cell movement of this virus. using a cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter-based transient expression vector, we show that expression of only the cpmv m rna-encoded 48-kda protein (48k protein) in cowpea protoplasts is sufficient to induce these structures. strikingly, expression of the 48k protein in protoplasts from a number of nonhost plant sp ...	1993	8497075
cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter-controlled dna copies of cowpea mosaic virus rnas are infectious on plants.	clones have been constructed that contain full-length cdna copies of cowpea mosaic virus rna1 and rna2, downstream of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter. the clones, when linearized downstream of the viral sequences, give rise to cowpea mosaic virus-like symptoms when inoculated onto cowpea plants. viral rna and virions can be detected in the inoculated plants, demonstrating that the clones are directly infectious.	1993	8492093
defective cell-to-cell movement of cowpea mosaic virus mutant n123 is efficiently complemented by sunn-hemp mosaic virus.	during an infection with cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) both virion assembly and formation of tubules associated with plasmodesmata are required for cell-to-cell movement. these functions are encoded by the m-rna of cpmv. to study the mechanism of cpmv movement, mutant n123 was used in complementation studies with sunn-hemp mosaic virus (shmv), a legume-infecting tobamovirus. previous studies have shown that n123 fails to spread in cowpea plants because of mutation(s) in its m-rna. however, the muta ...	1993	8376964
the involvement of cowpea mosaic virus m rna-encoded proteins in tubule formation.	on the surface of cowpea protoplasts inoculated with cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), tubular structures containing virus particles have been found. such tubular structures are thought to be involved in cell-to-cell movement of cpmv in cowpea plants. to study the involvement of the 58k/48k and capsid proteins of cpmv in the formation of the tubular structures, mutations were introduced into m cdna clones from which infectious transcripts could be derived. no tubules were found on protoplasts inoculat ...	1993	8345364
cis- and trans-acting elements in cowpea mosaic virus rna replication.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) b-rna encodes the viral proteins required for viral rna replication while m-rna does so for the capsid proteins and functions required in cell-to-cell movement of the virus. accordingly, b-rna can replicate by itself, whereas m-rna can only replicate in the presence of b-rna. we have made heterologous sequence insertions at different positions in the open reading frame of b-rna, leaving the 5' and 3' non-coding ends intact. none of these mutant b-rnas were able to repl ...	1993	8337819
3'-terminal nucleotide sequences important for the accumulation of cowpea mosaic virus m-rna.	the location of nucleotide sequences important in determining the extent of cowpea mosaic virus m-rna accumulation in cowpea protoplasts has been analyzed by deletion mutagenesis of full-length cdna clones from which infectious transcripts can be produced in vitro. the results suggest that cis-acting sequences which direct replication of m-rna by b-rna-encoded products are located within the 5'-terminal 524 nucleotides and the 3'-terminal 151 nucleotides. rna secondary structure predictions for ...	1993	8460480
the ntp-binding motif in cowpea mosaic virus b polyprotein is essential for viral replication.	we have assessed the functional importance of the ntp-binding motif (ntbm) in the cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) b-rna-encoded 58k domain by changing two conserved amino acids within the consensus a and b sites (gksrtgk500s and mdd545, respectively). both lys-500 to thr and asp-545 to pro substitutions are lethal as mutant b-rnas were no longer replicated in cowpea protoplasts. transiently produced mutant proteins were not able to support trans-replication of cpmv m-rna in cowpea protoplasts in cont ...	1994	7964626
differences in pressure stability of the three components of cowpea mosaic virus: implications for virus assembly and disassembly.	a comparison of pressure stability of empty capsids and ribonucleoprotein particles of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is presented. a combination of high pressure and subdenaturing concentrations of urea was utilized to promote dissociation and denaturation. we found that rna plays an important role in stabilizing the particles as well as in conferring reversibility to the pressure-induced denaturation. dissociation and denaturation of the top component (empty capsid) was observed at 2.5 kbar and in ...	1994	8031767
direct imaging of interactions between an icosahedral virus and conjugate f(ab) fragments by cryoelectron microscopy and x-ray crystallography.	the binding properties of seven mouse monoclonal antibodies (mcabs) raised against cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) were characterized by conventional and inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) technique. mcab binding to cpmv on electron microscope (em) grids was also assayed with gold-labeled anti-mouse antibodies. two of the seven mcabs (5b2 and 10b7) were found to bind tighter to cpmv than the others in the inhibition elisa and the em assay. f(ab) fragments from both of these mcabs we ...	1994	7941346
capsid protein properties of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus and blackeye cowpea mosaic virus confirm the existence of two major subgroups of aphid-transmitted, legume-infecting potyviruses.	a study of the capsid proteins of different legume-infecting potyviruses using specific monoclonal antibodies on immunoblots of crude extracts from infected plants revealed that cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (camv) and blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (bicmv) have coat protein m(r) values of 32k and 35k, respectively. immunoblot comparisons of bicmv, peanut stripe mosaic virus (pstv), bean common mosaic virus (bcmv) and azuki bean mosaic virus (azmv) revealed equal reactivity of their 35k coat pro ...	1994	7996147
cowpea aphid borne mosaic virus-morocco and south african passiflora virus are strains of the same potyvirus.	high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) profiles of tryptic peptides and partial amino acid sequence analysis have been employed to establish the taxonomic status of the moroccan isolate of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv). some previous reports have suggested cabmv to be very closely related to blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (b1cmv) while other reports have concluded that this relationship is distant. in this report a tryptic digest of the coat protein of cabmv-morocco was compared w ...	1994	8002788
development of cowpea mosaic virus as a high-yielding system for the presentation of foreign peptides.	it has recently been shown that cowpea plants can be infected with a cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) chimera containing an antigenic site from foot-and-mouth disease virus (usha et al., virology 197, 366-374, 1993). analysis of progeny rna produced during such an infection has revealed that the inserted sequence is rapidly lost during serial passaging, probably by a process of homologous recombination. using the information gained from this analysis, we have redesigned the chimeras in such a way that ...	1994	8030255
replication and translation of cowpea mosaic virus rnas are tightly linked.	the genome of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is divided among two positive strand rna molecules. b-rna is able to replicate independently from m-rna in cowpea protoplasts. replication of mutant b-transcripts could not be supported by co-inoculated wild-type b-rna, indicating that b-rna cannot be efficiently replicated in trans. hence replication of a b-rna molecule is tightly linked to its translation and/or at least one of the replicative proteins functions in cis only. remarkably also for efficien ...	1994	8032269
adaptation of positive-strand rna viruses to plants.	the vast majority of positive-strand rna viruses (more than 500 species) are adapted to infection of plant hosts. genome sequence comparisons of these plant rna viruses have revealed that most of them are genetically related to animal cell-infecting counterparts; this led to the concept of "superfamilies". comparison of genetic maps of representative plant and animal viruses belonging to the same superfamily (e.g. cowpea mosaic virus [cpmv] versus picornaviruses and tobacco mosaic virus versus a ...	1994	8032285
human immunodeficiency virus type 1-neutralizing antibodies raised to a glycoprotein 41 peptide expressed on the surface of a plant virus.	an oligonucleotide encoding the amino acids 731-752 of the gp41 envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain iiib, which is known to induce cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies in humans, was inserted into a full-length clone of the rna encoding the coat proteins of cowpea mosaic virus (rna 2 of cpmv). when transfected together with rna 1 of cpmv, transcribed rna 2 was able to replicate in plants and form infectious virions (cpmv-hiv). purified virions were injected subcu ...	1995	7786579
functional characterization of the proteolytic activity of the tomato black ring nepovirus rna-1-encoded polyprotein.	translation of tomato black ring virus (tbrv) rna-1 in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate leads to the synthesis of a 250k polyprotein which cleaves itself into smaller proteins of 50, 60, 120, and 190k. polypeptides synthesized from synthetic transcripts corresponding to different regions of tbrv rna-1 are processed only when they encode the 23k protein delimited earlier by sequence homology with the cowpea mosaic virus 24k protease. the proteolytic activity of this protein is completely lost by muta ...	1995	7831791
the cowpea mosaic virus rna 1-encoded 112 kda protein may function as a vpg precursor in vivo.	processing of the 112 kda ('112k') protein encoded by cowpea mosaic virus rna 1 was examined in cowpea mesophyll protoplasts using a transient expression system. cleavage of the 112k protein occurred via two alternative pathways either into vpg and 110k (24k + 87k) or into 26k (vpg + 24k) and 87k proteins. the 26k protein can be further cleaved into vpg and 24k proteins. the results support a model in which the 112k protein functions as the precursor of vpg during initiation of replication.	1995	9049386
cold denaturation of an icosahedral virus. the role of entropy in virus assembly.	assembly of icosahedral viruses is not completely understood at the molecular level. the main puzzle is to answer how chemically identical protein subunits take up unique positionally dependent conformations during the process of assembly. the stability of the ribonucleoprotein particles of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) to pressures and subzero temperatures has been studied. at room temperature, reversible pressure denaturation of cpmv is obtained only in the presence of 5.0 m urea. on the other ha ...	1995	7873549
capsid proteins of cowpea mosaic virus transiently expressed in protoplasts form virus-like particles.	the coding regions for cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) capsid proteins vp37 and vp23 were introduced separately into a transient plant expression vector containing an enhanced camv 358 promoter. significant expression of either capsid protein was observed only in protoplasts transfected simultaneously with both constructs. immunosorbent electron microscopy revealed the presence of virus-like particles in extracts of these protoplasts. an extract of protoplasts transfected with both constructs togethe ...	1996	8862434
distinct functional domains in the cowpea mosaic virus movement protein.	cell-to-cell movement of cowpea mosaic virus particles in plants takes place with the help of tubules that penetrate presumably modified plasmodesmata. these tubules, which are built up by the virus-encoded 48-kda movement protein (mp), are also formed on single protoplast cells. to determine whether the mp contains different functional domains, the effect of mutations in its coding region was studied. mutations between amino acids 1 and 313 led to complete abolishment of the tubule-forming capa ...	1996	8764083
the 24 kda proteinases of comoviruses are virus-specific in cis as well as in trans.	to investigate the specificity of comoviral 24 kda ('24k') proteinases, a full-length cdna copy of red clover mottle virus (rcmv) rna 1 has been cloned downstream of a t7 promoter. translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysates of in vitro transcripts from this clone resulted in the synthesis of a 200k protein which was processed in a manner similar to that of the equivalent protein from cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). full-length cdna clones of the rna 1 molecules of rcmv and cpmv were used to create h ...	1996	8811039
stimulation of neutralizing antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in three strains of mice immunized with a 22 amino acid peptide of gp41 expressed on the surface of a plant virus.	a plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus, expressing a 22 amino acid peptide 731-752 of the gp41 glycoprotein of human immunodeficency virus type 1 (hiv-1 iiib), was shown previously to stimulate hiv-1 cross reactive neutralizing antibodies in adult c57/bl6 mice. here some parameters concerning the stimulation of hiv-1-specific neutralizing and elisa antibody have been determined in adult c57/bl6, c3h/he-mg and balb/c mice. two injections per mouse of all cpmv-hiv/1 doses tested (100, 10 and 1 microgr ...	1996	8817828
potential of chimaeric plant virus particles as novel, stable vaccines.	technology has been developed for the expression of multiple copies of epitopes from human and animal pathogens on the surface of assembled particles of a plant virus (cowpea mosaic virus). the technology, termed the chimaeric virus particle (cvp) technology, can be exploited for the production of vaccines in plants. each chimaeric virus particle contains 60 copies of the foreign peptide which are expressed in highly exposed positions on the surface of the virus particle. viral and bacterial epi ...	1996	8854018
the movement proteins of cowpea mosaic virus and cauliflower mosaic virus induce tubular structures in plant and insect cells.	the movement proteins (mp) of cowpea mosaic virus and cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) are associated with tubular structures in vivo which participate in the transmission of virus particles from cell to cell. both proteins have been expressed in plant protoplasts and insect cells. in all cases, immunofluorescent histochemistry showed that the mps accumulate intracellularly as tubular extensions projecting from the cell surface. additionally, electron microscopy revealed intracellular mp aggregat ...	1996	8922481
the development of cowpea mosaic virus as a potential source of novel vaccines.	epitopes from human rhinovirus 14 (hrv-14) and human immunodeficiency virus type (hiv-1) have been expressed on the surface of particles of the plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). the chimaeras retain their ability to grow in plants and large quantities of virions can be easily purified. immunological studies have shown that purified particles have the antigenic properties of the insert, and, in the case of the hiv-1 chimaera, can elicit the production of neutralising antibodies in mice. th ...	1996	8957673
structure-based design of peptide presentation on a viral surface: the crystal structure of a plant/animal virus chimera at 2.8 a resolution.	we employed a genetically engineered icosahedral plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), as an expression and presentation system to display a 14 amino acid linear antigenic epitope found in a capsid protein of human rhinovirus 14 (hrv14).	1996	9079380
rna-mediated virus resistance: role of repeated transgenes and delineation of targeted regions.	resistance to cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) in transgenic nicotiana benthamiana plants is rna mediated. in resistant cpmv movement protein (mp) gene-transformed lines, transgene steady state mrna levels were low, whereas nuclear transcription rates were high, implying that a post-transcriptional gene-silencing mechanism is at the base of the resistance. the silencing mechanism can also affect potato virus x (pvx) rnas when they contain cpmv mp gene sequences. in particular, sequences situated in th ...	1996	12239378
plant-derived vaccine protects target animals against a viral disease.	the successful expression of animal or human virus epitopes on the surface of plant viruses has recently been demonstrated. these chimeric virus particles (cvps) could represent a cost-effective and safe alternative to conventional animal cell-based vaccines. we report the insertion of oligonucleotides coding for a short linear epitope from the vp2 capsid protein of mink enteritis virus (mev) into an infectious cdna clone of cowpea mosaic virus and the successful expression of the epitope on the ...	1997	9062924
isolation and characterization of tubular structures of cowpea mosaic virus.	tubular structures involved in the cell-to-cell movement of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) were partially purified from infected cowpea protoplasts to identify the structural components. a relatively pure fraction could be obtained by differential centrifugation and this was analysed by page and immunoblotting. besides the movement protein (mp) and capsid proteins (cp) of cpmv, no other major infection-specific proteins could be detected, suggesting that host proteins are not a major structural comp ...	1997	9400966
studies on the movement of cowpea mosaic virus using the jellyfish green fluorescent protein.	the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (gfp) coding sequence was used to replace the coat protein (cp) genes in a full-length cdna clone of cpmv rna-2. transcripts of this construct were replicated in the presence of rna-1 in cowpea protoplasts, and gfp expression could be readily detected by fluorescent microscopy. it was not possible to infect cowpea plants with these transcripts, but combined with a mutant rna-2, in which the 48-kda movement protein (mp) gene has been deleted infection did o ...	1998	9501035
3-d image reconstruction from averaged fourier transform magnitude by parameter estimation.	an object model and estimation procedure for three-dimensional (3-d) reconstruction of objects from measurements of the spherically averaged fourier transform magnitudes is described. the motivating application is the 3-d reconstruction of viruses based on solution x-ray scattering data. the object model includes symmetry, positivity and support constraints and has the form of a truncated orthonormal expansion and the parameters are estimated by maximum likelihood methods. successful 3-d reconst ...	1998	18276221
sequences of the coat protein gene of five peanut stripe virus (pstv) strains from thailand and their evolutionary relationship with other bean common mosaic virus sequences.	the coat protein gene and part of the 3' non-coding region of five strains of peanut stripe virus (pstv) from thailand have been cloned and sequenced. phylogenetic comparisons of these strains, known as t1, t3, t5, t6 and t7, and related sequences showed that these strains are indeed strains of pstv. further, pstv strains appear to be related to each other according to their geographic origin. that is, the thai strains are more closely related to each other than they are to strains from the usa ...	1998	9787652
the neutralizing antibody response against a conserved region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 (amino acid residues 731-752) is uniquely directed against a conformational epitope.	amino acids 731-752 (731prgpdrpegieeeggerdrdrs752) of the transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) are conserved in most virus isolates and are controversially reported to be implicated in virus neutralization. the humoral response in infected patients against this region is poor and humans immunized with gp160 show high levels of antibodies against the peptide but poor neutralization titres. nonetheless, several groups have succeeded in obtaining neutralizi ...	1998	9820146
intranasal immunization with a plant virus expressing a peptide from hiv-1 gp41 stimulates better mucosal and systemic hiv-1-specific iga and igg than oral immunization.	control of pandemic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection ideally requires specific mucosal immunity to protect the genital regions through which transmission more often occurs. thus a vaccine that stimulates a disseminated mucosal and systemic protective immune response would be extremely useful. here we have investigated the ability of a chimeric plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), expressing a 22 amino acid peptide (residues 731-752) of the transmembrane gp41 protein of h ...	1998	9839930
scope for using plant viruses to present epitopes from animal pathogens.	epitope presentation to the immune system for vaccination purposes can be achieved either via an inactivated or attenuated form of a pathogen or via its isolated antigenic sequences. when free, these peptides can adopt a variety of conformations, most of which will not exist in their native environment. conjugation to carrier proteins restricts mobility of the peptides and increases their immunogenicity. a high local concentration of epitopes boosts the immune response further and can be generat ...	1998	10398492
complete nucleotide sequence of bean pod mottle virus rna1: sequence comparisons and evolutionary relationships to other comoviruses.	the complete nucleotide sequence of bean pod mottle comovirus (bpmv) rna 1 was determined. it is 5983 nucleotides long, excluding the poly(a) tail, and encodes a polyprotein of 1850 amino acid (aa) residues. multiple alignments of the deduced aa sequence of bpmv polyprotein with those of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), red clover mottle virus (rcmv) and cowpea severe mosaic virus (cpsmv) indicated that bpmv rna1 encodes the predicted set of five mature proteins: the equivalent of cpmv 32k protease c ...	1999	10403699
a chimaeric plant virus vaccine protects mice against a bacterial infection.	the plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is an efficient carrier of foreign peptides for the generation of strong humoral immune responses. peptides derived from both viruses and bacteria are strongly immunogenic when displayed on the surface of cpmv and elicit high titres of peptide-specific antibody. however, the protective effects of antibodies generated using bacterial epitopes in this system have yet to be demonstrated. in this study the ability of chimaeric virus particles (cvps) to affo ...	1999	10463172
studies on hybrid comoviruses reveal the importance of three-dimensional structure for processing of the viral coat proteins and show that the specificity of cleavage is greater in trans than in cis.	a series of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv)-based hybrid comoviral rna-2 molecules have been constructed. in these, the region encoding both the large (l) and small (s) viral coat proteins was replaced by the equivalent region from bean pod mottle virus (bpmv). the hybrid rna-2 molecules were able to replicate in cowpea protoplasts in the presence of cpmv rna-1. though processing of the hybrid polyproteins by the cpmv-specific 24k proteinase at the site between the 58/48k and l proteins could readily ...	1999	10544093
chimeric plant virus particles administered nasally or orally induce systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice.	the humoral immune responses to the d2 peptide of fibronectin-binding protein b (fnbp) of staphylococcus aureus, expressed on the plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), were evaluated after mucosal delivery to mice. intranasal immunization of these chimeric virus particles (cvps), either alone or in the presence of iscom matrix, primed cpmv-specific t cells and generated high titers of cpmv- and fnbp-specific immunoglobulin g (igg) in sera. furthermore, cpmv- and fnbp-specific iga and igg could ...	1999	9882293
analysis of the ability of five adjuvants to enhance immune responses to a chimeric plant virus displaying an hiv-1 peptide.	the ability of five different adjuvants (alum, complete freund's adjuvant, quil a, adjuprime and ribi) to stimulate humoral and t-cell mediated immune responses against a purified chimeric virus particle was investigated. each adjuvant was administered subcutaneously to adult mice together with 10 microg of wildtype (wt) cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) or a chimeric cpmv displaying the hiv-1 gp41 peptide, residues 731-752. all preparations elicited strong antibody responses to cpmv, but quil a elicit ...	1999	10195771
pseudomonas aeruginosa outer-membrane protein f epitopes are highly immunogenic in mice when expressed on a plant virus.	a synthetic peptide (peptide 10) representing a surface-exposed, linear b cell epitope from outer-membrane (om) protein f of pseudomonas aeruginosa was shown previously to afford protection in mice from p. aeruginosa infection. this peptide was expressed in tandem with the protein f peptide 18 on each of the two coat proteins of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). the chimaeric virus particles (cvps) expressing the peptides on the s (small) coat protein (cpmv-pae4) and l (large) coat protein (cpmv-pae5) ...	1999	10206701
immunogenicity of peptides derived from a fibronectin-binding protein of s. aureus expressed on two different plant viruses.	the d2 peptide derived from an s. aureus fibronectin-binding protein (fnbp) was expressed on the surface of the icosahedral cowpea mosaic virus (amino acids 1-30 of d2) or on the rod-shaped potato virus x (amino acids 1-38 of d2), termed cpmv-mast1 and pvx-mast8, respectively. mice and rats were immunized subcutaneously with cpmv-mast1 and mice with pvx-mast8 in adjuvant and high titres of fnbp-specific antibody were obtained. the mouse igg was predominantly of the igg2a and igg2b isotypes, whic ...	1999	10217582
position-dependent processing of peptides presented on the surface of cowpea mosaic virus.	the plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) has been developed as an epitope-presentation system. numerous epitopes have been expressed in the betab-betac loop of the cpmv small coat protein, all of which undergo a cleavage reaction between their two carboxy-terminal residues. although many peptides presented in this manner give an authentic immune response, this was not the case for the nim-1a epitope from human rhinovirus-14. crystallography revealed significant differences between the structur ...	1999	10223342
the refined crystal structure of cowpea mosaic virus at 2.8 a resolution.	comoviruses are a group of plant viruses in the picornavirus superfamily. the type member of comoviruses, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), was crystallized in the cubic space group i23, a = 317 a and the hexagonal space group p6(1)22, a = 451 a, c = 1038 a. structures of three closely similar nucleoprotein particles were determined in the cubic form. the roughly 300-a capsid was similar to the picornavirus capsid displaying a pseudo t = 3 (p = 3) surface lattice. the three beta-sandwich domains adopt ...	1999	10603314
cowpea mosaic virus-based vaccines.		1999	10394721
the cleavable carboxyl-terminus of the small coat protein of cowpea mosaic virus is involved in rna encapsidation.	the site of cleavage of the small coat protein of cowpea mosaic virus has been precisely mapped and the proteolysis has been shown to result in the loss of 24 amino acids from the carboxyl-terminus of the protein. a series of premature termination and deletion mutants was constructed to investigate the role or roles of these carboxyl-terminal amino acids in the viral replication cycle. mutants containing premature termination codons at or downstream of the cleavage site were viable but reverted ...	1999	10049828
glycosylation of the capsid proteins of cowpea mosaic virus: a reinvestigation shows the absence of sugar residues.	the previously reported (partridge et al., nature 247, 391-392, 1974 ) glycosylation of the capsid proteins of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) has been reinvestigated. in initial studies, a preparation of purified cpmv particles was hydrolysed with hcl and amino acids and sugars were derivatized with o-phthalaldehyde (opa). no glucosamine or galactosamine, amino sugars previously reported to occur in significant quantities in cpmv capsids, could be detected by reverse-phase high-performance liquid ch ...	2000	10725439
mutational analysis of the cowpea mosaic virus movement protein.	cowpea mosaic virus moves from cell-to-cell in a virion form through tubular structures that are assembled in modified plasmodesmata. similar tubular structures are formed on the surface of protoplasts inoculated with cowpea mosaic virus. the rna 2-encoded movement protein (mp) is responsible for the induction and formation of these structures. to define functional domains of the mp, an alanine-substitution mutagenesis was performed on eight positions in the mp, including two conserved sequence ...	2000	10662615
structural fingerprinting: subgrouping of comoviruses by structural studies of red clover mottle virus to 2.4-a resolution and comparisons with other comoviruses.	red clover mottle virus (rcmv) is a member of the comoviruses, a group of picornavirus-like plant viruses. the x-ray structure of rcmv strain s has been determined and refined to 2.4 a. the overall structure of rcmv is similar to that of two other comoviruses, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) and bean pod mottle virus (bpmv). the sequence of the coat proteins of rcmv strain o were modeled into the capsid structure of strain s without causing any distortion, confirming the close resemblance between the ...	2000	10590139
immunogenic and antigenic dominance of a nonneutralizing epitope over a highly conserved neutralizing epitope in the gp41 envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: its deletion leads to a strong neutralizing response.	the kennedy peptide, (731)prgpdrpegieeeggerdrdrs(752), from the cytoplasmic domain of the gp41 transmembrane envelope glycoprotein of hiv-1 contains a conformationally dependent neutralizing epitope (erdrd) and a linear nonneutralizing epitope (ieee). no recognized murine t cell epitope is present. the peptide usually stimulates virus-specific antibody, but this is not always neutralizing. here we show that ieee (or possibly ieee plus adjacent sequence) is immunogenically and antigenically domin ...	2000	10612661
complementation of the host range restriction of southern cowpea mosaic virus in bean by southern bean mosaic virus.	vigna unguiculata (cowpea) and phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) are permissive hosts for southern cowpea mosaic virus (scpmv) and southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv), respectively. neither of these two sobemoviruses systemically infects the permissive host of the other. although bean cells are permissive for scpmv rna synthesis, they do not support the assembly of this virus. thus, the host range restriction of scpmv in bean may occur at the level of movement and may involve the inability of scpmv ...	2000	10612668
evidence for participation of rna 1-encoded elicitor in cowpea mosaic virus-mediated concurrent protection.	the cowpea (vigna unguiculata) line arlington, inoculated with cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), showed no symptoms, and no infectivity or accumulation of capsid antigen was detected at several days after inoculation. coinoculation, but not sequential inoculation, of cpmv with similar concentrations of another comovirus; cowpea severe mosaic virus (cpsmv), resulted in reduced numbers of cpsmv-induced lesions. this apparent, cpmv-mediated reduction in number of cpsmv-induced infection centers was terme ...	2000	10639316