Publications

identification of hitherto unrecognized arboviruses from ecuador: members of serogroups b, c, bunyamwera, patois, and minatitlan.	three hundred seventy-nine virus isolates were obtained from mosquitoes collected and sentinel hamsters exposed in coastal ecuador from 1974 to 1978. these included four alphaviruses [venezuelan equine encephalitis 1b (1), venezuelan equine encephalitis 1d (35), western equine encephalitis (1) and eastern equine encephalitis (4)]; two flaviviruses [st. louis encephalitis (3) and naranjal (6)]; 11 bunyaviruses [maguari (243), playas (3), vinces (33), turlock (2), abras (5), babahoyo (3), acara (2 ...	1983	6309029
antiviral activity released from aedes albopictus cells persistently infected with semliki forest virus.	aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells persistently infected with semliki forest virus released an agent which inhibited virus production by a. albopictus cells infected with homologous virus. inhibition of virus production was accompanied by a marked reduction in the synthesis of viral rna and viral proteins. expression of the antiviral effect was prevented by pretreatment of cells with actinomycin. no analogous antiviral activity was detected in culture fluids of a. albopictus cells persistently in ...	1983	6312089
nonviral heterogeneous sequences are present at the 5' ends of one species of snowshoe hare bunyavirus s complementary rna.	analyses of the 5' ends of snowshoe hare bunyavirus plus sense s rna species (including mrna) recovered from infected cells have revealed two types of termini. these include ends that are essentially exact copies of the 3' end of the viral s rna and others that are similar, but additionally have 13-14 nucleotide extensions that are heterogeneous in sequence. the former probably represent replicative plus sense rna species, the latter mrna species that have host cell derived primer sequences.	1983	6312422
comparison of the sequences and coding of la crosse and snowshoe hare bunyavirus s rna species.	the sequence of the s rna of la crosse bunyavirus was deduced from analyses of dna copies cloned in the escherichia coli plasmid pbr322. the s rna is 984 nucleotides in length, has a base ratio of 31.8% u, 27.0% a, 23.2% c, and 18.0% g, and codes for two distinct gene products that are read from overlapping reading frames in the viral complementary strand. the larger gene product (n, 26.5 x 10(3) daltons) contains 235 amino acids, and the smaller gene product (nss, 10.4 x 10(3) daltons) has 92 a ...	1983	6834480
bunyavirus gene structure - function relationships and potential for rna segment reassortment in the vector: la crosse and snowshoe hare reassortant viruses in mosquitoes.	modern technology now permits the elucidation of viral gene contributions to virus-vector interactions. such knowledge will undoubtedly permit determination of those mechanisms which function to preserve vector-borne virus disease cycle specificity and integrity in nature. in addition, the application of genetic techniques to reassortant virus generation in vectors should permit prediction of the evolutionary and epidemic potential of viruses in nature.	1983	6867030
multiple leader rnas and messenger rnas are transcribed from the la crosse virus small genome segment.	nucleotide sequencing has demonstrated that the small genome segment of bunyaviruses contains the genetic information for two viral proteins (n and nss) in overlapping reading frames (akashi and bishop, 1983; cabradilla et al., in press). using 3' end-labeled genome probes, la crosse virus (lac) infected cells were shown to contain three leader rnas, which start at position 1 and terminate at approximate positions 74, 95, and 115 from the 3' end of the genome. primer extension and s1 mapping stu ...	1983	6871993
viruses of classical and mild forms of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome isolated in china have similar bunyavirus-like morphology.		1983	6131283
yukon isolates of snowshoe hare virus, 1972-1982.	bunyaviruses including 53 strains of snowshoe hare (ssh) and 4 of northway (nor) were isolated from 132,428 unengorged adult female mosquitoes of 7 species collected throughout the boreal forest of the yukon territory and open woodland terrain in the mackenzie valley, northwest territories, canada during 8 of 11 arctic summers from 1972 through 1982. isolations of ssh virus were also achieved from mosquito larvae during 1974 and 1975. percentage virus infection rates of important vectors were ae ...	1983	6135219
radial haemolysis in gel for detection of antibodies to bunyavirus lednice (turlock group).	the method of radial haemolysis in gel (rhg) was used for detection of antibodies to lednice virus. repeated and comparative experiments proved that the method gave reliable and sufficiently specific standard results. no cross-reactions were detected with sera to other arboviruses. comparison of antibody titres achieved in rhg with those of haemagglutination inhibition (hit) and indirect immunofluorescence (if) tests showed a satisfactory sensitivity, as the antibody titres in rhg and hit were p ...	1983	6139949
synergistic antiviral effects of ribavirin and the c-nucleoside analogs tiazofurin and selenazofurin against togaviruses, bunyaviruses, and arenaviruses.	binary combinations of the n-nucleoside ribavirin (1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) and the c-nucleoside analog selenazofurin (2-beta-d-ribofuranosylselenazole-4-carboxamide) or tiazofurin (2-beta-d-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide) were tested in vitro for activity against venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, rift valley fever, korean hemorrhagic fever, and pichinde viruses. the 50% effective dose for each compound alone or in a series ...	1984	6151377
characterization of barmah forest virus: an alphavirus with some unusual properties.	barmah forest virus has been characterized in a number of ways including electron microscopy of infected cells; physical studies of the virion, its rna, and associated proteins; n-terminal sequence analysis of the two envelope glycoproteins; studies of macromolecular species present in infected cells; and serological cross-reactions with alphaviruses and bunyaviruses. from these results barmah forest virus is clearly an alphavirus since the structure of the virion, the mode of replication, and t ...	1984	6324461
antigenic relationships among turlock serogroup bunyaviruses as determined by neutralization tests.	antigenic relationships between the five recognized turlock serogroup viruses (family bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus) were determined by serum dilution-plaque reduction neutralization tests. results indicated that turlock , umbre , m' poko and lednice viruses are distinct from each other and that yaba -1 virus is a subtype of m' poko virus.	1984	6203387
in-vivo activity of antivirals against exotic rna viral infections.	infection of humans by viruses belonging to the families of toga-, bunya-, and arenaviridae constitutes a major health problem worldwide and certain of the viruses have the potential to cause widespread epidemics. in the search for effective chemotherapy against these viruses several hundred nucleoside and nucleotide analogues have been screened for antiviral activity. of the compounds tested, ribavirin, has been shown in laboratory animal models to have significant inhibitory effects against ri ...	1984	6208183
the complete sequence of the m rna of snowshoe hare bunyavirus reveals the presence of internal hydrophobic domains in the viral glycoprotein.	the complete sequence of the viral m rna of snowshoe hare (ssh) bunyavirus has been determined. the rna is 4527 nucleotides long (mol wt: 1.5 x 10(6), base composition: 27.5% a, 33.5% u, 17.7% g, 21.3% c), and has 3' and 5' terminal sequences that, depending on how they are arranged, are complementary for some 44 residues. the viral rna codes in its viral-complementary sequence, for a single primary gene product (the viral glycoprotein) that is comprised of 1441 amino acids (162,391 da), and is ...	1984	6091326
mixed infections with tick-borne viruses in a seabird colony in eire.	viruses were isolated from 2 tick species collected from the nesting areas of seabirds on great saltee island, eire. bunyaviruses of the uukuniemi serogroup were isolated from hard ticks (ixodes uriae and i. rothschildi), bunyaviruses of the hughes serogroup from soft ticks (ornithodoros maritimus), and orbiviruses of the kemerovo serogroup from i. uriae and o. maritimus. the results indicate that the bunyaviruses, but not the orbiviruses, show "tick specificity". neutralising activity against m ...	1984	6421266
localized conserved regions of the s rna gene products of bunyaviruses are revealed by sequence analyses of the simbu serogroup aino virus.	the complete nucleotide sequence has been determined for the s rna of aino virus, a member of the simbu serogroup (bunyavirus genus, family bunyaviridae). the s rna is 850 nucleotides long (2.76 x 10(5) daltons) and in the viral complementary sequence has a short 5' non-coding region of 34 nucleotides and a more extensive 3' non-coding region of 117 nucleotides. the 3'-5' complementarity of the aino s rna is about 25 residues long, depending on the arrangement. the aino sequence predicts that, l ...	1984	6532000
genome subunit reassortment among bunyaviruses analysed by dot hybridization using molecularly cloned complementary dna probes.	a simple and rapid procedure for determining the genotypes of viruses has been applied to analysis of genome subunit reassortment in heterologous crosses of batai virus, bunyamwera virus, and maguari virus, three members of the bunyamwera serogroup of bunyaviruses. the procedure for determining genotype made use of specific molecular probes to identify the parental origin of the l and m rna subunits. complementary dna copies of the three rna segments of bunyamwera virus were prepared by reverse ...	1984	6547258
la crosse bunyavirus can mediate ph-dependent fusion from without.	lipid binding properties which are dependent on exposure to acid ph are an important mechanism for the cellular entry pathway for some enveloped viruses and for other macromolecules. cell-to-cell fusion can be used to demonstrate this function. la crosse virus, a member of the family bunyaviridae, fused bhk-21 cells from without (ffwo) upon exposure of the absorbed virus to ph 6.3 or below. a high multiplicity of infection and temperature of 37 degrees were necessary for optimum fusion. the ph r ...	1984	6695500
a transcript from the s segment of the germiston bunyavirus is uncapped and codes for the nucleoprotein and a nonstructural protein.	analysis of the rnas present in bhk-21 cells infected with germiston virus showed that the transcripts from the l and m segments have a size similar to that of their template, whereas two types of complementary rna are transcribed from the s segment. one, s1, is a full-length "plus" rna strand (antigenome), and the other, s2, is an incomplete plus rna strand which serves as mrna for at least the synthesis of the n protein and a virus-specific nonstructural polypeptide, p12. the 5' ends of these ...	1984	6699936
mechanisms of bunyavirus virulence. comparative pathogenesis of a virulent strain of la crosse and an avirulent strain of tahyna virus.	to analyze mechanisms of virulence in the california serogroup bunyaviruses, the virulent la crosse/original (lac/original) strain was compared with the avirulent tahyna/181-57 strain. in suckling mice, both viruses were lethal upon intracerebral injection but differed markedly in their neuroinvasiveness following subcutaneous injection; 20 and 20,000 plaque-forming units, respectively, were equivalent to 1 subcutaneous ld50. the sequential course of infection was followed after subcutaneous inj ...	1984	6708454
characterization of two recombination-complementation groups of uukuniemi virus temperature-sensitive mutants.	with the aim of isolating temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants defective in virus maturation or glycoprotein transport, uukuniemi virus, a bunyavirus, was mutagenized with n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine. out of 13 initial clones unable to grow at 39 degrees c (non-permissive temperature), five mutants which grew to titres above 10(7) p.f.u./ml at 32 degrees c (permissive temperature) were selected for further studies. the mutants fell into two coinciding recombination-complementation groups. ...	1984	6726186
antibody against viruses in maternal and cord sera: non-specific inhibitors are found to higher titre on the maternal side of the circulation.	pregnancies were identified in which maternal igg antibodies against rubella virus were not detectable by single radial haemolysis. twenty paired maternal/cord sera were then tested for haemagglutination-inhibiting (hi) activity against rubella virus without kaolin pretreatment of the sera. in the absence of specific antibody, the hi activity observed could thus be ascribed to the effect of non-specific inhibitors. the hi activity in maternal sera was significantly (p less than 0.001) higher tha ...	1984	6736640
[genome analysis of bunyavirus recombinants by dot hybridization].	a simple method of the so-called pinpoint hybridization for the detection of genome rnas and individual fragments of genome of the bunyamwera family viruses is described. the method established linking of 2 out of 3 fragments of genome rna of different members of the family.	1984	6380110
an avirulent g1 glycoprotein variant of la crosse bunyavirus with defective fusion function.	la crosse virus, a member of the california serogroup of the family bunyaviridae, causes encephalitis in humans and laboratory rodents. a variant virus (v22) selected with a monoclonal antibody against the large (g1) glycoprotein showed diminished neuroinvasiveness after peripheral inoculation. this variant has an alteration in its fusion function, requiring a lower ph for the activation of fusion and demonstrating reduced efficiency of cell-to-cell fusion of bhk-21 cultures. v22 was studied in ...	1985	3889368
bunyavirus pathogenesis.		1985	3938613
synthesis of bunyavirus-specific proteins in a continuous cell line (xtc-2) derived from xenopus laevis.	the xtc-2 cell line, derived from xenopus laevis, supported the replication of representative viruses from each of the four genera in the family bunyaviridae. generally, viral titres were higher in xtc-2 cells than in other susceptible cell lines, and for some viruses plaques were detected earlier in xtc-2 cells. the xtc-2 cell line permitted comparative analyses of bunyavirus-specific protein synthesis. the patterns of synthesis of viral proteins, characteristic of each of the genera, were obse ...	1985	3973561
a study of the host range and distribution of antibody to akabane virus (genus bunyavirus, family bunyaviridae) in kenya.	serum neutralizing antibody to akabane virus (genus bunyavirus, family bunyaviridae) was found in a high proportion (50-95%) of cattle sampled in kenya, while sheep and goats had fewer positive (13-33%). camel and horse sera also contained antibody to the virus (70% and 50% respectively). the antibody was found in animals from the high altitude temperature type of grasslands, drier bushed and wooded grasslands and the semi-desert. no arthrogryposis nor hydranencephaly has been encountered in ken ...	1985	4020110
analyses of the mrna transcription processes of snowshoe hare bunyavirus s and m rna species.	the time course of synthesis of snowshoe hare bunyavirus small (s)- and medium (m)-sized viral rna (vrna), viral crna (vcrna), and mrna species was analyzed by using single-stranded dna probes representing the s- and m-coded gene products. in the presence of puromycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, the subgenomic s mrna species were detected, but not full-length s vcrna or s vrna species. no m-related rna species were identified in puromycin-treated cells. in the absence of puromycin, full- ...	1985	4020962
effect of monensin on the assembly of uukuniemi virus in the golgi complex.	the effect of the carboxylic ionophore monensin on the maturation of uukuniemi virus, a bunyavirus, and the transport of its two membrane glycoproteins, g1 and g2, were studied in chicken embryo fibroblasts and baby hamster kidney cells. virus maturation, which occurs in the golgi complex (e. kuismanen, k. hedman, j. saraste, and r. f. pettersson, mol. cell. biol. 2:1444-1458, 1982; e. kuismanen, b. bång, m. hurme, and r. f. pettersson, j. virol. 51:137-146, 1984), was effectively inhibited by t ...	1985	4020969
evolution of bunyaviruses by genome reassortment in dually infected mosquitoes (aedes triseriatus).	aedes triseriatus mosquitoes became dually infected after ingesting two mutants of lacrosse (lac) virus simultaneously or after ingesting, by interrupted feeding, the two viruses sequentially within a 2-day period. after 2 weeks of incubation, approximately 25 percent of the vectors contained new virus genotypes as the result of rna segment reassortment. new viruses were transmitted when the mosquitoes fed on mice. viruses ingested more than 2 days after the initial infecting virus did not cause ...	1985	4048949
identification of nonstructural proteins encoded by viruses of the bunyamwera serogroup (family bunyaviridae).	the proteins synthesized in bhk cells infected with nine members of the bunyamwera serogroup (family bunyaviridae, bunyavirus genus) were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. in addition to the virus structural proteins, a number of virus-coded nonstructural proteins were detected. one protein, designated ns1, was shown to be related to the nucleocapsid protein by one-dimensional peptide mapping. a second protein, ns2, was mapped to the m rna segment by gel electrophoretic analysis of ...	1985	4060579
the isolation of arboviruses including a new flavivirus and a new bunyavirus from ixodes (ceratixodes) uriae (ixodoidea: ixodidae) collected at macquarie island, australia, 1975-1979.	pools of ticks, ixodes (ceratixodes) uriae collected between 1975 and 1979 at macquarie island, yielded 33 strains of at least 4 different viruses: nugget virus (kemerovo group), 1 strain; taggert virus (sakhalin group) 9 strains; a previously undescribed flavivirus, related to central european tickborne encephalitis virus, for which the name "gadgets gully" is proposed, 9 strains; a virus serologically related to the uukuniemi serogroup, family bunyaviridae, for which the name "precarious point ...	1985	2984951
[isolation of the tahyña bunyavirus in the arctic].	tahyna virus (bunyaviridae, bunyavirus, the california encephalitis complex) was isolated from aedes communis complex mosquitoes collected at the border of the north-taiga landscape zone (in latitude 68 degrees north and longitude 33 degrees east) at the kolsky peninsula (the murmansk region). the leiv-9843 mur strain was isolated from 2.4 thousand mosquitoes collected there (altogether 3.8 thousand mosquitoes had been collected in the murmansk region). this is the first isolation in the ussr of ...	1985	2937203
arbovirus investigations in argentina, 1977-1980. iii. identification and characterization of viruses isolated, including new subtypes of western and venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses and four new bunyaviruses (las maloyas, resistencia, barranqueras, and antequera).	forty viruses isolated from mosquitoes between 1977 and 1980 in argentina have been identified and characterized. nineteen strains of vee virus, identical by neutralization (n) tests, were shown by hemagglutination-inhibition tests with anti-e2 glycoprotein sera to represent a new subtype vi of the vee complex. rna oligonucleotide fingerprints of this virus were distinct from subtype i viruses. the virus was not lethal for english short-haired guinea pigs, indicating that it is probably not equi ...	1985	2863990
synthesis of tacaribe virus polypeptides in an in vitro coupled transcription and translation system.	we have analyzed polypeptides synthesized in a coupled in vitro transcription and translation system in response to detergent-disrupted tacaribe virus. analysis of the major tacaribe virus-specified product by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that it had an isoelectric point similar to that of the tacaribe nucleocapsid polypeptide n; however, the in vitro product had an approximate mol. wt. of 73 000, compared to a mol. wt. of 68 000 for the n protein. the 73 000 dalt ...	1985	2408399
epitopes of the g1 glycoprotein of la crosse virus form overlapping clusters within a single antigenic site.	antigenic sites on the g1 glycoprotein of la crosse bunyavirus were defined by constructing a panel of neutralizing and nonneutralizing monoclonal antibodies (f. gonzalez-scarano, r. e. shope, c. h. calisher, and n. nathanson (1982), virology 120, 42-53). to analyze the relationship between the individual epitopes delineated by monoclonal antibodies, 11 neutralizing antibodies were used to select variant viruses. these variant viruses were tested against the panel of anti-g1 protein monoclonal a ...	1985	2414920
analyses of the mrna transcription processes of punta toro phlebovirus (bunyaviridae).	the time course of the syntheses of punta toro (pt) phlebovirus (bunyaviridae) small (s)-size viral rna (s vrna), viral complementary rna (s vcrna), and messenger rna (s mrna) species has been analyzed using single-stranded dna probes representing the two s-coded gene products. the data obtained support the conclusion that pt s rna has an ambisense coding strategy (t. ihara, h. akashi, and d. h. l. bishop, virology 136, 293-306, 1984) with the viral nucleocapsid protein, n, encoded in a viral-co ...	1985	2416115
host-adaptive antigenic variation in bunyaviruses.	bunyamwera virus and snowshoe have virus (family bunyaviridae) were passaged up to six times through mosquito cells in culture and the resultant viruses were compared to the input, mammalian cell-passed virus using monoclonal antibodies raised against the input virus. the mosquito cell-adapted virus population consisted of mutants which were better adapted to replication in the new host than was the input mammalian cell-passed virus and were differentially susceptible to neutralization by antibo ...	1986	2432166
distribution of bunyamwera serogroup viruses in north america, 1956-1984.	we attempted to tabulate all bunyamwera serogroup (family bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus) isolates from north america. by summarizing information from the laboratories of the centers for disease control, data generously shared by other laboratories, and the published literature, we were able to accumulate data regarding 1,372 bunyamwera serogroup viruses. these were: tensaw (664, including 8 from vertebrates), cache valley (396, including 6 from vertebrates), main drain (160, including 14 from v ...	1986	2869708
entomological studies at an enzootic venezuelan equine encephalitis virus focus in guatemala, 1977-1980.	the ecology of several potential mosquito vectors of venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) alphavirus was studied in an enzootic focus of that virus on the pacific coast of guatemala over a four-year period. four species-culex taeniopus, mansonia titillans, culex nigripalpus and aedes taeniorhynchus-were most prevalent during the wet season when transmission normally occurs. however, only cx. taeniopus yielded vee virus. the bloodfeeding patterns of these species revealed that ae. taeniorhynchus ...	1986	2873752
biological studies of the fusion function of california serogroup bunyaviruses.	like other enveloped viruses, la crosse virus is capable of inducing membrane fusion after exposure to mild acid. this function is known to have biological significance at the level of the whole organism, since it has been related to infection in a mouse model. in this report the process of fusion-from-within (ffwi) for lac and other members of the california serogroup of bunyaviruses is characterized. like fusion-from-without, ffwi is dependent on ph, temperature, and number of virus particles ...	1986	3508496
[antiviral and immunostimulating effect of maleic anhydride copolymers in experimental neuroviral infections].	the virus-inhibiting and immunostimulating activity of soviet preparations, maleic anhydride copolymers, was demonstrated in alpha-, flavi-, and bunyavirus infections. positive results were obtained in subcutaneous and intraperitoneal inoculations of the preparations used in prophylactic and therapeutic-prophylactic schedules. stimulation of vaccination immunity was observed after combined use of copolymers and the vaccine against eastern equine encephalomyelitis.	1986	3099477
classification of barmah forest virus as an alphavirus using cytotoxic t cell assays.	barmah forest virus, an arbovirus, does not cross-react convincingly with alpha-, flavi- or bunyavirus immune sera. secondary cytotoxic t cells generated in vitro immune to a number of alphaviruses cross-lyse barmah forest virus-infected target cells. flavivirus (west nile and kunjin)- and bunyamwera virus-immune tc cells lyse homologous virus-infected target cells, but not alphavirus-infected targets. using cytotoxic t cell assays barmah forest virus can be classified as an alphavirus.	1986	3003237
application of enzyme immunoassay on infected cells (eia-ic) for arboviruses.	comparative titrations of alpha-, flavi- and bunyamwera viruses were made by eia-ic and according to cytopathic effect (cpe). specific enzymatic reactions appeared earlier and in higher titres than cpe. the titres of dengue type 1, mayaro, powassan and langat viruses measured by eia-ic were comparable to those measured by intracerebral inoculation of mice. the cross-reactivity testing of eia-ic among alphaviruses (chikungunya, sindbis and mayaro), flaviviruses (japanese encephalitis, murray vall ...	1986	2881468
phenotypic mixing between vesicular stomatitis and uukuniemi viruses.	the population of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) which reproduced in cells preinfected with uukuniemi virus (uuk) contained a proportion of vsv (uuk) pseudotypes. the virions containing the vsv genome were resistant to anti-vsv serum and neutralized with anti-uuk serum. in addition to previous reports on phenotypic mixing of different families of enveloped viruses, the combination of rhabdovirus surface antigen with bunyavirus genome is described.	1986	2881472
virulence of la crosse virus is under polygenic control.	to identify which rna segments of the california serogroup bunyaviruses determine virulence, we prepared reassortant viruses by coinfecting bhk-21 cells with two wild-type parents, la crosse/original and tahyna/181-57 viruses, which differed about 30,000-fold in virulence. the progeny clones were screened by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to ascertain the phenotype of the m and s rna segments, and rna-rna hybridization was used to determine the genotype of selected clones. two or three clone ...	1986	3712554
marituba (bunyaviridae) virus replication in cultured aedes albopictus cells and in l-a9 cells.	the replication of marituba virus (bunyavirus genus, family bunyaviridae), was studied in aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells. infection of aedes albopictus cells with marituba virus was characterized by an initial acute phase of infection in which large amounts of virus were produced and further by a persistent phase of infection in which virus yield was much lower. no changes in host cell dna, rna and protein synthesis were observed in aedes albopictus cells infected with marituba virus. in cont ...	1986	3729731
inhibitors of protein synthesis inhibit both la crosse virus s-mrna and s genome syntheses in vivo.	the effect of drugs such as puromycin and cycloheximide, which inhibit protein synthesis, on the accumulation of la crosse virus s genome rnas in vivo has been examined. we have found that if these drugs are added to the cultures before infection, minuscule amounts of s-mrna can be detected late in infection. genome replication, on the other hand, cannot be detected at any time. when these drugs are added later in infection when rna synthesis is well established, s-mrna accumulation decreases in ...	1986	3751285
nucleotide sequence of the bunyamwera virus m rna segment: conservation of structural features in the bunyavirus glycoprotein gene product.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the bunyamwera virus m rna segment was determined from four overlapping cdna clones and by primer extension. the rna segment is 4458 bases in length, and encodes a single gene product in the viral complementary rna. the predicted protein is 1433 amino acids long (mol wt 162,065), contains four potential glycosylation sites, and is relatively cysteine rich. it is presumed that the three proteins g1, g2, and nsm which have been mapped to the m rna segment are sy ...	1986	3753629
persistent infection of aedes albopictus c6/36 cells by bunyamwera virus.	two cell lines persistently infected with bunyamwera virus have been established from the c6/36 clone of aedes albopictus cells. the cells express bunyamwera virus antigens as detected by immunofluorescence and are resistant to superinfection with bunyamwera virus and other bunyaviruses, but not dugbe virus (nairovirus) nor vesicular stomatitis virus. the virus released from the persistently infected cells developed an altered cloudy or "bull's-eye" plaque morphology with increasing passage leve ...	1986	3952984
viral rnas synthesized in cells infected with germiston bunyavirus.	a rapidly growing strain of germiston virus was used to study intracellular viral rna synthesis in bhk cells. the rnas were separated by electrophoresis into seven bands which fell into three size classes: large (bands l1 and l2), medium (bands m1 and m2), and small (bands s1, s2, and s3). blot hybridisation established that bands l1, m1, and s1 contained the negative-sense genomic rnas, while bands l2, m2, s2, and s3 contained positive-sense rnas complementary to the genomic rnas within the sam ...	1987	3824907
overwintering mechanisms of mosquito-borne arboviruses in temperate climates.	it can be concluded from the data cited that transovarial transmission is a plausible explanation for the overwintering of mosquito-borne bunyaviruses of the california serogroup. vertical transmission of mosquito-borne flaviviruses could explain the overwintering of this group of viruses, but this is far from having been established. at present, the mechanism by which mosquito-borne alphaviruses pass the winter is obscure.	1987	2891312
[isolation of a tahyna-like virus (bunyaviridae, bunyavirus, california encephalitis complex) on northern sakhalin island].	the strain leiv-11483 sak of tahyna virus or a virus closely related to it antigenically was isolated from aedes spp. mosquitoes (predominantly a. communis) collected august 25, 1985, in the light coniferous subzone of the mid-taiga landscape zone in the north of sakhalin island (54 degrees n, 142 degrees e). altogether, 17.8 thousand mosquitoes were examined which were collected in june-august, 1985, in the light and dark coniferous subzones of mid-taiga. in the human population, virus-neutrali ...	1987	2893491
[human arbovirus infections in burundi: results of a seroepidemiologic survey, 1980-1982].	a serological survey on 623 human sera was conducted in burundi in 1980-1982, in order to evaluate the frequency of arboviral antibodies in the inhabitants of the three main areas: lowlands, central plateau and mountainous ridge. the results show a rather high activity of arboviruses, mainly in the lowlands (34.2% of inhabitants with antibodies). chikungunya virus seems to be the most active arbovirus; the activity of flavivirus is moderate; no trace of activity of yellow fever or west nile viru ...	1987	3038355
isolations of cache valley virus in texas, 1981.	two strains of the same virus (isolates ar 168 and 7856), were isolated in 1981 from an apparently healthy cow and a sick sheep in tx, u.s.a. these isolates were shown to be members of the bunyamwera serogroup (family bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus) by complement-fixation tests. serum dilution-plaque reduction neutralization test results indicated that the isolates are closely related to cache valley virus. the virus isolates were characterized by sensitivity to lipid solvent, size (50-100 nm by ...	1987	3101276
production and use of a hemagglutinin for detecting antibody to jamestown canyon virus.	a procedure was developed for producing a hemagglutinin for the california serogroup (family bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus) virus jamestown canyon, a human pathogen. serum samples from humans putatively infected with this virus or with la crosse virus were tested by hemagglutination inhibition. each antigen detected antibody to the respective virus, with little cross-reactivity. these results suggest that both antigens should be used when the hemagglutination inhibition test is applied to the d ...	1987	3624448
the s segment of the germiston virus rna genome can code for three proteins.	the complete sequence of the s segment of germiston bunyavirus has been determined from plasmids containing s cdna inserts. the s segment is 980 nucleotides long with the first 15 bases at the 3' end complementary to the first 15 bases at the 5' end. three overlapping open reading frames (orf) were identified in the viral complementary rna strand. the first orf codes for a polypeptide of 233 amino acids (mr 26,600) which is the nucleoprotein n. the second orf codes for a polypeptide of 109 amino ...	1987	3660942
a newly recognized vesiculovirus, calchaqui virus, and subtypes of melao and maguari viruses from argentina, with serologic evidence for infections of humans and horses.	in 1983, 17 virus strains were isolated from mosquitoes collected during an outbreak of western equine encephalitis in santa fe province, argentina. strains of western equine encephalitis, venezuelan equine encephalitis, st. louis encephalitis, and antequera viruses were isolated, as were several bunyaviruses of the california and bunyamwera serogroups and a new vesiculovirus. complement fixation and neutralization tests were used to identify the california serogroup virus as a subtype of melao ...	1987	2880522
molecular and genetic aspects of the pathogenesis of viral infections of the central nervous system.	viral pathogenesis can be defined in terms of a series of successive interactions between a virus and its target host. in order for a virus to injure a target organ such as the central nervous system (cns), it must first enter the host animal, replicate in some primary site near its place of entry, spread from this site to the cns and infect and injure specific populations of cells within the cns. at each of these steps, the virus must avoid or overcome a variety of immunological and nonimmunolo ...	1987	3315238
jatobal virus antigenic characterization by elisa and neutralization test using eia as indicator, on tissue culture.	a virus antigenic characterization methodology using an indirect method of antibody detection elisa with virus-infected cultured cells as antigen and a micro virus neutralisation test using eia (nt-eia) as an aid to reading were used for antigenic characterization of jatobal (bean 423380). jatobal virus was characterized as a bunyaviridae, bunyavirus genus, simbu serogroup virus. elisa using infected cultured cells as antigen is a sensitive and reliable method for identification of viruses and h ...	1988	2593820
organization of the middle rna segment of snowshoe hare bunyavirus.	the genetic organization of the m rna segment of snowshoe hare (ssh) virus, a member of the bunyavirus genus of the family bunyaviridae, has been determined. the middle (m) rna segment has a single open reading frame (orf) of 1441 amino acids. we have used amino- and carboxy-terminus sequencing and synthetic peptides to map proteins within the orf. the order of the proteins translated from the single large open reading frame is g2, nsm, g1. the g2 protein extends from amino acids 14 to 299. the ...	1988	2974218
nucleotide sequence of the m segment of germiston virus: comparison of the m gene product of several bunyaviruses.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the m rna segment of germiston bunyavirus was determined from plasmids containing overlapping m cdna inserts. the m segment is 4534 nucleotides long and contains a 50-base-long inverted terminal repeat which can form a stable hydrogen-bonded secondary structure with a delta g of -45.8 kcal/mol. the rna molecule complementary to viral rna contains a single large open reading frame that encodes a 1437 amino acid-long protein with hydrophobic amino and carboxy te ...	1988	3176688
comparative study of various immunomodulators for macrophage and natural killer cell activation and antiviral efficacy against exotic rna viruses.	several immunomodulators were compared for immunomodulatory and antiviral activity in b6c3f1 female mice. our results demonstrate that murine recombinant gamma interferon (rifn-g), human recombinant alpha a/d interferon (rifn-a), ampligen (a polyribonucleotide) and cl246,738 modulate nonspecific immunity and are effective antiviral agents in vivo. administration of each of these agents 1 day before cell harvest induced high levels of splenic natural killer (nk) cell activity against yac-1 target ...	1988	3182149
expression of snowshoe hare bunyavirus s rna coding proteins by recombinant baculoviruses.	recombinant baculoviruses have been constructed that express the two snowshoe hare (ssh) bunyavirus proteins coded in overlapping reading frames of the ssh s viral-complementary rna species (namely the nucleoprotein, n, and the nonstructural protein, nss). the 26.5 kda n protein, which is read from the first aug of the mrna containing the ssh s sequence, was expressed at a high level (estimated to be ca 40% of the stained cellular proteins in recombinant baculovirus-infected spodoptera frugiperd ...	1988	3223063
biochemical and serological comparisons of australian bunyaviruses belonging to the simbu serogroup.	comparative analysis of the structural and possible non-structural proteins of seven simbu serogroup bunyaviruses isolated in australia revealed them all to be similar in size to those of bunyamwera virus, the prototype of the bunyavirus genus. the molecular weights of the structural proteins for these bunyaviruses (akabane, aino, tinaroo, douglas, peaton, facey's paddock and thimiri viruses) were 193k to 205k (l), 103k to 125k (g1), 33k to 37k (g2) and 25k to 26k (n). analysis of the virion rna ...	1988	3286816
bunyavirus-vector interactions.	recent advances in the genetics and molecular biology of bunyaviruses have been applied to understanding bunyavirus-vector interactions. such approaches have revealed which virus gene and gene products are important in establishing infections in vectors and in transmission of viruses. however, much more information is required to understand the molecular mechanisms of persistent infections of vectors which are lifelong but apparently exert no untoward effect. in fact, it seems remarkable that la ...	1988	3046165
evolutionary significance of the taxonomic data regarding bunyaviruses of the family bunyaviridae.		1988	3058644
pox viruses as eukaryotic cloning and expression vectors: future medical and veterinary vaccines.	it was proposed at the beginning of this article that the use of poxviruses as expression vectors provided a means of optimizing the conditions and prerequisites of vaccination and of elucidating a number of the associated problems. these advantages will now be summarized. vaccinia virus recombinants carrying one or more multiple foreign genes have been shown to induce a sufficient immune response to that antigen in laboratory animals to protect against subsequent challenge by the infectious age ...	1988	3078866
human infections with tensaw virus in south florida: evidence that tensaw virus subtypes stimulate the production of antibodies reactive with closely related bunyamwera serogroup viruses.	maguari virus, a member of the bunyamwera serogroup (family bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus) has not been isolated north of trinidad. anecdotal information from other investigators has indicated the presence of antibody to maguari virus in human residents of south florida. we attributed such antibody to either cross-reactivity with tensaw virus, the only bunyamwera serogroup virus known in south florida, or to cross-reactivity to an antigenic subtype or variant of tensaw virus. five strains, iden ...	1988	2899978
brus laguna virus, a gamboa bunyavirus from aedeomyia squamipennis collected in honduras.	a virus isolate from aedeomyia squamipennis collected in honduras in 1967 was identified as a member of the gamboa serogroup (family bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus). this is the ninth gamboa serogroup virus and the eighth shown to be a distinct serotype.	1988	2903690
molecular and biochemical studies of the evolution, infection and transmission of insect bunyaviruses.	members of the bunyaviridae family of rna viruses (bunyaviruses, hantaviruses, nairoviruses, phleboviruses and uukuviruses) have been studied at the molecular and genetic level to understand the basis of their evolution and infection in vertebrate and invertebrate (arthropod) hosts. with the exception of the hantaviruses, these viruses infect and are transmitted by a variety of blood-sucking arthropods (mosquitoes, phlebotomines, gnats, ticks, etc.). the viruses are responsible for infection of ...	1988	2907153
nucleotide sequence analysis of the large (l) genomic rna segment of bunyamwera virus, the prototype of the family bunyaviridae.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the large (l) genome segment of bunyamwera virus has been determined from overlapping cdna clones. the segment is 6875 nucleotides long and has a base composition of 29.8% a, 17.9% c, 15.4% g, and 36.9% u. eighteen of the terminal 19 nucleotides at the 3' and 5' ends are complementary. in the viral-complementary (+ sense) rna there is a single long open reading frame (orf) from aug at bases 51-53 to a uag stop codon at bases 6765-6767; this orf encodes a polyp ...	1989	2596023
antiviral and cytotoxicity evaluation of 3-nitro-3-deazauridine.	3-nitro-3-deazauridine (3n-3du) is a new synthetic nucleoside having activity against members of 5 rna virus families including: paramyxoviruses (parainfluenza, piv), picornaviruses (rhino-, rv), rhabdoviruses (vesicular stomatitis, vsv), togaviruses (semliki forest, sfv) and bunyaviruses (punta toro, ptv). in this report, we evaluate and compare its activity with the parent nucleoside, 3-deazauridine (3du) and ribavirin as drug standards. comparison of drug activities utilizes observations of a ...	1989	2634363
detection of la crosse and snowshoe hare viral nucleic acids by in situ hybridization.	a molecular hybridization technique was developed to detect bunyavirus rna in cells. complementary dnas (cdnas) to the small (s) rna segment of la crosse (lac) virus and to a portion of the middle (m) rna segment of snowshoe hare (ssh) virus were used as probes to detect lac or ssh viral rna by in situ hybridization. protocols were developed and standardized using radiolabeled dna probes, and adapted for use with biotin labeled probes. the in situ hybridization procedure detected an estimated 3, ...	1989	2658638
enzyme processing of la crosse virus glycoprotein g1: a bunyavirus-vector infection model.	efficient transmission, amplification, and dissemination of arboviruses require viral replication in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. as a result, virions are exposed to two significantly different environments. exposure of lacrosse virus (lacv) to proteolytic enzymes, such as those that may be found in the mosquito midgut, increases virus affinity for mosquito cells. these enzymes remove the major envelope glycoprotein (g1) while leaving the second glycoprotein (g2) intact. processing of lacv ...	1989	2662577
computer analysis suggests a role for signal sequences in processing polyproteins of enveloped rna viruses and as a mechanism of viral fusion.	we have used a computer program to scan the entire sequence of viral polyproteins for eucaryotic signal sequences. the method is based on that of von heijne (1). the program calculates a score for each residue in a polyprotein. the score indicates the resemblance of each residue to that at the cleavage site of a typical n-terminal eucaryotic signal sequence. the program correctly predicts the known n-terminal signal sequence cleavage sites of several cellular and viral proteins. the analysis dem ...	1989	2669325
bunyaviridae. serological relationships.	the family bunyaviridae comprises 5 genera of lipid-enveloped viruses with trisegmented rna genomes. one of the genera, bunyavirus, comprises over a quarter of the known arboviruses. the members of the hantavirus genus are apparently the exception in that they are not arthropod-borne. the genera are sorted largely on serological grounds. the nairoviruses, in addition to the presence of the physical marker of a higher molecular weight nucleoprotein, include congo-crimean haemorrhagic fever, an ap ...	1989	2685515
[antiviral activity of ribamidyl in experimental infections with california encephalitis group viruses].	a preparation of ribamydil, an analogue of natural nucleosides, synthesized at the latvian ssr institute of organic chemistry showed a sufficiently high activity against bunyaviruses of california encephalitis complex both in vitro and in vivo. various modifications of the enzyme immunoassay may be used for control of the effectiveness of treatment with this drug. some advantages of the subcutaneous route over the intramuscular one were found. ribamydil may be useful for treatment of infections ...	1989	2686163
the s rna segment of sandfly fever sicilian virus: evidence for an ambisense genome.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the s rna segment of sandfly fever sicilian (sfs) virus (phlebovirus, bunyaviridae) was determined from overlapping cdna clones and by primer extension. the rna is 1746 nucleotides in length and has two large open reading frames (orf), one of which (24.8 kda) is viral-complementary in sense, and the other (30.4 kda) is in the viral sense. this ambisense genome arrangement has been seen in another member of the phlebovirus genus, punta toro (pt) virus (t. ihara ...	1989	2705301
the large viral rna segment of california serogroup bunyaviruses encodes the large viral protein.	reassortant bunyaviruses derived from two members of the california serogroup (la crosse/original and tahyna/181-57) viruses were used to demonstrate that the large mr viral protein (l) is encoded by the l rna segment. radiolabelled viral proteins were analysed by discontinuous sds-page. the l protein of la crosse virus was observed to migrate ahead of its tahyna virus counterpart when electrophoresed through a 5% acrylamide resolving gel. among the reassortant viruses, the l protein phenotype s ...	1989	2732686
nucleotide sequence analysis of the small (s) rna segment of bunyamwera virus, the prototype of the family bunyaviridae.	the nucleotide sequence of the small (s) rna segment of the bunyamwera virus genome has been determined. the s rna is 961 bases in length and, in common with other bunyaviruses, encodes two proteins, n and nss, in overlapping reading frames. a six-way alignment of the amino acid sequences of the n and nss proteins of viruses representing three serogroups within the bunyavirus genus indicates regions which are strongly conserved, and provides targets for future analysis of protein function.	1989	2732714
detection of the bunyavirus germiston in vero and aedes albopictus c6/36 cells by in situ hybridization using cdna and asymmetric rna probes.	using germiston virus infected vertebrate (vero) and invertebrate (aedes albopictus c6/36) cells, paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative allowed the best preservation of cellular morphology and the highest hybridization signals with cdna and asymmetric rna probes against the viral s segment. asymmetric rna probes always gave higher sensitivity and better specificity of in situ hybridization than the nick-translated symmetric dna probe in both vertebrate and invertebrate cells. the study of aed ...	1989	2760165
the design and use of specific genetic probes to identify closely related bunyaviruses and to determine the genotype of their recombinants.	viruses that are very closely related to each other at the genetic and gene product level can prove difficult to distinguish, although they may differ in phenotype (for example in their virulence or vector preferences). a chimeric genetic probe has been developed and tested to distinguish the s rnas of two closely related bunyaviruses, snowshoe hare and la crosse viruses. the technique is applicable to other rna species of these two bunyaviruses.	1989	2769236
characterization of the mesenteronal infection with western equine encephalomyelitis virus in an incompetent strain of culex tarsalis.	interactions of western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) virus are compared with mesenterons of 2 genetically selected susceptible (ws) and refractory (wr) lines of culex tarsalis. both ws and wr females had similar susceptibility when parenterally inoculated with virus, thus it was initially thought that resistance in wr cx. tarsalis was associated with a mesenteronal infection barrier. present data on viral growth in mesenterons dissected from females fed on virus-soaked pledgets suggest that vi ...	1989	2774065
prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against california and bunyamwera serogroup viruses in deer from mountainous areas of california.	plaque reduction-serum dilution neutralization was used to evaluate the status of bunyavirus activity in deer in mountainous areas of california. antibodies against 9 bunyaviruses were measured in 337 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus, o. hemionus californicus, and o. hemionus inyoensis) and black-tailed deer (o. hemionus columbianus). more deer from high mountainous areas had neutralizing antibodies against jamestown canyon virus than did deer from low mountainous areas (23% vs. 9%; p les ...	1989	2496610
nucleotide sequence and expression of the small (s) rna segment of maguari bunyavirus.	the small (s) rna segment of the maguari bunyavirus genome has been cloned as cdna and its nucleotide sequence determined. the nucleocapsid protein, n, (mr 26k) and a nonstructural protein, nss, (mr 11k), are encoded in overlapping reading frames, similar to other bunyavirus s rna segments. in addition, a third aug-initiated open reading frame encoding a 9.3k protein was observed. all three polypeptides were translated in cell free systems programmed with rna transcribed in vitro from the cdna s ...	1989	2527439
arbovirus infections and viral haemorrhagic fevers in uganda: a serological survey in karamoja district, 1984.	sera collected in may 1984 from 132 adult residents of karamoja district, uganda, were examined by haemagglutination inhibition tests for antibodies against selected arboviruses, namely chikungunya and semliki forest alphaviruses (togaviridae); dengue type 2, wesselsbron, west nile, yellow fever and zika flaviviruses (flaviviridae); bunyamwera, ilesha and tahyna bunyaviruses (bunyaviridae); and sicilian sandfly fever phlebovirus (bunyaviridae); and by immunofluorescence tests against certain hae ...	1989	2559514
[a seroepidemiologic and virological study of the presence of arboviruses in moldavia in 1961-1982].	in romania, st. drăgănescu et al., miszkolczy et al., based on clinical and epidemiological observations, affirmed the possible presence of "tick-borne encephalitis (tbe)". however, critical retrospective evaluation of certain others' papers published through 1958-1971 reveal some uncommon features. by way of example: a very high incidence of cf- and hi-antibodies in acute and chronic cns illnesses as well as in general population; replication in nucleus and maturation in mitochondria of a strai ...	1989	2561524
transovarial transmission of gamboa virus in a tropical mosquito, aedeomyia squamipennis.	we report transovarial transmission of gamboa virus (bunyavirus) in aedeomyia squamipennis, a tropical mosquito which is active and bloodfeeding throughout the year. gamboa virus was isolated during each of the 28 months of the study from every mosquito stage, including eggs, demonstrating that vertical transmission is a maintenance mechanism of this virus. the overall minimum infection rate was 5.1/1,000 mosquitoes. identification of the 567 isolates by neutralization indicated that greater tha ...	1989	2563641
erve virus, a probable member of bunyaviridae family isolated from shrews (crocidura russula) in france.	an apparently new agent, provisionally named erve virus, was isolated in 1982 from tissues of three white toothed shrews, crocidura russula, trapped near saulges village in western france. results of virological and ultrastructural studies suggest that this virus belongs to the bunyaviridae family and is a bunyavirus-like agent. serosurveys indicate that erve virus had apparently a large geographical distribution in france and infects rodents, insectivores, wild boars (sus scrofa), red deer (cer ...	1989	2570514
[the use of immunoenzyme assay for detecting antigens of california group virus and bunyamwera group virus (bunyavirus, bunyaviridae) in mosquito pools].		1989	2576693
arbovirus infection in humans in nsw: seroprevalence and pathogenicity of certain australian bunyaviruses.	a sero epidemiological study was carried out on human sera from all regions of new south wales for the presence of antibodies to nine bunyaviruses viz aino, akabane, belmont, gan gan, kowanyama, mapputta, peaton, tinaroo, trubanaman and the orbivirus corriparta. neutralising antibodies were found in titres up to 1280 to gan gan and to 640 to trubanaman viruses, prevalences 4.7% and 1.4% respectively. neutralisation titres up to 40 were found to belmont, aino, peaton and corriparta viruses but th ...	1990	2108660
vector competence of aedes albopictus for a newly recognized bunyavirus from mosquitoes collected in potosi, missouri.	the vector competence of a kentucky strain of aedes albopictus was assessed for a newly recognized bunyavirus isolated from ae. albopictus collected in potosi, missouri. females are susceptible to peroral infection and 44.7% became infected after ingesting about 15 vero cell plaque-forming units (pfu) of virus. virus replicated and reached average titers of 10(5.4)-10(6.0) pfu/mosquito by day 7 postfeeding. fourteen (40%) of 35 females tested in an in vitro virus transmission experiment were inf ...	1990	2121902
congenital malformations in sheep resulting from in utero inoculation of cache valley virus.	serologic evidence indicated that an episode of congenital abnormalities in sheep was caused by cache valley virus (cvv), a bunyavirus indigenous to the united states. to determine the teratogenic potential of cvv in sheep, fetuses were infected in utero between 27 and 54 days of gestation with an isolate (ck-102) obtained in 1987 from a sentinel sheep in san angelo, texas. the dams of these fetuses were euthanatized between 28 and 75 days after inoculation, and the fetuses were examined for mal ...	1990	2122779
[concomitant activity of 2 bunyaviruses in horses in argentina].	a serologic survey of horses for kairi (kri) and cache valley (cv), two related bunyaviruses, was conducted simultaneously in cordoba and santa fe provinces, argentina, during late 1983 and 1984. the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies only for kri was 13.3% and only for cv was 40.0%; but if the total positive sera for kri and cv were taken into account, the prevalence reached 48.3 and 75.0%, respectively. the prevalence for cv was higher than for kri in cordoba (p less than 0.01), but both we ...	1990	2126879
isolation of arboviruses from culicoides midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) in colorado during an epizootic of vesicular stomatitis new jersey.	an arbovirus survey was conducted in colorado and utah during an epizootic of vesicular stomatitis new jersey (vsnj) that occurred in the western united states in 1982-1983. from 120,422 insect specimens assayed, 106 viruses were isolated. four were rhabdoviruses (vsnj), three were orbiviruses (bluetongue serotype-11), 92 were bunyamwera group (65 main drain and 27 lokern), and seven were simbu group (buttonwillow) bunyaviruses. culicoides spp. accounted for 105 viral isolates (c. (selfia) spp., ...	1990	2167371
monoclonal antibodies specific for the g1 glycoprotein of la crosse virus that react with other california serogroup viruses.	various degrees of cross-reactivity have been observed among members of the california serogroup of bunyaviruses. since the g1 glycoprotein of la crosse (lac) virus, a member of this serogroup, has been shown to contain the antigenic determinants involved in neutralization, monoclonal antibodies to this glycoprotein were used in enzyme immunosorbent and kinetics of neutralization assays with the other california viruses to detect cross-reactive sites that may be involved in neutralization. the r ...	1990	2179465
neuroattenuated bunyavirus variant: derivation, characterization, and revertant clones.	a neuroattenuated variant bunyavirus, designated rfc/25b.5 (b.5), was selected by serial passage of a reassortant clone (rfc virus) of a california serogroup virus in bhk-21 cells, followed by plaque purification of that passaged stock. based on its virulence index (ratio of pfu/50% lethal dose), clone b5 was over 40,000-fold less virulent than its unpassaged rfc parent after intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation into adult mice. clone b.5 also exhibited markedly reduced neuroinvasiveness after subcu ...	1990	2182907
isolation of tete serogroup bunyaviruses from ceratopogonidae collected in colorado.	two viruses were isolated from ceratopogonid midges collected in northern colorado. electron microscopy indicated that both isolates were bunyavirus-like. indirect fluorescent antibody and serum dilution-plaque reduction neutralization tests showed that these isolates were members of the tete serogroup, most closely related antigenically to tete and batama viruses but distinguishable from both and from each other. we suggest the name weldona virus for these isolates. antibody in both waterfowl a ...	1990	2221226
nontemplated bases at the 5' ends of tacaribe virus mrnas.	centrifugation of tacaribe arenavirus-infected cell extracts on cscl density gradients was used to separate genomes and antigenomes, which band at 1.31 g/ml as nucleocapsids, from mrnas which pellet. primer extensions on the banded rnas showed that the 5' ends of the genomes and antigenomes were unique, whereas primer extensions on the mrnas showed that their 5' ends were heterogenous in length, extending 0-4 bases beyond the 3' ends of the templates for their synthesis. this suggests that arena ...	1990	2294647