Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| a comparison of the polymerase chain reaction with standard laboratory methods for the detection of ehv-1 and ehv-4 in archival tissue samples. | a detection system incorporating the polymerase chain reaction was compared with the use of histopathology and virus isolation to determine the presence of equid herpesvirus type 1 or equid herpesvirus type 4 in equine tissues submitted to a diagnostic laboratory. when the polymerase chain reaction was performed, these tissues had been stored for up to 3 years. thirty-eight tissues representing 14 cases had been stored embedded in paraffin wax. analysis of these tissues using the pcr gave predic ... | 1994 | 16031754 |
| equid herpesviruses 1 and 4 encode functional homologs of the herpes simplex virus type 1 virion transactivator protein, vp16. | the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) tegument protein vp16 is a potent transcriptional inducer of immediate-early gene expression, comprising an n-terminal domain involved in binding dna linked to an acidic transactivating c-terminal domain. the gene encoding the counterpart of this protein in equid herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) was sequenced. comparisons with vp16 and the homologous proteins of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) showed that a region in the n-terminal domai ... | 1994 | 8259676 |
| serological relationship between a donkey alphaherpesvirus (isolate m7/91) and equid herpesvirus type 1 and 4. | rabbit hyperimmune serum prepared against a donkey alphaherpesvirus isolate (m7/91), and against ehv-1 and ehv-4 was used to characterise the antigenic relationship between these 3 viruses. serum from immunised rabbits was always more specific for homologous virus and showed different cross reactivity for heterologous virus. it was concluded that the immunologic relationship between the m7/91 isolate and ehv-1, was closer than that between this isolate and ehv-4. a serological survey of donkeys ... | 1994 | 7776336 |
| an improved cosmid vector for the cloning of equine herpesvirus dna. | we have modified the commercial cosmid vector, triple helix vector (thv), such that i-sce-i restriction endonuclease sites flank the cloning site. i-sce-i is a rare-cutting endonuclease which recognizes an 18-bp sequence. it does not restrict the genome of either of the equine herpesvirus 1 or 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4) strains we have cosmid cloned. thus, cosmid-cloned ehv fragments can be excised intact from the vector by i-sce-i digestion, facilitating production of large overlapping ehv fragments f ... | 1994 | 7821817 |
| epidemiological investigation of equid herpesvirus-4 (ehv-4) excretion assessed by nasal swabs taken from thoroughbred foals. | equid herpesvirus-4 (ehv-4) was detected in nasal swabs taken from foals using a pcr based test and this information used to study the epidemiology of ehv-4 disease on three australian thoroughbred stud farms in nsw in 1992. there was a very high level of agreement (kappa value of 0.84) between the pcr results and virus isolation using cell culture techniques. there was a strong seasonal distribution of ehv-4 shedding. twenty-five of 26 positive samples were collected in january and march with t ... | 1994 | 8042275 |
| rapid, single-step differentiation of equid herpesviruses 1 and 4 from clinical material using the polymerase chain reaction and virus-specific primers. | sets of primers were designed which enabled specific amplification of homologous regions of the glycoprotein c and gene 76 genetic loci of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4). the resultant virus-specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) products arising from each loci could be discriminated easily on the basis of size on an agarose gel, allowing rapid differentiation of the two equine herpesviruses. specificity of the amplifications were confirmed by southern hybridization and restric ... | 1994 | 8051234 |
| the prevalence of latent equid herpesviruses in the tissues of 40 abattoir horses. | equid herpesviruses 1 or 4 (ehv-1 or -4) were isolated by cocultivation from 60% of 40 horses examined at slaughter. the lymph nodes draining the respiratory tract were the most common source of virus. ehv-1 or ehv-4 was never isolated from the trigeminal ganglia (slg). the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detected virus in 87.5% of bronchial lymph nodes and a similar level in the trigeminal ganglia that were examined. by both assays approximately one third of the positive animals harboured both ... | 1994 | 8575377 |
| use of lambda gt11 to identify antigenic components of equine herpesvirus 4. | a library of the equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) genome was constructed in the lambda gt11 expression vector. recombinant bacteriophage expressing ehv-4 antigens as beta-galactosidase fusion proteins were detected with rabbit antiserum raised against ehv-4 virions and convalescent horse serum. ehv-4 dna sequences contained in the immunopositive recombinants were used as hybridization probes for mapping the genes encoding the antigens on the viral genome. the dna sequence of the probes was determine ... | 1994 | 7521096 |
| cellular and antibody responses to equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 following vaccination of horses with modified-live and inactivated viruses. | the ability of monovalent and bivalent equine herpesvirus (ehv) vaccines to stimulate cellular and antibody responses to ehv-1 and ehv-4 was compared in healthy horses. comparison of data from lymphocyte blastogenesis tests in which live viruses were used as antigens and that were conducted prior to vaccination and after 2 vaccinations revealed that horses given modified-live ehv-1 had significant increases in proliferative responses to ehv-1 (p = 0.03) and ehv-4 (p = 0.04). responses to ehv-1 a ... | 1995 | 7538990 |
| equine herpesvirus 2 in pulmonary macrophages of horses. | in a search of viral agents in pulmonary macrophages of horses with chronic pulmonary disease, equine herpesvirus 2 was found to be unique. in 8 of 9 horses with chronic pulmonary disease, antigens of equine herpesvirus 2 were detected by indirect immunofluorescence staining of scattered foamy macrophages immediately after harvesting by bronchoalveolar lavage and fractionation on metrizamide gradients. in a healthy horse, antigens were not found. after 1 week of cultivation of bronchoalveolar la ... | 1995 | 7653883 |
| gp13 (ehv-gc): a complement receptor induced by equine herpesviruses. | equine herpesviruses type 1 (ehv-1) and type 4 (ehv-4) induce a complement receptor protein on the surface of infected cells capable of binding to the third component of complement (c3). the protein mediating the binding to the c3 component of complement was identified as glycoprotein 13 (gp13, ehv-gc), as expression of the cloned viral gene under the control of a cmv promoter induced c3 binding activity at the transfected cell surface. comparable to glycoprotein c (gc) from herpes simplex virus ... | 1995 | 7483825 |
| the nucleotide sequence of asinine herpesvirus 3 glycoprotein g indicates that the donkey virus is closely related to equine herpesvirus 1. | the nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein g (gg) homologue of asinine herpesvirus 3 (ahv3), a respiratory alphaherpesvirus of donkeys, was determined. the ahv3 gg gene consists of 1233 base pairs (bp) and codes for a predicted protein of 411 amino acids. this is identical in size to the equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv1) gg gene and 6 amino acids longer than the equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv4) gg gene. the predicted amino acid sequence of ahv3 gg has characteristics of a class 1 membrane protein. the ami ... | 1995 | 7487497 |
| a type-specific serological test to distinguish antibodies to equine herpesviruses 4 and 1. | we describe a type-specific elisa, which distinguishes antibody to equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv4; equine rhinopneumonitis) and ehv1 (equine abortion virus) thereby identifying horses that have been infected with either or both of these antigenically related viruses. the antigens used are parts of the ehv4 and ehv1 glycoprotein g (gg) homologues expressed in e. coli as fusion proteins [crabb and studdert, 1993: j virol 67: 6332-6338). the expressed proteins comprise corresponding regions of the gg m ... | 1995 | 7710353 |
| replication of equid herpesvirus 4 in endothelial cells and synovia of a field case of viral pneumonia and synovitis in a foal. | equid herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) infection was diagnosed as the cause of interstitial pneumonia in a 6-week-old conventionally reared welsh pony foal, by cocultivation and immunolabelling with specific monoclonal antibodies, ehv-4 specific amplification of viral dna, and immunohistological examination of infected tissues. the case was novel in that replication of the ehv-4 isolate in endothelial cells and in the synovial epithelium was a feature. restriction digests of this isolate were compared with ... | 1995 | 7769144 |
| neonatal mortality due to equid herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) in a foal. | 1995 | 8585852 | |
| role of t-cells, virus neutralising antibodies and complement-mediated antibody lysis in the immune response against equine herpesvirus type-1 (ehv-1) infection of c3h (h-2k) and balb/c (h-2d) mice. | the suitability of c3h (h-2k) and balb/c (h-2d) mice for use as small animal models to study immunity to ehv-1 was assessed. an in vitro t cell response mediated by both cd4+ and cd8+ t cells was detected both during the acute phase of infection and after challenge with a second dose of ehv-1 at two months in lymphocyte populations taken from the spleens of both types of mouse. the responses were apparent until at least 61 days after the primary inoculation. after challenge, t cells from mice pr ... | 1995 | 8588092 |
| analyses of restriction fragment patterns (rfps) and pathogenicity in baby mice of equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4) strains circulating in danish horses. | twenty-five strains of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) and one strain of equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) isolated from material from various clinical cases in denmark, together with reference ehv-1 and ehv-4 strains, were compared by restriction fragment pattern (rfp) analysis and inoculation of baby mice. the rfp analyses revealed that all ehv-1 strains belonged to genome type ip. four fetal isolates exhibited genomic characteristics that have been suggested as specific markers of the attenuated stra ... | 1995 | 8604552 |
| synthesis and processing of equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein d. | previous studies (c. c. flowers and d. j. o'callaghan, 1992, virology 190, 307-315) employed peptide-specific antibodies to identify the product of the glycoprotein d (gd) gene of equine herpesvirus 1 strain kentucky a (kya). gd polypeptides of 55 and 58 kda were detected in ehv-1-infected l-m cells, and the 58-kda protein was observed in the membrane fraction of ehv-1 virions. in this report, the kinetics of synthesis and processing of gd polypeptides are described. one-hour pulse-labeling of e ... | 1995 | 11831735 |
| equine herpesviruses 4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus) and 1 (equine abortion virus). | 1995 | 7793324 | |
| expression of small regions of equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein c in escherichia coli. | a series of truncated equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv1) glycoprotein c (gc) molecules was examined for use as serodiagnostic antigens for ehv1 and ehv4. small regions of ehv1 glycoprotein c, an immunodominant ehv1 glycoprotein, were expressed in escherichia coli as glutathione s-transferase (gst) fusion proteins using the bacterial expression vector pgex-2t. sera obtained from horses, including sera from specific-pathogen-free (spf) foals, following exposure to either ehv1, ehv4 or both viruses were u ... | 1995 | 8545955 |
| high molecular weight polypeptide bands specific for equine herpesvirus 4. | serum neutralisation (sn) and immunoblotting were used in attempts to distinguish between natural infections with the closely related viruses equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) and equine herpes-virus 4 (ehv-4). horse sera (n = 323) collected in 1990 from studs with no experience of ehv-1 abortions as well as 197 sera collected in 1992 from studs with a history of ehv-1 abortions were tested by sn. the two groups differed in the proportion with measurable ehv-1 antibody, the 1992 group being significa ... | 1995 | 8545957 |
| lack of virulence of the murine fibroblast adapted strain, kentucky a (kya), of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) in young horses. | the virulence of the cell culture adapted kya strain of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1), which lacks at least six genes by deletions in its genome, was assessed by intranasal inoculation of six young horses that were serologically negative for ehv-1. no horses showed clinical signs, and a neutralizing antibody response against ehv-1 was detected in two horses which had antibodies against ehv-4 prior to the inoculation. a challenge experiment using a highly virulent strain of ehv-1 conducted 4 ... | 1996 | 9054131 |
| an outbreak of respiratory disease in horses associated with mycoplasma felis infection. | lower respiratory tract disease developed in a group of racehorses in training between two and six years of age. disease was observed in 22 of 25 horses for which full records were available. seroconversion to mycoplasma felis was demonstrated by indirect haemagglutination assay in 19 of 22 paired sera and high titres (> or = 64) were found in convalescent sera from the three remaining horses. evidence of respiratory viral infection was confined to seroconversions to equine herpesvirus-4 in two ... | 1997 | 9141220 |
| equine herpesvirus 4 dna in trigeminal ganglia of naturally infected horses detected by direct in situ pcr. | neuronal and lymphoid tissues of 15 randomly selected horses were analysed post mortem by liquid nested-pcr to study the tropism of equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4). in four animals the trigeminal ganglia and in one case the lung were positive. using a direct in situ pcr the ehv-4 genome was localized in the nuclei of neurons and in the bronchiolar as well as alveolar epithelium of the lung. in none of these tissues could infectious virus or viral antigens be detected. applying the more sensitive li ... | 1997 | 9152430 |
| herpesviral abortion in domestic animals. | abortion or neonatal disease may follow infection with several alpha, beta and gamma-herpesviruses. the alpha-herpesvirus, equid herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1), causes single or epizootic abortions or neonatal deaths in equids, and the closely related virus ehv-4 causes sporadic equine abortions. in cattle, the alpha-herpesviruses, bovine herpesvirus-1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus) and bovine herpesvirus-5 (bovine encephalitis virus), and a gamma-herpesvirus, bovine herpesvirus-4, have all be ... | 1997 | 9232116 |
| field trial to evaluate the immunogenicity of pseudorabies virus vaccines with deletions for glycoproteins g and e. | to evaluate, under field conditions, the immunogenicity of 2 pseudorabies virus (prv) vaccines (each with deletion of the gene for glycoprotein g [gg], and 1 with an additional deletion for glycoprotein e [ge]), particularly in the presence of maternal antibodies, and to investigate the effect of vaccination schedules in overcoming maternal antibody interference with vaccination. | 1997 | 9285001 |
| gazelle herpesvirus 1: a new neurotropic herpesvirus immunologically related to equine herpesvirus 1. | a herpesvirus was isolated from thomson's gazelle (gazella thomsoni) kept at a zoological garden in japan during an outbreak of epizootic acute encephalitis. the virus, gazelle herpesvirus 1 (ghv-1), was serologically related to equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1). however, dna fingerprints of ghv-1 were different from those of ehv-1 and other equine herpesviruses. southern hybridization with probes of cloned bamhi fragments derived from ul and us segments of ehv-1 revealed differences in the dna restr ... | 1997 | 9015181 |
| nucleotide sequences of glycoprotein i and e genes of equine herpesvirus type 4. | the nucleotide sequences of the glycoprotein i (gi) and e (ge) genes of equine herpesvirus type 4 (ehv-4) strain th20 were determined. the predicted region encoding the ehv-4 gi gene is 1,263 nucleotides, corresponding to a polypeptide of 420 amino acids in length. the predicted region encoding the ehv-4 ge gene is 1,647 nucleotides, corresponding to a polypeptide of 548 amino acids in length. the ehv-4 gi and ge genes show 74% and 85% identity at the amino acid level with those of equine herpes ... | 1998 | 9524947 |
| phosphorylation and cytotoxicity of therapeutic nucleoside analogues: a comparison of alpha and gamma herpesvirus thymidine kinase suicide genes. | thymidine kinase (tk) genes from three alpha-herpesviruses (i.e., human herpes simplex type 1, varicella-zoster virus, equid herpesvirus 4) and two y-herpesviruses (i.e., epstein-barr virus and saimiri herpesvirus 2) were cloned in expression vectors based on zeocin resistance by complementation of a tk-defective escherichia coli strain. in vivo complementation of an appropriate yeast strain and in vitro enzymatic measurements demonstrated that all viral tks possess a second phosphorylating acti ... | 1998 | 9570299 |
| the dna sequence of equine herpesvirus-4. | the complete dna sequence of equine herpesvirus-4 (ehv-4) strain ns80567 was determined. the genome is 145597 bp in size and consists of a long unique region (ul, 112398 bp) flanked by a short inverted repeat (trl/irl, 27 bp) linked to a short unique region (us, 12789 bp) flanked by a substantial inverted repeat (trs/irs, 10178 bp). ehv-4 is predicted to contain 76 different genes; three of these are present twice in trs/irs, giving a total of 79 genes. the closely related virus equine herpesvir ... | 1998 | 9603335 |
| equine herpesvirus-4 glycoprotein g is secreted as a disulphide-linked homodimer and is present as two homodimeric species in the virion. | glycoprotein g (gg) homologues have been found in most alphaherpesviruses although little is known about their structure or function. in this study, three species of equine herpesvirus-4 (ehv-4) gg were identified: a full-length 68 kda virion-associated species (ggvl), a 12 kda virion-associated species (ggvs) and a 60 kda secreted species (ggs), detected in the medium of infected cells. ggs and ggvs appear to be proteolytic cleavage products of ggvl and correspond to the n- and c-terminal regio ... | 1998 | 9603336 |
| immune responses and protective efficacy of recombinant baculovirus-expressed glycoproteins of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) gb, gc and gd alone or in combinations in balb/c mice. | baculovirus-expressed glycoproteins of ehv-1 gb, gc and gd alone or in combination evoked antibody responses and protected vaccinated mice against a challenge with ehv-1. gb, gd, gb + gc, gb + gd and gc + gd elicited very high levels of elisa antibodies while gc and gc + gd elicited high levels of virus neutralising antibodies. western blotting demonstrated that the antibodies produced were not only specific for the baculovirus-expressed glycoproteins gb, gc and gd, but also highly specific for ... | 1998 | 9646476 |
| diagnosis and sero-epizootiology of equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 4 infections in japan using a type-specific elisa. | recently, a type-specific elisa using equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) and type 4 (ehv-4) glycoprotein gs (ggs) was developed by crabb and studdert [1993]. to investigate the dissemination of ehv-1 and -4 among horses in japan, we applied their elisa as suitable for discriminating between ehv-1 and -4 infections serologically. type-specificity of the elisa was confirmed by using paired sera of infected horses with either ehv-1 or -4. application of the elisa to sera collected before and after t ... | 1998 | 9819768 |
| intestinal lesions in a horse associated with eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection. | the primary lesions of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus infection in the horse are limited to the brain and spinal cord. intestinal lesions in addition to the changes in the central nervous system were found in a 6-month-old male tennessee walking horse. one week prior to death, this colt was vaccinated for eee virus, western equine encephalomyelitis virus, influenza virus, equine rhinopneumonitis virus, and tetanus. the clinical signs consisted of ataxia and rear-end weakness, with ... | 1998 | 9823595 |
| transcriptional analyses of the region of the equine herpesvirus type 4 genome encoding glycoproteins i and e. | to map the transcripts encoding the equine herpesvirus type 4 (ehv-4) glycoproteins i (gi) and e (ge), transcriptional analyses were performed at the right part of the unique short segment of ehv-4 genome. the results revealed that the gi gene is encoded by a 1.6-kb transcript which is 3' coterminal with a 3.0-kb gd mrna while the ge gene is encoded by two transcripts of 3.5- and 2.4-kb in size. the transcriptional patterns described in this study for the ehv-4 gi and ge are similar to those fou ... | 1999 | 10226624 |
| detection of equine herpesvirus types 2 and 5 (ehv-2 and ehv-5) in przewalski's wild horses. | in blood samples of seven captive equid species from four german zoos ehv-1 specific antibodies were detected in 76% and ehv-4 specific antibodies in 73% of the 55 animals, whereas 93% were tested positive for ehv-2 and ehv-5, respectively. in only one blood sample from a przewalski's wild horse ehv-4 dna was amplified by pcr. from seven przewalski's wild horses ehv-2, and from another one ehv-5 was isolated by cocultivation. the identity of the virus isolates was verified by pcr and restriction ... | 1999 | 10365167 |
| efficacy of a commercial vaccine for preventing disease caused by influenza virus infection in horses. | to evaluate efficacy of a commercial vaccine for prevention of infectious upper respiratory tract disease (iurd) caused by equine influenza virus. | 1999 | 10397067 |
| latency-associated transcripts of equine herpesvirus type 4 in trigeminal ganglia of naturally infected horses. | equine herpesvirus type 4 (ehv-4) is a major respiratory pathogen of horses. unlike most other members of the alphaherpesvirinae, ehv-4 was regarded as non-neurotropic. here, neural and lymphoid tissues of 17 horses have been analysed post-mortem. ehv-4 dna was detected in 11 cases (65%) by pcr, exclusively in the trigeminal ganglia. in order to define the transcriptional activity, rna preparations of 10 ehv-4 dna-positive ganglia were investigated by nested rt-pcr. ehv-4-specific transcripts de ... | 1999 | 10466816 |
| the equine herpes virus 4 thymidine kinase is a better suicide gene than the human herpes virus 1 thymidine kinase. | the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase suicide gene (hsv1tk) together with ganciclovir (gcv) have been successfully used for in vivo treatment of various experimental tumors, and many clinical trials using this system have been launched. with the aim to improve this therapeutic system, we compared the potential efficacy of different herpes virus derived thymidine kinases (hsv1, varicella-zoster virus, equine herpes virus type-4 and epstein-barr virus) as suicide genes in association wi ... | 1999 | 10490775 |
| epidemiology of ehv-1 and ehv-4 in the mare and foal populations on a hunter valley stud farm: are mares the source of ehv-1 for unweaned foals. | the prevalence of ehv-1 and ehv-4 antibody-positive horses was determined using a type specific elisa on serum samples collected from 229 mares and their foals resident on a large thoroughbred stud farm in the hunter valley of new south wales in february 1995. more than 99% of all mares and foals tested were ehv-4 antibody positive, while the prevalence of ehv-1 antibody positive mares and foals were 26.2 and 11.4%, respectively. examination of the elisa absorbance data for the individual mares ... | 1999 | 10501159 |
| determination of equid herpesvirus 1-specific, cd8+, cytotoxic t lymphocyte precursor frequencies in ponies. | the frequency of antigen-specific, genetically restricted cytotoxic t lymphocyte precursors (ctlp) was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of ponies before and after infection with equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv1). split-well limiting dilution analysis (lda) was developed to measure ctlp frequency using ehv1-infected 51cr-labelled lymphoblasts as targets. extensive characterisation showed that recombinant human interleukin-2, autologous antigen presenting cells and equine serum conta ... | 1999 | 10507286 |
| the nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein g homologue of equine herpesvirus 3 (ehv3) indicates ehv3 is a distinct equid alphaherpesvirus. | ehv3 causes equine coital exanthema and has been classified as an alphaherpesvirus on the basis of its biological properties; however due to the absence of any sequence information the phylogenetic relationship has not previously been examined. the complete nucleotide sequence of the ehv3 glycoprotein g (gg) gene was determined and showed that this virus is most closely related to the alphaherpesviruses equine herpesviruses type 1 (ehv 1) and type 4 (ehv4). ehv3 gg contains conserved and variabl ... | 1999 | 10550674 |
| development and validation of a monoclonal antibody blocking elisa for the detection of antibodies against both equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv1) and equine herpesvirus type 4 (ehv4). | a monoclonal antibody blocking elisa was developed for the detection of antibodies directed against either ehv1 or ehv4. for this purpose, we selected a monoclonal antibody directed against a cross-reactive, conservative and immunodominant epitope of both ehv1 and ehv4. high antibody titres were found in rabbit antisera and spf-foal antisera infected with either ehv1 or ehv4. after experimental challenge of conventional horses with ehv1 or ehv4 significant increases in cf and elisa titres were f ... | 2000 | 10665532 |
| characterization of heterosubunit complexes formed by the r1 and r2 subunits of herpes simplex virus 1 and equine herpes virus 4 ribonucleotide reductase. | we report on the separate pcr cloning and subsequent expression and purification of the large (r1) and small (r2) subunits from equine herpes virus type 4 (ehv-4) ribonucleotide reductase. the ehv-4 r1 and r2 subunits reconstituted an active enzyme and their abilities to complement the r1 and r2 subunits from the closely related herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) ribonucleotide reductase, with the use of subunit interaction and enzyme activity assays, were analysed. both ehv-4 r1/hsv-1 r2 and hsv-1 ... | 2000 | 10727407 |
| differentiation and genomic and antigenic variation among fetal, respiratory, and neurological isolates from ehv1 and ehv4 infections in the netherlands. | ten monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were produced against equine herpes virus type 1 (ehv1). two appeared type-specific, while the other eight were directed against epitopes common to both ehv1 and ehv4. two mabs directed against the glycoprotein gp2 recognized linear epitopes, as demonstrated by western blotting. with pools of type-specific mabs, 282 field isolates were typed in an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (ipma). from a total of 254 fetal or neonatal isolates, 244 (96%) were typed as ehv1 ... | 2000 | 10789516 |
| a deletion in the gi and ge genes of equine herpesvirus type 4 reduces viral virulence in the natural host and affects virus transmission during cell-to-cell spread. | in order to identify the role of the equine herpesvirus type 4 (ehv-4) glycoprotein i (gi) and e (ge) genes in determining viral virulence and their affect on the infection cycle, we constructed an ehv-4 recombinant strain containing a deletion in both gi and ge genes and its revertant. the recombinant was assayed in vitro in order to compare its growth kinetics with the parent and revertant viruses. our results indicated that a deletion in the genes encoding gi and ge affected cell-to-cell spre ... | 2000 | 10867198 |
| a rapid and sensitive pcr-based diagnostic assay to detect bovine herpesvirus 1 in routine diagnostic submissions. | we describe a rapid, sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for the detection of bhv1 dna in a range of routine diagnostic submissions without the need for prior virus isolation. the assay, which is based on the selected amplification of a portion of the viral tk gene, detected both bhv1.1 and bhv1.2 subtypes in a panel of 15 characterised field isolates, and its sensitivity was estimated to be <0.125 tcid(50). bhv2, alcephaline herpesvirus, bhv4, equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv1 ... | 2000 | 10889405 |
| development of a differential multiplex pcr assay for equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 as a diagnostic tool. | in this study, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) procedure was developed for differentiation of strains and field isolates of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) and type 4 (ehv-4). specific oli-gonucleotide primers were combined to amplify the thymidine kinase (tk) gene region of ehv-1 and ehv-4, which would yield fragments of different lengths for each virus in the same amplification reaction. the specificity of the largest pcr amplicon for ehv-4 was confirmed by restriction digestion ... | 2000 | 10900826 |
| equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) glycoprotein d dna inoculation in horses with pre-existing ehv-1/ehv-4 antibody. | we have shown previously that equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) glycoprotein d (gd) dna elicited protective immune responses against ehv-1 challenge in murine respiratory and abortion models of ehv-1 disease. in this study, 20 horses, all with pre-existing antibody to ehv-4 and two with pre-existing antibody to ehv-1, were inoculated intramuscularly with three doses each of 50, 200 or 500microg ehv-1 gd dna or with 500microg vector dna. in 8 of 15 horses, inoculation with ehv-1 gd dna led to elevated ... | 2000 | 10946142 |
| identification of the products of the equine herpesvirus type 4 gi and ge genes. | in order to identify the products of the equine herpesvirus type 4 (ehv-4) gi and ge genes, we have constructed recombinant vaccinia viruses containing the putative gi or ge genes. these recombinant viruses synthesized ehv-4 gi and ge with apparent molecular masses of 75 and 80kda, respectively. antibodies raised against both recombinant viruses detected a 75 kda gi and a 95 kda ge in ehv-4-infected cells. the results also suggest that the ehv-4 gi and ge would form a complex like in other herpe ... | 2000 | 10963353 |
| prevalence of equine herpesvirus type 1 latency detected by polymerase chain reaction. | in this study, an improved polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used for detection of dna of latent ehv-1 strains from several sources. three pairs of oligonucleotide primers spanning fragments of 333 bp, 226 bp and 268 bp of the thymidine kinase (tk) gene, and one primer pair spanning 225 bp of the glycoprotein c (gc) gene were used in specific amplifications. primers for ehv-4 pcr were also designed. restriction digests with taqi confirmed the identity of tk pcr fragments from ehv-1. the sensit ... | 2000 | 11043940 |
| clinical and virological evaluation of the efficacy of an inactivated ehv1 and ehv4 whole virus vaccine (duvaxyn ehv1,4). vaccination/challenge experiments in foals and pregnant mares. | pregnant mares and young foals were vaccinated with duvaxyn ehv1,4, an inactivated and adjuvanted vaccine containing both the ehv-1 and 4 antigens. sn and cf antibody titres were induced two weeks after first vaccination. antibody levels were boosted after second vaccination, however they never reached the levels induced after virus challenge. young foals were challenged with virulent ehv-1 and ehv-4 field viruses. pregnant mares were challenged with the highly abortigenic ehv-1 strain ab4. vacc ... | 2001 | 11457558 |
| identification of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 by polymerase chain reaction. | to develop and validate specific, sensitive and rapid (< 8 hour) diagnostic tests using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the diagnosis of abortion and respiratory disease caused by equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv1; equine abortion virus) and ehv4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus). | 2001 | 11599819 |
| duration of immunity induced by an adjuvanted and inactivated equine influenza, tetanus and equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 combination vaccine. | an adjuvanted vaccine containing inactivated equine influenza, herpesvirus antigens, and tetanus toxoid was administered to young seronegative foals of 8 months of age by deep intramuscular injection in the neck (group a). the first two vaccinations were given 4 weeks apart. the third was administered 6 months later. another group of foals (group b) was vaccinated according to the same scheme at the same time with monovalent equine herpes virus (ehv) vaccine (ehv1.4) vaccine. antibody responses ... | 2001 | 11765243 |
| relative deficiency in cpg dinucleotides is a widespread but not unique feature of gammaherpesvirinae genomes. | since methylcytosine is relatively unstable, a deficiency of cpg dinucleotides and accumulation of mutations that manifest as tpg (and its complement cpa) is a diagnostic feature of higher eukaryotic dna sequences subjected to methylation by dna (cytosine-5) methyltransferases. latent viral genomes may also be affected by dna methylation in their host cells. we calculated, therefore, frequencies of dinucleotides in 20 completely sequenced herpesvirus genomes. we found a relative deficiency of cp ... | 2001 | 11791338 |
| vaccination of foals and pregnant mares with duvaxyn ehv1, 4 vaccine. | 2002 | 11803056 | |
| survival of equine herpesvirus-4, feline herpesvirus-1, and feline calicivirus in multidose ophthalmic solutions. | to determine survival over time of infectious equine herpesvirus-4, feline herpesvirus-1, and feline calicivirus in three commercially available and commonly used ophthalmic solutions (eyewash, fluorescein, and proparacaine hcl). | 2002 | 12445296 |
| detection and isolation of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 from horses in normandy: an autopsy study of tissue distribution in relation to vaccination status. | equine herpesviruses type 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4) are ubiquitous in the equine population. one of their main properties is their ability to establish life-long latent infections in their hosts even in those with natural or vaccine-induced immunity. however, effect of vaccination status on prevalence and tissue tropism was not established. in this study, ehv-1 and ehv-4 were detected by polymerase chain reaction and by classical virus isolation from neural, epithelial and lymphoid tissues colle ... | 2002 | 12449249 |
| polymorphism of open reading frame 71 of equine herpesvirus-4 (ehv-4) and ehv-1. | open reading frame (orf) 71 genes of both equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) and ehv-4 encode a unique glycoprotein, which has been described to vary in molecular mass from 200 to 450 kda. using pcr and nucleotide sequence analysis, it was shown that the orf 71 genes of ehv-1 and ehv-4 are polymorphic due to a variable number of reiterated sequences in two regions, designated regions a and b. region a was threonine-rich and was located near the n terminus. region b comprised a 38 amino acid repeat nea ... | 2002 | 11842247 |
| the c-terminal regions of the envelope glycoprotein gp2 of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 are antigenically distinct. | the unusual mucin-like high molecular mass (mr) glycoprotein 2 (gp2) has only been described in the equid alphaherpesviruses, among which there is considerable antigenic cross-reactivity. equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) gp2 is cleaved into a highly glycosylated n-terminal subunit and a 42 kda c-terminal cleavage product. in order to investigate their antigenic recognition by horses naturally infected with ehv-1 and/or equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4), the c-terminal cleavage product and high mr gp2 wer ... | 2002 | 11958459 |
| igg antibody subclass response against equine herpesvirus type 4 in horses. | in this study, igg subclass responses against equine herpesvirus type 4 (ehv-4) were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using a type-specific region of ehv-4 glycoprotein g (gg). elisa using sera collected from horses experimentally infected with ehv-4 revealed that igga and iggb antibodies were detected at high level, but iggc and igg(t) antibody responses were detected at low level or were undetectable. the igga antibody response reached its peak on day 10 post-infection, an ... | 2002 | 12088649 |
| equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 infections: an update. | equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv1) and equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv4) are important ubiquitous equine viral pathogens, causing much damage to the horse industry. ehv1 strains are associated with respiratory disease, abortion, and paresis/paralysis, whereas ehv4 strains are predominantly associated with respiratory disease. in the past decades much research effort has been put into improving knowledge about these viruses. in this paper the current state of knowledge of these viruses and the most important ... | 2002 | 12095082 |
| the mouse is not permissive for equine herpesvirus 2 (ehv-2), however viral dna persisted in lung and spleen depending on the inoculation route. | balb/c mice were inoculated with 3 ehv-2 low passage isolates. after intranasal inoculation, viral dna was detected by virus-specific nested pcr in the lung up to day 30 post inoculation and in nasal turbinates till day 7. in trigeminal ganglia, olfactory bulb, brain and lymph nodes viral dna was randomly shown by pcr. after intraperitoneal inoculation viral dna was present in lymphoid tissues. the spleen was pcr positive up to day 30 and showed a splenomegaly. clinical signs, virus replication ... | 2002 | 12111417 |
| serological responses of mares and weanlings following vaccination with an inactivated whole virus equine herpesvirus 1 and equine herpesvirus 4 vaccine. | equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) is a major cause of respiratory disease and abortion in horses worldwide. although some vaccines have been shown experimentally to reduce disease, there are few reports of the responses to vaccination in the field. this study measured antibody responses to vaccination of 159 mares (aged 4-17 years) and 101 foals (aged 3-6 months) on a large stud farm with a killed whole virus ehv-1/4 vaccine used as per the manufacturer's recommendations. using an ehv glycoprotein d ... | 2002 | 12119135 |
| viruses associated with outbreaks of equine respiratory disease in new zealand. | to identify viruses associated with respiratory disease in young horses in new zealand. | 2002 | 16032259 |
| equine respiratory viruses in foals in new zealand. | to identify the respiratory viruses that are present among foals in new zealand and to establish the age at which foals first become infected with these viruses. | 2002 | 16032260 |
| equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 infections: an update. | summary equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv1) and equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv4) are important ubiquitous equine pathogens, causing much damage to the viral horse industry. ehv1 strains are associated with respiratory disease, abortion, and paresis/paralysis, whereas ehv4 strains are predominantly associated with respiratory disease. in the past decades much research effort has been put into improving knowledge about these viruses. in this paper the current state of knowledge of these viruses and the most im ... | 2002 | 22066759 |
| structural basis for the dual thymidine and thymidylate kinase activity of herpes thymidine kinases. | crystal structures of equine herpesvirus type-4 thymidine kinase (ehv4-tk) in complex with (i). thymidine and adp, (ii). thymidine and so(4) and the bisubstrate analogs, (iii). tp(4)a, and (iv). tp(5)a have been solved. additionally, the structure of herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase (hsv1-tk) in complex with tp(5)a has been determined. these are the first structures of nucleoside kinases revealing conformational transitions upon binding of bisubstrate analogs. the structural basis fo ... | 2003 | 14527394 |
| seroprevalence of equine herpesvirus 1 in mares and foals on a large hunter valley stud farm in years pre- and postvaccination. | to examine the prevalence of equine herpesvirus 1 antibody in mares and foals on a large hunter valley thoroughbred stud farm in new south wales before and after the introduction of an inactivated whole virus vaccine. | 2003 | 15084039 |
| derivation and characterisation of a live equid herpes virus-1 (ehv-1) vaccine to protect against abortion and respiratory disease due to ehv-1. | a german abortion isolate of ehv-1 (strain m8) was grown in equine dermal (ed) cells at a low multiplicity of infection in presence of 5-bromo-2-deoxy uridine. the resulting stock was dialysed, titrated and cloned by terminal dilution in ed cells grown in 96-well microtitration plates. of 192 clones each originating from a single focus, clone 147 (c147) was found to be restricted for growth at and above temperatures of 38.5 degrees c. it was also restricted for growth at 37 degrees c in rabbit k ... | 2003 | 12441229 |
| equid herpesvirus (ehv-1) live vaccine strain c147: efficacy against respiratory diseases following ehv types 1 and 4 challenges. | the temperature sensitive and host range mutant clone 147 of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) was assessed for its ability to protect conventional, susceptible adult horses against respiratory infection by ehv-1 and equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4). intranasal (in) vaccination with 5.2 log(10) tcid(50) did not cause adverse clinical reactions although a limited virus shedding and viraemia (leukocytes) was observed in 11 of 15 and 10 of 15 vaccinated horses respectively. all 15 vaccinated horses showed a ... | 2003 | 12488066 |
| in vitro characterisation of high and low virulence isolates of equine herpesvirus-1 and -4. | basic in vitro characteristics of high and low virulence isolates of equine herpesviruses-1 and -4 were investigated with particular reference made to the ab4 and v592 isolates of ehv-1 as both have distinct endotheliotropism and clinical outcomes in pony challenge studies. additionally, some ehv-4 isolates that showed variations in clinical outcome were included in some experiments. the aim of the study was to identify an in vitro characteristic that would differentiate strains of known virulen ... | 2003 | 12801466 |
| detection of ehv-1 and ehv-4 in placental sections of naturally occurring ehv-1- and ehv-4-related abortions in the uk: use of the placenta in diagnosis. | ehv-1 and ehv-4 abortion diagnosis is based upon detailed examination of the aborted fetus. however, in some cases, only the placenta is available for examination. furthermore, the contribution of lesions in the placenta to pathogenesis and diagnosis of ehv-1 and ehv-4 abortion has been neglected. | 2003 | 12875318 |
| detection of ehv-1 and ehv-4 dna in unweaned thoroughbred foals from vaccinated mares on a large stud farm. | a silent cycle of equine herpesvirus 1 infection has been described following epidemiological studies in unvaccinated mares and foals. in 1997, an inactivated whole virus ehv-1 and ehv-4 vaccine was released commercially in australia and used on many stud farms. however, it was not known what effect vaccination might have on the cycle of infection of ehv-1. | 2004 | 15163042 |
| efficacy of a live equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) strain c147 vaccine in foals with maternally-derived antibody: protection against ehv-1 infection. | currently, there is no recommended immunoprophylaxis against febrile respiratory diseases due to equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) and -4 (ehv-4) in horses below age 5-6 months. this is because of interference by maternally-derived antibody (mda) of vaccines. | 2004 | 15253088 |
| use of the meridian test for the detection of equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in horses with decreased performance. | to evaluate use of the acupuncture meridian test for detection of recent or recently reactivated equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) infection in horses with decreased performance. | 2004 | 15344363 |
| evidence that use of an inactivated equine herpesvirus vaccine induces serum cytotoxicity affecting the equine arteritis virus neutralisation test. | several laboratories worldwide have recently experienced problems related to serum cytotoxicity with the equine arteritis virus (eav) neutralisation test (vn) when using office international des epizooties (oie) reference laboratory prescribed rabbit kidney (rk-13) indicator cells. cytotoxicity can be mistaken for viral cytopathic effect and has led to increasing difficulties in test interpretation, consequently causing disruption to both equine breeding and disease surveillance. results from ex ... | 2004 | 15364465 |
| amino acid analysis in mammalian cell culture media containing serum and high glucose concentrations by anion exchange chromatography and integrated pulsed amperometric detection. | the direct separation detection of amino acids by anion exchange chromatography with integrated pulsed amperometric detection was optimized for the analysis of typical mammalian cell culture broth samples. existing gradient elution conditions were adapted, considering the additions of peptone (2 g/l) and 10 vol% fetal calf serum to the medium as well as changing concentrations of glucose from 5.5 g/l up to complete consumption. samples had to be analyzed in two dilutions with water (1:33.3 and 1 ... | 2004 | 15519579 |
| equine herpesvirus 1 and 4. | equine herpesvirus infections in horses remain a significant cause of abortion and neurologic disease. these viruses are also responsible for mild signs of respiratory disease. the ability to establish latent infections with periodic reactivation or transmission to other horses is an important feature of these herpesviruses. one of the most unique aspects of this report is the description of horses demonstrating neurologic signs serving as the source of infection for other horses. accurate diagn ... | 2004 | 15519823 |
| updating equine influenza strains in a combined equine influenza and herpesvirus vaccine. | 2004 | 14975382 | |
| efficacy and duration of immunity of a combined equine influenza and equine herpesvirus vaccine against challenge with an american-like equine influenza virus (a/equi-2/kentucky/95). | it has been recommended that modern equine influenza vaccines should contain an a/equi-1 strain and a/equi-2 strains of the american and european-like subtype. we describe here the efficacy of a modern updated inactivated equine influenza-herpesvirus combination vaccine against challenge with a recent american-like isolate of equine influenza (a/equine-2/kentucky/95 (h3n8). the vaccine contains inactivated influenza strains a-equine-1/prague'56, a-equine-2/newmarket-1/'93 (american lineage) and ... | 2004 | 14975389 |
| development of an equine herpesvirus type 4-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a b-cell epitope as an antigen. | the equine herpesvirus type 4 (ehv-4)-specific region of glycoprotein g has served as an antigen for serodiagnosis and seroepizootic studies of ehv-4 infection (b. s. crabb and m. j. studdert, j. virol. 67:6332-6338, 1993; s. yasunaga, k. maeda, t. matsumura, k. kai, h. iwata, and t. inoue, j. vet. med. sci. 60:1133-137, 1998; s. yasunaga, k. maeda, t. matsumura, t. kondo, and k. kai, j. vet. med. sci. 62:687-691, 2000). here we identified a major b-cell epitope in the type-specific region of eh ... | 2004 | 15004059 |
| bovine herpesvirus tegument protein vp22 enhances thymidine kinase/ganciclovir suicide gene therapy for neuroblastomas compared to herpes simplex virus vp22. | herpesvirus tegument protein vp22 can enhance the effect of therapeutic proteins in gene therapy, such as thymidine kinase (tk) and p53; however, the mechanism is unclear or controversial. in this study, mammalian expression vectors carrying bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) vp22 (bvp22) or herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) vp22 (hvp22) and equine herpesvirus type 4 (ehv-4) tk (etk) were constructed in order to evaluate and compare the therapeutic potentials of bvp22 and hvp22 to enhance etk/gancic ... | 2004 | 15047837 |
| glycoprotein g deletion mutants of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv1; equine abortion virus) and ehv4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus). | glycoprotein g (gg) deletion mutants of ehv1 and ehv4, designated ehv1deltagg and ehv4deltagg, were constructed. the growth characteristics of the ehv1deltagg mutants were similar to the parent virus. all of the ehv4deltagg mutants grew more slowly in cell culture and produced plaques of different morphology including smaller size. the yields of both gg deletion mutant viruses in cell culture were similar to the parent viruses. sequencing of the genes flanking gg, southern blot, pcr and western ... | 2005 | 16052277 |
| equine herpesvirus-4 kinetics in peripheral blood leukocytes and nasopharyngeal secretions in foals using quantitative real-time taqman pcr. | based on the hypothesis that the viral load of cells infected with ehv-4 will likely change during the course of disease, taqman pcr was used to investigate and characterize the kinetics of ehv-4 viral dna load (glycoprotein b gene) and transcriptional activity (glycoprotein b and latency-associated transcripts) in peripheral blood leukocytes (pbls) and nasopharyngeal secretions (nss) collected from 11 foals during a field outbreak of respiratory disease. the ehv-4 dna load in pbls was low and o ... | 2005 | 16475518 |
| a glycoprotein m-deleted equid herpesvirus 4 is severely impaired in virus egress and cell-to-cell spread. | to analyse the function of the equid herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) glycoprotein m homologue (gm), two different mutated viruses (e4deltagm-gfp and e4deltagm-w) were generated. both gm-negative ehv-4-mutants were characterized on complementing and on non-complementing cells and compared with e4rgm, a virus where gm-expression had been repaired. it was demonstrated in virus growth kinetics that deleting gm had a more dramatic influence on ehv-4 replication than expected. extracellular infectivity was dete ... | 2005 | 15604427 |
| identification of another b-cell epitope in the type-specific region of equine herpesvirus 4 glycoprotein g. | recently, a novel 12-mer b-cell epitope, mknnpiysegsl, in the type-specific region of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) glycoprotein g (gg) was identified and used as an antigen for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (maeda et al., j. clin. microbiol. 42:1095-1098, 2004). although our prototype strain, th20p, possesses two repeat sequences containing the b-cell epitope, the ehv-4 ns80567 strain has two repeat sequences that are not identical. one repeat sequence stretch contained the b-cell epitope, w ... | 2005 | 15642995 |
| natural recombinant between equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 in the icp4 gene. | equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) is a pathogen causing rhinopneumonia in young horses, abortion in mares, and myeloencephalitis in adult horses. two types, ehv-1 p and ehv-1 b, have recently been dominant among 16 electropherotypes. ehv-1 p and ehv-1 b viruses were compared by long and accurate polymerase chain reaction (la-pcr) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis. differences in restriction sites were found to be focused in orf64, which encodes the infected cell protein 4 ( ... | 2005 | 15722602 |
| antibodies against equine herpesviruses and equine arteritis virus in burchell's zebras (equus burchelli ) from the serengeti ecosystem. | a total of 51 sera from a migratory population of burchell's zebras (equus burchelli) were collected in the serengeti national park (tanzania) between 1999 and 2001 to assess levels of exposure to equine herpesvirus types 1, 2, 4, 9 (ehv-1, -2, -4, -9), ehv-1 zebra isolate t965, and equine arteritis virus (eav). using virus-specific neutralizing antibody tests, seroprevalence was high for ehv-9 (60% of 45), moderate for eav (24% of 51), and lower for the ehv-1-related zebra isolate (17% of 41), ... | 2005 | 15827213 |
| equine herpesviruses 1 and 4: creeping to a solution. | 2005 | 15914048 | |
| comparison of antibody detection assays for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 infections in horses. | to compare methods of detecting equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv1)- and ehv4-specific antibodies in horse sera. | 2005 | 15934623 |
| equine herpesviruses 1 (ehv-1) and 4 (ehv-4)--epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis: a brief review. | this review concentrates on the epidemiology, latency and pathogenesis of, and the approaches taken to control infection of horses by equine herpesvirus types 1 (ehv-1) and 4 (ehv-4). although both viruses may cause febrile rhinopneumonitis, ehv-1 is the main cause of abortions, paresis and neonatal foal deaths. the lesion central to these three conditions is necrotising vasculitis and thrombosis resulting from lytic infection of endothelial cells lining blood capillaries. the initiation of infe ... | 2005 | 15993786 |
| genomic diversity among equine herpesvirus-4 field isolates. | infection with equine herpesvirus-4 (ehv-4) is a major cause of respiratory tract disease, equine rhinopneumonitis, in horses. although the full sequence of ehv-4 has been reported, genomic differences among ehv-4 field isolates have not yet been characterized. in this study, the genomic diversity between 23 japanese ehv-4 isolates was analyzed by digestion with restriction endonucleases (bamhi, bgiii, ecori, saci, and sali) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the restriction endonuclease diges ... | 2005 | 15997181 |
| ehv-1 and ehv-4 infection in vaccinated mares and their foals. | a silent cycle of equine herpesvirus 1 infection was described following epidemiological studies of unvaccinated mares and foals on a hunter valley stud farm. following the introduction of routine vaccination with an inactivated whole virus equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) and equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) vaccine in 1997, a subsequent study identified excretion of ehv-1 and ehv-4 in nasal swab samples tested by pcr from vaccinated mares and their unweaned, unvaccinated foals. the current sero-epidem ... | 2006 | 16513181 |
| pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus-associated neurological disease: a revised explanation. | 2006 | 16706288 | |
| temporal detection of equine herpesvirus infections of a cohort of mares and their foals. | the objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of equine herpesviruses (ehv) 1-5 in the nasal secretions (ns) of a cohort of 12 mares and their foals from birth to 6 months of age, estimate the prevalence of ehv-1-5 infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of selected foals, and investigate phylogenetic relationships amongst the various strains of ehv-2 and 5. virus-specific pcr assays were used to detect ehv-1-5 in ns and pbmc. a homologous portion of the glycoprotei ... | 2006 | 16774810 |
| detection of equine herpesvirus type 1 using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. | equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv1) is a major disease of equids worldwide causing considerable losses to the horse industry. a variety of techniques, including pcr have been used to diagnose ehv1. some of these pcrs were used in combination with other techniques such as restriction enzyme analysis (rea) or hybridisation, making them cumbersome for routine diagnostic testing and increasing the chances of cross-contamination. furthermore, they involve the use of suspected carcinogens such as ethidium brom ... | 2006 | 16137772 |
| host cell tropism of equine herpesviruses: glycoprotein d of ehv-1 enables ehv-4 to infect a non-permissive cell line. | equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4) cause equine respiratory disease worldwide. however, only ehv-1 is a cause of abortion and neurological disease, despite the two viruses having all 76 genes in common. in addition ehv-1 has a broader host range in cell culture than ehv-4, as exemplified by the rabbit kidney (rk) cell line that is permissive for ehv-1, but not for ehv-4. here we describe that when ehv-4 produced in equine cells was inoculated onto rk cells expressing glycoprotein d o ... | 2007 | 17171298 |
| detection of viruses in nasal swab samples from horses with acute, febrile, respiratory disease using virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction and serology. | to examine the association of viruses with acute febrile respiratory disease in horses. design nasal swab and serum samples were collected from 20 horses with acute febrile upper respiratory disease that was clinically assessed to have a viral origin. | 2007 | 17300454 |
| multiplex real-time pcr for the detection and differentiation of equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) and equid herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4). | a multiplex real-time pcr was designed to detect and differentiate equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) and equid herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4). the pcr targets the glycoprotein b gene of ehv-1 and ehv-4. primers and probes were specific to each equine herpesvirus type and can be used in monoplex or multiplex pcrs, allowing the differentiation of these two closely related members of the alphaherpesvirinae. the two probes were minor-groove binding probes (mgb) labelled with 6-carboxy-fluorescein (fam) and vic for ... | 2007 | 17346907 |