Publications

fowlpox virus thymidine kinase: nucleotide sequence and relationships to other thymidine kinases.	the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of fowlpox virus (fpv) is located in a 2.2-kb hindiii-clai fragment derived from a 5.5-kb ecor1 fragment of the fpv genome. the tk gene was mapped to the region of a 700-bp xbai fragment contained within this hindiii-clai fragment. nucleotide sequence analysis of this region revealed an open reading frame of 183 codons. identification of this region as the fpv tk gene was confirmed by its homology with the vaccinia virus tk at both the nucleotide and amino acid lev ...	1987	3027984
pathological changes of tracheal mucosa in chickens infected with fowl pox virus.	five-week-old chickens were inoculated with fowl pox (fp) virus and killed on various days through day 30 postinoculation (pi). the trachea was examined with a scanning electron microscope (sem), a transmission electron microscope (tem), and a light microscope (lm). from day 3 pi, small focal lesions of the mucosa were detected. on day 7 pi, upon formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, epithelial cells proliferated profusely, enlarged, and formed clusters like papillomata. the disease proceed ...	1987	3034227
mixed infection with chlamydia psittaci, fowlpox virus and haemophilus gallinarum in broiler breeder chicks.		1987	3037759
identification by a random sequencing strategy of the fowlpoxvirus dna polymerase gene, its nucleotide sequence and comparison with other viral dna polymerases.	the nucleotide sequence of the dna polymerase gene of the avipoxvirus fowlpox is presented and the predicted amino acid sequence compared with that of the orthopoxvirus vaccinia. the results have brought to light an error in the vaccinia sequence which has resulted in the ommission of 44 amino acids from the carboxy-terminus of the vaccinia dna polymerase. there has been extensive conservation of amino acids throughout the enzymes, and regions identified as being present in dna polymerases from ...	1987	2819823
similar genetic organization between a region of fowlpox virus dna and the vaccinia virus hindiii j fragment despite divergent location of the thymidine kinase gene.	dna from fowlpox virus, a member of the avipoxvirus genus, has been found to hybridize to dna from vaccinia virus, a member of the orthopoxvirus genus. the greatest homology detected was around the region containing the vaccinia virus thymidine kinase locus. a 3.1-kbp fowlpox virus fragment that hybridizes to the vaccinia virus hindiii j fragment has been cloned and its sequence determined. comparison of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence to the cross hybridizing vaccinia fragment re ...	1987	2820129
fowlpox virus polypeptides: sequential appearance and virion associated polypeptides.	the polypeptides associated with fowlpox virus (fpv) infection of chicken embryo skin (ces) cells were examined by metabolic labelling with [35s]-methionine and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). polypeptide synthesis was followed over the first 48 hours post infection, as this was shown to be the period of viable virus production in ces cells. in contrast to infection with vaccinia virus (vv), which leads to a rapid total inhibition of host polypeptide synthes ...	1987	2821960
studies on pathogenesis of fowl pox: virological study.	one-month-old wlh chickens were inoculated with a field isolate of fowl pox virus (fpv) by intradermal (i.d.) and intratracheal (i.t.) routes. in intradermally infected chickens, the virus in titrable amounts was first detected in the skin at the inoculation site on day 2 and in lungs on day 4 followed by viraemia on the day 5 post-infection (p.i.). subsequently the virus was recovered from liver, spleen, kidney and brain, but not from the heart. the chickens infected by i.t. route showed an alm ...	1987	2891281
outbreak of atypical fowlpox in chickens with persistent reticuloendotheliosis viraemia.	during the autumn in s/eastern australia, eight chickens of 7 months of age with an experimentally-induced reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) viraemia developed cutaneous manifestations similar to fowlpox. ten hatchmates housed in a separate pen nearby, and known to be free of rev infection, remained clinically normal. fowlpox virus was isolated from the affected birds and histologically the lesions were characteristic of fowlpox. unsuccessful application of fowlpox vaccine by wing web 'stab', 2 ...	1987	18766601
the detection of cytotoxic lymphocyte activity in chickens infected with infectious bronchitis virus or fowl pox virus.	a cytotoxic lymphocyte assay, using cells that adhered to plastic as the target cells and neutral red as the indicator for lysis, was applied to chickens infected with either infectious bronchitis virus or fowl pox virus. both target and effector cells were derived from the same bird. cytotoxic lymphocytes were generated in birds infected with either virus. the activity was confined to cells of the spleen after initial immunisation, but could be detected in white cells from the blood after chall ...	1987	18766629
fowlpox virus: its structural proteins and immunogens and the detection of viral-specific antibodies by elisa.	this study showed a possible 30 structural polypeptides in the fowlpox virion. there were three major structural proteins, of relative molecular mass (rmm) 91, 64, and 58 kda which were not major immunogens. although most viral polypeptides were shown to be immunogenic, antibodies in chicken sera taken after a primary fowlpox inoculation reacted strongly only with polypeptides of 37 and 35 kda, whereas antibodies in sera taken after a secondary inoculation also reacted strongly with six other vi ...	1987	18766637
role of complement in the pathogenicity of fowlpox virus infection in chickens and chicken embryos.		1988	2834595
sequence analysis of an 11.2 kilobase, near-terminal, bamhi fragment of fowlpox virus.	the nucleotide sequence of an 11.2 kilobase fragment of the fowlpox virus genome is presented. the fragment comes from near one end of the genome and contains part of the terminal inverted repeat. twenty open reading frames (orfs) are predicted from the sequence and are classified into 13 major and seven minor orfs. the 100 base pairs immediately upstream of each orf are up to 83% at-rich, with some motifs similar to those seen in vaccinia virus early gene promoters. the tttttnt element which ha ...	1988	2836548
genomic and antigenic characterization of avipoxviruses.	a permanent cell line of avian origin, qt-35, was used for the propagation of avipoxvirus isolates, including juncopox, pigeon pox, and field and vaccine strains of fowlpox viruses. the genomes of these avipoxvirus isolates were compared by restriction enzyme analysis using bamhi and hindiii endonuclease digestion and subsequent agarose gel electrophoresis. the genetic profiles of the virus strains were very similar, with a high proportion of comigrating fragments, although most strains could st ...	1988	2837014
comparative immunity of fowl pox virus vaccines.		1988	2837026
comparison of a conserved region in fowlpox virus and vaccinia virus genomes and the translocation of the fowlpox virus thymidine kinase gene.	the dna sequence of a clustered set of genes which are conserved in orthopoxviruses has been determined for the avipoxvirus, fowlpox virus. the arrangement of the genes in fowlpox virus is nearly identical to that in vaccinia virus, and genes which are overlapping in vaccinia virus overlap in fowlpox virus. one major difference exists however, as the thymidine kinase (tk) gene is absent in fowlpox virus from the position it occupies within this cluster of genes in vaccinia virus. instead, in fow ...	1988	2838574
construction of recombinant fowlpox viruses as vectors for poultry vaccines.	plasmid vectors have been constructed which allow the construction of infectious fowlpox virus (fpv) recombinants expressing foreign genes. the foreign genes were inserted within the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of fpv contained in these vectors. to facilitate the selection of recombinants the escherichia coli xanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (ecogpt) gene was developed as a dominant selectable marker. this marker operates in a wide variety of cell types and obviates the need for tk- ce ...	1988	2842977
modified micro complement fixation test for detection of fowl pox virus antibodies.		1988	2844660
a rapid method for identifying the thymidine kinase genes of avipoxviruses.	the thymidine kinase (tk) genes of poxviruses can be rapidly located without using tk- mutants or having to restriction map and clone the viral genomes. identification of the tk gene is based on in situ gel hybridization with an end-labelled degenerate oligonucleotide probe, representing a consensus sequence near the 3' end of the gene. restriction fragments of the viral dnas are electrophoresed in agarose gels and annealed with the probe. using this method, the tk genes of fowl pox (fpv) and qu ...	1988	2846602
fowlpox virus as a vector in non-avian species.	examination of the members of the poxvirus family reveals a large and diverse group with members infecting almost every animal species. to a large extent, members of the individual genera have a broad host range and infect a number of animal species, although, as baxby has pointed out, successful experimental inoculation of a species does not necessarily mean that this species provides a natural host for that virus. avipox viruses, together with swinepox virus occupy a somewhat unique position i ...	1988	2854335
recombinant fowlpox virus inducing protective immunity in non-avian species.	the natural host of fowlpox virus is limited to avian species. when inoculated into non-avian tissue culture cells, however, fowlpox virus can initiate an abortive infection. a fowlpox virus was engineered to express rabies virus glycoprotein. on inoculation of the recombinant virus into either avian (permissive) or non-avian (non-permissive) cells, the rabies glycoprotein was expressed as a membrane-associated antigen. inoculation of the fowlpox virus recombinant into six different species of m ...	1988	2854338
protective immunity against avian influenza induced by a fowlpox virus recombinant.	fowlpox virus, the prototypic virus of the genus avipoxvirus has a natural host range limited to avian species. as such, fowlpox virus provides a suitable candidate for the development of a species-specific recombinant viral vector. this paper reports the development of a fowlpox virus recombinant expressing the haemagglutinin molecule from a highly virulent avian influenza virus. on immunization of chickens and turkeys with the recombinant, protection is afforded against a lethal challenge with ...	1988	2854339
survey of vaccines and spf flocks for contamination with chick anaemia agent.		1989	2538021
immunogenicity of mycoplasma gallisepticum.	the serological response and protective immunity elicited in the chicken by the pathogenic ap3as strain and the moderately pathogenic 80083 strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum and variants of strain 80083 attenuated by repeated passage in mycoplasma broth were investigated. strain 80083 elicited a substantial serum antibody response after administration either in drinking water or by conjunctival sac instillation to 7-week-old spf chickens. no vaccinated chickens developed air sac lesions when ch ...	1989	2540737
analysis of the fowlpoxvirus gene encoding the 4b core polypeptide and demonstration that it possesses efficient promoter sequences.	the gene encoding the fowlpox virus 4b core polypeptide has been identified by analogy with the vaccinia 4b gene. it has been cloned, and its nucleotide sequence determined. the gene, which is 1971 nucleotides long, can encode a protein of 75,200 da (75.2k polypeptide), slightly longer than its vaccinia counterpart with which it shares 52% identity. sequences upstream of the fowlpox virus 4b gene correspond to the consensus sequence determined for vaccinia late promoters, suggesting that late pr ...	1989	2541544
tandem repeated sequences within the terminal region of the fowlpox virus genome.	a 6.2 kb bamhi terminal fragment from fowlpox virus has been cloned and the nucleotide sequence was determined. the fragment was cloned by s1 digestion of viral dna and therefore does not contain the covalently closed terminal loop. the cloned sequences comprise a short (230 bp) unique region at the terminal end, which is adjacent to a 3.87 bp long, at-rich region consisting of sets of short tandemly repeated units, 32 and 56 bp long. the remainder of the fragment is composed of a 2.18 kb unique ...	1989	2543736
immune response of chicks vaccinated with fowl pox virus vaccines by the feather follicle method.		1989	2546306
pathologic changes in chickens caused by intravenous inoculation with fowlpox virus.	twenty chickens were inoculated intravenously with fowlpox (fp) virus, and clinical and pathological examinations were carried out chronologically. upon gross examination, miliary nodules scattered in the kidneys were observed from 10 to 18 days postinoculation (pi), as were papules on the skin and diphtheritic lesions on the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract. microscopically, characteristic fp lesions, composed of swelling and proliferation of cells with formation of bollinger bodi ...	1989	2546531
pathogenicity and immunogenicity of mynah pox virus in chickens and bobwhite quail.	an avian pox virus was isolated from cutaneous proliferative lesions removed from greater hill mynahs (gracula religiosa) imported from malaysia. cutaneous inoculation of specific pathogen-free chickens and bobwhite quail with the mynah pox virus resulted in severe proliferative cutaneous lesions similar to those seen in the naturally infected mynah birds. microscopically, the reaction in the chickens and quail at sites of virus inoculation was characterized by marked epithelial hyperplasia with ...	1989	2547209
genetic and antigenic differences between fowlpox and quailpox viruses.	the genomes of a fowlpox and quailpox virus isolate were compared by restriction enzyme analysis using bamhi, ecori, and hindiii endonucleases. the genetic profiles of the two virus species were very distinct with fragments lacking similar electrophoretic mobilities. in contrast, the patterns of three quailpox virus isolates were very similar with a high proportion of co-migrating fragments. when the immunogenic proteins of two quailpox, three fowlpox, a juncopox, and a pigeonpox virus isolate w ...	1989	2548462
structural proteins of two different plaque-size phenotypes of fowlpox virus.	structural polypeptides of two plaque-purified variant isolates of fowlpox virus differing in plaque morphology and size were examined by coomassie blue-staining and immunoblot analysis of purified virions. a total of 30 structural polypeptides were observed, ranging in molecular weight from 14,100 to 122,600. a late polypeptide of 36,400 molecular weight was quite prominent in the small-plaque clone but absent in the large-plaque clone. two other polypeptides, of 33,700 and 34,800 molecular wei ...	1989	2549937
the nucleotide sequence around the capripoxvirus thymidine kinase gene reveals a gene shared specifically with leporipoxvirus.	we have extended previous comparisons of genetic organization between poxvirus genera by sequencing a 2.5k genomic fragment from isolate ks-1 (kenya sheep-1) of the genus capripoxvirus. the fragment is located in the central region of the capripoxvirus genome and contains three complete and two incomplete open reading frames (orfs). one of the complete orfs is a gene for thymidine kinase (tk). this gene, with one of the other two complete orfs and both the incomplete orfs, are homologous to four ...	1989	2732700
vaccinia virus encodes a family of genes with homology to serine proteinase inhibitors.	nucleotide sequencing of a region of the vaccinia virus genome proximal to the right inverted terminal repeat (itr) identified two open reading frames (orfs) encoding proteins of 39k and 40k with amino acid homology to each other, to another vaccinia virus gene near the opposite end of the virus genome and to the superfamily of serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins). serpins have now been found in poxviruses from the genera orthopox (cowpox and vaccinia viruses), leporipox (myxoma virus) and avi ...	1989	2778436
expression of bovine leukaemia virus envelope gene by recombinant vaccinia viruses.	recombinant vaccinia viruses (vv) containing the envelope gene of bovine leukaemia virus (blv) were constructed. three virus constructs were designed: vv-blv1 which contained the open reading frame for envelope glycoprotein gp51 alone, under control of vvp7.5 promoter; vv-blv2 and vv-blv3 contained the entire gene (gp51 + gp30) coding sequence downstream of vp7.5 and the fowlpox virus early/late promoter (pfe/l) respectively. all three vv recombinants expressed envelope glycoproteins as determin ...	1990	1963249
quaternary structure of vaccinia virus thymidine kinase.	thymidine kinase enzymes isolated from a variety of sources are generally considered to have a native molecular weight of 80-90 kda composed of two 40-45 kda subunits. although these parameters may accurately describe the atypical deoxypyrimidine kinases expressed by members of the herpesviridae, the nucleotide sequences of thymidine kinase genes isolated from human, mouse, chicken and variety of poxviruses (vaccinia virus, monkeypox virus, variola virus, fowlpox virus and capripoxvirus) predict ...	1990	2114104
construction of fowlpox virus vectors with intergenic insertions: expression of the beta-galactosidase gene and the measles virus fusion gene.	a dna fragment from fowlpox virus cloned on a plasmid vector was modified to contain foreign dna inserts within an intergenic region. in a first step, a 32-base-pair intergenic region from the fowlpox virus genome corresponding to the position of the thymidine kinase locus in the vaccinia virus genome was enlarged to 55 base pairs by site-directed mutagenesis. a unique restriction endonuclease site introduced upstream of the intergenic region was then used to insert various foreign dna fragments ...	1990	2153222
insertion of the fusion gene from newcastle disease virus into a non-essential region in the terminal repeats of fowlpox virus and demonstration of protective immunity induced by the recombinant.	in this paper we report on the identification of non-essential genes in the terminal repeats of the avipox-virus fowlpox virus and the use of these as insertion sites in a vector system. foreign genes inserted into these sites are shown to be present in two copies in the resultant recombinant virus. to test the potential use of this vector as a live vaccine the fusion gene of newcastle disease virus has been inserted into a vaccine strain of fowlpox virus and inoculated into chickens. the experi ...	1990	2155997
newcastle disease virus fusion protein expressed in a fowlpox virus recombinant confers protection in chickens.	a cdna copy of the rna encoding the fusion (f) protein of newcastle disease virus (ndv) strain texas, a velogenic strain of ndv, was obtained and the sequence was determined. the 1,792-base-pair sequence encodes a protein of 553 amino acids which has essential features previously established for the f protein of virulent ndv strains. these include the presence of three strongly hydrophobic regions and pairs of dibasic amino acids in the pentapeptide arg-arg-gln-arg-arg preceding the putative cle ...	1990	2157037
mapping of a major early/late gene of fowlpox virus.	identification, cloning and mapping of a major gene expressed during the early and late stages of infection with fowlpox virus is described. the gene is located within a 17.3 kb psti fragment of the fowlpox virus genome and has an open reading frame of 501 bp. analysis of the 5'-ends of mrna transcribed from this gene showed that the start sites of both early and late transcripts map to the sequence taaat near the translation start site (atg). this is the first poxvirus early/late gene described ...	1990	2157318
regulation of foreign gene in fowlpox virus by a vaccinia virus promoter.	a vaccinia virus promoter was evaluated for regulation of a foreign gene in fowlpox virus by a transient expression assay. fowlpox virus-infected quail cells, transfected with plasmid dna containing chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene ligated to a vaccinia virus promoter, expressed cat activity. no cat activity was detected either in uninfected cells or fowlpox virus-infected cells. these results indicated that a heterologous vaccinia virus promoter can regulate expression of a foreign ...	1990	2157394
transient expression assay for qualitative assessment of gene expression by fowlpox virus.	a transient expression assay for fowlpox virus (fpv) was developed to assess the feasibility of using heterologous promoters in fpv and to qualitatively determine relative promoter strength. a transient expression system for fpv has not been reported, and various methods used for transient expression in vaccinia-virus-infected cells produced negative results when used with fpv. here a successful method for transient expression of e. coli beta-galactosidase in fpv-infected chick embryo fibroblast ...	1990	2161157
comparative analysis of vaccinia virus promoter activity in fowlpox and vaccinia virus recombinants.	a quantitative and qualitative comparison of vaccinia virus (vv) promoter activity in fowlpox virus (fpv) and vv recombinants was performed. the vv pl11 late promoter was used to express beta-galactosidase from the e. coli lacz gene in fpv (fpv-lacz) and vv (vv-lacz) recombinants. time courses of fpv-lacz beta-galactosidase expression in chicken embryo skin (ces) cells demonstrated temporal regulation of the pl11 promoter with maximum enzyme activity nine- and four-fold lower than those obtained ...	1990	2161593
detection of fowlpox virus dna by in situ hybridization using a biotinylated probe.	in situ hybridization was applied to detect fowlpox virus (fpv) dna in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of the skin from infected chickens by using a biotinylated probe and a streptavidin-alkalinephosphatase conjugate. the immunohistochemical examination was applied to compare the distribution of the fpv dna to that of related antigenic protein in serial sections. in the infected epithelial cells, fpv dna was detected in cytoplasmic inclusion bodies and in the rest of cytoplasm. likewis ...	1990	2164391
nucleotide sequence analysis of a 10.5 kbp hindiii fragment of fowlpox virus: relatedness to the central portion of the vaccinia virus hindiii d region.	the nucleotide sequence of a 10465 bp hindiii genomic fragment from fowlpox virus (fpv) is presented. analysis of the nucleotide sequence revealed 10 potential major open reading frames (orfs). five of these orfs are predicted to encode polypeptides with significant homology to hypothetical polypeptides derived from nucleotide sequence analysis of the vaccinia virus (vv) hindiii d region. interestingly, these homologous orfs do not occur in the same tandem arrangement in the fpv genome as they d ...	1990	2165135
activity of a fowlpox virus late gene promoter in vaccinia and fowlpox virus recombinants.	characterization of a late promoter of fowlpox virus (fpv) and a study of its activity in fpv and vaccinia virus (vv) was carried out. the 5'-mrna start site of the fpv late gene mapped to a taaat sequence near the translation start site (atg). a cloned dna fragment of fpv genome (pfl1) comprising of the 5'-end of the late gene was used to express the lacz gene of e. coli in fpv and vv recombinants. a comparative analysis of beta-galactosidase (bg) expression from the lacz gene under the control ...	1990	2165765
a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of newcastle disease virus (ndv) protects chickens against challenge by ndv.	the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) gene from the beaudette c strain of newcastle disease virus (ndv) has been expressed in a recombinant fowlpox virus vector. the hn gene, under the control of the vaccinia p7.5 promoter, was inserted into a nonessential gene in the terminal inverted repeats of fowlpox virus. expression was demonstrated in tissue culture, a protein of the correct size for fully glycosylated hn protein being recognized by an hn-specific monoclonal antibody on western blots. when ...	1990	2167557
a fowlpox virus vaccine vector with insertion sites in the terminal repeats: demonstration of its efficacy using the fusion gene of newcastle disease virus.	in this paper we report the development and testing of a fowlpox virus vector system. insertion sites in non-essential regions within the terminal inverted repeats of the virus have been characterised. foreign genes inserted into these sites are shown to be present in two copies in the resultant recombinant virus. to test the potential use of this vector as a live vaccine the fusion gene of newcastle disease virus (ndv) has been inserted into a vaccine strain of fowlpox virus, and inoculated int ...	1990	2169678
immune response of chicks to oral vaccination with combined extra- and intracellular fowl pox viruses.	the immune response of chicks to oral vaccination with hp1-strain of fowl pox virus was studied using intracellular virus alone or a combination of intra and extracellular viruses. the first and second vaccinations were done at four days and 25 days of age, respectively. in both groups the birds showed 50% protection against challenge virus at 32 days of age while no immunity was recorded at 95 days of age. the serum igg concentration in both the vaccinated groups was comparable and it was signi ...	1990	2171176
a poxvirus bidirectional promoter element with early/late and late functions.	a novel bidirectional promoter element of fowlpox virus (fpv) was characterized by transcription analysis, transient expression assays, and recombinant virus construction. this promoter element contained an early/late and a late function in opposite orientation, all within 42 bp of the dna sequence. the 42-bp sequence was sufficient to express two reporter genes simultaneously in a temporally regulated manner. both early and late mrna from the early/late promoter originated at the same taaat mot ...	1990	2171202
restriction endonuclease mapping of the fowlpox virus genome.	the genome of fowlpox virus (webster's mild vaccine strain) is composed of a single, double-stranded dna molecule with covalently linked terminal hairpins and approximately 300 kb in length. sites for cleavage by restriction endonucleases pstl, sal/l, smal, and notl have been identified with partial maps for ecori and bamhi. differences in pstl restriction fragment profiles for two separately prepared viruses (fpv-m and fpv-m3), both derived from the vaccine strain, indicate the presence of a no ...	1990	2171203
protection of chickens with a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing the newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene.	a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) protein of newcastle disease virus (ndv) strain texas was generated. immunoprecipitation with chicken anti-ndv serum confirmed authentic expression of the hn protein. protection of chickens from infection with ndv was observed when birds were immunized with the recombinant hn fowlpox virus by the intramuscular route after one or two inoculations. vaccination by the ocular route with a mixture of fowlpox recombinants expr ...	1990	2173266
vaccination of 1-day-old chicks with fowlpox virus by the aerosol, drinking water, or cutaneous routes.	administration of 10(4) mean cell-culture infectious dose (ccid50) per ml of a plaque-purified derivative of a commercial fowlpox virus (fpv) vaccine to 1-day-old chicks by aerosol or drinking water gave inconsistent serological responses and little evidence of protective immunity. in contrast, cutaneous vaccination with the same preparation protected against challenge with virulent fpv at 4 weeks of age. administration of the vaccine at a concentration of 10(6) ccid50 per ml by the drinking-wat ...	1990	2173536
fowlpox virus recombinant encoding the measles virus fusion protein: protection of mice against fatal measles encephalitis.	a recombinant fowlpox virus engineered to encode the measles virus fusion protein was shown to protect mice against a challenge measles infection. a vaccine dose of about 10(6) p.f.u. was needed to protect nearly 100% of the animals. mice failed to develop a significant level of antibodies directed against measles virus suggesting that other components of the immune system may be involved.	1990	2174596
recombinant fowlpox viruses inducing protective immunity against newcastle disease and fowlpox viruses.	the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of newcastle disease virus was inserted into a non-essential region of the fowlpox virus genome and expressed under control of the vaccinia virus 7.5 kda polypeptide gene promoter. immunization with the recombinant fowlpox virus elicited protective immunity in chickens against both virulent newcastle disease and fowlpox virus infection.	1990	2174598
analysis of the fowlpox virus genome region corresponding to the vaccinia virus d6 to a1 region: location of, and variation in, non-essential genes in poxviruses.	the dna sequence of the fowlpox virus genome corresponding to the vaccinia virus d6 to a1 region has been determined. translation of this sequence reveals fowlpoxvirus gene homologues corresponding to the d6, d7, d9, d10, d11, d12, d13 and a1 genes of vaccinia virus. in contrast, no gene homologue for the non-essential vaccinia virus d8 gene was present in fowlpox virus. instead, a gene transcribed from the opposite strand to the vaccinia virus d8 gene showing no homology to any previously seque ...	1990	2177083
a 39,000 mr immunodominant protein of fowlpox virus contains multiple copies of a 12 amino acid repeat sequence.	the nucleotide sequence of an unusual fowlpox virus gene which maps immediately upstream from the fowlpox virus 4b gene has been determined. the 34,000 mr protein predicted to be encoded by the gene contains 11 copies of a 12 amino acid serine-rich repeat sequence. the seven amino-terminal copies of the repeat sequence are perfectly conserved but variation exists in the four carboxy-terminal copies. three peptides were synthesized which contained either one copy of the repeat sequence, two copie ...	1990	2177084
poxvirus recombinant vaccines.	the poxvirus family, subfamily chordopoxviridae, contains six genera. the basic criteria distinguishing membership in a genus is cross-neutralization and host-range predilection. members of the genus orthopoxvirus (vaccinia) and of the genus avipoxvirus (fowlpox) have been genetically engineered to express genes from heterologous pathogens, thus providing a means of assessing these recombinant viruses as live recombinant vaccines. vaccinia virus recombinants which have a broad host range can be ...	1990	2198832
sequence and evolutionary relationships of african swine fever virus thymidine kinase.	the thymidine kinase gene of african swine fever virus was mapped in a 1.4-kb ecori-psti fragment located in the left half of the eco ri k fragment of african swine fever virus dna by using degenerate oligonucleotide probes derived from regions of the thymidine kinase sequence conserved in several poxviruses, man, mouse, and chicken. the nucleotide sequence of this region revealed an open reading frame of 196 codons, whose translated amino acid sequence showed significant similarity to the thymi ...	1990	2389555
fowlpox vaccination: routes of inoculation and pathological effects.	chickens were vaccinated against fowlpox via the wing web, oral route, drinking water or by aerosol. using two inoculations of virus, at 5 and 26 days of age, protective immunity was induced in chickens which resisted challenge with a pathogenic fowlpox virus given either via the wing web or intravenously at 46 days of age. aerosol and wing web vaccination induced slightly better protective immunity than drinking water or oral vaccination. virus was detected in lung cells of chicks vaccinated by ...	1990	18679975
proteolytic maturation of vaccinia virus core proteins: identification of a conserved motif at the n termini of the 4b and 25k virion proteins.	three structural proteins (4a, 4b and 25k) located within the virion core of vaccinia virus are cleavage products of precursor polypeptides (p4a, p4b and p25k) synthesized late in viral infection. pulse-chase labelling experiments revealed that cleavage of the core proteins lags considerably behind precursor synthesis and that processing requires continuous protein synthesis. the n-terminal sequences of 4b and 25k, but not 4a, were determined by microsequencing core proteins isolated from purifi ...	1991	1993877
the primary structure of the thymidine kinase gene of fish lymphocystis disease virus.	the dna nucleotide sequence of the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of fish lymphocystis disease virus (fldv) which has been localized between the coordinates 0.678 to 0.688 of the viral genome was determined. the analysis of the dna nucleotide sequence located between the recognition sites of hindiii (0.669 map unit; nucleotide position 1) and acci (nucleotide position 2032) revealed the presence of an open reading frame of 954 bp on the lower strand of this region between nucleotide positions 1868 ( ...	1991	2024501
construction of a pigeonpox virus recombinant: expression of the newcastle disease virus (ndv) fusion glycoprotein and protection of chickens against ndv challenge.	a pigeonpox transfer plasmid was constructed by cloning a 2.5 kb dna fragment containing the viral thymidine kinase (tk) gene in the psp65 plasmid. the vaccinia virus p11k promoter followed by the ndv fusion (f) gene was inserted in the tk gene. the f gene was transferred to the viral genome by homologous recombination in pigeonpox virus infected cef cells, transfected with the recombinant plasmid. recombinant viruses were selected with budr and screened for their ability to induce fusion betwee ...	1991	1646592
size and frequency characteristics of alpha beta and gamma delta t cells in the spleens of normal and cyclophosphamide-suppressed virus-infected chickens.	the characteristics of avian lymphocytes expressing surface cd8 (ct8) and t cell receptor (tcr) glycoproteins have been monitored by two-color flow microfluorimetry. exposure of 1-month-old birds to a lethal influenza a virus, which is known to be lympholytic, significantly decreased the frequency of both the alpha beta tcr2+ct8+ and gamma delta tcr1+ct8- subsets in spleen. however, all categories of t cells showed evidence of greater mean cell size, indicating that they are responding. inoculat ...	1991	1647883
comparative studies on the antigenicity of extra- and intracellular viruses of fowl pox.	the intra- and extracellular virus of three strains of fowl pox virus, when precipitated in succession with different saturation of ammonium sulphate revealed three antigens in gel diffusion test in the precipitates obtained at 25%, 50% and 75% of saturation. further analysis of each positive antigen by dot elisa revealed that the extracellular virus of fs-8 and hp 1 strains possessed excess antigenic protein at 50% saturation compared to their intracellular viruses. while no difference between ...	1991	1647933
protection of chickens against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n2) by recombinant fowlpox viruses.	two recombinant fowlpox viruses containing the avian influenza h5 hemaglutinin (ha) gene were evaluated for their ability to protect chickens against challenge with a highly pathogenic isolate of avian influenza virus (h5n2). susceptible chickens were vaccinated with the parent fowlpox vaccine virus or recombinant viruses either by wing-web puncture or comb scarification. following challenge 4 weeks later with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, all birds vaccinated by the wing-web method w ...	1991	1649592
efficacy of nucleoprotein and haemagglutinin antigens expressed in fowlpox virus as vaccine for influenza in chickens.	fowlpox virus (fpv) recombinants expressing influenza virus h5 haemagglutinin (ha), nucleoprotein (np) or co-expressing both of these antigens were tested for vaccine efficacy in chickens. immunization with the recombinant fpv-ha was highly efficacious but provided no cross protection between subtypes. bursectomy established that immunity against the h5 subtype was antibody-mediated despite the presence of very low levels of antibody in the vaccinated birds. immunization with the recombinant fpv ...	1991	1651609
fowlpox virus: pathogenicity and vaccination of day-old chickens via the aerosol route.	day-old chickens were given a single fowlpox virus vaccination (strain hp201) either via the aerosol or wing-web route. both methods induced protective immunity against a wing-web or intravenous challenge with virulent fowlpox virus at 47 days old, although high titred virus preparations were required for successful aerosol vaccination. however, no clinical signs of infection were observed as a result of aerosol vaccination even if invasive strains of escherichia coli were administered simultane ...	1991	1652784
structural analysis of unstable intermediate and stable forms of recombinant fowlpox virus.	the stability and structure of the products of recombination in a fowlpox virus (fpv) system using the thymidine kinase (tk) gene as the insertion site were examined. a 4.6 kb chimeric dna fragment from the puv1 expression vector, containing the bacterial lacz gene and the vaccinia virus p7.5 promoter, was ligated into the xbai site of the fpv tk gene. the resulting vector, pftklaczb, was transfected into chicken embryo fibroblast cultures infected with fpv at an m.o.i. of 0.1. recombinants were ...	1991	1658207
a recombinant fowlpox virus that expresses the vp2 antigen of infectious bursal disease virus induces protection against mortality caused by the virus.	the coding sequences of vp2 from a virulent strain, 52/70, of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) were excised from a cdna clone and inserted into a fowlpox plasmid insertion vector. the resulting plasmid, pibd 1, was used to construct a recombinant fowlpox virus, fpibd 1, which expressed vp 2 as a beta-galactosidase fusion protein. chickens vaccinated with fpibd 1 at 1 and 14 days of age, were challenged at 28 days with either ibdv strain 52/70 or the highly virulent strain cs 89. these chic ...	1991	1659797
avian poxvirus infections.		1991	1660865
antibody response to newcastle disease virus (ndv) of recombinant fowlpox virus (fpv) expressing a hemagglutinin-neuraminidase of ndv into chickens in the presence of antibody to ndv or fpv.	antibody response of recombinant fowlpox virus (fpv) was studied in chickens inoculated with the virus in the presence or absence of antibodies against newcastle disease virus (ndv) or fpv. in the case of ndv, high hemagglutination-inhibition titers to ndv were obtained when the antibody was present. no immune response to ndv was observed in the chickens previously vaccinated with fpv.	1991	1664717
formation of lentivirus particles by mammalian cells infected with recombinant fowlpox virus.	recombinant fowlpox viruses (fpv) containing the env or gag-pol genes of simian immunodeficiency virus from macaques (sivmac) were constructed. the env, gag, and pol-encoded polypeptides were efficiently expressed and processed in avian cells productively infected with fpv as well as in mammalian cells, in which fpv infection is abortive. in addition, the recombinant fpv expressing the gag-pol genes directed the formation of defective, lentivirus-like particles which were released into the cultu ...	1991	1667477
establishment and characterization of a thymidine kinase deficient avian fibroblast cell line derived from a japanese quail cell line, qt35.	an avian thymidine kinase deficient (tk-) fibroblast cell line (qttk-) was established from a japanese quail cell line, qt35, and characterized the biological properties. qttk- could grow in the presence of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (budr, 100 micrograms/ml) and not in the growth medium with hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine. compared to qt35 cells, the 3h-thymidine incorporation of the qttk- cells and the tk activity of the cell extract significantly decreased to 0.3% and 0.5%, respectively. in ...	1991	1832032
an improved dot-blot method for virus detection in chicken embryo fibroblast cultures.	a simplified dot-blot procedure is described for the detection of fowlpox virus (fpv) in infected monolayers of chicken embryo fibroblasts (cef) cultured in 96-well microtiter plates. the relative resistance of dna to hot naoh, which hydrolyzes other macromolecules including rna and protein, was exploited to solubilize virus infected cells and denature intracellular dna in a simple, quick manner. moreover, there was no need to purify virus or isolate viral dna from cellular dna prior to dot blot ...	1991	1849916
expression of avian influenza virus hemagglutinin by recombinant fowlpox virus.	a vaccine strain of fowlpox virus (fpv) was genetically engineered to produce avian influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha). this was accomplished by inserting a cdna copy of the avian influenza virus ha gene, which was regulated by a vaccinia virus promoter, into the fpv thymidine kinase (tk) gene. two types of recombinant viruses, differing only in the orientation of the ha gene relative to an adjacent foreign gene (lacz), were created. following preliminary identification of fpv recombinants based ...	1991	1851414
isolation of poxvirus from debilitating cutaneous lesions on four immature grackles (quiscalus sp.).	poxvirus was isolated from nodules on four immature grackles (quiscalus sp.) collected in two residential areas of victoria, texas. all of the birds were emaciated and had nodules on the eyelids, bill, legs, toes, and areas of the skin on the wings, neck, and ventral abdomen. these pox nodules were extensive and probably interfered with both sight and flight. the preliminary diagnosis was confirmed by virus isolation, histopathology, and electron microscopy. poxvirus was isolated on the chorioal ...	1991	1851418
recombinant fowlpox viruses expressing the glycoprotein b homolog and the pp38 gene of marek's disease virus.	two marek's disease virus (mdv) genes, one homologous to the glycoprotein b gene of herpes simplex virus and encoding the b antigen complex and the other encoding a 38-kda phosphorylated protein (pp38), were inserted into the fowlpox virus (fpv) genome under the control of poxvirus promoters. randomly selected nonessential regions of fpv were used for insertion, and the vaccinia virus 7.5 kda polypeptide gene promoter or a poxvirus synthetic promoter was used for expression of mdv genes. gene ex ...	1992	1310754
protection against marek's disease by a fowlpox virus recombinant expressing the glycoprotein b of marek's disease virus.	fowlpox virus (fpv) recombinants expressing the glycoprotein b and the phosphorylated protein (pp38) of the ga strain of marek's disease virus (mdv) were assayed for their ability to protect chickens against challenge with virulent mdv. the recombinant fpv expressing the glycoprotein b gene elicited neutralizing antibodies against mdv, significantly reduced the level of cell-associated viremia, and, similar to the conventional herpesvirus of turkeys, protected chickens against challenge with the ...	1992	1310755
potential use of non-replicating vectors as recombinant vaccines.	avipoxviruses, members of the poxvirus family, are naturally restricted in that productive replication takes place only in avian species. recent work has described the construction of avipox recombinants using fowlpox and canarypox viruses. preparation of recombinant fowlpox viruses which express immunogens from avian pathogens and successful vaccination of poultry have been reported. recombinant fowlpox and canarypox viruses which express immunogens from mammalian pathogens have also been descr ...	1992	1311489
acute inflammatory response to cowpox virus infection of the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo.	the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane was used to study the acute inflammatory response in the absence of contributions from the immune system. in preliminary experiments, lesions of wild-type cowpox virus strain brighton (cpv-br) and a 38k gene deletion mutant of cpv-br (cpv-br.d1) were compared with vaccinia virus (strains wr and copenhagen), fowlpox virus, laryngotracheitis virus, and infectious tenosynovitis virus, and were ranked for degree of induced inflammation. the maximal and minim ...	1992	1312273
detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus infected cells with cloned dna probes.	a genomic library of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv) dna bamh1 fragments was prepared and two cloned fragments were evaluated for their potential as probes for the detection of iltv infected cells. the virus was purified by a modified sucrose density gradient procedure for the isolation of pure iltv dna. a genomic library was constructed using bamh1-digested iltv dna and pgem7 as a vector. a 1.1 kb cloned bamh1 fragment of iltv dna was tested in a slot or dot blot assay for the detecti ...	1992	1316798
evolution of thymidine and thymidylate kinases: the possibility of independent capture of tk genes by different groups of viruses.	phylogenetic analysis of viral and cellular thymidine and thymidylate kinases was performed using computer-assisted methods. multiple alignments and tentative phylogenetic trees were generated for the two families of these enzymes, which include a) thymidine kinases (tk) of mammals, poxviruses, african swine fever virus, e. coli, and bacteriophage t4; and b) thymidylate kinases (thyk) of yeast and poxviruses and distantly related herpesvirus proteins with both enzymatic activities. analysis of t ...	1992	1317076
recent advances in avian virology.	selected, recent research on the following avian diseases, and their causative viruses, has been reviewed: chicken anaemia, infectious bursal disease, turkey rhinotracheitis, avian nephritis, fowlpox, influenza, infectious bronchitis and turkey enteritis.	1992	1319788
oral fowlpox vaccination in chickens.	chickens were given various fowlpox vaccines on food pellets--a commercial vaccine (strain m), and the same strain after a single passage on chorio-allantoic membrane or in chicken embryo fibroblasts. all three oral vaccines induced antibodies at levels similar to those induced by commercial strain m administered to the wingweb. the oral vaccine derived from chorio-allantoic membrane gave protection similar to that obtained with vaccine administered by the wingweb, but this required a thousandfo ...	1992	1325725
gene translocations in poxviruses: the fowlpox virus thymidine kinase gene is flanked by 15 bp direct repeats and occupies the locus which in vaccinia virus is occupied by the ribonucleotide reductase large subunit gene.	by sequencing a fragment of 7351 bp the fowlpox virus thymidine kinase gene has been found to map to a position within the equivalent of the vaccinia hindiii i fragment. the deduced gene arrangement in fowlpox virus is i3, x, tk, i5, i6, i7, i8, g1, indicating that the homologue of the vaccinia i4 gene has been replaced by two genes x and tk. the non-essential tk gene has therefore replaced another non-essential gene, i4 (the ribonucleotide reductase large subunit) in this region. the x/tk inser ...	1992	1326827
comparison of the locations of homologous fowlpox and vaccinia virus genes reveals major genome reorganization.	we have derived a restriction enzyme map for the fowlpox virus fp9 strain. sites for bamhi, pvuii, psti and ncoi have been mapped mainly by southern blotting. the size of the genome derived from the restriction maps (254 kb) corresponds to the figure of 260 +/- 8 kb determined from analysis of genomic dna by pulsed-field electrophoresis. the map can be compared with a previously published map for a different strain of fowlpox virus using the psti digest which is common to both studies. some 65 k ...	1992	1328478
quantitative assessment of poxvirus promoters in fowlpox and vaccinia virus recombinants.	a comparison was undertaken of poxvirus promoters in vaccinia and fowlpox virus (fpv) recombinants using the level of beta-galactosidase expressed from the lacz gene as a measure of promoter function. in this study a comparison was made of the vaccinia virus promoters, p 7.5 and p l11, the major late promoter of cowpox virus, p cpx (expressing the abundant inclusion body protein), and the fpv promoters, p e/l and p l. in vaccinia virus recombinants the fpv p e/l promoter expressed one-third to o ...	1992	1329341
identification and functional analysis of the fowlpox virus homolog of the vaccinia virus p37k major envelope antigen gene.	a fowlpox virus (fpv) gene with homology to the vaccinia virus p37k major envelope antigen gene was identified and sequenced. the predicted product has a molecular weight of 43,018 da (p43k). the fpv p43k gene has 37.5% identity with its vaccinia counterpart and higher homology with a molluscum contagiosum virus gene (42.6% identity). based on upstream sequences, p43k appears to be regulated as a late gene. recombinant fpv were generated in which a large portion of p43k was replaced by the esche ...	1992	1333124
immune dysfunction following infection with chicken anemia agent and infectious bursal disease virus. ii. alterations of in vitro lymphoproliferation and in vivo immune responses.	to determine the functional impact of alterations in lymphocyte concentrations and ratios following infection with chicken anemia agent (caa) alone or in combination with infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) on the immune system of young chickens, in vitro lymphoproliferation assays and in vivo responses to vaccination with several common viral agents were assessed at various time intervals post-inoculation (pi). concanavalin a (con a), phytohemagglutinin (pha) and pokeweed mitogen (pwm) stimu ...	1992	1333677
effect of route of administration on the efficacy of a recombinant fowlpox virus against h5n2 avian influenza.	a recombinant fowlpox vaccine virus containing the h5 hemagglutinin gene of avian influenza virus was administered to susceptible chickens via wing-web puncture, eye drop, instillation into the nares, and drinking water. even though there was a negligible hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) serologic response, all 10 chickens vaccinated by wing-web puncture remained without obvious signs of disease and survived challenge with a highly pathogenic strain of h5n2 avian influenza virus. all unvaccinate ...	1992	1336657
construction of chimeric vaccinia viruses by molecular cloning and packaging.	foreign dna was inserted into unique restriction endonuclease cleavage sites (sma i or not i) of the 200,000-base-pair vaccinia virus genome by direct molecular cloning. the modified vaccinia virus dna was packaged in fowlpox virus-infected avian cells, and chimeric vaccinia virus was isolated from mammalian cells not supporting the growth of the fowlpox helper virus. in contrast to the classical "in vivo" recombination technique, chimeric viruses with inserts in both possible orientations and f ...	1992	1438247
fowlpox virus host range restriction: gene expression, dna replication, and morphogenesis in nonpermissive mammalian cells.	fowlpox virus (fpv), type species of the avipoxvirus genus, causes a slow-spreading pox disease of chickens. following infection of mammalian cells there is no evidence of productive replication of fpv although cytopathic effects are induced and fpv recombinants have been shown to express foreign genes from vaccinia virus early/late promoters. here we report results of a study to investigate the expression of fpv genes, the replication of fpv genomic dna, and any ultrastructural changes in mamma ...	1993	8212580
nucleotide sequence of a nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase gene from african swine fever virus.	a putative nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase (ntpase) gene of african swine fever virus was identified by using a degenerate oligonucleotide probe derived from the nucleoside triphosphate binding motif, which is highly conserved among viral and cellular ntpases. the probe hybridized with fragments sali e and ecori q, which is entirely contained in the former one. sequencing of this region revealed an open reading frame, designated q706l, coding for a protein of 706 amino acids, with a cal ...	1993	8266720
recombinant fowlpox virus vaccines for poultry.	the intensive poultry industries rely heavily upon the use of vaccines for disease control. viral vector based vaccines offer new avenues for the development of vaccines for effective disease control in poultry. techniques developed for the construction of recombinant vaccinia viruses have been readily adapted to the construction of recombinant viruses based on fowlpox virus (rfpv). the ability to insert several genes into the large genome of fowlpox may enable the development of multivalent vac ...	1993	8270268
fowlpox virus encodes a protein related to human deoxycytidine kinase: further evidence for independent acquisition of genes for enzymes of nucleotide metabolism by different viruses.	it is demonstrated that fowlpox virus (fpv) protein fp26 located in the hindiii d fragment of the genome is related to the human deoxycytidine kinase (dck) and probably possesses the same enzymatic activity. a homologous protein is not encoded by vaccinia virus. a multiple alignment of the amino acid sequences of the human and fpv dcks, the thymidine kinases (tk) of herpesviruses, and cellular and vaccinia virus thymidylate kinases (thyk) was generated and the conserved motifs, at least two of w ...	1993	8279127
vaccination of chickens with live fowl pox (fp) vaccine in oil.	live fowl pox (fp) vaccine was adjuvanted in oil just prior to the subcutaneous (sc) vaccination of one day old chicks and adult chickens. the birds were challenged by the wing web (ww) method and absence of "takes" were considered as protection. on 21 day post challenge, 90%-100% of the chicks or chickens were protected while on day 9 post challenge 60% were protected. full protection of the live-in-oil adjuvanted vaccine is probably somewhat delayed as compared to protection endowed by the liq ...	1993	8284967
insertional inactivation of a fowlpox virus homologue of the vaccinia virus f12l gene inhibits the release of enveloped virions.	insertion of the escherichia coli lacz gene into a clai restriction enzyme site of a 5.7 kb hindiii fragment of the fowlpox virus (fpv) genome resulted in the generation of stable recombinants. these recombinants produced plaques that were significantly smaller than those produced by parental fpv or by fpv recombinants containing the lacz gene at other non-essential sites. insertion of foreign dna into the clai site disrupts a previously unidentified open reading frame (orf) which potentially en ...	1993	8380837
avian pox in birds of prey (order falconiformes) in bahrain.	avian pox is an important disease in birds of prey in bahrain. a live pigeon pox vaccine was administered to hunting falcons (falco species) together with other therapeutic methods to arrest the development of primary stage pox lesions and for the treatment of well established secondary stage pox lesions. quarantine and general hygiene procedures were also used as an integral part of the management and control of the disease.	1993	8387711
fowlpox virus recombinants expressing the envelope glycoprotein of an avian reticuloendotheliosis retrovirus induce neutralizing antibodies and reduce viremia in chickens.	eight stable fowlpox virus (fpv) recombinants which express the envelope glycoprotein of the spleen necrosis virus (snv) strain of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), an avian retrovirus, were constructed. these recombinants differ in the genomic location of the inserted genes, in the orientation of the insert relative to flanking viral sequences, and in the promoter used to drive expression of the env gene. of these variables, promoter strength seems to be the most crucial. the p7.5 promoter of ...	1993	8388488
applications and statistics for multiple high-scoring segments in molecular sequences.	score-based measures of molecular-sequence features provide versatile aids for the study of proteins and dna. they are used by many sequence data base search programs, as well as for identifying distinctive properties of single sequences. for any such measure, it is important to know what can be expected to occur purely by chance. the statistical distribution of high-scoring segments has been described elsewhere. however, molecular sequences will frequently yield several high-scoring segments fo ...	1993	8390686
potential viral vectors for the stimulation of mucosal antibody responses against enteric viral antigens in pigs.	four viruses were compared for their ability to induce an intestinal antibody response in piglets. antibodies were not detected in response to oral vaccination with either fowlpox virus or a baculovirus (bv). simultaneous oral dosing and parenteral inoculation with high concentrations of bv in an oil emulsion adjuvant induced high levels of circulating virus neutralising (vn) antibodies, and also low levels of intestinal antibodies when booster doses of virus were given. in response to oral vacc ...	1993	8393209