Publications

differentiation of species of the genus orthopoxvirus in a dot blot assay using digoxigenin-labeled dna-probes.	a dot blot assay using five different digoxigenin-labeled probes was established for specific detection and differentiation of four species belonging to the genus orthopoxvirus. as little as 20 pg orthopoxvirus dna can be detected, corresponding to approximately 8 x 10(4) dna molecules. a total of 37 orthopoxvirus strains and isolates of different origin were investigated and could be assigned to the species vaccinia, cowpox, camelpox, and mousepox virus. these findings agree with their identifi ...	1993	8389500
a poxvirus-encoded uracil dna glycosylase is essential for virus viability.	infection of cultured mammalian cells with the leporipoxvirus shope fibroma virus (sfv) causes the induction of a novel uracil dna glycosylase activity in the cytoplasms of the infected cells. the induction of this activity, early in infection, correlates with the early expression of the sfv bamhi d6r open reading frame which possesses significant protein sequence similarity to eukaryotic and prokaryotic uracil dna glycosylases. the sfv bamhi d6r open reading frame and the homologous hindiii d4r ...	1993	8474156
[the systematology of orthopoxvirus diseases].		1993	8122246
a rapid antigen capture elisa for the detection of orthopox viruses.	a genus-specific antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection orthopox viruses (opv) was established, testing various combinations of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and rabbit hyper-immune sera. the most sensitive assay was based on capturing antigen with a non-neutralizing mab against a highly conserved antigenic site of the opv fusion protein. bound antigen was detected by a mixture of the two broadly-reactive rabbit anti-monkey-pox- and rabbit anti-vaccinia virus ...	1993	8122446
comparative analysis of the conserved region of the orthopoxvirus genome encoding the 36k and 12k proteins.	genes encoding virus-specific proteins with molecular masses of 36 kda and 12 kda were mapped in hindiii-p and hindiii-u dna fragments of vaccinia strain livp and ectromelia strain k-1 viruses, respectively, by hybrid selection of rna to cloned dna fragments followed by in vitro translation. the 36k translation initiation codon was detected in the hindiii-j fragment. the nucleotide sequences of corresponding genes from vaccinia, ectromelia, cowpox and variola virus genomes were determined. the 1 ...	1993	8237112
[congenital "ectromelia" in fur-bearing animals caused by orthopoxvirus muris].	orthopox virus infection is endemic in farms with fur-bearing animals in the czech republic (bohemia and moravia). this disease is called ectromelia of silver foxes and minks. the infection is congenitally transmitted and manifests itself in reproductive disorders, stillbirth or birth of sick neonates. adult animals are usually free of clinical symptoms. the infective agent was isolated from recent outbreaks and was identified as a mouse pox virus (orthopoxvirus muris) by its cultural and immuno ...	1993	8248909
poxvirus-induced alteration of arachidonate metabolism.	recent evidence suggests that orthopoxviruses have an obligate requirement for arachidonic acid metabolites during replication in vivo and in vitro. our report indicates that a virus family (poxviridae) possesses multiple genes that function to regulate arachidonate metabolism. analyses of bs-c-1 cells infected with cowpox virus or vaccinia virus detected enhanced arachidonate product formation from both the cyclooxygenase (specifically prostaglandins e2 and f2 alpha) and lipoxygenase (specifica ...	1993	8383332
smallpox: emergence, global spread, and eradication.	speculatively, it is suggested that variola virus, the cause of smallpox, evolved from an orthopoxvirus of animals of the central african rain forests (possibly now represented by tatera poxvirus), some thousands of years ago, and first became established as a virus specific for human beings in the dense populations of the nile valley perhaps five thousand years ago. by the end of the first millennium of the christian era, it had spread to all the densely populated parts of the eurasian continen ...	1993	7529932
sequence alterations within and downstream of the a-type inclusion protein genes allow differentiation of orthopoxvirus species by polymerase chain reaction.	a pcr protocol was established that not only allows the detection of, but also the differentiation of species of the genus orthopoxvirus. this assay was accomplished by the selection of oligonucleotides located within the gene that encodes the a-type inclusion protein of cowpox virus. the primer pair flanked a region exhibiting distinct and specific dna deletions in the corresponding sequences of vaccinia, mousepox, monkeypox and camelpox virus. for this reason, pcr resulted in dna fragments of ...	1994	8046400
cowpox virus contains two copies of an early gene encoding a soluble secreted form of the type ii tnf receptor.	the inverted terminal repeats of the dna of cowpox virus (brighton red strain) contain the crmb gene, an additional member of a family of viral genes that modify cytokine responses to infection. the crmb gene is transcribed from an early promoter. the primary product is a 355-amino-acid protein containing a signal peptide sequence and three potential n-linked glycosylation sites. the mature gene product is a secreted soluble protein that has an apparent molecular mass of 48 kda. tnf alpha and tn ...	1994	8091665
vaccinia virus gene a36r encodes a m(r) 43-50 k protein on the surface of extracellular enveloped virus.	a characterization of vaccinia virus strain western reserve (wr) open reading frame (orf) a36r is described. this orf is predicted to encode a 221-amino-acid protein (m(r) 25.1 k) with an amino-terminal hydrophobic sequence, seven potential sites for attachment of n-linked carbohydrate, but no carboxy-terminal transmembrane anchor. it is identical in vaccinia strain copenhagen and shares 94.6% amino acid identity with the corresponding orf in variola virus strains harvey, india-1967, and banglad ...	1994	8091668
multigenic evasion of inflammation by poxviruses.	analyses of different cowpox virus (brighton red strain [cpv-br]) mutants indicate that there is a minimum of three genes encoded by cpv-br that are nonessential for virus replication in tissue culture but are involved in inhibiting the generation of an inflammatory response in the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (cam) model. the cpv-br-encoded anti-inflammatory genes include the gene encoding the 38-kda protein (also called 38k, crma, spi-2, or vv-wr-orf-b13r), a tumor necrosis factor r ...	1994	8107235
characterization of the shope fibroma virus dna ligase gene.	the shope fibroma virus (sfv) dna ligase gene has been cloned and sequenced, and the biochemical requirements of the gene product have been determined in vitro. the sfv ligase gene maps to the bamhi l1/l2 boundary and spans 1.7 kb. the gene is predicted to encode a 559-amino-acid protein of m(r) = 63,139 which shares 45% amino acid identity with orthopoxvirus ligases. the c-terminal two-thirds of the protein appears to encode the catalytic domain and shares distant homology with many ligases. th ...	1994	8030229
a poxvirus protein with a ring zinc finger motif is of crucial importance for virulence.	the dna sequence of a 2060-bp fragment from the left-hand end of the ectromelia (mousepox) virus genome was determined. two genes were identified coding for 28 kda (p28) and 16 kda (p16) proteins, both of which are disrupted in vaccinia virus but conserved in variola (smallpox) virus. p16 contains an n-terminal hydrophobic region and may be a membrane or secreted protein. p28 contains a c3hc4 (ring) zinc finger motif that has been found in a large family of proteins involved mostly in transcript ...	1994	8259647
a ligase chain reaction targeting two adjacent nucleotides allows the differentiation of cowpox virus from other orthopoxvirus species.	a ligase chain reaction (lcr) assay was developed to distinguish cowpox virus from other orthopoxvirus species. the lcr targets two adjacent adenosine residues which are only present in the a-type inclusion protein gene (ati-gene) of cowpox virus. two primer pairs were designed with a one base pair overlap at the junction site and one primer of each pair was labeled radioactively. detection of the ligation product was achieved after denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiograp ...	1994	7868651
the domestic cat: a possible transmitter of viruses from rodents to man.		1994	7908383
a slow-spreading mild form of camel pox infection.	a slow-spreading mild form of camel-pox involving range camels in the eastern region of saudi arabia was described. the morbidity rate was 10% while the case fatality rate was zero per cent. camel pox virus was isolated and identified, and the histopathological picture of the lesions was also described. the epidemiological peculiarities of the disease were discussed.	1994	7941849
[experiences with immunization against orthopox viruses of humans and animals using vaccine strain mva].	immunizations against orthopox virus infections require a replicating, but safe vaccinia virus. the strain mva is well suited concerning this matter. human beings and animals can be vaccinated without any risk. the virus propagated in cell culture is non-virulent and lost its contagiosity. multiplication in vaccinated men and animals is limited and excretion does not happen. as known for other attenuated virus strains, there must be a minimal effective virus concentration in the vaccine, which i ...	1994	7945180
epitope detection in the envelope of intracellular naked orthopox viruses and identification of encoding genes.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were generated against vaccinia virus, cowpox virus kr2 brighton, monkeypox virus copenhagen, or ectromelia virus. pairwise epitope specificity studies by competition elisas identified 23 distinct antigenic sites in 19 different orthopox virus strains. six epitopes were completely independent of each other, and 17 closely related antigenic sites formed three separate epitope complexes. as shown by immunogold electron microscopy (elmi), all mabs reacted with epitopes ...	1994	7513922
identification of binding sites for neutralizing monoclonal antibodies on the 14-kda fusion protein of orthopox viruses.	a 14-kda gene-specific probe of vaccinia virus western reserve (wr) hybridized to homologous sequences in the genomes of the orthopox virus species cowpox, camelpox, mousepox, and monkeypox virus. the corresponding genes were mapped and sequenced. homologies of more than 95% were found when compared to the 14-kda gene of vaccinia virus wr. however, point mutations which led to alterations in the amino acid sequences were mainly located between residues 26 and 40. by use of synthetic peptides, th ...	1994	7513923
pcr strategy for identification and differentiation of small pox and other orthopoxviruses.	rapid identification and differentiation of orthopoxviruses by pcr were achieved with primers based on genome sequences encoding the hemagglutinin (ha) protein, an infected-cell membrane antigen that distinguishes orthopoxviruses from other poxvirus genera. the initial identification step used a primer pair of consensus sequences for amplifying an ha dna fragment from the three known north american orthopoxviruses (raccoonpox, skunkpox, and volepox viruses), and a second pair for amplifying virt ...	1995	7559950
two types of deletions in orthopoxvirus genomes.	the genome nucleotide sequences of two strains of variola major virus and one strain of vaccinia virus were compared. one hundred and sixty-eight short (less than 100 bp in length) and eight long (more than 900 bp in length) deletions, four deletion/insertion regions, and four regions of multiple mutational differences between variola and vaccinia virus dnas were revealed. short deletions generally occur at directly repeated sequences of 3-21 bp. long deletions showed no evidence of repeated seq ...	1995	7597802
vaccinia virus b18r gene encodes a type i interferon-binding protein that blocks interferon alpha transmembrane signaling.	poxviruses encode a large number of proteins that attenuate the inflammatory and immune responses to infection. in this report we demonstrate that a number of orthopoxviruses express a type i interferon (ifn)-binding protein, which is encoded by the b18r open reading frame in the wr strain of vaccinia virus. the b18r protein has significant regions of homology with the alpha subunits of the mouse, human, and bovine type i ifn receptors, bound human ifn alpha 2 with high affinity, and inhibited t ...	1995	7608155
vaccinia, cowpox, and camelpox viruses encode soluble gamma interferon receptors with novel broad species specificity.	soluble receptors for gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) are secreted from cells infected by 17 orthopoxviruses, including vaccinia, cowpox, rabbitpox, buffalopox, elephantpox, and camelpox viruses, representing three species (vaccinia, cowpox, and campelpox viruses). the b8r open reading frame of vaccinia virus strain western reserve, which has sequence similarity to the extracellular binding domain of cellular ifn-gamma receptors (ifn-gamma rs), is shown to encode an ifn-gamma binding activity by ex ...	1995	7609027
serological evidence for the reservoir hosts of cowpox virus in british wildlife.	the reservoir host of cowpox virus in western europe is not known, but epidemiological evidence from human and feline infections indicates that the virus is probably endemic in small wild rodents. therefore, serum and tissue samples were collected from a variety of wild british mammals and some birds, and tested for evidence of orthopoxvirus infection. antibody reacting with cowpox virus was detected in 9/44 (20%) bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus), 8/24 (33%) field voles (microtus agrestis), ...	1995	7641833
the effect of inhibitors on the growth of the entomopoxvirus from amsacta moorei in lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) cells.	within the family of poxviridae, the entomopoxviruses are the most distant relatives of the more well-known and intensively studied orthopoxviruses (vaccinia and variola). the growth of the entomopoxvirus from amsacta moorei (amepv) has been characterized in cell culture and compared to that of vaccinia virus (vv), the prototypic orthopoxvirus. the overall characteristics of infected cell cultures were generally similar between the two viruses. one striking difference noted was the apparent abse ...	1995	7645250
orthopoxvirus fusion inhibitor glycoprotein spi-3 (open reading frame k2l) contains motifs characteristic of serine proteinase inhibitors that are not required for control of cell fusion.	the cowpox virus (cpv) spi-3 gene (open reading frame k2l in vaccinia virus) is one of three orthopoxvirus genes whose products are members of the serpin (serine proteinase inhibitor) superfamily. the cpv spi-3 gene, when overexpressed by using the vaccinia virus/t7 expression system, synthesized two proteins of 50 and 48 kda. treatment with the n glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin converted the two spi-3 proteins to a single 40-kda protein, close to the size of 42 kda predicted from the dna se ...	1995	7666502
a seroepidemiological survey for orthopox virus in the red fox (vulpes vulpes).	703 blood samples from red foxes (vulpes vulpes) were investigated to determine the prevalence of antibody against an orthopox virus (vaccinia virus strain elstree). a blocking-elisa based on a neutralizing monoclonal antibody was used. in this assay 46 sera (6.5%) were positive with titers of 1:2 to 1:16. elisa-results were confirmed by the plaque reduction test with 44 of the 46 sera reacting positively. the specificity of antibodies in 21 selected sera was also demonstrated by western blot an ...	1995	7740763
characterization of camelpoxvirus isolates from africa and asia.	five orthopoxvirus isolates of camels from different geographic regions of africa and asia were analysed with respect to their biological and genomic attributes. the behaviour of the isolates in various cell cultures, the type of pock lesions on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated chicken eggs, and the respective ceiling temperatures were determined. additionally, physical maps for restriction endonucleases hindiii and xhoi were established. the data obtained from biological assays and d ...	1995	7483250
a rabbitpox virus serpin gene controls host range by inhibiting apoptosis in restrictive cells.	poxviruses are unique among viruses in encoding members of the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) superfamily. orthopoxviruses contain three serpins, designated spi-1, spi-2, and spi-3. spi-1 encodes a 40-kda protein that is required for the replication of rabbitpox virus (rpv) in pk-15 or a549 cells in culture (a. n. ali, p. c. turner, m. a. brooks, and r. w. moyer, virology 202:305-314, 1994). examination of nonpermissive human a549 cells infected with an rpv mutant disrupted in the spi-1 ge ...	1995	7494278
interferon induction in peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes of man and farm animals by poxvirus vector candidates and some poxvirus constructs.	prototypes of three poxvirus genera--orthopoxvirus (opv), parapoxvirus (ppv), avipoxvirus (apv)--and newcastle disease virus (ndv) as a control, as well as three recombinant opv strains and one recombinant apv strain, were incubated in vitro with peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (pbml) of man, sheep and swine. antiviral activity was determined in pbml culture supernatants at different time intervals after virus cell interaction using a cytopathic effect inhibition bioassay. additionally, ...	1995	7502485
mapping and investigation of the role in pathogenesis of the major unique secreted 35-kda protein of rabbitpox virus.	following infection, many secreted poxvirus proteins are able to modulate the host immune response through interactions with cytokines or components of the complement pathway. a comparison of the secreted protein profiles from cells infected with vaccinia western reserve (vv-wr), cowpox virus brighton strain, or rabbitpox virus (rpv) showed an abundant 35-kda protein present only in the supernatants from rpv-infected cells. the gene encoding this protein was identified and mapped by n-terminal s ...	1995	7831815
vaccinia virus glycoprotein a34r is required for infectivity of extracellular enveloped virus.	the vaccinia virus strain western reserve (wr) a34r gene encodes a c-type lectin-like glycoprotein, gp22-24, that is present in the outer membrane of extracellular enveloped virus (eev) with type ii membrane topology (s.a. duncan and g.l. smith, j. virol. 66:1610-1621, 1992). here we that a wr a34r deletion mutant (wr delta a34r) released 19- to 24-fold more eev from infected cells than did wr virus, but the specific infectivity of the released virions was reduced 5- to 6-fold. rupture of the wr ...	1996	8523536
strategy for identifying the gene encoding the dna polymerase of molluscum contagiosum virus type 1.	molluscum contagiosum virus (mcv) is a member of the family poxviridae and pathogenic to humans. mcv causes benign epidermal tumors mainly in children and young adults and is a common pathogen in immunecompromised individuals. the viral dna polymerase is the essential enzyme involved in the replication of the genome of dna viruses. the identification and characterization of the gene encoding the dna polymerase of molluscum contagiosum virus type 1 (mcv-1) was carried out by pcr technology and nu ...	1996	8938977
mousepox outbreak in a laboratory mouse colony.	mousepox was diagnosed in and eradicated from a laboratory mouse colony at the naval medical research institute. the outbreak began with increased mortality in a single room; subsequently, small numbers of animals in separate cages in other rooms were involved. signs of disease were often mild, and overall mortality was low; balb/cbyj mice were more severely affected, and many of them died spontaneously. conjunctivitis was the most common clinical sign of disease in addition to occasional small, ...	1996	9001171
controlling orthopoxvirus infections--200 years after jenner's revolutionary immunization.	an 11-year global who campaign for eradication of smallpox finished in october 1977 as the result of edward jenner's primary success in 1796, who for the first time applied human vaccination against variola virus (varv). the 200th anniversary of this happening is a good occasion to summarize the current status of the knowledge about the role of b and t lymphocytes in the control of orthopoxvirus infections. this short review concentrates on general characteristics of orthopoxviruses and the immu ...	1996	9017154
granzyme a is critical for recovery of mice from infection with the natural cytopathic viral pathogen, ectromelia.	cytolytic lymphocytes are of cardinal importance in the recovery from primary viral infections. both natural killer cells and cytolytic t cells mediate at least part of their effector function by target cell lysis and dna fragmentation. two proteins, perforin and granzyme b, contained within the cytoplasmic granules of these cytolytic effector cells have been shown to be directly involved in these processes. a third protein contained within these granules, granzyme a, has so far not been attribu ...	1996	8650169
cowpox virus genome encodes a second soluble homologue of cellular tnf receptors, distinct from crmb, that binds tnf but not lt alpha.	we show the cowpox genome (brighton red strain) contains a single copy gene, crmc, expressed at late times during viral infection, encoding a soluble, secreted protein whose sequence marks it as a new member of the tnf receptor family. the cysteine-rich protein contains 186 amino acids, the n-terminal 21 of which constitute a signal peptide, and two potential n-linked glycosylation sites. the approximately 25-kda recombinant protein binds tnf specifically and completely inhibits tnf-mediated cyt ...	1996	8806547
differential inhibition of the fas- and granule-mediated cytolysis pathways by the orthopoxvirus cytokine response modifier a/spi-2 and spi-1 protein.	cytotoxic t lymphocytes are important effectors of antiviral immunity, and they induce target cell death either by secretion of cytoplasmic granules containing perforin and granzymes or by signaling through the fas cell surface antigen. although it is not known whether the granule-mediated and fas-mediated cytolytic mechanisms share common components, proteinase activity has been implicated as an important feature of both pathways. the orthopoxviruses cowpox virus and rabbitpox virus each encode ...	1996	8799162
dna sequence variation as a clue to the phylogenesis of orthopoxviruses.	we have sequenced dna equivalent to the e5r orf of copenhagen vaccinia virus from an additional strain of vaccinia and from cowpox (three strains), camelpox (two strains), taterapox and ectromelia viruses. none of these showed the disruptions previously reported in the equivalent region of monkeypox virus. we also constructed a viable recombinant of vaccinia virus strain dairen in which the e5r sequence was disrupted by a 436 bp deletion and substitution of the e. coli gpt gene. quantitative ana ...	1996	8609491
serology of orthopoxvirus cameli infection in dromedary camels: analysis by elisa and western blotting.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed, together with a western blotting technique, for the detection of total and igg and igm antibodies to camelpox virus (orthopoxvirus cameli) in camel (camelus dromedarius) sera and for identifying the seroreactive antigens of the virus. a total of 520 camels from different regions in libya were tested. the overall seropositivity rate in the examined herds was 9.8%, and varied between herds from 0 to 30%. two viral antigenic determinants ( ...	1996	8654047
genome sequence of a human tumorigenic poxvirus: prediction of specific host response-evasion genes.	molluscum contagiosum virus (mcv) commonly causes asymptomatic cutaneous neoplasms in children and sexually active adults as well as persistent opportunistic acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids)-associated disease. sequencing the 190-kilobase pair genome of mcv has now revealed that the virus potentially encodes 163 proteins, of which 103 have homologs in the smallpox virus. mcv lacks counterparts to 83 genes of the smallpox virus, including those important in suppression of host responses ...	1996	8670425
[orthopoxvirus genome].		1996	8714119
seroprevalence of orthopox virus specific antibodies in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in the federal state brandenburg, germany.	the prevalence of orthopox virus (opv)-specific antibodies in 1,040 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) was evaluated on a large scale in the german federal state brandenburg. serum samples were selected from 809 communities within the study area from january 1991 to september 1994 by simple random sampling. screening was carried out by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). orthopox virus-specific antibodies were found in 162 (16%) of the 1,040 fox sera. furthermore 154 (15%) sera were co ...	1996	8722277
serological survey for orthopoxvirus infection of wild mammals in areas where a recombinant rabies virus is used to vaccinate foxes.	several fox vaccination campaigns against rabies have been undertaken in belgium by using a vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus distributed in baits in the field. however, foxes and other wild animals that may ingest the baits could be infected at the same time by another orthopoxvirus, such as cowpox virus, which circulates in wildlife. recombination between the two viruses could therefore occur. a serological survey for antibodies to orthopoxvirus, and particularly to cowpox virus, was undertake ...	1996	8734505
virus proteins that bind cytokines, chemokines or interferons.	some viruses express proteins to evade non-specific host defences such as complement, interferons and the inflammatory response. recent notable discoveries are the broad species specificity of orthopoxvirus interferon receptors, herpesvirus and poxvirus proteins related to chemokine receptors and proteins that bind more than one cytokine, interferon or chemokine.	1996	8794016
[serologic studies of domestic cats for potential human pathogenic virus infections from wild rodents].	for several viral infections a reservoir in wild rodents has been demonstrated. some of the agents are known or suspected to be pathogenic for humans. because improvements in hygiene have reduced direct human contact with rodents, domestic cats could be acting as active transmitters of these viruses from rodents to man. we selected 4 such pathogens--ortho- and parapox-, hanta- and encephalomyocarditis viruses--which, in different ways, may lead to serious human illness: ortho- and parapoxvirus i ...	1996	9409901
[evolution of methods of laboratory diagnosis of orthopoxvirus infection].		1996	8967062
a monoclonal blocking-elisa for detection of orthopoxvirus antibodies in feline sera.	a double sandwich blocking-elisa using a genus-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) against the vaccinia virus 32 kd adsorption protein (d8l open reading frame: orf) was developed to detect orthopoxvirus (opv) antibodies in sera. a collection of 2173 feline serum samples was examined in an epidemiological study. the blocking-elisa revealed 44 (2%) sera with positive titres of 1:2-1:256. elisa results were confirmed by the plaque-reduction test. a close correlation between titres of bo ...	1996	8972045
gene homology between orf virus and smallpox variola virus.	about 47% identity was observed between the deduced amino acid sequences of a protein encoded by a gene of the parapoxvirus orf virus (ov) strain nz2 and a 6 kda protein of unknown function reported to be produced by an open reading frame expressed early after infection by the orthopoxvirus western reserve vaccinia virus (vac); the open reading frame is absent from vac strain copenhagen. examination of sequences reported for variola virus (var) strains bangladesh, india, congo- 1970, somalia- 19 ...	1996	8972571
[construction of recombinant variants or orthopoxviruses by inserting foreign genes into intragenic region of viral genome].		1996	8992293
isolation of a poxvirus from a black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus).	a poxvirus was isolated during the latter half of 1993 from a black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) that died of fulminant adenovirus infection in california (usa). the poxvirus was isolated from a pooled tissue homogenate, after repeated serial blind passages in primary black-tailed deer testicular cells. based on electron microscopic examination of the virus, we observed morphologic features typical of the genus orthopoxvirus, although definitive characterization was not done.	1996	8827682
occurrence of cowpox-like lesions in cattle in israel.	two different clinical forms of cowpox infection, which occurred sporadically in one dairy herd and one beef herd, are described. the agent was identified by virologic test and by electron microscopy, when a characteristic orthopoxvirus was noted. no systemic illness was diagnosed with any of the two forms and recovery was observed in 3-4 weeks. the epizootiology of the infection is discussed.	1996	9239937
raccoon poxvirus live recombinant feline panleukopenia virus vp2 and rabies virus glycoprotein bivalent vaccine.	a raccoon poxvirus (rcnv) recombinant for immunizing against feline panleukopenia and rabies was developed by homologous recombination with a chimeric plasmid for insertional inactivation of the rcnv thymidine kinase gene. the recombinant, rcn-fpv/vp2-rabg, coexpressed the feline panleukopenia virus (fpv) vp2 protein and the rabies virus spike glycoprotein (rabg) under oppositely oriented vaccinia virus p11 promoters. cats vaccinated subcutaneously with the recombinant showed relatively high neu ...	1997	9302762
[study of the effectiveness of recombinant alpha2-interferon and its inducers in primates with orthopoxvirus infection].	the interferon-inducing and antiviral activities of high-molecular interferon inducers larifan and rifastin and of gene engineering human alpha 2-interferon were studied in monkeys infected with smallpox. these agents appreciably prolonged the life span of infected monkeys. for green monkeys the drug efficacies were as follows: larifan protected 50%, rifastin 86%, and realderon 50% (if used for treatment) and 80% (if used for urgent prophylaxis) of animals from death; for papio hamadryas the eff ...	1997	9304302
feline poxvirus infection. a case report.	poxvirus infection of a domestic cat is reported. the clinical signs consisted of skin lesions only, which healed within two and a half months. histopathology revealed cytoplasmatic inclusion bodies typical of pox virus infection. virus particles morphologically related to the genus orthopoxvirus were detectable in the embedded skin tissue and in skin scraping by electron microscopy. no specific lesions were observed in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane inoculated with an extraction from ...	1997	9345843
the effect of cowpox virus infection on fecundity in bank voles and wood mice.	although epidemic infectious diseases are a recognized cause of changes in host population dynamics, there is little direct evidence for the effect of endemic infections on populations. cowpox virus is an orthopoxvirus which is endemic in bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus), wood mice (apodemus sylvaticus) and field voles (microtus agrestis) in great britain. it does not cause obvious signs of disease nor does it affect survival, but in this study we demonstrate experimentally that it can reduc ...	1997	9364786
the potential of 5' nuclease pcr for detecting a single-base polymorphism in orthopoxvirus.	a fluorogenic 5' nuclease pcr assay was evaluated for its ability to specifically detect and differentiate dna of two orthopoxvirus species. a pair of consensus primers that target a dna segment of the orthopoxvirus haemagglutinin gene, and two oligonucleotide probes; each labelled with a different fluorescent reporter dye and the same quencher dye, were used in a single-tube assay. the assay is based on the 5'-->3' nuclease activity of amplitaq dna polymerase that cleaves a fluorescein-labelled ...	1997	9160329
specific detection of mousepox virus by polymerase chain reaction.	polymerase chain reaction was applied to the rapid identification and detection of mousepox virus. this was accomplished by selection of primers targeting the a-type inclusion body protein gene. by investigating 20 strains belonging to five different species of the genus orthopoxvirus, amplification was achieved only with the seven mousepox virus strains examined. the size of the resulting dna fragment accounted for 116 base pairs and contained a recognition site for the restriction enzyme hindi ...	1997	9230499
cowpox in british voles and mice.	serosurveys indicate that bank voles, field voles and woodmice are probably reservoir hosts of cowpox virus in western europe, although virus has not yet been isolated from these species. in this study, bank voles, field voles, woodmice and laboratory mice were shown to be susceptible to combined intradermal and subcutaneous inoculation with 3-20 plaque-forming units (pfu) of cowpox virus. bank and field voles, but not laboratory mice, were also susceptible to combined oral and nasal inoculation ...	1997	9076598
[a case of cowpox].	a 37-year-old woman was admitted to the dermatology department at a regional hospital with a severe ulceration at the medial angle of the right eye. virus culture yielded orthopoxvirus-like particles, later identified as cowpox virus. the clinical picture and virological diagnosis of cowpox are discussed. emphasis is placed on the need for awareness among health personnel that such infections may well be encountered in an increasingly unvaccinated population. guidelines for clinicians and for vi ...	1997	9411909
characterization of a cowpox-like orthopox virus which had caused a lethal infection in man.	in august 1990 an orthopox virus (opv) had been isolated from a severe case of a generalized infection with lethal outcome in an immunosuppressed 18-year-old man. in this communication we present a detailed characterization of the causative virus strain. based on distinct epitope configurations detected by various monoclonal antibodies the isolate could be differentiated from other opv species and was classified as a cowpox virus (cp). this classification was confirmed by a species-specific pcr ...	1997	9413522
molecular genetic analyses of parapoxviruses pathogenic for humans.	the current members of the genus parapoxvirus are orf virus (orfv), bovine papular stomatitis virus (bpsv), pseudocowpoxvirus (pcpv) and parapoxvirus of red deer in new zealand (pvnz). bpsv and pcpv are maintained in cattle while orfv is maintained in sheep and goats, but all three are zoonoses. only the recently reported pvnz has yet to be recorded as infecting humans. tentative members of the genus are camel contagious ecthyma virus, chamois contagious ecthyma virus and sealpoxvirus. the separ ...	1997	9413523
[the study of the variability of a27l and a56r orthopoxvirus genes].		1997	9471271
[localized cowpox/cat pox virus infection. aspects of epidemiology, diagnosis and therapy].	only few human cowpox/catpox infections have been reported until now. the diagnosis of bland localized infections may be missed, if this disease is not well known. however, early diagnosis of localized cowpox/catpox infections is important, since at least immunocompromised patients are at risk of potential lethal generalization similar to generalized variola vera. using a typical case report, the characteristics of the disease, as well as the current aspects of epidemiology, diagnosis and therap ...	1997	9486365
an investigation of camelpox outbreaks in two principal camel (camelus dromedarius) rearing areas of kenya.	in 1992, during an investigation into camelpox in two principal camel-rearing areas of kenya, the disease was found in 1,100 camels at a prevalence of 6% in turkana and 27% in samburu. in turkana, outbreaks were detected in two herds of young animals, while in samburu, outbreaks were found in two herds of adult animals, as well as in two herds of young camels. in all cases, there was 100% morbidity in the affected herds. when young camels were involved, the main lesions were confined to the mout ...	1997	9567310
gene for a-type inclusion body protein is useful for a polymerase chain reaction assay to differentiate orthopoxviruses.	orthopoxvirus species were identified and differentiated by polymerase chain reaction amplification of genome dna using a single primer-pair based on sequences coding for the major protein component of the cowpox virus acidophilic-type inclusion body (ati). dna available for 6 of 8 old world (cowpox, variola, monkeypox, camelpox, ectromelia and vaccinia viruses) and 3 new world (skunkpox, volepox, and raccoonpox) resulted in amplicons that ranged in size from 510 to 1673 base pairs depending on ...	1997	9079767
human monkeypox in kasai oriental, zaire (1996-1997).		1997	9109325
human monkeypox--kasai oriental, zaire, 1996-1997.	monkeypox is an orthopoxvirus with enzootic circulation in rainforests of central and western africa; the virus can be transmitted to humans and cause a syndrome clinically similar to smallpox (e.g., pustular rash, fever, respiratory symptoms, and in some cases, death). from february through august 1996, a total of 71 clinical cases of monkeypox, including six deaths, occurred in 13 villages in africa in the katako-kombe health zone (1996 combined population: 15,698), sankuru subregion, kasai or ...	1997	9132583
human monkeypox in kasai oriental, zaire (1996-1997).	monkeypox is an orthopoxvirus with enzootic circulation in the rainforests of central and western africa; the virus can be transmitted to humans and cause a syndrome clinically similar to smallpox (e.g., pustular rash, fever, respiratory symptoms, and in	1997	12631813
[characteristics of virus growth factor (vgf) encoded by vaccinia virus tian tan strain].	vaccinia virus growth factor (vgf) is encoded by an early gene located near the border between the terminal inverted repeats and the internal unique region of the viral genome. it has been suggested that secreted vgf may serve to stimulate the metabolism of neighboring uninfected cells, thereby increasing the capacity of these cells to support viral replication. in this study, we cloned and sequenced the vgf gene of vaccinia virus strain tian tap. the analytical results indicated that vgf of str ...	1997	15619809
specific detection of monkeypox virus by polymerase chain reaction.	the open reading frame coding for the a-type inclusion body protein (ati) of monkeypox virus (mpv) was identified and sequenced for two strains. nucleotide sequence comparison revealed 72-95.3% homology with the reported open reading frame sequences of the atis of other orthopoxvirus species, such as variola, vaccinia, cowpox, ectromelia, and camelpox viruses. each mpv strain contained an 8-bp deletion, which caused a frameshift that introduced a premature stop in the open reading frame at base ...	1998	9779620
a third distinct tumor necrosis factor receptor of orthopoxviruses.	cowpox virus brighton red strain (cpv) contains a gene, crmd, which encodes a 320-aa tumor necrosis factor receptor (tnfr) of 44% and 22% identity, respectively, to the cpv tnfr-like proteins, cytokine response modifiers (crm) crmb and crmc. the crmd gene was interrupted in three other cowpox strains examined and absent in various other orthopoxviruses; however, four strains of ectromelia virus (ect) examined contained an intact crmd (97% identity to cpv crmd) and lacked cognates of crmb and crm ...	1998	9520445
the genomic sequence analysis of the left and right species-specific terminal region of a cowpox virus strain reveals unique sequences and a cluster of intact orfs for immunomodulatory and host range proteins.	sequencing and computer analysis of the left (52,283 bp) and right (49,649 bp) variable dna regions of the cowpox virus strain gri-90 (cpv-gri) has revealed 51 and 37 potential open reading frames (orfs), respectively. comparison of the structure-function organization of these dna regions of cpv-gri with those previously published for corresponding regions of genomes of vaccinia virus, strains copenhagen (vac-cop) and western reserve (vac-wr); and variola major virus, strains india-1967 (var-ind ...	1998	9568042
antibodies against orthopoxviruses in wild carnivores from fennoscandia.	two hundred and three sera obtained in 1993-96 from red foxes (vulpes vulpes), lynx (lynx lynx), brown bears (ursus arctos) and wolverines (gulo gulo) in fennoscandia (norway, sweden, and finland) were examined for the presence of anti-orthopoxvirus antibodies by a competition enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). high prevalences were found for the red foxes in norway (7/62, 11%) and finland (7/14, 50%). while only one of 73 (1%) lynx from finland had anti-orthopoxvirus antibodies, a high ...	1998	9706553
[molecular factors of orthopoxvirus virulence].	orthopoxviruses encode numerous virulence factors. viral inhibitors of apoptosis of infected cells have been revealed in recent years. viral inhibitors of the host's non-specific inflammatory reactions are shown to play an important role in effectively propagating the virus. a number of inhibitors of antiviral interferon action cause a high interferon resistance of orthopoxviruses. some modulators of immune response of the infected body encoded by orthopoxviruses have been discovered in the past ...	1998	9608272
functional comparisons among members of the poxvirus t1/35kda family of soluble cc-chemokine inhibitor glycoproteins.	many poxviruses express a 35-40-kda secreted protein, termed "t1" (for leporipoxviruses) or "35kda" (for orthopoxviruses), that binds cc-chemokines with high affinity but is unrelated to any known cellular proteins. many previously identified poxvirus cytokine-binding proteins display strict species ligand-binding specificity. because the t1 and 35kda proteins share only 40% amino acid identity, we compared the abilities of purified myxoma virus-t1 (m-t1) and vaccinia virus (strain lister)- and ...	1998	9770431
the vaccinia virus 14-kilodalton (a27l) fusion protein forms a triple coiled-coil structure and interacts with the 21-kilodalton (a17l) virus membrane protein through a c-terminal alpha-helix.	the vaccinia virus 14-kda protein (encoded by the a27l gene) plays an important role in the biology of the virus, acting in virus-to-cell and cell-to-cell fusions. the protein is located on the surface of the intracellular mature virus form and is essential for both the release of extracellular enveloped virus from the cells and virus spread. sequence analysis predicts the existence of four regions in this protein: a structureless region from amino acids 1 to 28, a helical region from residues 2 ...	1998	9811753
real-time microchip pcr for detecting single-base differences in viral and human dna.	this report describes real-time 5' nuclease pcr assays to rapidly distinguish single-base polymorphism using a battery-powered miniature analytical thermal cycling instrument (matci). orthopoxviruses and the human complement component c6 gene served as targets to demonstrate the feasibility of using the matci for diagnosis of infectious diseases and genetic disorders. in the orthopoxvirus assay, consensus orthopoxvirus pcr primers were designed to amplify 266-281 base-pair (bp) segments of the h ...	1998	9599592
the complete genomic sequence of the modified vaccinia ankara strain: comparison with other orthopoxviruses.	the complete genomic dna sequence of the highly attenuated vaccinia strain modified vaccinia ankara (mva) was determined. the genome of mva is 178 kb in length, significantly smaller than that of the vaccinia copenhagen genome, which is 192 kb. the 193 open reading frames (orfs) mapped in the mva genome probably correspond to 177 genes, 25 of which are split and/or have suffered mutations resulting in truncated proteins. the left terminal genomic region of mva contains four large deletions and o ...	1998	9601507
blockade of chemokine activity by a soluble chemokine binding protein from vaccinia virus.	chemokines direct migration of immune cells into sites of inflammation and infection. chemokine receptors are seven-transmembrane domain proteins that, in contrast to other cytokine receptors, cannot be easily engineered as soluble chemokine inhibitors. poxviruses encode several soluble cytokine receptors to evade immune surveillance, providing new strategies for immune modulation. here we show that vaccinia virus and other orthopoxviruses (cowpox and camelpox) express a secreted 35-kda chemokin ...	1998	9551896
fatal form of camelpox virus infection.		1998	9455166
serosurvey for orthopoxviruses in rodents and shrews from norway.	two hundred and twenty one blood samples representing eight different rodent species and the common shrew (sorex araneus), collected in norway between 1993 and 1995, were examined for anti-orthopoxvirus antibodies by a competition enzyme linked imunnosorbent assay (elisa) and, when possible, an indirect immunofluorescence assay. the serological results indicated that the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus), woodmouse (apodemus sylvaticus) and norway lemming (lemmus lemmus) may be reservoir speci ...	1998	9577770
pathological studies on camelpox lesions of the respiratory system in the united arab emirates (uae).	three dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius), which died from generalized camelpox with lesions in the respiratory system, were investigated. histopathological lesions in the lung consisted of small, sometimes confluent foci of proliferated bronchial epithelium, necrosis and fibrosis. orthopoxvirus cameli was demonstrated in all three cases by transmission electron microscopy and the virus was isolated from the lung and trachea on dubca cells. it was proved by restriction enzyme analysis of the ...	1998	9651803
naturally occurring orthopoxviruses: potential for recombination with vaccine vectors.	orthopoxviruses are being increasingly used as live recombinant vectors for vaccination against numerous infectious diseases in humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. for risk assessments and surveillance, information about the occurrence, distribution and ecology of orthopoxviruses in western europe is important but has mainly been based on serological investigations. we have examined kidneys, lungs, spleens, and livers of norwegian small rodents and common shrews (sorex araneus) for the prese ...	1998	9705389
antibodies to orthopoxvirus in domestic cats in norway.	the prevalence of antibodies to orthopoxvirus in 217 sera collected from domestic cats in the western part of norway was 10.1 per cent as measured by a competitive elisa. in one of the seropositive cats antibodies were also detected by an immunofluorescence assay. the average age of the cats sampled was 4.9 years, but the average age of the seropositive individuals was 7.3 years, higher than the average age of clinical cowpox virus cases in britain (4.2 years), and in germany (3.9 years). antibo ...	1998	9725176
cell surface proteoglycans are necessary for a27l protein-mediated cell fusion: identification of the n-terminal region of a27l protein as the glycosaminoglycan-binding domain.	we previously showed that vaccinia virus infection of bsc40 cells was blocked by soluble heparin, suggesting that cell surface heparan sulfate mediates vaccinia virus binding (c.-s. chung, j.-c. hsiao, y. -s. chang, and w. chang, j. virol. 72:1577-1585, 1998). in this study, we extended our previous work and demonstrated that soluble a27l protein bound to heparan sulfate on cells and interfered with vaccinia virus infection at a postbinding step. in addition, we investigated the structure of a27 ...	1998	9733888
[biohazards due to orthopoxvirus: should we re-vaccinate against smallpox?].	although the who declared global smallpox eradication in 1980, the orthopoxvirus remains a source of concern for several reasons. firstly, stocks of the smallpox virus have been preserved for experimental use (at least officially in the usa and russia) so that an escaped isolate could lead to reemergence and spread of the disease worldwide. secondly discontinuation of smallpox vaccination programs has led to dwindling acquired immunity in the world population thus raising the risk of epidemic ex ...	1999	10901851
perforin is essential for control of ectromelia virus but not related poxviruses in mice.	lack of perforin renders the relatively resistant mouse strain c57bl/6 highly susceptible to the natural mouse pathogen ectromelia virus, a cytopathic orthopoxvirus. this is indicated by increased mortality, elevated virus titers and pathology in liver and spleen, and increased levels of liver enzymes in blood. cowpox virus on the other hand is more virulent in the presence of perforin than in its absence. an additional lack of granzyme a which together with perforin is a constituent of cytoplas ...	1999	9882377
characterization of orthopoxviruses isolated from man and animals in germany.	fourteen orthopoxvirus strains isolated from humans, cats, a dog, a cow, and an elephant in germany were characterized. all were classified as cowpox virus based on haemorrhagic lesions induced on the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken eggs and reactivity of a 160 kda protein with anti-a-type inclusion protein hyperimmune serum in a western blot. more detailed comparison of the isolates by restriction endonuclease mapping using hindiii and xhoi demonstrated a close relationship between all isol ...	1999	10226615
[structure-activity organization of the cowpox strain gri-90 viral genome. ii. comparative analysis of the structure of the left species-specific region of the orthopoxvirus genome].		1999	10377577
the genome of cowpox virus contains a gene related to those encoding the epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha and vaccinia growth factor.	cowpox virus (cpv) is a member of the orthopoxvirus genus and has the genetic capacity to encode a multitude of genes that interfere with the host inflammatory and immune response or modulate the physiological state of infected and non-infected cells. among these cpv factors are receptors homologous to interferon and tumor necrosis factor receptors and also a viral cellular serine-proteinase analog. here we describe the detection of a cpv gene that encodes a protein homologous to epidermal growt ...	1999	10403701
necrotizing pneumonia in a cat caused by an orthopox virus.	a necrotizing pneumonia was observed in a domestic cat which had a clinical history of severe respiratory distress. histology, immunohistology and electronmicroscopy revealed poxvirus as the causative agent. by the polymerase chain reaction and gene sequencing, an orthopox virus with 93% homology to cowpox virus was identified.	1999	10405311
comparison of thymidine kinase and a-type inclusion protein gene sequences from norwegian and swedish cowpox virus isolates.	during the last decades, cowpox virus, a member of the genus orthopoxvirus within the poxviridae family, has appeared as a pathogen in domestic cats, zoo animal species, and humans. at the same time, vaccinia virus, another orthopoxvirus, has been used as a recombinant vaccine vector with foreign genes inserted in the thymidine kinase (tk) gene. by pcr and cycle sequencing, we have determined the nucleotide sequences of the tk gene and the a-type inclusion protein (atip) gene of virus isolates f ...	1999	10440063
identification of functional domains in the 14-kilodalton envelope protein (a27l) of vaccinia virus.	the mechanism of entry of vaccinia virus (vv) into cells is still a poorly understood process. a 14-kda protein (encoded by the a27l gene) in the envelope of intracellular mature virus (imv) has been implicated in virus-cell attachment, virus-cell fusion, and virus release from cells. we have previously described the structural organization of the vv 14-kda protein, consisting of a triple-stranded coiled-coil region responsible for oligomer formation and a predicted leu zipper-like third alpha h ...	1999	10516016
skin lesions caused by orthopoxvirus infection in a dog.	a seven-year-old male dobermann was presented for examination of a non-pruritic ulcerated lesion occurring at the site of a suspected rat bite on the muzzle. biopsy revealed focal ulcerative dermatitis, with cells in the epidermis, follicular infundibula and interposed sebaceous glands undergoing ballooning degeneration and containing large acidophilic intracytoplasmic structures resembling poxvirus inclusion bodies. the diagnosis of orthopoxvirus infection was confirmed by transmission electron ...	1999	10587928
cidofovir protects mice against lethal aerosol or intranasal cowpox virus challenge.	the efficacy of cidofovir for treatment of cowpox virus infection in balb/c mice was investigated in an effort to evaluate new therapies for virulent orthopoxvirus infections of the respiratory tract in a small animal model. exposure to 2(-5)x10(6) pfu of cowpox virus by aerosol or intranasally (inl) was lethal in 3- to 7-week-old animals. one inoculation of 100 mg/kg cidofovir on day 0, 2, or 4, with respect to aerosol infection, resulted in 90%-100% survival. treatment on day 0 reduced peak pu ...	2000	10608745
alastrim smallpox variola minor virus genome dna sequences.	alastrim variola minor virus, which causes mild smallpox, was first recognized in florida and south america in the late 19th century. genome linear double-stranded dna sequences (186,986 bp) of the alastrim virus garcia-1966, a laboratory reference strain from an outbreak associated with 0.8% case fatalities in brazil in 1966, were determined except for a 530-bp fragment of hairpin-loop sequences at each terminus. the dna sequences (embl accession no. y16780) showed 206 potential open reading fr ...	2000	10639322
poxvirus-induced immunostimulating effects on porcine leukocytes.	the prophylactic application of inactivated parapox ovis viruses (baypamun; bayer ag, leverkusen, germany) has been shown to reduce efficiently the outbreak of stress-mediated diseases in different species. however, little is known about the basic mechanism behind this observed stimulatory property. we therefore tested eight inactivated poxvirus strains belonging to three different genera (orthopoxvirus, avipoxvirus, and parapoxvirus) for their capacity to activate cells of the porcine innate an ...	2000	10933702
detection of poxvirus in cattle associated with human cases in the state of rio de janeiro: preliminary report.	this preliminary report describes human and cow cases of poxvirus that recently occurred in the state of rio de janeiro. the electron microscopic findings were consistent with parapoxviral and orthopoxviral infection. orthopoxvirus strains were isolated from human and cow cases. detailed viral characterization by means of genetical techniques is under investigation. based on these informations, poxviral diseases should be also considered an emerging viral zoonosis that can affect human beings.	2000	10998211