Publications

failure of haematobia thirouxi potans (bezzi) to transmit foot-and-mouth disease virus mechanically between viraemic and susceptible cattle.	in 2 separate experiments the blood-feeding fly haematobia thirouxi potans (bezzi) failed to transmit foot-and-mouth disease virus when transferred from viraemic (log 2,6-log 4,3 mld50 or tcid50/ml) to susceptible cattle. each experiment involved 2 susceptible and 2 viraemic animals housed in separate stables and 2,000-4,000 flies of which most had fed on viraemic hosts 120 min prior to transfer. furthermore, only minimal quantities of virus were isolated from free-living flies captured on exper ...	1988	2839809
evaluation of cytotoxic lymphocytes and their parasite strain specificity from african buffalo infected with theileria parva.	theileria parva-reactive cytotoxic lymphocytes and their precursors were examined in the blood of african buffalo infected with t. parva and uninfected african buffalo. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbm) from eight of 11 infected buffalo were found to have potent cytotoxic activity after stimulation with autologous parasitized cells for 6 days in vitro, while pbm from uninfected buffalo or pbm from infected buffalo not stimulated in vitro had no cytotoxic activity. the cytotoxic activity w ...	1988	3140192
immunization of cattle using varying infective doses of theileria parva lawrencei sporozoites derived from an african buffalo (syncerus caffer) and treatment with buparvaquone.	a theileria parva lawrencei isolate in the form of a sporozoite stabilate, derived by feeding clean rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphal ticks on an african buffalo (syncerus caffer) captured in the laikipia district, kenya, was inoculated into groups of cattle at dilutions between 10(0) and 10(-3). groups of 3 cattle infected with 1 ml inocula at 10(0), 10(-1) and 10(-2) dilutions were treated with 2.5 mg/kg body weight of buparvaquone on day 0 and similar groups were left untreated to act as c ...	1988	3131722
afrotropical culicoides: a redescription of c. (avaritia) imicola kieffer, 1913 (diptera: ceratopogonidae) with description of the closely allied c. (a.) bolitinos sp. nov. reared from the dung of the african buffalo, blue wildebeest and cattle in south africa.	culicoides (avaritia) imicola, kieffer is redescribed and its current worldwide distribution reviewed. it is compared with the closely allied c. (a.) bolitinos sp. nov. descriptions of both sexes of c. imicola and c. bolitinos sp. nov. are based entirely on series of reared adults. t-tests were performed on antennal and palpal data to differentiate more clearly these 2 species. the results are tabulated. short notes are given on the larval habitat of c. bolitinos sp. nov. in south africa, namely ...	1989	2726191
characterization of buffalo-derived theilerial parasites with monoclonal antibodies and dna probes.	the characteristics of intra-lymphocytic theileria isolated from african buffalo and from cattle that were infected with buffalo-derived parasites were evaluated using anti-schizont monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and dna probes. antigenic differences were revealed by the reactivities of 27 mabs with the buffalo-derived parasites isolated from different animals. antigenic diversity was also seen with theileria-infected lymphoblastoid cell isolates taken from the lymph nodes and lambda gt11, showed ...	1989	2569709
experimental infection of eland (taurotrages oryx), sable antelope (ozanna grandicomis) and buffalo (syncerus caffer) with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the course of experimental infection of a type sat 1 fmdv strain was studied in buffalo, sable antelope and eland following tongue inoculation and contact and has been compared with that in cattle. all species became infected, although disease was less severe in the game animals and larger amounts of virus were required to infect game animals than cattle. neutralizing antibody titres were high and were maintained for an extended period in buffalo, sable antelope and eland. the carrier state was ...	1989	2584449
the carrier status of sheep, cattle and african buffalo recovered from heartwater.	sheep, cattle and the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) were shown to remain carriers of heart-water (caused by cowdria ruminantium) for long periods after recovery; 223, 246 and 161 days, respectively. transmission was achieved using adults of the southern african bont tick (amblyomma hebraeum) that had fed as nymphs on recovered animals. our findings differ from those of other workers who attempted transmission using nymphs that had fed as larvae on recovered animals or with blood from recover ...	1989	2617830
isolation of bovine herpesvirus-3 from african buffaloes (syncerus caffer).	eleven virus isolations were made from the blood of 45 free living healthy african buffaloes by long term cocultivation of their leucocytes with bovine thymus or spleen cells. the isolates were indistinguishable from each other or from herpesviruses isolated from a severely ill buffalo calf and from a dead buffalo. these viruses possessed the characteristics of the bovine herpesvirus-3 (bhv-3) group and were indistinguishable by serology and restriction endonuclease analysis from the bhv-3 type ...	1989	2662288
the distribution of wearout over evolved reliability structures.	a multiple-integral equation, termed the wearout equation, describes the distribution of wearout (or aging) over evolved reliability structures, such as organisms and self-replicating machines, and thus statistically governs virtually all aging properties of the systems. the equation is applied to the computation of ab initio ("from the beginning") life tables for four natural populations of ungulates--wild boar, dall sheep, african buffalo, and hippopotamus--which represent a broad range of sur ...	1989	2779258
antibodies to some pathogenic agents in free-living wild species in tanzania.	a total of 535 sera from eight species of wildlife were collected from different game areas in tanzania between 1987 and 1989. these sera were tested for antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease, bovine herpes virus types 1 and 2, lumpy skin disease, bovine viral diarrhoea, akabane, bovine ephemeral fever, bluetongue, enzootic bovine leucosis, african horse sickness and african swine fever viruses and brucella abortus based on the expected species susceptibility. sera from buffalo syncerus caff ...	1990	2123458
zymogram and life-history studies on trypanosomes of the subgenus megatrypanum.	of 13 swedish dairy cows examined, 12 (92.3%) were found to be infected with trypanosomes by cultivation of blood samples. of the two species of tabanid fly caught close to the cattle, 33.3% of the tabanus bromius and 8.6% of the haematopota pluvialis were also found to be infected with trypanosomes on dissection. isoenzyme patterns of trypanosome isolates from one h. pluvialis and from six cattle were identical, incriminating this fly species as a vector of the trypanosome. comparison of these ...	1990	2123546
the biology of bovine herpesvirus-4 infection of cattle.	the biology of bovine herpesvirus-4 (bhv-4) infection of cattle is reviewed. the infection is distributed worldwide. most of isolated viruses are non-pathogenic in cattle; some of them are able to produce a genital disease. twenty-nine structural polypeptides were described; ten of them are glycosylated. two major glycoproteins were characterized by monoclonal antibodies. restriction maps of bhv-4 dna are available for the enzymes ecori, bamhi and hindiii. the strain variations studied by restri ...	1990	2155770
[virus carriers in foot-and-mouth disease. review].	fmdv infection can cause a long lasting virus carrier state in the oesophageal-pharyngeal (op) region of cattle, sheep, goats, african buffalo, wildebeest and kudu. virus can be recovered from op fluids with low titres for several months up to more than 2 years. during this time phases of positive virus recovery are interrupted by negative phases. the number of virus carriers decreases as time progresses. the virus carrier state is always accompanied by fmdv antibodies in serum and op fluid. vac ...	1990	2191649
a serological survey of rinderpest antibody in wildlife and sheep and goats in northern tanzania.	an extensive serological survey for rinderpest antibody in wildlife, principally buffalo (syncerus caffer), and sheep and goats has been undertaken in the previously endemic region of northern tanzania to determine whether or not the virus has continued to cycle in susceptible species since the last occurrence of overt disease in 1982. the results show that infection but not disease has occurred at least until 1987 in buffalo in parts of the serengeti national park but not in the other game area ...	1990	2384143
pestivirus infections in ruminants other than cattle.	pestiviruses infect a wide range of domestic, captive and free-living ruminants. among domestic livestock, border disease virus is a well recognised cause of an important congenital disease of sheep in virtually all sheep-rearing countries of the world. the clinical signs, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology and control of this disease are described in detail. one natural outbreak of border disease in domestic goats has been described and there is serological and virological evidence that pest ...	1990	1966719
the hk/lk polymorphism of erythrocyte cation content in two wild species of east african bovids: demonstrated in wildebeest but not in african buffalo.	concentrations of k and na were determined in erythrocytes from wildebeest and african buffalo resident in tanzania. the object was to determine if these species possess the hk/lk polymorphism which is typical of other bovid species, but not of other mammals. the polymorphism is characterized by individuals that are either of the hk phenotype (high k and low na concentrations in red cells) or lk phenotype (low k and high na concentrations in red cells). wildebeest were shown to be polymorphic, w ...	1990	2386314
serological reactions to leptospira species in buffalo (syncerus caffer) from the kruger national park.	four hundred and six serum samples from buffalo (syncerus caffer) were tested for leptospirosis, using the microscopic agglutination test. seven buffaloes (1.7%) reacted positive and 27 (6.6%) inconclusive. reactions against l. tarassovi and l. hardjo were the most prevalent.	1990	2293138
a serological survey for brucellosis in buffalo (syncerus caffer) in the kruger national park.	a serological investigation was undertaken to determine the prevalence of brucellosis titres in buffalo in the kruger national park. a total of 406 samples were collected over a period of one year. the rose bengal and the complement fixation tests were used in the investigation as these tests are routinely used for cattle sera and have proved to be reliable. in the females, 12.6% adult, 10.7% sub-adult and 3% juvenile animals reacted positively to the tests. in the males, 15.1% adults, 10.6% sub ...	1990	2286995
susceptibility of african buffalo and boran cattle to intravenous inoculation with trypanosoma congolense bloodstream forms.	this study compares the susceptibility of african buffalo (syncerus caffer) and boran cattle (bos indicus) to intravenous infection with t. congolense blood stream forms. the trypanosomes multiplied in the buffaloes and the boran and reached levels of detectable parasitaemia 4 days after infection in the boran and 10 days after infection in the buffalo. the cattle developed severe anaemia and had to be treated 60 days after infection to save them from dying whereas the buffaloes did not develop ...	1990	2382098
evaluation of infection and treatment methods in immunization of improved cattle against theileriosis in an endemic area of kenya.	five experiments were carried out to determine the efficacy of immunization against theileriosis in an endemic area of kenya using artificial infection with a mixture of stabilates of theileria parva stock or natural infection and treatment with parvaquone or several formulations of oxytetracyclines. for the first four experiments, introduced, susceptible sahiwal/friesian crosses were used and in the fifth, calves of boran/maasai zebu crosses born on the site. cattle were infected either artific ...	1990	2343540
susceptibility of african buffalo and boran cattle to trypanosoma congolense transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis.	four african buffalo (syncerus caffer) and four boran cattle (bos indicus) were each exposed to the bites of 10 tsetse flies infected with trypanosoma congolense. although both groups of animals became infected, the buffalo showed no clinical signs of trypanosomiasis while the cattle suffered from the disease characterized by pronounced skin reactions, high parasitaemia and severe anaemia. the prepatent periods in the buffalo varied from 18 to 27 days in comparison with 11 to 14 days in the catt ...	1990	2343539
stability in a multi-species assemblage of large herbivores in east africa.	animal census data from lake manyara national park in northern tanzania are presented. the data refer to large mammalian herbivores, that is individually heavier than twenty kg, of which the numbers were counted in nine different years between 1959 and 1984. the total biomass of these herbivores was comprised mainly of african buffalo and african elephant. five functional groups of herbivores were distinguished (buffalo, "elephant-as-grazer", "elephant-as-browser", "other grazers", and "other br ...	1990	28313013
does competition regulate ungulate populations? further evidence from serengeti, tanzania.	changes in populations of several ungulate species in the serengeti-mara region of east africa over the past 30 years suggest several hypotheses for their regulation and coexistence. recent censuses in the 1980s have allowed us to test the hypotheses that: (1) there was competition between wildebeest (connochaetes taurinus) and thomson's gazelle (gazella thomsoni). this predicted that gazelle numbers should have declined in the 1980s when wildebeest were food limited. census figures show no chan ...	1990	28312676
large herbivores that strive mightily but eat and drink as friends.	grazing in patches of cynodon dactylon and of sporobolus spicatus by four large herbivores, and the interaction between these sedentary herbivores was studied in lake manyara national park, northern tanzania. the herbivores were the african buffalo, syncerus caffer; the african elephan, loxodonta africana; the burchell's zebra, equus burchelli; and the wildebeest, connochaetus taurinus. four different hypotheses of the interactions between the herbivores were tested, viz., increased predator det ...	1990	28312674
characterisation of lymphocyte populations in african buffalo (syncerus caffer) and waterbuck (kobus defassa) with workshop monoclonal antibodies.	in order to measure different lymphocyte populations in buffalo (syncerus caffer) and waterbuck (kobus defassa), we analysed the monoclonal antibodies from the 1st international workshop on leukocyte antigens in cattle, sheep and goats for suitable cross-reactive reagents. peripheral blood mononuclear cells from three buffalo and three waterbuck were tested with the whole panel of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) together with some additional antibodies against mhc and ig. in some clusters almost al ...	1991	2021061
the response of animals to suxamethonium (succinyldicholine) and succinylmonocholine.	the time which elapses before cessation of breathing, and blood pressure and blood gas changes after the intramuscular administration of suxamethonium, or a mixture of suxamethonium and hexamethonium, is compared in immobilised african elephants (loxodonta africana) and buffaloes (syncerus caffer). in addition, the respiratory responses of elephants and other animals to intravenous administration of suxamethonium and succinylmonocholine are reported on, as are the effects of darting animals with ...	1991	1770482
impact of season on seminal characteristics and endocrine status of adult free-ranging african buffalo (syncerus caffer).	pituitary, gonadal and adrenal activity were compared in free-living, adult african buffalo bulls during the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. frequent blood samples were collected for 2 h from anaesthetized bulls treated intravenously with saline, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (gnrh, 200 micrograms), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg, 10,000 i.u.) or adrenocorticotrophic hormone (acth, 1.5 mg). electroejaculates also were collected from anaesthetized bulls during the breeding and nonbreeding ...	1991	1905353
anthrax in wildlife in the luangwa valley, zambia.	an abnormally high mortality among hippos (hippopotamus amphibius) in the luangwa river valley between june and november 1987 and estimated to number more than 4000 deaths was attributed to anthrax. several other species, particularly cape buffalo (syncerus caffer) and elephant (loxodonta africana), appear to have been affected. a smaller outbreak of anthrax in hippos occurred between august and september 1988, approximately 100 km up-river. a field study was arranged in august 1989 to assess th ...	1991	1907048
theileria parva: influence of vector, parasite and host relationships on the epidemiology of theileriosis in southern africa.	the protozoan parasite theileria parva, transmitted by the ixodid tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus, is the cause of east coast fever (ecf) and the related syndromes of corridor disease and january disease in cattle of eastern, central and southern africa. it is likely that buffalo (syncerus caffer) are the natural host of t. parva. in eastern and southern africa, there exists both buffalo-adapted and cattle-adapted t. parva. disease caused by buffalo-adapted parasites is called corridor disease ...	1991	1907728
maintenance of foot and mouth disease viruses in buffalo (syncerus caffer sparrman, 1779) in southern africa.	using age-related infection rates derived from serological data in available deterministic and specially developed stochastic simulation models, it has been possible to establish that the basic reproductive rates for south african territory (sat) type foot and mouth disease virus in buffalo (syncerus caffer) are high. the models predict that there is a periodicity of infection within herds and possibly the population as a whole. thus, buffalo herds are likely to be more infectious at some times ...	1992	1339066
immunisation of cattle against theileriosis in nakuru district of kenya by infection and treatment and the introduction of unconventional tick control.	one hundred and one cross european-boran cattle (50 cows and 51 calves), on a farm in nakuru district, kenya, were immunised against theileriosis using theileria parva lawrencei and theileria parva parva stocks from another district of kenya. the stabilates used were t.p.lawrencei (mara iii) used at 10(-1.7) dilution and t.p.parva (kilae) used at 10(-1.0) dilution. the stabilates were combined and inoculated simultaneously with a short-acting formulation of oxytetracycline hydrochloride given in ...	1992	1496782
transformation of theileria parva derived from african buffalo (syncerus caffer) by tick passage in cattle and its use in infection and treatment immunization.	a sporozoite stabilate (st. 199) of theileria parva was obtained by feeding nymphal rhipicephalus appendiculatus on an african buffalo (syncerus caffer) and was used to immunize cattle by the infection and treatment method. nymphal ticks were applied to one of the steers 90 days later and it was shown that the resultant adult tick had become infected. using tick/cattle passage, two passage lines of t. parva were established. by the fifth tick/cattle passage, the parasite stocks had changed their ...	1992	1496792
further evaluation of the use of buparvaquone in the infection and treatment method of immunizing cattle against theileria parva derived from african buffalo (syncerus caffer).	three experiments were undertaken to determine the efficacy of different doses of buparvaquone in the infection and treatment immunization of cattle against theileria parva derived from african buffalo (syncerus caffer). two of these experiments also compared buparvaquone with standard doses of long- and short-acting formulations of oxytetracycline. in addition, different dilutions of stabilates were used in the experiments. in the first experiment, a 10(-1.0) dilution of stabilate was used to i ...	1992	1496799
a comparison of african buffalo, n'dama and boran cattle as reservoirs of trypanosoma congolense for different glossina species.	teneral glossina morsitans centralis machado were fed on the flanks of the african buffalo (syncerus caffer sparrman), n'dama (bos taurus l.) or boran (bos indicus l.) cattle infected with trypanosoma congolense broden. the infected tsetse were maintained on rabbits and on day 30 after the infected feed, the surviving tsetse were dissected to determine the infection rates. the mean infection rates (% +/- se) in the midgut of tsetse fed on buffalo, n'damas and borans were 23.5 +/- 3.3, 31.6 +/- 2 ...	1992	1421502
[serological evidence of the existence of a wild reservoir of trypanosoma brucei gambiense in the pendjari biosphere reservation in the republic of benin].	in the national park of pendjari, situated in the north-west of benin, 91 wild animals, belonging to seven species, were darted. thick and thin blood smears were examined for trypanosomes and plasma for trypanolytic antibodies against 6 antigenic variants of trypanosoma brucei gambiense. parasites were found in 13.92% and trypanolytic antibodies in 20.88% of the samples. a total of 28.57% of animals were positive by at least one of the two test systems used. morphologically trypanosoma congolens ...	1992	1417158
tick control on eland (taurotragus oryx) and buffalo (syncerus caffer) with flumethrin 1% pour-on through a duncan applicator.	eland (taurotragus oryx) and buffalo (syncerus caffer) in the game ranching research station at the mushandike sanctuary in zimbabwe were treated with 1% flumethrin pour-on to control unacceptably high tick numbers. the pour-on was at first applied with a drenching gun and later by means of a duncan applicator. this device allows contact with a saturated treatment column while the animals consume a specially formulated attractant lick from the feed bin. tick counts done over 3 summer seasons dem ...	1992	1569544
the role of wild animals, other than buffalo, in the current epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in zimbabwe.	between 1989 and 1992, 7970 wild ungulates, comprising 14 different species, were tested for antibodies to types sat 1, sat 2 and sat 3 foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus. of these 1.2% were found to be positive and these included impala (aepyceros melampus), eland (taurotragus oryx), waterbuck (kobus ellipsiprymnus) and sable (hippotragus niger). all the positive animals were either from the wildlife areas where buffalo (syncerus caffer) occur or from ranches where clinical fmd had occurred in ...	1993	8270015
cross-reactivity of workshop antibodies with cells from domestic and wild ruminants.	reactivities of the monoclonal antibodies (mabs) from the workshop panel with cells from cattle, sheep, goats, cape buffalo (syncerus caffer) and waterbuck (kobus defassa) were tested. one hundred and sixty-nine mabs reacted with bovine cells and 111 with sheep cells; 86 were shown to react with goat cells, 71 with buffalo cells and 70 with waterbuck cells. some mabs cross-reacted with all five ruminants tested, and are likely to react with epitopes that are conserved in other ruminant species. ...	1993	8310653
disease research in the wildlife-livestock interface in kenya.	selected results of wildlife disease research in kenya are given against the background of the socio-economic conflict in the wildlife/livestock interface. an attempt is made to rank the three areas of conflict between wildlife and livestock: feeding competition, disease control and predation. disease survey results reveal the lack of wildlife reservoirs, with the exception of some important problem areas. research on trypanosomiasis identifies a variety of adaptations evolved in wild bovidae. t ...	1993	8372423
bovine petechial fever (ondiri disease).	bovine petechial fever is a rickettsial disease of cattle, which has been diagnosed, only in kenya, east africa. other countries in the region share some of the biotopes in which the disease occurs, and may well have the infection. the disease is characterised by widespread petechial and ecchymotic haemorrhages on the mucosal surfaces, and throughout the serosal and subserosal surfaces of the body organs and cavities. it may be fatal in up to 50% of untreated cases. the causal organism may be de ...	1993	8451827
a comparison of african buffalo, n'dama and boran cattle as reservoirs of trypanosoma vivax for different glossina species.	teneral glossina morsitans centralis were fed on the flanks of african buffalo, n'dama or boran cattle infected with trypanosoma vivax il 2337. the infected tsetse were maintained on goats and on day 25 after the infected feed, the surviving tsetse were dissected to determine the infection rates. the mean mature infection rates (% +/- s.e.) in the tsetse fed on buffalo, n'dama and boran cattle were 34.3 +/- 9.9, 33.7 +/- 13.4 and 58.9 +/- 7.1, respectively. logistic regression analysis indicated ...	1993	8098147
african buffalo serum contains novel trypanocidal protein.	the high ability of african buffalo, as compared to domestic cattle, to control infections with trypanosoma brucei brucei iltat 1.4 organisms did not correlate with the timing or magnitude of parasite surface coat-specific antibody responses and may have resulted from the constitutive presence in buffalo blood of a novel trypanocidal factor. buffalo plasma and serum contained material that killed bloodstream stage t. b. brucei, t. b. rhodesiense, t. b. gambiense, t. evansi, t. congolense, and t. ...	1994	8167620
experimental transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus from carrier african buffalo (syncerus caffer) to cattle in zimbabwe.	four female cattle and three male african buffalo (syncerus caffer) which were free of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus were held together on an island in lake kariba, zimbabwe. the buffalo were experimentally infected with fmd virus type sat2, developed generalised disease and became virus carriers. while the buffalo were in the acute phase of the disease the susceptible contact cattle did not show lesions, no virus was recovered from them and they did not develop serum antibodies. however, f ...	1994	8171808
natural transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus from african buffalo (syncerus caffer) to cattle in a wildlife area of zimbabwe.	an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) occurred during april 1991 in a trypanosomiasis sentinel cattle herd by the rifa river to the east of lake kariba, zimbabwe. despite the cattle having been vaccinated biannually for the previous five years the disease was severe. the viruses isolated from the affected animals were typed as fmd virus type sat 1. free-living african buffalo (syncerus caffer) which had been using the same watering place as the affected cattle were sampled and fmd type sat ...	1994	8197679
advanced tuberculosis in an african buffalo (syncerus caffer sparrman).	a necropsy conducted on an emaciated 8-year-old female african buffalo (syncerus caffer) in the kruger national park, revealed gross pathological changes compatible with generalised bovine tuberculosis. macroscopic lesions in the lungs and associated lymph nodes were of a caseous necrotic nature with liquefied foci. mycobacterium bovis was cultured from pulmonary lesions. the distribution and the characteristics of the lesions are described and the conclusion is made that the initial route of in ...	1994	7776339
[epidemiologic study of bluetongue in sheep, cattle and different species of wild animals in the ivory coast].	between 1992 and 1993, a serological survey was conducted in côte d'ivoire on 623 sera from sheep, 215 sera from cattle and 211 sera from wild herbivores. these sera were tested for bluetongue virus (btv) antibodies using an agar gel immunodiffusion test. the purpose of this survey was twofold: to establish the incidence of bluetongue in the country, and to analyse the putative role of btv in the reproductive pathology of sheep. seroprevalence was 52 +/- 4% in sheep, 95 +/- 3% in cattle, and 56 ...	1994	7949349
characterization of theileria parva which infects waterbuck (kobus defassa).	theileria-free waterbuck (kobus defassa) born in captivity were successfully infected with theileria parva sporozoites derived from ticks infected by feeding on african buffalo (syncerus caffer). all waterbuck underwent mild infections with the development of sporadic schizont and piroplasm parasitosis when inoculated with sporozoite doses lethal to cattle. a carrier state of t. parva was demonstrated by feeding clean r. appendiculatus nymphs on two of these infected waterbuck. tick batches from ...	1994	8052510
genome variation in the sat types of foot-and-mouth disease viruses prevalent in buffalo (syncerus caffer) in the kruger national park and other regions of southern africa, 1986-93.	dideoxy nucleotide sequencing of a portion of the 1d gene of sat-type foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdv) was used to derive phylogenetic relationships between viruses recovered from the oesophageo-pharyngeal secretions of buffalo in the kruger national park as well as several other wildlife areas in southern africa. the three serotypes differed from one another by more than 40% while intratypic variation did not exceed 29%. within each type, isolates from particular countries were more closel ...	1995	7867739
antigenic analysis of sat 2 serotype foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates from zimbabwe using monoclonal antibodies.	this paper compares strains of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) serotype sat (south african territories) 2 viruses isolated from zimbabwe and other african countries using monoclonal antibodies (mab). a sandwich-elisa was used to examine the relative binding of anti-sat 2 mab to the various viruses. the mab-binding profiles of viruses isolated from field samples were compared using hierarchical cluster analysis. viruses were obtained from game animals, mainly african buffalo (syncerus caffer) which ...	1995	7543860
overview of foot and mouth disease in southern africa.	the prevalence of foot and mouth disease (fmd) in the southern african subcontinent between 1931 and 1990 is summarised, together with the major features of the epidemiology and control of the disease. the author emphasises the role of wildlife, especially african buffalo (syncerus caffer). a proposal is made for a more structured and co-operative approach to investigating the extent and nature of antigenic variation within the southern african territories (sat) types of fmd virus. quantificatio ...	1995	8593386
chemoecological role of mammalian urine in host location by tsetse,glossina spp. (diptera: glossinidae).	trap catch size was used to investigate whetherglossina pallidipes andg. longipennis could distinguish between the urine of the african buffalo, cattle, and waterbuck at nguruman in southwest kenya. ng2g traps baited with aged urine of these bovids caught significantly more of each tsetse than did the controls. the mean catch of either tsetse species in traps baited with aged urine of buffalo and cattle (tsetse hosts) and waterbuck (a nonhost) did not differ significantly. aged urine from both t ...	1996	24225937
evolutionary histories of highly repeated dna families among the artiodactyla (mammalia).	six highly repeated dna families were analyzed using southern blotting and fluorescence in situ hybridization in a comparative study of 46 species of artiodactyls belonging to seven of the eight extant taxonomic families. two of the repeats, the dispersed bovine-pst family and the localized 1.715 component, were found to have the broadest taxonomic distributions, being present in all pecoran ruminants (giraffidae, cervidae, antilocapridae, and bovidae), indicating that these repeats may be 25-40 ...	1996	8661995
influence of host and parasite genotypes on immunological control of theileria parasites.	infections with theileria parva in the african buffalo are invariably asymptomatic, whereas infections in cattle usually result in clinical disease, the severity of which varies in different populations of cattle. the parasite exhibits antigenic heterogeneity, which in cattle manifests as differences between parasite strains in their cross-protective properties. a series of studies on t cell responses to t. parva in cattle have demonstrated that class i mhc-restricted cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ct ...	1996	8684836
persistent infection of african buffalo (syncerus caffer) with sat-type foot-and-mouth disease viruses: rate of fixation of mutations, antigenic change and interspecies transmission.	transmission of a plaque-purified sat-2 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) occurred erratically from artificially infected african buffaloes in captivity to susceptible buffaloes and cattle in the same enclosure; in some instances transmission occurred only after contact between persistently infected carriers and susceptible animals lasting a number of months. because the rate at which fmdv mutations accumulated in persistently infected buffaloes was approximately linear (1.64 percent nucleotid ...	1996	8757987
ultrastructure of buffalo, syncerus caffer, platelets: comparison with bovine and human platelets.	platelets are found in the blood of all mammals and serve the same basic hemostatic functions in all. species differences in the morphology and activities of platelets in human and domesticated animals have been observed, but there is little published information regarding the blood pictures of wild animals. in this study, the ultrastructure of buffalo platelets was compared with that of bovine and human platelets. buffalo platelets were found to be smaller than human platelets and intracellular ...	1996	8765809
an outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in a free-living african buffalo (syncerus caffer--sparrman) population in the kruger national park: a preliminary report.	bovine tuberculosis was diagnosed for the first time in an african buffalo (syncerus caffer) in the kruger national park (knp). the index case was a 2-year-old, emaciated bull which had been found recumbent and obviously ill, near the south-western boundary of the knp, in july 1990. during a follow-up random sampling of 57 buffalo, from two herds in close proximity to this initial case, nine more suspect cases were found. mycobacterium bovis was isolated from a lung and thoracic lymph node, resp ...	1996	8848298
tuberculosis in buffaloes (syncerus caffer) in the kruger national park: spread of the disease to other species.	tuberculosis, caused by mycobacterium bovis, was recently diagnosed in a cheetah (acinonyx jubatus), two lions (panthera leo) and a chacma baboon (papio ursinus) from the kruger national park (knp). it is assumed that they contracted the disease directly or indirectly from tuberculous buffaloes in the park. tuberculous granulomatous lesions in the lungs were extensive and constituted the predominant changes in all three animal species. these pulmonary lesions included tuberculous bronchiolitis a ...	1996	8917861
a comparative ultrastructural study of the parotid gland acinar cells of nine wild ruminant species (mammalia, artiodactyla).	the ultrastructural similarities and differences of the parotid gland acinar cells of nine wild ruminants (roe deer, nyala, tahr, eld's deer, red deer, pere david's deer, european mouflon, african buffalo, sable antelope) representing three feeding types i.e. concentrate selectors (cs), grass and roughage eaters (gr) and intermediate feeders (im) were compared. the parotid acinar cells of the cs contained more granular endoplasmic reticulum, golgi-complexes and secretory granules than those of t ...	1996	9090994
phylogenetic relationship among all living species of the genus bubalus based on dna sequences of the cytochrome b gene.	the cytochrome b genes of all living species of bubalus, including the river type and the swamp type of domestic buffaloes (bubalus bubalis), were sequenced to clarify their phylogenetic relationships. these sequences were compared together with the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) and banteng (bos javanicus) sequences as an outgroup. phylogenetic trees of bubalus species based on the dna sequences of the cytochrome b gene demonstrated that the tamaraw (bubalus mindorensis), endemic to the phil ...	1996	9126673
prevalence of cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in cattle and wildlife in morogoro region, tanzania.	prevalences of cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in cattle (n = 486) on five selected farms in morogoro municipality and three species of herbivorous wildlife (n = 87) from mikumi national park, morogoro, tanzania, were determined using the modified ziehl-neelsen staining technique. of 486 bovine faecal samples, 5.3% were positive for cryptosporidium spp. the prevalence of cryptosporidium was higher in calves less than 3 months of age compared to weaned calves and adults. cryptosporidium spp. oocysts ...	1997	9234442
the trypanocidal cape buffalo serum protein is xanthine oxidase.	plasma and serum from cape buffalo (syncerus caffer) kill bloodstream stages of all species of african trypanosomes in vitro. the trypanocidal serum component was isolated by sequential chromatography on hydroxylapatite, protein a-g, mono q, and superose 12. the purified trypanocidal protein had a molecular mass of 150 kda, and activity correlated with the presence of a 146-kda polypeptide detected upon reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. amino acid sequences of t ...	1997	9284156
parafilariosis in african buffaloes (syncerus caffer).	this is the first report on the occurrence of parafilaria bassoni in the african buffalo (syncerus caffer). previously this parasite has been recorded only in springbok (antidorcas marsupialis) in namibia. haemorrhagic perforations (bleeding points), the usual lesions seen in infected animals, were caused by gravid female parasites ovipositing embryonated eggs. these lesions occurred mainly on the dorsal and lateral sides of buffaloes. complications of these lesions developed in a small number o ...	1997	9467178
population structure of african buffalo inferred from mtdna sequences and microsatellite loci: high variation but low differentiation.	the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) is widespread throughout sub-saharan africa and is found in most major vegetation types, wherever permanent sources of water are available, making it physically able to disperse through a wide range of habitats. despite this, the buffalo has been assumed to be strongly philopatric and to form large aggregations that remain within separate home ranges with little interchange between units, but the level of differentiation within the species is unknown. geneti ...	1998	9532761
growth of cowdria ruminantium in tissue culture endothelial cell lines from wild african mammals.	endothelial cell cultures were established from several wild african mammalian species. long-term cultures were established from three ruminants, stable antelope (hippotragus niger), buffalo (syncerus caffer), and eland (tragelaphus oryx), and from an omnivore, the bushpig (potamochoerus porcus). cowdria ruminanntium was isolated from plasma of clinically affected animals in these four cell lines and in bovine endothelial cells used routinely for c. ruminantium propagation. nineteen different st ...	1998	9577776
vaccination as a means of control of foot-and-mouth disease in sub-saharan africa.	the presence of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in a country is a major obstacle to the development of agriculture because of its adverse effects on livestock production and agricultural exports. the eradication of fmd in sub-saharan africa by the implementation of slaughtering-out is impractical for various reasons, but vaccination with good quality fmd vaccines can help prevent losses in stock production and reduce the overall incidence of the disease. oil based fmd vaccines have been used with s ...	1998	9607040
african buffalo maintain high genetic diversity in the major histocompatibility complex in spite of historically known population bottlenecks.	historical population collapses caused by rinderpest epidemics are hypothesized to have resulted in notable genetic losses in populations of the african buffalo. polymorphism in the major histocompatibity complex (mhc) drb3 gene was probed by means of restriction analysis of the sequence encoding the peptide-binding region. nucleotide substitution patterns agreed with a positive selection acting on this fitness-relevant locus. buffalo populations from four national parks, situated in eastern and ...	1998	9787443
the prevalence of antibody to the viruses of bovine virus diarrhoea, bovine herpes virus 1, rift valley fever, ephemeral fever and bluetongue and to leptospira sp in free-ranging wildlife in zimbabwe.	the prevalence of antibody to the viruses of bovine virus diarrhoea (bvd), bovine herpes virus typel (bhv1), rift valley fever (rvf), bovine ephemeral fever (bef) and bluetongue (bt) and to leptospira sp. was determined in wildlife populations in zimbabwe. evidence of infection with bvd virus was found in 14 of the 16 species examined but was greatest in eland taurotragus oryx, nyala tragelaphus angasi and bushbuck tragelaphus scriptus. persistent infection with bvd virus was found in 1 of 303 a ...	1998	9825798
hunting by male lions: ecological influences and socioecological implications.	in the kruger national park, male lions, panthera leo, acquire most of their food by hunting rather than scavenging. this study, the most intensive to date of male lion ecology, showed that in savanna woodlands, with high buffalo, syncerus caffer, densities, male lions were frequent and successful hunters. the main prey species of all male group types, but particularly nonterritorial males, was buffalo. by contrast, females preyed more frequently on the most abundant medium-sized ungulates, such ...	1998	9933529
study on the sequential tsetse-transmitted trypanosoma congolense, t. brucei brucei and t. vivax infections to african buffalo, eland, waterbuck, n'dama and boran cattle.	susceptibility of african buffalo, eland, waterbuck, n'dama and boran cattle to sequential glossina morsitans centralis-transmitted infections of trypanosoma congolense, t. brucei brucei and t. vivax was compared, and their possible role as reservoirs of these parasites for g. moristans centralis, g. pallidipes, g. austeni, g. brevipalpis and g. longipennis determined. the buffalo, eland, waterbuck and n'dama controlled t. congolense parasitaemias and were able to prevent anaemia. by contrast, o ...	1999	9950344
prevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in sera of domestic pigs and some wild game species from zimbabwe.	serum samples of domestic pigs (sus scrofa), elands (taurotragus oryx), sable antelopes (hippotragus niger), warthogs (phacochoerus aethiopicus), bushpigs (koiropotamus [potamochoerus] koiropotamus), white rhinos (ceratotherium simus), african buffalos (syncerus caffer), wildebeest (connochaetas taurinus), and african elephants (loxodonta africana) from zimbabwe were tested for toxoplasma gondii igg antibodies by the modified agglutination test (mat) with whole formalized tachyzoites and mercapt ...	1999	10219323
applicability of bovine microsatellite markers for population genetic studies on african buffalo (syncerus caffer).	the applicability of bovine autosomal microsatellite markers for population genetic studies on african buffalo was investigated. a total of 168 microsatellite markers were tested for pcr amplification on a test panel of seven african buffalo. amplification was observed for 139 markers (83%), and 101 markers were studied further with 91 (90%) being polymorphic. the mean number of alleles per marker was 5.0 (se = 0.2) and the mean heterozygosity per marker was 0.61 (se = 0.03). considering the ove ...	1999	10442986
possibility of sexual transmission of foot-and-mouth disease from african buffalo to cattle.		1999	10460029
rinderpest epidemic in wild ruminants in kenya 1993-97.	a severe epidemic of rinderpest, affecting mainly wild ruminants, occurred between 1993 and 1997 in east africa. buffalo (syncerus caffer), eland (taurotragus oryx) and lesser kudu (tragelaphus imberbis) were highly susceptible. the histopathological changes, notably individual epithelial cell necrosis with syncytia formation, were consistent with an infection with an epitheliotrophic virus. serology, the polymerase chain reaction, and virus isolation confirmed the diagnosis and provided epidemi ...	1999	10579537
mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis in the kruger national park, south africa.	the kruger national park (knp), mpumalanga province, south africa.	1999	10599016
foot and mouth disease in zambia: a review of the aetiology and epidemiology and recommendations for possible control.	in zambia, foot and mouth disease (fmd) has been caused by all three of the south african territories serotypes (sat 1, 2 and 3) and by european types o and a. three areas of the country which have experienced repeated occurrences of the disease are considered high-risk areas. the three areas are as follows: the southern border area between zambia and zimbabwe, botswana and namibia, the kafue flats and the northern border with tanzania in the nakonde and mbala districts. the transfer mechanism o ...	1999	10588002
the occurrence of theileria and cowdria parasites in african buffalo (syncerus caffer) and their associated amblyomma hebraeum ticks.	the polymerase chain reaction and oligonucleotide probing were used to detect theileria and cowdria species in dna extracted from blood and ticks recovered from 24 african buffalo during a gamecapture operation in the kruger national park, south africa. species-specific probing indicated that all but one of the buffalo were carrying at least one theileria species. indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) serology indicated that all animals had been exposed to theileria parva infection but only 33% we ...	1999	10631711
investigation of the viability of m. bovis under different environmental conditions in the kruger national park.	the survival time of mycobacterium bovis in the natural habitat of infected free ranging wildlife was investigated. seven different experimental sites near skukuza in the kruger national park, south africa, were selected to expose macroscopically affected lung or lymph node tissue of african buffalo (syncerus caffer) origin and spiked faecal specimens for various lengths of time over a 1-year period. mycobacterium bovis could be isolated for a maximum period of 6 weeks from tissue specimens and ...	1999	10631708
the effect of cryopreservation on the survivability, viability and motility of epididymal african buffalo (syncerus caffer) spermatozoa.	the effect of cryopreservation on the viability and motility of epididymal african buffalo spermatozoa was studied in samples obtained from 17 and 13 animals in 1995 and 1996, respectively. cryopreservation significantly reduced the viability and motility of the epididymal spermatozoa. the average percentage of live (+/- se) spermatozoa declined significantly from 90.4 +/- 2.0% (1995) and 84.4 +/- 1.1% (1996) in fresh epididymal samples, to 57.0 +/- 2.0% and 56.3 +/- 1.1%, respectively, in froze ...	1999	10735101
microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity in african buffalo (syncerus caffer) populations throughout africa.	genetic diversity in nine african buffalo (syncerus caffer) populations throughout africa was analysed with 14 microsatellites to study the effects of rinderpest epidemics and habitat fragmentation during the 20th century. a gradient of declining expected heterozygosity was observed among populations in save valley conservancy (zimbabwe), and northern and southern kruger national park (south africa). this was explained by a high mortality in northern kruger national park during the rinderpest pa ...	2000	11123614
coccidian oocyst and nematode egg counts of free-ranging african buffalo (syncerus caffer) in the kruger national park, south africa.	faecal specimens collected in the kruger national park from 103 african buffaloes (syncerus caffer) up to 1 year old and 283 buffaloes older than 1 year were examined for the presence of coccidian oocysts and nematode eggs. most specimens from animals older than 1 year had negative coccidian oocyst counts. positive specimens from younger animals had significantly higher coccidian oocyst counts than those from older animals. no such difference was found for nematode egg counts.	2000	11030361
the foot-and-mouth disease risk posed by african buffalo within wildlife conservancies to the cattle industry of zimbabwe.	quantification of the risk that african buffalo (syncerus caffer) (isolated within wildlife conservancies in zimbabwe by a double fencing system) would infect cattle outside the conservancies with foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus was assessed by scenario-pathway analysis. of the five scenarios considered, the greatest annual risk (1:5000) for cattle would be from antelope jumping over the outer perimeter fence of the conservancy and infecting cattle on the outside. the other transmission scena ...	2000	10727743
phylogenetic analysis of the tribe bovini using microsatellites.	the objective of the present study was to determine if the generally accepted phylogenetic relationships in the tribe bovini correspond to a phylogenetic scheme derived from polymorphisms at 20 bovine microsatellite loci. this study comprises 17 representative populations: eight bos taurus, two bos indicus, one poëphagus, one bibos, one bison, three bubalus and one syncerus. phylogenetic analyses using (delta mu)2 and chord (dc) distances revealed substantial divergence among species. neighbor-j ...	2000	10895308
natural transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus between african buffalo (syncerus caffer) and impala (aepyceros melampus) in the kruger national park, south africa.	vp1 gene sequences of sat-2 type foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) viruses recovered from impala and african buffalo in the kruger national park (knp) were used to determine intra- and interspecies relationships of viruses circulating in these wildlife populations. on this basis five distinct lineages of sat-2 virus were identified in routine sampling of oesophageopharyngeal epithelium from buffalo between 1988 and 1996. different lineages were associated with discrete geographic sampling localities. ...	2000	10982083
the rise and fall of tuberculosis in a free-ranging chacma baboon troop in the kruger national park.	a single troop of free-ranging chacma baboons (papio ursinus) was found to be infected with tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium bovis. it is assumed that some members of the troop originally became infected when feeding on a tuberculous carcass in the veld or on tuberculous material scavenged at a nearby post mortem facility. subsequently, apparent aerosol transmission took place while sleeping in an unused room. oral transmission probably also occurred due to continuous contamination of the fl ...	2000	11028747
mycobacterium bovis in free-living and captive wildlife, including farmed deer.	mycobacterium bovis has been isolated from a wide range of wildlife species, in addition to domestic animals. this review examines the role played by various species in the maintenance of m. bovis in wildlife communities and the spread to domestic animals. badgers (meles meles), brushtail possums (trichosurus vulpecula), deer (odocoileus virginianus), bison (bison bison) and african buffalo (syncerus caffer) are examples of wildlife that are maintenance hosts of m. bovis. the importance of these ...	2001	11288522
prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in african buffalo at kruger national park.	bovine tuberculosis (btb) was first detected in kruger national park (knp) in a single african buffalo (syncerus caffer) in 1990. in 1991/1992, 2,071 african buffalo were examined for btb as part of a culling program that removed animals from all known herds in knp. the prevalence of btb in 1991/1992 was estimated to be 0%, 4.4% (+/-0.6%), and 27.1% (+/-1.4%), in the north, central, and south zones of knp, respectively. in 1998, a stratified, two-stage cluster sampling method was used to estimat ...	2001	11310876
tracing movement of african buffalo in southern africa.	genetic characterisation of two pathogens, namely foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus and mycobacterium bovis, isolated from african buffalo (syncerus caffer) in southern africa was used to determine the origin of buffalo in situations where the source of infection was obscure. by determining the phylogenetic relatedness of various fmd virus isolates using partial sequencing of the main antigenic determinant, vp1, the origin of buffalo moved illegally to the non-endemic region of south africa was ...	2001	11548532
transmission of cowdria ruminantium by amblyomma gemma from infected african buffalo (syncerus caffer) and eland (taurotragus oryx) to sheep.	two african buffalo (syncerus caffer), an eland (taurotragus oryx) and a waterbuck (kobus defassa) were intravenously inoculated with cowdria ruminantium (kiswani). amblyomma gemma nymphs were fed on the animals at 3 weekly intervals. jugular blood was also collected at 3 weekly intervals and inoculated into sheep. nymphal ticks that fed on one buffalo on days 16 and 37 and on the other buffalo on day 58 after infection transmitted the disease as adults to sheep. nymphs that were applied to the ...	2001	11556617
the epidemiology of tuberculosis in free-ranging african buffalo (syncerus caffer) in the kruger national park, south africa.	the presence of bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) in the kruger national park (knp) was determined for the first time in 1990. it was diagnosed in an african buffalo (syncerus caffer) bull, which was found recumbent and in an emaciated and moribund state near the south-western boundary fence. this prompted an investigation into the bovine tuberculosis (btb) status of the knp, with emphasis on its epidemiological determinants and risk factors. this report documents the findings of surveys ...	2001	11585089
genetic heterogeneity of sat-1 type foot-and-mouth disease viruses in southern africa.	genetic relationships of 50 sat-1 type foot-and-mouth disease viruses were determined by phylogenetic analysis of an homologous 417 nucleotide region encoding the c-terminal half of the vp1 gene and part of the 2a segment. viruses obtained from persistently-infected african buffalo populations were selected in order to assess the regional genetic variation within the host species and compared with ten viruses recovered from recent and historical cases of clinical infection. phylogenetic reconstr ...	2001	11676416
copper, manganese, cobalt and selenium concentrations in liver samples from african buffalo (syncerus caffer) in the kruger national park.	animals may act as bio-indicators for the pollution of soil, air and water. in order to monitor changes over time, a baseline status should be established for a particular species in a particular area. the concentration of minerals in soil is a poor indicator of mineral uptake by plants and thus their availability to animals. the chemical composition of body tissue, particularly the liver, is a better reflection of the dietary status of domestic and wild animals. normal values for copper, mangan ...	2001	11785630
exposure of cattle immunized with different stocks of theileria parva to buffalo-associated theileria challenge on two game parks in zimbabwe.	eight cattle immunized with cattle-derived theileria parva boleni stabilate together with six susceptible controls were released in dombawera game park on the highveld of zimbabwe. this coincided with rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphal activity. the cattle grazed together with african buffaloes (syncerus caffer) and were not treated against tick infestation. the nymphal tick infestation was high, and seven of the eight immunized cattle and three of the controls had severe and fatal reactions. ...	2001	11769351
evidence for positive selection in foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid genes from field isolates.	the nature of selection on capsid genes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was characterized by examining the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions in 11 data sets of sequences obtained from six different serotypes of fmdv. using a method of analysis that assigns each codon position to one of a number of estimated values of nonsynonymous to synonymous ratio, significant evidence of positive selection was identified in 5 data sets, operating at 1-7% of codon positions. evidence o ...	2001	11139487
multifactorial mortality in bongos and other wild ungulates in the north of the congo republic.	wildlife mortality involving bongos, tragelaphus eurycerus, and other ungulates was investigated in the north of the congo republic in 1997. four bongos, one forest buffalo, syncerus caffer nanus, and one domestic sheep were examined and sampled. although an outbreak of rinderpest had been suspected, it was found that the animals, which had been weakened by an elaeophora sagitta infection and possibly also by adverse climatic conditions, had been exsanguinated and driven to exhaustion by an unus ...	2001	12026060
the possible role that buffalo played in the recent outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in south africa.	african buffalo (syncerus caffer) act as maintenance hosts for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in southern africa. a single buffalo can become infected with all three of the endemic serotypes of fmd virus (sat-1, sat-2, and sat-3) and pose a threat of infection to other susceptible cloven-hoofed animals. the floods of 2000 in southern africa damaged the kruger national park (knp) game fence extensively, and there were several accounts of buffalo that had escaped from the park. the vp1 gene, which c ...	2002	12381589
implications of tuberculosis in african wildlife and livestock.	in most countries, tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium bovis is mainly a disease of domestic cattle and can be controlled successfully by means of a test-and-slaughter program. once the infection spills over into a wild animal species with maintenance host potential, conventional measures are no longer sufficient to provide effective control. in south africa, african buffaloes (syncerus caffer) represent the most important maintenance host for m. bovis. apart from transmitting the disease to pr ...	2002	12381600
foot and mouth disease: the experience of south africa.	foot and mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in african buffalo (syncerus caffer) in the kruger national park (knp) and surrounding game parks in south africa. the last outbreak of the disease in domestic stock outside the fmd control zone occurred in 1957. due to the success in containing the disease, the country was accorded zone freedom from fmd without vaccination by the office international des epizooties (oie: world organisation for animal health) in 1995. this status was lost in september 2000 ...	2002	12523712
review of the status and control of foot and mouth disease in sub-saharan africa.	six of the seven serotypes of foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus (i.e. all but asia 1) are prevalent in africa although there are marked regional differences in distribution. three of these serotypes are unique to africa, namely the three south african territories (sat) serotypes. serotype c may also now be confined to africa because it has not been reported elsewhere recently. in southern africa at least, the sat serotypes have an intimate and probably ancient association with african buffalo ( ...	2002	12523685
the gamma-interferon test: its usefulness in a bovine tuberculosis survey in african buffaloes (syncerus caffer) in the kruger national park.	a survey to determine the bovine tuberculosis status of buffalo herds north of the olifants river in the kruger national park was conducted, using a new diagnostic approach. diagnosis of mycobacterium bovis infection was accomplished using the gamma-interferon assay technique in 608 adult buffaloes out of a total of 29 discreet herds. the animals were immobilized in groups of 10-15, bled, individually marked and then revived and released on site. as soon as test results were available (after 26- ...	2002	12356169
odor composition of preferred (buffalo and ox) and nonpreferred (waterbuck) hosts of some savanna tsetse flies.	a previous study on the feeding responses of tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans, implicated the existence of allomonal barriers, both volatile and nonvolatile, on the nonpreferred host, waterbuck, kobus defassa. in the present study, electroantennogram-active compounds in odors from waterbuck were compared with those of two preferred hosts of tsetse flies, buffalo, syncerus caffer, and ox, bos indicus. odors from the three bovids were trapped on activated charcoal and/or reverse-phase (o ...	2002	12049234