Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| cross-species chromosome painting in the perissodactyla: delimitation of homologous regions in burchell's zebra (equus burchellii) and the white (ceratotherium simum) and black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | conserved chromosomal segments in the black rhinoceros, diceros bicornis (dbi, 2n = 84), and its african sister-species the white rhinoceros, ceratotherium simum (csi, 2n = 82), were detected using burchell's zebra (equus burchellii, ebu, 2n = 44) chromosome-specific painting probes supplemented by a subset of those developed for the horse (equus caballus, eca, 2n = 64). in total 41 and 42 conserved autosomal segments were identified in c. simum and d. bicornis respectively. only 21 rearrangemen ... | 2003 | 15004472 |
| effect of venipuncture site and anticoagulant on selected hematologic values in black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | paired blood samples were collected from the ear and radial vein of four captive healthy adult black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis). samples were collected using heparin or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta) as an anticoagulant. packed cell volume (pcv) and total protein (tp) values were compared between samples drawn from the two venipuncture sites and treated with the two anticoagulants to determine whether statistically significant variation occurred. no significant difference in the gro ... | 2003 | 12723801 |
| oral, nasal, and cutaneous eosinophilic granulomas in the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis): a lesion distinct from superficial necrolytic dermatitis. | oral, nasal, and cutaneous lesions resembling eosinophilic granulomas (egs) were observed in eight captive black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis). oral lesions were observed in all affected animals and occurred most often behind the prehensile lip. the typical clinical history of affected animals included oral bleeding or epistaxis from multilobulated, fungating, proliferative masses with areas of ulceration. histologically, lesions were characterized by prominent infiltrates of eosinophils and r ... | 2004 | 15193066 |
| elevated free tyrosine in rhinoceros erythrocytes. | red blood cells of african black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) are highly sensitive to oxidant-induced hemolysis and they possess a number of enzymatic and biochemical features that differ radically from other mammals. here we show concentrations of free tyrosine in rhinoceros red blood cells which can approach levels as high as 1 mm, 50-fold higher than in human red blood cells. elevated levels of tyrosine are also observed in red blood cells of other members of the order perissodactyla such ... | 2004 | 15165577 |
| vaccine-induced protection against anthrax in cheetah (acinonyx jubatus) and black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | institution of a policy of vaccination in endangered species with a vaccine not previously administered to it cannot be undertaken lightly. this applies even more in the case of cheetah (acinonyx jubatus) with their unusually monomorphic gene pool and the potential restrictions this places on their immune responses. however, the recently observed mortalities from anthrax in these animals in the etosha national park, namibia, made it imperative to evaluate vaccination. black rhinoceros (diceros b ... | 2004 | 15308358 |
| comparative studies of mitogen- and antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in four captive rhinoceros species. | cellular immune function in four rhinoceros species was evaluated by way of in vitro lymphocyte proliferation responses to mitogenic and antigenic stimuli to establish normative data on white blood cell activity for each species and to identify species-specific differences that might help explain the predisposition of black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) to disease. a cross section of the u.s. rhinoceros population encompassing all four captive species was sampled, including the sumatran rhinoc ... | 2004 | 15732584 |
| genetic variation and population structure in remnant populations of black rhinoceros, diceros bicornis, in africa. | black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) are one of the most endangered mammal species in africa, with a population decline of more than 96% by the end of the last century. habitat destruction and encroachment has resulted in fragmentation of the remaining populations. to assist in conservation management, baseline information is provided here on relative genetic diversity and population differentiation among the four remaining recognized subspecies. using microsatellite data from nine loci and 121 b ... | 2005 | 16101768 |
| semen collection in rhinoceroses (rhinoceros unicornis, diceros bicornis, ceratotherium simum) by electroejaculation with a uniquely designed probe. | electroejaculation in rhinoceroses has historically yielded inconsistent results, with the collection of high-quality, sperm-rich samples rare. the goal of this study was to develop a reliable method of electroejaculation in the rhinoceros by designing a rectal probe that appropriately fits the anatomy of this taxon and refining the procedure. a curved probe handle ending in an oblate, ellipsoid head was built using readily available supplies. a combination of rectal massage, penile massage, and ... | 2005 | 17312718 |
| tannin-binding salivary proteins in three captive rhinoceros species. | tannin-binding salivary proteins (tbsp) are considered to be counter-defences acquired in the course of evolution by animals whose natural forage contains such tannins. as tannins mostly occur in browse material but not in grasses, it is assumed that grazers do not have a need for tbsp. whereas it has been shown in several non-ungulate species that tbsp can be induced by dietary tannins, their presence or absence in ungulates has, so far, been shown to be a species-specific characteristic indepe ... | 2005 | 15664314 |
| overdose during chemical restraint in a black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | a juvenile female black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) was successfully treated after overdose of drugs used for chemical restraint. subsequent general anaesthesia for surgical reduction of a recurrent rectal prolapse was uneventful. over a 25-minute period before transportation to the veterinary hospital, the animal received a total dose of 1.225 mg etorphine, 30 mg acepromazine and 30 mg detomidine. based on an estimated mass of 200 kg, these corresponded to doses of 6.1 microg kg(-1) etorphine ... | 2005 | 15663740 |
| anesthesia and use of a sling system to facilitate transvaginal laparoscopy in a black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor). | transvaginal laparoscopy to allow assessment of ovarian pathology and to attempt retrieval of oocytes was facilitated in a captive, female black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor) through the use of a sling on two separate occasions. following induction of anesthesia with an opioid-based combination, the rhinoceros was intubated and maintained on isoflurane in oxygen. the use of the sling and volume controlled inhalation anesthesia allowed for maintenance of appropriate anatomic positioning, an ... | 2006 | 17312803 |
| antioxidant status of faeces of captive black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) in relation to dietary tannin supplementation. | in context with the frequent observations of excessive iron (fe) storage in captive black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis), it has been suggested that both an excessive dietary fe content and a lack of dietary fe-chelating substances, such as tannins, is the underlying cause. therefore, studies on the effects of tannin supplementation to captive diet are warranted. six captive rhinoceroses were fed their normal zoo diet (n), and a similar diet supplemented with either tannic acid (t, hydrolysable ... | 2006 | 16901277 |
| absence of hypomethylation and line-1 amplification in a white x black rhinoceros hybrid. | genomic stress resulting from the interspecific hybridization of marsupials has been shown to lead to hypomethylation and transposable element over-amplification. here we investigated both methylation status and transposable element (line-1) activity in an f1 hybrid between the black (diceros bicornis) and white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum). our data show that in this instance the hybrid genome was not characterised by gross hypomethylation and line-1 over-amplification thus extending previo ... | 2006 | 16850215 |
| macromineral absorption in the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) compared with the domestic horse. | 2006 | 16772484 | |
| digestion coefficients achieved by the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis), a large browsing hindgut fermenter. | in contrast to the grazing white (c. simum) and indian (r. unicornis) rhinoceros, the black rhinoceros (d. bicornis) is an exclusive browser. due to the particular fermentation characteristics of browse, one would expect browsers to display both shorter ingesta retention times and lower digestion coefficients on comparable diets than grazers. in order to generate a database to test this hypothesis, we performed digestibility studies in eight black rhinoceroses (d. bicornis) from three zoological ... | 2006 | 16867078 |
| cloning, sequencing and expression of white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) and the production of rhinoceros ifn-gamma specific antibodies. | bovine tuberculosis (btb) is endemic in african buffalo (syncerus caffer) in the kruger national park (knp). in addition to buffalo, mycobacterium bovis has been found in at least 14 other mammalian species in south africa, including kudu (tragelaphus strepsiceros), chacma baboon (papio ursinus) and lion (panthera leo). this has raised concern about the spillover into other potentially susceptible species like rhinoceros, thus jeopardising breeding and relocation projects aiming at the conservat ... | 2007 | 17118460 |
| mineral absorption in the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) as compared with the domestic horse. | to test whether mineral recommendations for horses are likely to guarantee adequate mineral provision for black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis), we investigated the apparent absorption (aa) of macro- and microminerals in eight black rhinoceroses from three zoological institutions in a total of 32 feeding trials with total faecal collection, with additional data from three unpublished studies (18 feeding trials). feeds and faeces were analysed for ca, p, mg, na, k, fe, mn, cu, zn and co. the resu ... | 2007 | 17516940 |
| assisted reproduction in female rhinoceros and elephants--current status and future perspective. | over the last few decades, rhinoceroses and elephants became important icons in the saga of wildlife conservation. recent surveys estimate the wild asian (elephas maximus) and african (loxodonta africana) elephant populations to be, at most, 50 250 and 637 600 respectively. for the five rhinoceros species, black (diceros bicornis), white (ceratotherium simum), indian (rhinoceros unicornis), javan (rhinoceros sondaicus) and sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis), the population estimates ... | 2007 | 17688600 |
| corticosteroid-induced suppression of in vitro lymphocyte proliferation in four captive rhinoceros species. | captive african black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) are unusually susceptible to several diseases not commonly observed in any of the other three rhinoceros species maintained in captivity. the potential role of corticosteroids (either endogenously produced or exogenously administered) in the development of these sometimes fatal diseases has been questioned. in this study, the suppressive effects of two therapeutic corticosteroids (dexamethasone and hydrocortisone) on in vitro lymphocyte proli ... | 2007 | 18229856 |
| risk factors associated with a skewed natal sex ratio in captive black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) in the united states. | the skew toward males in the sex ratio of calves is considered to be a problem for the captive population of black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) in north america. this study used a retrospective case-control design to determine whether there was a predisposition toward birth of male calves over female calves and to examine risk factors associated with the occurrence of any detected skewed natal sex ratio in captive black rhinoceroses in the united states. the study population included captive ... | 2007 | 18229858 |
| a review of some of the health issues of captive black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis). | in captivity, black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) are beset by many disease syndromes not described in black rhinoceroses in the wild. hemolytic anemia, hepatopathy, and ulcerative dermatopathy that lead to increased morbidity and mortality characterize these syndromes. it is uncertain whether these are separate disease syndromes with different etiologies or the same disease with different manifestations. this article offers a brief review of some of the health issues of concern for the captiv ... | 2007 | 18229855 |
| the influence of dietary tannin supplementation on digestive performance in captive black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | free-ranging browsers such as the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) consume a diet that contains tannins, whereas the diets offered to them in captivity consist mostly of items known to contain hardly any such secondary plant compounds. tannins could have potentially beneficial effects, including the chelation of dietary iron (iron storage disease is a common problem in black rhinos). here, we tested the acceptance, and the consequences on digestion variables, of a low-dose tannin supplementat ... | 2007 | 17988348 |
| substantial genetic variation in southern african black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | thirty protein-coding loci of southern african black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) from four isolated populations were studied using starch gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. gene diversity estimates varied between 0.036 and 0.058, with the zambezi valley population having the largest amount of protein variation. these levels are higher than those in other studies of genetic variation in black rhinoceros and are similar to the amount of genetic variation observed for out ... | 2008 | 7930498 |
| quantification of enterobacteriaceae in faeces of captive black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) in relation to dietary tannin supplementation. | free-ranging browsing herbivores ingest a range of secondary plant compounds, such as tannins, with their natural diet. as many of these substances have been shown to have antibacterial properties, it could be speculated that a lack of such compounds in captive zoo diets could favour the growth of potentially pathogenic intestinal bacteria. the effect of a supplementation of a conventional diet (n, consisting mainly of grass hay and/or lucerne hay and pelleted compound feeds) fed to eight captiv ... | 2008 | 18184377 |
| fatty acid status in captive and free-ranging black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis). | the fatty acid (fa) patterns of plasma/serum triglycerides (tg), phospholipids (pl) and cholesteryl esters (ce) of captive and free-ranging black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) were investigated. free-ranging animals (n = 28) stemmed from four different regions. captive animals sampled included specimens from north american (n = 11) and three different european facilities (n = 6). the european animals were tested on 1-4 different diets, resulting in a total of 15 blood samples. regardless of di ... | 2008 | 18477302 |
| salmonella surveillance in a herd of asymptomatic captive black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) using fecal culture and pcr. | feces were collected from captive black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor) housed at disney's animal kingdom to examine the frequency of salmonella spp. shedding in asymptomatic animals using enrichment culture and broth culture- polymerase-chain-reaction (pcr) for detection. three samples per animal were collected during the first week of each month between february 2001 and december 2003. during the study period, six different individual animals from one herd participated in the study, includ ... | 2008 | 18432096 |
| retinal ganglion cell density of the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis): calculating visual resolution. | a single right retina from a black rhinoceros was whole mounted, stained and analyzed to determine the visual resolution of the rhinoceros, an animal with reputedly poor eyesight. a range of small (15-microm diameter) to large (100-microm diameter) ganglion cell types was seen across the retina. we observed two regions of high density of retinal ganglion cells at either end of a long, but thin, horizontal streak. the temporal specialization, which receives light from the anterior visual field, e ... | 2008 | 18442443 |
| high serum concentrations of iron, transferrin saturation and gamma glutamyl transferase in captive black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis). | iron storage disease (haemochromatosis) is thought to be the cause of many disorders unique to captive black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis). to establish reliable reference ranges for iron parameters, serum samples from 27 eastern black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis michaeli) from a translocation programme in kenya were analysed and compared with the samples from 17 captive individuals. the transferrin saturation, serum iron concentration and gamma glutamyl transferase were significantly highe ... | 2008 | 18515759 |
| urinalysis in three species of captive rhinoceros (rhinoceros unicornis, dicerorhinus sumatrensis, and diceros bicornis). | this study reports urinalysis values for three species of captive rhinoceros (rhinoceros unicornis, dicerorhinus sumatrensis, and diceros bicornis) and evaluates individual and species differences. repeated urinalysis was conducted on 11 individuals to establish normal reference ranges. although no individual or species differences existed in urinary values for ph, all species differed in specific gravity. rhinoceros urine demonstrated many physical and chemical properties similar to that of the ... | 2008 | 18816996 |
| black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) populations in northwestern namibia are apparently not infected with piroplasms. | babesiosis is a potentially fatal disease in black rhinoceroses. blood specimens collected from black rhinoceroses from etosha national park (n = 29) and damaraland (n = 22), namibia, were subjected to polymerase chain reaction using theileria and babesia genus-specific primers and reverse line blot, with negative results. the animals were sparsely infested with ticks. in the absence of suitable prophylactic measures, naïve rhinoceroses would be at risk if translocated to babesia-endemic areas. | 2008 | 18957663 |
| germany/australia index of sperm sex sortability in elephants and rhinoceros. | flow cytometric sexing of spermatozoa followed by application in artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization provides a unique opportunity to predetermine the sex of offspring and might enhance the conservation management of endangered species in captivity such as the elephant and rhinoceros. to obtain an indication of the sortability of spermatozoa from these species, the relative dna differences between x and y chromosome bearing spermatozoa (fresh, frozen thawed, epididymal) from three ... | 2009 | 19055564 |
| analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes from extinct and extant rhinoceroses reveals lack of phylogenetic resolution. | the scientific literature contains many examples where dna sequence analyses have been used to provide definitive answers to phylogenetic problems that traditional (non-dna based) approaches alone have failed to resolve. one notable example concerns the rhinoceroses, a group for which several contradictory phylogenies were proposed on the basis of morphology, then apparently resolved using mitochondrial dna fragments. | 2009 | 19432984 |
| coccidioidomycosis in a black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | a 5-yr-old female black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) was euthanized 11 mo after arrival at the milwaukee county zoo (milwaukee, wisconsin, usa) from glen rose, texas (usa) for a severe progressive rear leg lameness of 6-mo duration. gross necropsy revealed complete rupture of the capital ligament of the left femur with synovitis and osteomyelitis. multifocal lymphadenopathy with chronic suppurative lymphadenitis of the tracheobronchial, left supramammary, and iliac lymph nodes was present. gran ... | 2009 | 19569488 |
| a comparative approach to the study of keeper-animal relationships in the zoo. | research on intensively farmed animals over the past 25 years has shown that human-animal interactions, by affecting the animal's fear of humans, can markedly limit the productivity and welfare of farm animals. this article begins to explore some of the factors that need to be considered to investigate keeper-animal relationships (kars) in the zoo. in the mid-1990s, a large body of multi-institutional data on zookeepers and animals was collected from 46 zoos. using standardized questionnaires, 8 ... | 2009 | 19885915 |
| pulmonary infection due to mycobacterium bovis in a black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor) in south africa. | we report a case of tuberculosis due to infection with mycobacterium bovis in an elderly male black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor) from the limpopo province in south africa. the animal was euthanized due to very poor condition, old age, and dental attrition. necropsy examination revealed two small nonencapsulated granulomas (approximately 40-mm diameter) in the dorsocaudal lobe of the left lung. sequencing of isolated crude lung tissue pcr product and boiled lung culture samples confirmed t ... | 2009 | 19901395 |
| application of elephant tb stat-pak assay and mapia (multi-antigen print immunoassay) for detection of tuberculosis and monitoring of treatment in black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | many wildlife species including rhinos are susceptible to infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis or m. bovis. antemortem diagnostic testing in large exotic hoof stock species has been limited by challenges associated with test administration, sample collection, and interpretation. hence, a simple, rapid, blood-based test is needed. two confirmed m. tuberculosis-infected black rhinoceros and one exposed suspect were evaluated for antibody responses using a lateral-flow rapid test (elephanttb s ... | 2009 | 20063826 |
| feasibility of sex-sorting sperm from the white and the black rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum, diceros bicornis). | the objective of these studies was to investigate the practicality of flow cytometric sex-sorting for spermatozoa from the white and the black rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum, diceros bicornis). in experiment 1, four semen extenders were tested regarding their suitability for liquid preservation of spermatozoa before sorting. dilution in mes-hepes-based semen extender followed by incubation generated best sperm quality parameters (motility, viability, and acrosome integrity). in experiment 2, th ... | 2009 | 19411099 |
| effects of sociosexual environment on serum testosterone in captive male african rhinoceros. | the relationships between testosterone concentrations in male african rhinoceros and the presence of conspecific males and females were investigated. serum testosterone concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunoassay (eia) in 37 male black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) and 21 male white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) housed at 37 institutions in the usa. testosterone concentrations in both black (n=37) and white (n=21) rhinoceros males rose with increasing numbers of females prese ... | 2009 | 19167747 |
| alkaline phosphatase as an indicator of true ejaculation in the rhinoceros. | the objective was to determine if seminal alkaline phosphatase (alp) can serve as an indicator of true ejaculation in the rhinoceros. concentrations of alp activity were determined in seminal fractions collected from african black rhinos (diceros bicornis), an african white rhino (ceratotherium simum), and an indian rhino (rhinoceros unicornis) during electroejaculation. in addition, seminal fractions collected during penile massage of a sumatran rhino (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) were assessed. c ... | 2010 | 20615535 |
| comparative investigations on digestion in grazing (ceratotherium simum) and browsing (diceros bicornis) rhinoceroses. | rhinoceroses represent the largest extant herbivores with extensive dietary specialization for plant groups like browse (black rhino diceros bicornis) or grass (white rhino ceratotherium simum). however, it is not clear to what extent such diet selection patterns are reflected in adaptations of digestive physiology of the respective feeding types. in this study, feeding trials with four black and five white rhinos were conducted in four zoos. the animals had ad libitum access to the same batch o ... | 2010 | 20227512 |
| decreased baseline fecal glucocorticoid concentrations associated with skin and oral lesions in black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | ulcerative lesions are a health concern for managed black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) populations. to examine possible relationships between ex situ variables and adrenal activity with the presence of lesions, facility and socioenvironmental surveys of 25:20 (male:female) black rhinos at 18 zoos were conducted, and fecal samples were collected twice weekly for 1 yr for glucocorticoid metabolite analyses. during the collection period, 5.1 rhinos exhibited skin lesions, 1.0 had oral lesions, and ... | 2010 | 21370641 |
| diagnosis and treatment of vitiligo in a sub-adult eastern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis michaeli). | a captive-born female sub-adult eastern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis michaeli) developed areas of non-ulcerated, non-pruritic depigmentation around the nares at 2 yr of age. over the subsequent 18 mo, the symmetrical multifocal depigmented macules increased in size and distribution to include facial fold crypts, interdigital skin, lips, nares, palmar carpi, ventral abdomen, ventral mandible, axillae, lateral brachium and antebrachium, lateral thighs, ventral tail, and perineal region with ... | 2010 | 20945660 |
| melanocytic neoplasms in a black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) and an indian rhinoceros (rhinoceros unicornis). | melanocytic neoplasms were diagnosed in a captive black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) and a captive indian rhinoceros (rhinoceros unicornis) from different facilities. the first case was a 10-yr-old, captive-born male black rhinoceros that presented with a small firm cutaneous mass on the dorsal midline. aspirate cytology results were suggestive of a melanocytic neoplasm, and histologic examination of the excised mass confirmed a well-differentiated neoplasm with much pigment production, minimal ... | 2010 | 20722260 |
| seminoma in a southern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor): diagnosis, surgical management and effect on fertility. | a testicular mass was identified by ultrasonography performed during a routine reproductive evaluation of an adult male southern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor). histological examination of a testicular biopsy supported a presumptive diagnosis of testicular neoplasia. hemi-castration was performed to excise the affected testis and a pathological diagnosis of a seminoma was made. assessment of semen suggested reduced fertility as a consequence of the neoplastic process, but hemi-castrat ... | 2010 | 20148829 |
| acid-base balance and ventilation during sternal and lateral recumbency in field immobilized black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) receiving oxygen insufflation: a preliminary report. | posture, ventilation, and acid-base balance using auricular venous blood values (ph, lactate, base excess [be], hco(3)(-), po(2), so(2), and pco(2)), oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (spo(2)), and end-tidal carbon dioxide (p(et)co(2)) were compared between sternal (ste) and lateral (lat) recumbency in free-ranging black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis bicornis) receiving oxygen insufflation. data are reported as median, minimum, and maximum (median [minimum, maximum]). thirty-six desert-adapted blac ... | 2010 | 20090037 |
| allozyme variation and differentiation in african and indian rhinoceroses. | we studied variation at 25 to 31 allozymic loci in african and asian rhinoceroses. four taxa in three genera were examined: african ceratotherium simum simum (northern white rhinoceros), c. s. cottoni (southern white rhinoceros), diceros bicornis (black rhinoceros), and rhinoceros unicornis (indian rhinoceros). extremely small amounts of intraspecific variation were observed in sample sizes of 2 to 10 presumably unrelated individuals per taxon: p = .00-.10, h = 0.00-0.02. we examined demographic ... | 2010 | 2794471 |
| hypoaminoacidemia is not associated with ulcerative lesions in black rhinoceroses, diceros bicornis. | ulcerative oral and skin lesions have become an issue of concern for the health of the managed black rhinoceros (rhino) (diceros bicornis) populations. lesions exhibited by the black rhino are clinically similar to those observed in other species with superficial necrolytic dermatitis (snd). one biochemical alteration in dogs with snd is severe hypoaminoacidemia, and nearly all cases are fatal. the objective of this study was to determine if black rhinos with analogous lesions exhibit a similar ... | 2010 | 20722250 |
| gamete rescue in the african black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | mortality rates are high among captive african black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis), due to increased susceptibility to disease. the ability to rescue genetic material from individuals that die unexpectedly represents a practical approach to assist ex situ conservation efforts. the objectives of the present study were to attempt postmortem oocyte recovery from ovaries of african black rhinoceroses (n = 6) and to test the efficacy of equine protocols for rhinoceros oocyte ivm and ivf using cryop ... | 2011 | 21752452 |
| recovery of arcobacter spp. from nonlivestock species. | the genus arcobacter encompasses campylobacter-like organisms that grow in air at 25 degrees c. arcobacter has been detected or isolated from clinically healthy livestock as well as aborted fetuses and has been presumptively identified as either campylobacter or leptospira, based on its growth in selective semisolid media. because reports from nonlivestock species are limited, this study examined nine presumptive isolates of arcobacter spp. from an alpaca (vicugna pacos), black rhinoceros (dicer ... | 2011 | 22950328 |
| surgical amputation of a digit and vacuum-assisted-closure (v.a.c.) management in a case of osteomyelitis and wound care in an eastern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis michaeli). | a 14-yr-old female eastern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis michaeli) presented with progressive suppurative osteomyelitis in her left hind lateral toe. beta-hemolytic streptococcus sp. was isolated. the animal was treated with multiple systemic antibiotics, and topical wound cleansing. repeated debridements and nail trimmings were performed for 5 mo prior to electing amputation. the toe was surgically amputated under general anesthesia between the first and second phalanges. analgesia was dif ... | 2011 | 22946413 |
| management strategies of iron accumulation in a captive population of black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis minor). | during routine health screens for black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis minor) in a captive setting, serum iron and ferritin were analyzed as well as total iron binding capacity and total iron saturation. trends for ferritin and percent iron saturation showed steady increases since 2003 in four of four animals (three males; one female) with two animals (one male; one female) consistently showing higher elevations over conspecifics. the historical diet had been comprised of a commercial or in-hous ... | 2012 | 23156710 |
| browse diversity and iron loading in captive sumatran rhinoceroses (dicerorhinus sumatrensis): a comparison of sanctuary and zoological populations. | iron storage disease (isd) is now recognized as a serious clinical disorder acquired by two species of browsing rhinoceroses, the african black (diceros bicornis) and the asian sumatran (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) rhinoceroses, when displaced from their natural habitats. the most complete knowledge of isd comes from studies of the black rhinoceros, but the asian species is also at risk. sumatran rhinoceroses housed in traditional zoological settings outside of range countries have suffered signif ... | 2012 | 23156708 |
| black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) natural diets: comparing iron levels across seasons and geographical locations. | although excessive iron storage in black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) has been a cause for continuous concern over the last four decades and differences in the iron content of diet items fed in captivity and in the wild have been documented, no reports exist on the iron content of the total diet ingested by free-ranging animals. here, the results of field studies using backtracking to record the ingested diets of black rhinoceros from three habitats across three seasons are reported. levels of ... | 2012 | 23156705 |
| capture-related hypoglycemia and recovery in free-ranging black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis bicornis). | 2012 | 22740562 | |
| serial temperature monitoring and comparison of rectal and muscle temperatures in immobilized free-ranging black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | control of body temperature is critical to a successful anesthetic outcome, particularly during field immobilization of wild animals. hyperthermia associated with exertion can lead to serious and potentially life-threatening complications such as organ damage (including myopathy) and death. methods for monitoring core body temperature must accurately reflect the physiologic status of the animal in order for interventions to be effective. the goal of this preliminary study was to compare serial r ... | 2012 | 22448518 |
| translocations as experiments in the ecological resilience of an asocial mega-herbivore. | species translocations are remarkable experiments in evolutionary ecology, and increasingly critical to biodiversity conservation. elaborate socio-ecological hypotheses for translocation success, based on theoretical fitness relationships, are untested and lead to complex uncertainty rather than parsimonious solutions. we used an extraordinary 89 reintroduction and 102 restocking events releasing 682 black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) to 81 reserves in southern africa (1981-2005) to test the in ... | 2012 | 22295100 |
| the seminiferous cycle of the rhinoceros. | the seminiferous cycle of the rhinoceros was investigated for the first time using testicular tissue from captive white (ceratotherium simum, n=2) and black (diceros bicornis, n=1) rhinoceroses. stages of the seminiferous epithelial cycle were characterised using the tubular morphology method and relative frequencies of each stage determined. this method allowed for the identification of eight stages of cellular associations characteristic of the seminiferous cycle in white and black rhinocerose ... | 2012 | 23182465 |
| review of laboratory and necropsy evidence for iron storage disease acquired by browser rhinoceroses. | necropsies of two browser rhinoceroses, african black (diceros bicornis) and sumatran (dicerorhinus sumatrensis), often reveal extensive iron-pigment deposition in various tissues. this condition (hemosiderosis) has not been observed in species that are natural grazers, african white (ceratotherium simum) and asian greater one-horned (indian; rhinoceros unicornis), nor in any species free ranging in the wild. the causes, clinical significance, and consequences of captivity-acquired hemosiderosis ... | 2012 | 23156711 |
| serum iron and selected biochemical values in free-ranging black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) from south africa. | serum samples collected from 20 black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) were analyzed for iron values from six different areas in south africa. in addition, biochemical profiles were performed on individual samples. comparisons of iron values from free-ranging black rhinoceros and from 28 free-ranging white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) were conducted by location and age. among the free-ranging black rhinoceros, samples were compared from different regions to a set of samples from black rhinocero ... | 2012 | 23156706 |
| putative filariosis outbreak in white and black rhinoceros at meru national park in kenya. | habitat and food supply loss and disruption, together with man's pursuit of the animal's unique horn pose significant threats to the charismatic rhinoceros. filarial worms have been thought to cause cutaneous lesions in black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) in kenya and south africa, but never in white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) in the wild, despite the fact that the two species live often in close proximity. stephanofilaria dinniki has been implicated in the past as the causal agents for su ... | 2012 | 22992297 |
| iron overload syndrome in the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis): microscopical lesions and comparison with other rhinoceros species. | the african black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) has adapted to a low iron diet during evolution and is thus prone to iron overload in captivity, which is associated with a number of serious disorders. a s88t polymorphism in the hfe gene has been suggested as a potential genetic basis of increased iron uptake in the black rhinoceros, while the indian rhinoceros is thought to be unaffected by iron overload in captivity. in the present study, the histopathology and distribution of iron accumulation ... | 2012 | 22935088 |
| characterizing sleep behavior of the wild black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis bicornis). | the objectives of this study were to characterize sleep patterns and determine factors, including sex, age, season, and environmental pressures, that influence sleep in the endangered black rhinoceros (rhino; diceros bicornis bicornis). | 2012 | 23115406 |
| mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis cultured from the feces of a southern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor) with diarrhea and weight loss. | abstract: mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map) was cultured from the feces of a wild-caught, female, adult southern black rhinoceros. the animal, which presented with a 4-mo history of diarrhea and weight loss, was prescribed a course of antimycobacterial drugs. the clinical signs resolved, and the feces were repeatedly culture negative thereafter. although the rhinocerotidae are likely to be resistant to johne's disease, this case raises the possibility that they can become transiently in ... | 2012 | 22779247 |
| review of the diagnosis of tuberculosis in non-bovid wildlife species using immunological methods--an update of published work since 2009. | the infection of both captive and free-ranging wildlife species with pathogenic mycobacteria (including mycobacterium tuberculosis) poses a zoonotic risk and continues to cause challenges for the livestock industry, zoos and governments around the world. central to the management and control of tuberculosis is timely and accurate diagnosis. in many cases, bacterial culture is insufficiently sensitive and confirmation of tb post-mortem is neither feasible nor desirable. in this context, there is ... | 2013 | 24171845 |
| a serological survey of brucellosis in wild ungulate species from five game parks in zimbabwe. | a retrospective serosurvey was carried out between 2009 and 2012 to detect antibodies to brucella spp. in free-ranging african wildlife ungulates from five selected game parks in zimbabwe. samples were drawn from wildlife-livestock interface and non-interface areas in zimbabwe. a total of 270 serum samples from four different species, namely african buffalo (syncerus caffer) (n =106), impala (aepyceros melampus) (n = 72), black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) (n = 45) and white rhinoceros (ceratot ... | 2013 | 24396917 |
| osteopathology in the feet of rhinoceroses: lesion type and distribution. | an estimated 1,170 white (ceratotherium simum), black (diceros bicornis), greater one-horned (rhinoceros unicornis), and sumatran (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) rhinoceroses are kept in captivity worldwide, where they are a popular public attraction and serve important roles in education and conservation. rhinoceroses in captivity are reportedly affected by a variety of foot conditions, including abscesses, nail cracking, and pododermatitis, but there are few studies reporting associated bony pathol ... | 2013 | 24450050 |
| detecting inter-cusp and inter-tooth wear patterns in rhinocerotids. | extant rhinos are the largest extant herbivores exhibiting dietary specialisations for both browse and grass. however, the adaptive value of the wear-induced tooth morphology in rhinos has not been widely studied, and data on individual cusp and tooth positions have rarely been published. we evaluated upper cheek dentition of browsing diceros bicornis and rhinoceros sondaicus, mixed-feeding r. unicornis and grazing ceratotherium simum using an extended mesowear method adapted for rhinos. we incl ... | 2013 | 24312507 |
| extraction of nuclear dna from rhinoceros horn and characterization of dna profiling systems for white (ceratotherium simum) and black (diceros bicornis) rhinoceros. | rhinoceros horn is now worth more, per unit weight, than gold, diamonds, or cocaine. rhinoceros horn has been used in traditional asian medicine as a presumed cure for a wide range of ailments. rhinoceros poaching in south africa has, on average, more than doubled each year over the past 5 years with the rapid economic growth in east and southeast asia being assumed to be the primary factor driving the increased demand for horn. here we report on the characterization of methods for genomic dna e ... | 2013 | 23768315 |
| shift in black rhinoceros diet in the presence of elephant: evidence for competition? | in african large herbivore assemblages, megaherbivores dominate the biomass and utilise the greatest share of available resources. consequently, they are considered a separate trophic guild that structures the food niches of coexisting large herbivores. however, there exists little empirical evidence on how food resources are shared within this guild, and none for direct competition for food between megaherbivores. using the histological analysis of faeces, we explore this phenomenon for african ... | 2013 | 23874997 |
| pulmonary dead space in free-ranging immobilized black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) in namibia. | it was observed previously that end-expired carbon dioxide (p(e)co2) decreased when immobilized black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) were moved from sternal to lateral recumbency. these experiments were designed to test whether greater alveolar ventilation or greater pulmonary dead space in lateral recumbency explains this postural difference in p(e)co2. twenty-one (9 male, 12 female; 15 [3.5-26] yr old) wild black rhinoceroses were immobilized with etorphine and azaperone and positioned in eit ... | 2014 | 25000686 |
| reducing sampling error in faecal egg counts from black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | faecal egg counts (fecs) are commonly used for the non-invasive assessment of parasite load within hosts. sources of error, however, have been identified in laboratory techniques and sample storage. here we focus on sampling error. we test whether a delay in sample collection can affect fecs, and estimate the number of samples needed to reliably assess mean parasite abundance within a host population. two commonly found parasite eggs in black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) dung, strongyle-type ne ... | 2014 | 24918070 |
| a practical field extraction method for non-invasive monitoring of hormone activity in the black rhinoceros. | non-invasive hormone analysis is a vital tool in assessing an animal's adrenal and reproductive status, which can be beneficial to in situ and ex situ conservation. however, it can be difficult to employ these techniques when monitoring in situ populations away from controlled laboratory conditions, when electricity is not readily available. a practical method for processing faecal samples in the field, which enables samples to be extracted soon after defaecation and stored in field conditions f ... | 2014 | 27293621 |
| impacts of environmental pressures on the reproductive physiology of subpopulations of black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis bicornis) in addo elephant national park, south africa. | black rhinoceros are an icon for international conservation, yet little is known about their physiology due to their secretive nature. to overcome these challenges, non-invasive methods were used to monitor rhinoceros in two sections of addo elephant national park, south africa, namely addo and nyathi. these sections were separated by a public road, and the numbers of elephants, predators and tourists were higher in addo. faecal samples (n = 231) were collected (from july 2007 to november 2010) ... | 2014 | 27293618 |
| [breeding management of black rhinos (diceros bicornis michaeli) in magdeburg zoo]. | the african black rhino is an endangered species. in germany there are only five zoos where this species is kept and breeding has not been successful in all of them. in magdeburg zoo the last birth occurred in december 2005, and during the following years, no matings could be observed. during the construction of a new enclosure to enable a more natural mating behaviour, the reproduction status of the rhino cows was evaluated and a hormonal treatment was performed. | 2014 | 24920088 |
| sex-biased inbreeding effects on reproductive success and home range size of the critically endangered black rhinoceros. | a central premise of conservation biology is that small populations suffer reduced viability through loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding. however, there is little evidence that variation in inbreeding impacts individual reproductive success within remnant populations of threatened taxa, largely due to problems associated with obtaining comprehensive pedigree information to estimate inbreeding. in the critically endangered black rhinoceros, a species that experienced severe demographic reduc ... | 2014 | 24641512 |
| identification of policies for a sustainable legal trade in rhinoceros horn based on population projection and socioeconomic models. | between 1990 and 2007, 15 southern white (ceratotherium simum simum) and black (diceros bicornis) rhinoceroses on average were killed illegally every year in south africa. since 2007 illegal killing of southern white rhinoceros for their horn has escalated to >950 individuals/year in 2013. we conducted an ecological-economic analysis to determine whether a legal trade in southern white rhinoceros horn could facilitate rhinoceros protection. generalized linear models were used to examine the soci ... | 2015 | 25331485 |
| potential for serodiagnosis of tuberculosis in black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | a case of fatal mycobacterium tuberculosis infection was diagnosed postmortem in a captive 33-yr-old male black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) after a nonspecific illness in april 2013. retrospective testing of sera from this individual revealed that it had been seroreactive by elephanttb stat-pak, dual-path platform vettb, and multi-antigen print immunoassay for over 12 yr prior to death. although samples collected at the time of intradermal tuberculin test performed in october 2000 were nonreac ... | 2015 | 25831581 |
| epidemiology of theileria bicornis among black and white rhinoceros metapopulation in kenya. | a huge effort in rhinoceros conservation has focused on poaching and habitat loss as factors leading to the dramatic declines in the endangered eastern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis michaeli) and the southern white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum simum). nevertheless, the role disease and parasite infections play in the mortality of protected populations has largely received limited attention. infections with piroplasmosis caused by babesia bicornis and theileria bicornis has been shown to ... | 2015 | 25604678 |
| keeper-animal interactions: differences between the behaviour of zoo animals affect stockmanship. | stockmanship is a term used to describe the management of animals with a good stockperson someone who does this in a in a safe, effective, and low-stress manner for both the stock-keeper and animals involved. although impacts of unfamiliar zoo visitors on animal behaviour have been extensively studied, the impact of stockmanship i.e familiar zoo keepers is a new area of research; which could reveal significant ramifications for zoo animal behaviour and welfare. it is likely that different relati ... | 2015 | 26509670 |
| testing the prey-trap hypothesis at two wildlife conservancies in kenya. | protecting an endangered and highly poached species can conflict with providing an open and ecologically connected landscape for coexisting species. in kenya, about half of the black rhino (diceros bicornis) live in electrically fenced private conservancies. purpose-built fence-gaps permit some landscape connectivity for elephant while restricting rhino from escaping. we monitored the usage patterns at these gaps by motion-triggered cameras and found high traffic volumes and predictable patterns ... | 2015 | 26489024 |
| increased inflammation and decreased insulin sensitivity indicate metabolic disturbances in zoo-managed compared to free-ranging black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | black rhinoceros (rhinos) living in zoos express a host of unusual disease syndromes that are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, including hemolytic anemia, rhabdomyolysis, hepatopathy and ulcerative skin disease, hypophosphatemia and iron overload. we hypothesized that iron overload is a consequence and indicator of disturbances related to inflammation and insulin/glucose metabolism. the objectives of this study were to: (1) generate the first baseline information on biomarkers ... | 2015 | 25980685 |
| host density drives macroparasite abundance across populations of a critically endangered megaherbivore. | what determines the abundance of parasites is a central question within epidemiology. epidemiological models predict that density-dependent transmission has a principal influence on parasite abundance. however, this mechanism is seldom tested in macroparasites, perhaps because multiple, comparable populations of the same host-parasite relationship are rare. we test the influence of a range of factors on parasite abundance across 18 populations of black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) in south afri ... | 2015 | 25903391 |
| male reproductive success is correlated with testosterone in the eastern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis michaeli). | among natural populations of polygynous species, males often vary in their lifetime reproductive success. however, in managed populations of endangered species, either in situ or as part of captive breeding programmes, it is important to understand why differences in reproductive success occur. the european captive population of the critically endangered eastern black rhinoceros is currently under-performing relative to their wild counterparts, with low reproductive output and high reproductive ... | 2015 | 25562628 |
| irregular ovarian activity, body condition and behavioural differences are associated with reproductive success in female eastern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis michaeli). | ex situ populations of endangered species such as the black rhinoceros play an important role in global conservation strategies. however, the european captive population of eastern black rhinoceros is performing sub-optimally, with growth rates and genetic viability limited by low birth rates and high reproductive skew. we investigated several intrinsic differences between parous and nulliparous females that may underlie differences in reproductive success, including ovarian cyclicity, adrenal a ... | 2015 | 25150145 |
| pulmonary gas exchange and acid-base status during immobilisation of black rhinoceroses (<i>diceros bicornis</i>) in zimbabwe. | when immobilising wildlife, adverse side effects can include hypoxaemia, acidosis and hypertension. pulmonary gas exchange and acid-base status were evaluated during immobilisation of 25 free-ranging and one boma-held black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) in zimbabwe. the effect of different body positions on arterial oxygenation was evaluated. a combination of the following drugs was used: an opioid (etorphine or thiafentanil), azaperone and an a2 -adrenoceptor agonist (detomidine or xylazine). r ... | 2016 | 28155294 |
| black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) and domestic horse (equus caballus) hindgut microflora demonstrate similar fermentation responses to grape seed extract supplementation in vitro. | the domestic horse is used as a nutritional model for rhinoceros maintained under human care. the validity of this model for browsing rhinoceros has been questioned due to high prevalence of iron overload disorder (iod) in captive black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis), which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. iron chelators, such as tannins, are under investigation as dietary supplements to ameliorate or prevent iod in prone species. polyphenolic compounds variably affect microbial f ... | 2016 | 27859814 |
| medical management of recurrent eosinophilic granuloma in two black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | recurrent eosinophilic granuloma (eg) in two captive eastern black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis michaeli) was effectively managed with glucocorticoids and antihistamines. the first case was a female and the second case was a male. the animals were housed at separate institutions and initially presented with hemorrhagic oral lesions. multifocal lesions occurred in the second case. multiple biopsies were taken from each animal, all of which were consistent with eg. each animal was anesthetized mu ... | 2016 | 27691969 |
| anesthesia in a captive juvenile black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) for magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. | a hand-reared, 53-kg, female, 30-day-old black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) calf presented for magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography after demonstrating neurologic signs. the rhino was premedicated intramuscularly with butorphanol and midazolam, yielding satisfactory sedation. induction was achieved using intravenous propofol until the trachea could be intubated. anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in 100% oxygen (mean end-tidal concentration of 2 ± 0.5%). mean values reco ... | 2016 | 27691965 |
| congenital cleft palate and cardiac septal defects in a neonatal southern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor). | a female southern black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis minor) calf died unexpectedly at less than 12 hr of age, after an uncomplicated birth and uneventful early postpartum period. gross necropsy revealed a 15-cm full thickness cleft palate, a patent foramen ovale, and four septal defects ranging from 0.3 to 1 cm in diameter. histologic findings did not reveal any significant abnormalities. karyotyping did not indicate any significant numerical or structural chromosomal abnormalities. | 2016 | 27691961 |
| evaluation of serum ferritin and serum iron in free-ranging black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) as a tool to understand factors affecting iron-overload disorder. | iron overload disorder (iod) is a significant health issue for captive black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ). measurement of serum ferritin with a validated rhinoceros ferritin elisa has been used extensively to detect animals in u.s. zoos that are at risk of developing iod. however, there is limited information on serum ferritin levels in free-ranging black rhinoceros using this same assay. serum ferritin, iron, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (ggt) were determined in 194 black rhinoceros fro ... | 2016 | 27691960 |
| technique for venipuncture of the transverse facial vein in the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | through the use of operant conditioning, the authors developed a technique to facilitate obtaining blood samples from a black rhinoceros diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy. the technique involved operant conditioning to facilitate venipuncture of the transverse facial vein, at an anatomic landmark on the lateral side of the face ventral to the medial canthus of the eye, and dorsal to the lateral commissure of the mouth. the investigators used standard operant conditioning protocols to train the ... | 2016 | 27569067 |
| testing the effects of perimeter fencing and elephant exclosures on lion predation patterns in a kenyan wildlife conservancy. | the use of fences to segregate wildlife can change predator and prey behaviour. predators can learn to incorporate fencing into their hunting strategies and prey can learn to avoid foraging near fences. a twelve-strand electric predator-proof fence surrounds our study site. there are also porous one-strand electric fences used to create exclosures where elephant (and giraffe) cannot enter in order to protect blocs of browse vegetation for two critically endangered species, the black rhinoceros ( ... | 2016 | 26893967 |
| osteopathology in rhinocerotidae from 50 million years to the present. | individual elements of many extinct and extant north american rhinocerotids display osteopathologies, particularly exostoses, abnormal textures, and joint margin porosity, that are commonly associated with localized bone trauma. when we evaluated six extinct rhinocerotid species spanning 50 million years (ma), we found the incidence of osteopathology increases from 28% of all elements of eocene hyrachyus eximius to 65-80% of all elements in more derived species. the only extant species in this s ... | 2016 | 26840633 |
| tuberculosis in rhinoceros: an underrecognized threat? | historical evidence of tuberculosis (tb) affecting primarily captive rhinoceroses dates back almost two centuries. although the causative mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtc) species has not been determined in many cases, especially for those that occurred before bacterial culture techniques were available, the spectrum of documented reports illustrates the importance of tb as cause of morbidity and mortality in different rhinoceros species across continents. in more recent years, sporadic s ... | 2016 | 26996520 |
| three novel haplotypes of theileria bicornis in black and white rhinoceros in kenya. | piroplasms, especially those in the genera babesia and theileria, have been found to naturally infect rhinoceros. due to natural or human-induced stress factors such as capture and translocations, animals often develop fatal clinical piroplasmosis, which causes death if not treated. this study examines the genetic diversity and occurrence of novel theileria species infecting both black and white rhinoceros in kenya. samples collected opportunistically during routine translocations and clinical i ... | 2016 | 24906113 |
| retinal ganglion cell topography and spatial resolving power in the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum). | this study sought to determine whether the retinal organization of the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum), a large african herbivore with lips specialized for grazing in open savannahs, relates to its foraging ecology and habitat. using stereology and retinal wholemounts, we estimated a total of 353,000 retinal ganglion cells. their density distribution reveals an unusual topographic organization of a temporal (2,000 cells/mm(2) ) and a nasal (1,800 cells/mm(2) ) area embedded within a well- ... | 2016 | 27804143 |
| standardising home range studies for improved management of the critically endangered black rhinoceros. | comparisons of recent estimations of home range sizes for the critically endangered black rhinoceros in hluhluwe-imfolozi park (hip), south africa, with historical estimates led reports of a substantial (54%) increase, attributed to over-stocking and habitat deterioration that has far-reaching implications for rhino conservation. other reports, however, suggest the increase is more likely an artefact caused by applying various home range estimators to non-standardised datasets. we collected 1939 ... | 2016 | 27028728 |
| a rapid chemical odour profiling method for the identification of rhinoceros horns. | illegal poaching causes great harm to species diversity and conservation. a vast amount of money is involved in the trade of illegal or forged animal parts worldwide. in many cases, the suspected animal part is unidentifiable and requires costly and invasive laboratory analysis such as isotopic fingerprinting or dna testing. the lack of rapid and accurate methods to identify wildlife parts at the point of detection represents a major hindrance in the enforcement and prosecution of wildlife traff ... | 2016 | 27240958 |
| factors impacting the success of post-mortem sperm rescue in the rhinoceros. | the goal of this study was to identify factors that influenced the ability to successfully rescue sperm post-mortem from rhinoceroses maintained in north american zoos. factors considered included procedural technicalities, individual rhinoceros characteristics and timing. gross testicular pathology was noted in 17.4% of males (4/23) but did not impact sperm recovery except in one case of azoospermia (4.3%). of the males in which sperm recovery was attempted (n=21), 62% yielded quality samples c ... | 2016 | 26879096 |
| cardiac truncus arteriosus in an eastern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis michaeli). | this case report describes congenital truncus arteriosus in a 1-month-old eastern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis michaeli). from the first day of life the animal was underweight and from the 22nd day of life displayed respiratory signs that exacerbated with time leading eventually to collapse and death. post-mortem examination revealed a single truncus arteriosus originating from the right ventricle leading to two separated pulmonary arteries and the aorta, with the ventricular septum showin ... | 2017 | 29169622 |