Publications

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population genetic structure of gasterophilus pecorum in the kalamaili nature reserve, xinjiang, based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (coi) gene sequence.gasterophilosis is a significant threat to equids in the desert steppe of xinjiang, china, where gasterophilus pecorum (fabricius) (diptera: gasterophilidae) is the dominant botfly species. a population analysis was conducted on 195 individual g. pecorum larvae from three host species, przewalski's horse, the domestic horse and the asiatic wild ass. the distribution of haplotypes of the maternally inherited mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit i (coi) gene was analysed to assess the populati ...201425171609
water use patterns of sympatric przewalski's horse and khulan: interspecific comparison reveals niche differences.acquiring water is essential for all animals, but doing so is most challenging for desert-living animals. recently przewalski's horse has been reintroduced to the desert area in china where the last wild surviving member of the species was seen before it vanished from china in the 1960s. its reintroduction placed it within the range of a close evolutionary relative, the con-generic khulan. determining whether or not these two species experience competition and whether or not such competition was ...201526161909
evolutionary genomics and conservation of the endangered przewalski's horse.przewalski's horses (phs, equus ferus ssp. przewalskii) were discovered in the asian steppes in the 1870s and represent the last remaining true wild horses. phs became extinct in the wild in the 1960s but survived in captivity, thanks to major conservation efforts. the current population is still endangered, with just 2,109 individuals, one-quarter of which are in chinese and mongolian reintroduction reserves [1]. these horses descend from a founding population of 12 wild-caught phs and possibly ...201526412128
oviposition site selection by gasterophilus pecorum (diptera: gasterophilidae) in its habitat in kalamaili nature reserve, xinjiang, china.oviposition site selection is an important aspect of the behavioural ecology of insects. a comparison of the habitats used by a species enhances our understanding of their adaptation to altered environments. we collected data on the oviposition behaviours of gasterophilus pecorum (diptera: gasterophilidae) in its habitat in kalamaili nature reserve (knr), xinjiang, china between march and october 2014. we found 91 quadrats were used by g. pecorum for oviposition. examining 13 ecological factors ...201526621549
context-dependent third-party intervention in agonistic encounters of male przewalski horses.one mechanism to resolve conflict among group members is third party intervention, for which several functions, such as kin protection, alliance formation, and the promotion of group cohesion have been proposed. still, empirical research on the function of intervention behaviour is rare. we studied 40 cases of intervention behaviour in a field study on 13 semi-wild bachelor horses (equus ferus przewalskii) in (a) standard social situations, and (b) when new horses joined the group (i.e. introduc ...201526478251
is leadership a reliable concept in animals? an empirical study in the horse.leadership is commonly invoked when accounting for the coordination of group movements in animals, yet it remains loosely defined. in parallel, there is increased evidence of the sharing of group decisions by animals on the move. how leadership integrates within this recent framework on collective decision-making is unclear. here, we question the occurrence of leadership in horses, a species in which this concept is of prevalent use. the relevance of the three main definitions of leadership--dep ...201526010442
tracking the origins of yakutian horses and the genetic basis for their fast adaptation to subarctic environments.yakutia, sakha republic, in the siberian far east, represents one of the coldest places on earth, with winter record temperatures dropping below -70 °c. nevertheless, yakutian horses survive all year round in the open air due to striking phenotypic adaptations, including compact body conformations, extremely hairy winter coats, and acute seasonal differences in metabolic activities. the evolutionary origins of yakutian horses and the genetic basis of their adaptations remain, however, contentiou ...201526598656
differences in serum protein 2d gel electrophoresis patterns of przewalski's (mongolian wild horse) and thoroughbred horses.the objective of this study was to assess differences in serum protein expression profiles of przewalski's (mongolian wild horse) and thoroughbred horses using proteome analysis. the serum proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-de) and five different gene products were identified. proteins represented by the five spots were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometry (ms)/ms technology. the identities of all protei ...201525533201
comparative analyses of tooth wear in free-ranging and captive wild equids.captive breeding has played a crucial role in the conservation of threatened equid species. grazing ruminants and rhinoceros in captivity have less abrasion-dominated tooth wear than their free-ranging conspecifics, with potential negative consequences for their health. however, a similar study on wild equids in captivity is missing.201625557934
gasterophilus (diptera, gasterophilidae) infestation of equids in the kalamaili nature reserve, china.we investigated infections with gasterophilus spp. in three equids within the kalamaili nature reserve (northern china). we conducted necropsies on 6 przewalski's horses (equus ferus przewalskii) and 6 mongolian wild asses (equus hemionus) and administered ivermectin to 10 overwintering domestic horses to expel parasites during winter periods. all 22 equids studied (100%) were infested with gasterophilus spp. and a total of 17,225 larvae were collected. these included six species: g. haemorrhoid ...201627593434
the incidence and species composition of gasterophilus (diptera, gasterophilidae) causing equine myiasis in northern xinjiang, china.a survey was conducted on the detection of the larval gasterophilus species in 90 equines via necropsy or after administering oral ivermectin in xinjian, china, from 2008 to 2013. all 90 (100%) equines were infested by larval gasterophilus, and 3723second instar larvae (l2) and 63,778 third instar larvae (l3) were collected from faecal samples and the digestive tract, a ratio of l2:l3=1:17. over 84.45% of the animals contained ≤1500 larvae and 7.78% had >2000 larvae. the highest totals of l2 and ...201626827858
investigating determinants of yawning in the domestic (equus caballus) and przewalski (equus ferus przewalskii) horses.yawning is rare in herbivores which therefore may be an interesting group to disentangle the potential function(s) of yawning behaviour. horses provide the opportunity to compare not only animals living in different conditions but also wild versus domestic species. here, we tested three hypotheses by observing both domestic and przewalski horses living in semi-natural conditions: (i) that domestic horses may show an elevated rate of yawning as a result of the domestication process (or as a resul ...201627542092
acute phase proteins as a marker of respiratory inflammation in przewalski's horse (equus ferus przewalskii).acute phase proteins are sensitive markers of inflammation, which are highly conserved across taxa. although the utility of these proteins are becoming well defined in human and domestic animal medical fields, their role in nondomestic species remains unclear. in this communication, a 20-yr-old przewalski's horse was presented for unresolving aspiration pneumonia, which cultured a unique actinomyces-like bacteria. despite waxing and waning clinical signs and minimal changes on baseline hematolog ...201627468045
distribution of coat-color-associated alleles in the domestic horse population and przewalski's horse.considering the hidden mode of inheritance of some coat-color-associated alleles, we investigated the presence/absence of coat-color-associated alleles in 1093 domestic horses of 55 breeds and 20 specimens of przewalski's horse. for coat-color genotyping, allele specific pcr, pyrosequencing and li-cor analyses were conducted on 12 coat-color-associated alleles of five genes. our data provide deep insight into the distribution of coat-color-associated alleles within breeds. we found that the alle ...201627194311
identification of genes with nonsynonymous snp in jeju horse by whole-genome resequencing reveals a functional role for immune response.jeju horse (natural monument number 347) is a breed of horse that has experienced long-term isolation and domestication in jeju island, south korea. we evaluated genetic features of this breed, including snp, by whole-genome resequencing using an illumina hiseq 2000. a total of 5,986,852 snp were identified in 4 jeju horses and were divided into homozygous and heterozygous snp (2,357,099 and 3,629,753 snp, respectively). it revealed that 63.8% of these snp resided in intergenic regions. immune r ...201627065251
molecular characterization, modeling, in silico analysis of equine pituitary gonadotropin alpha subunit and docking interaction studies with ganirelix.equine pituitary gonadotropins (elh, efsh, ecg) are heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones with alpha (α) and beta (β) subunits. it is responsible for maintenance of pregnancy in mares during early gestation and fairly valuable for inducing superovulation in animals other than equines. the alpha subunit is common, while beta subunit is species-specific in all glycoprotein hormones. in the present investigation, molecular cloning and in silico characterization including homology modeling and molecul ...201628721542
clinical disease associated with anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in captive przewalski's horses (equus ferus przewalskii).anaplasma phagocytophilum is a tick-borne pathogen of domestic horses and the causative agent of equine granulocytic anaplasmosis. this case series describes three confirmed cases of clinical anaplasmosis, and a fourth case of presumptive anaplasmosis in przewalski's horses ( equus ferus przewalskii) housed at the smithsonian conservation biology institute from 2008 to 2014. clinical signs varied among individuals with affected horses exhibiting lethargy, weakness, pyrexia, hypophagia, reluctanc ...201728749289
survey of anaplasma phagocytophilum antibodies in captive przewalski's horses (equus ferus przewalskii).anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly ehrlichia equi ) is a tickborne pathogen of domestic horses and the causative agent of equine granulocytic anaplasmosis. after the occurrence of clinical anaplasmosis in a przewalski's horse ( equus ferus przewalskii) housed at the smithsonian conservation biology institute in 2008, opportunistic serosurveillance of the herd was initiated. from 2008 to 2014, 57 serum samples were collected from 27 individuals (10 males; 17 females). using indirect immunofluore ...201728749278
stable isotopes reveal diet shift from pre-extinction to reintroduced przewalski's horses.the przewalski's horse (equus ferus przewalskii), the only remaining wild horse within the equid family, is one of only a handful of species worldwide that went extinct in the wild, was saved by captive breeding, and has been successfully returned to the wild. however, concerns remain that after multiple generations in captivity the ecology of the przewalski's horse and / or the ecological conditions in its former range have changed in a way compromising the species' long term survival. we analy ...201728729625
sequential stable isotope analysis reveals differences in multi-year dietary history of three sympatric equid species in sw mongolia.1. competition among sympatric wild herbivores is reduced by different physiological, morphological, and behavioral traits resulting in different dietary niches. wild equids are a rather uniform group of large herbivores which have dramatically declined in numbers and range. correlative evidence suggests that pasture competition with livestock is one of the key factors for this decline, and the situation may be aggravated in areas where different equid species overlap. 2. the dzungarian gobi is ...201728717255
problems in the protection of reintroduced przewalski's horses (equus ferus przewalskii) caused by piroplasmosis.the objectives of our research on equine piroplasmosis were to clarify the prevalence of the piroplasms babesia caballi and theileria equi among reintroduced przewalski's horses (takhi, equus ferus przewalskii) in comparison with horses (equus caballus) of nomads from around hustai national park in mongolia and to determine the mortality among takhi during 2012 to 2015. the prevalence of t. equi was high in 2014 at 80% among nomadic horses and 84% among takhi. we found no evidence of b. caballi ...201728700320
vocal expression of emotional valence in przewalski's horses (equus przewalskii).vocal expression of emotions has been suggested to be conserved throughout evolution. however, since vocal indicators of emotions have never been compared between closely related species using similar methods, it remains unclear whether this is the case. here, we investigated vocal indicators of emotional valence (negative versus positive) in przewalski's horses, in order to find out if expression of valence is similar between species and notably among equidae through a comparison with previous ...201728821880
the evolutionary history of the dmrt3 'gait keeper' haplotype.a previous study revealed a strong association between the dmrt3:ser301stop mutation in horses and alternate gaits as well as performance in harness racing. several follow-up studies have confirmed a high frequency of the mutation in gaited horse breeds and an effect on gait quality. the aim of this study was to determine when and where the mutation arose, to identify additional potential causal mutations and to determine the coalescence time for contemporary haplotypes carrying the stop mutatio ...201728741731
genetic diversity of syrian arabian horses.although arabian horses have been bred in strains for centuries and pedigrees have been recorded in studbooks, to date, little is known about the genetic diversity within and between these strains. in this study, we tested if the three main strains of syrian arabian horses descend from three founders as suggested by the studbook. we examined 48 horses representing saglawi (n = 18), kahlawi (n = 16) and hamdani (n = 14) strains using the equine snp70k beadchip. for comparison, an additional 24 ar ...201728568646
a comparison of fecal steroid metabolite concentrations between harem and bachelor stallions in a free-ranging population of przewalski's horses (equus ferus przewalskii).the aim of this study was to determine whether concentrations of reproductive steroid hormone metabolites significantly differed between harem stallions and bachelor stallions in the free ranging group of przewalski's horses (equus ferus przewalskii) at the hortobágy national park in hungary. throughout the study, fecal samples were collected from 21 harem stallions and 15 bachelor stallions and analyzed for immunoreactive estrogen and androgen metabolites. harem stallions demonstrated significa ...201728114737
detomidine and butorphanol for standing sedation in a range of zoo-kept ungulate species.general anesthesia poses risks for larger zoo species, like cardiorespiratory depression, myopathy, and hyperthermia. in ruminants, ruminal bloat and regurgitation of rumen contents with potential aspiration pneumonia are added risks. thus, the use of sedation to perform minor procedures is justified in zoo animals. a combination of detomidine and butorphanol has been routinely used in domestic animals. this drug combination, administered by remote intramuscular injection, can also be applied fo ...201728920785
evaluating the impact of domestication and captivity on the horse gut microbiome.the mammal gut microbiome, which includes host microbes and their respective genes, is now recognized as an essential second genome that provides critical functions to the host. in humans, studies have revealed that lifestyle strongly influences the composition and diversity of the gastrointestinal microbiome. we hypothesized that these trends in humans may be paralleled in mammals subjected to anthropogenic forces such as domestication and captivity, in which diets and natural life histories ar ...201729138485
seasonal variations in heart rate variability as an indicator of stress in free-ranging pregnant przewalski's horses (e. ferus przewalskii) within the hortobágy national park in hungary.background: ecosystems with seasonal fluctuations in climate and food availability present physiological challenges to resident mammals and may cause "stress." the two predominant physiological responses to stressors are (1) the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and (2) the modulation of the autonomic nervous system. to date, the primary indicator for "stress" in wildlife- and zoo animal research are glucocorticoid levels. by measuring the autonomic regulation of cardiac acti ...201728936179
echinococcus equinus hydatid cyst in the liver of a przewalski's horse ( equus przewalskii) in a canadian zoo.a 23-yr-old captive-born przewalski's horse mare ( equus przewalskii) was euthanized at a canadian zoo because of severe colic resulting from rupture of a jejunal pseudodiverticulum. an incidental finding of an encysted larval cestode within a hepatic granuloma was diagnosed on histopathology. gel-based polymerase chain reaction (pcr) on liver tissue was positive for echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, and deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing of the pcr product was 100% homologous with echinococcus ...201830592924
parameters for the analysis of social bonds in horses.social bond analysis is of major importance for the evaluation of social relationships in group housed horses. however, in equine behaviour literature, studies on social bond analysis are inconsistent. mutual grooming (horses standing side by side and gently nipping, nuzzling, or rubbing each other), affiliative approaches (horses approaching each other and staying within one body length), and measurements of spatial proximity (horses standing with body contact or within two horse-lengths) are c ...201830373257
evaluation of the genetic diversity and population structure of gasterophilus pecorum in xinjiang province, china, using fluorescent microsatellites (ssr) markers.the genetic diversity of gasterophilus pecorum populations consisting of 192 individuals sampled from przewalski's horses (equus ferus przewalskii) in xinjiang province, china, was evaluated using 12 microsatellite loci. the genetic variability within populations and genetic differentiation among populations were estimated. a total of 163 alleles were detected and the average value of observed number of alleles at each locus ranged from 7 to 19 (average 13.5625). the expected heterozygosity (he) ...201830253850
origin and spread of thoroughbred racehorses inferred from complete mitochondrial genome sequences: phylogenomic and bayesian coalescent perspectives.the thoroughbred horse breed was developed primarily for racing, and has a significant contribution to the qualitative improvement of many other horse breeds. despite the importance of thoroughbred racehorses in historical, cultural, and economical viewpoints, there was no temporal and spatial dynamics of them using the mitogenome sequences. to explore this topic, the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of 14 thoroughbreds and two przewalski's horses were determined. these sequences were ana ...201830216366
decline of genetic diversity in ancient domestic stallions in europe.present-day domestic horses are immensely diverse in their maternally inherited mitochondrial dna, yet they show very little variation on their paternally inherited y chromosome. although it has recently been shown that y chromosomal diversity in domestic horses was higher at least until the iron age, when and why this diversity disappeared remain controversial questions. we genotyped 16 recently discovered y chromosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 96 ancient eurasian stallions spanning t ...201829675468
ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and przewalski's horses.the eneolithic botai culture of the central asian steppes provides the earliest archaeological evidence for horse husbandry, ~5500 years ago, but the exact nature of early horse domestication remains controversial. we generated 42 ancient-horse genomes, including 20 from botai. compared to 46 published ancient- and modern-horse genomes, our data indicate that przewalski's horses are the feral descendants of horses herded at botai and not truly wild horses. all domestic horses dated from ~4000 ye ...201829472442
genetic monitoring of horses in the czech republic: a large-scale study with a focus on the czech autochthonous breeds.we propose the first comprehensive in-depth study monitoring horses in the czech republic. we scanned 9,289 animals from 44 populations for 17 equine strs. other equids analysed involved equus przewalskii and equus asinus. the total of 228 different alleles were detected, with the mean number of 13.4 per locus. the highest allelic richness (ar) was found in the welsh part bred (6.01), followed by the camargue (5.93) and czech sport pony (5.91), whereas the friesian exhibited the lowest ar (3.06) ...201829345072
microsatellite markers for evaluating the diversity of the natural killer complex and major histocompatibility complex genomic regions in domestic horses.genotyping microsatellite markers represents a standard, relatively easy and inexpensive method of assessing genetic diversity of complex genomic regions in various animal species, such as the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) and/or natural killer cell receptor (nkr) genes. mhc-linked microsatellite markers have been identified and some of them were used for characterizing mhc polymorphism in various species, including horses. however, most of those were mhc class ii markers, while mhc cla ...201829341455
some aspects on tick species in mongolia and their potential role in the transmission of equine piroplasms, anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi l.ticks are cosmopolitan vectors of numerous diseases, and detection of various pathogens in ticks can help to assess their distribution. in the current study, 528 adult ticks were collected from grazing animals or the ground in ten different mongolian provinces. dermacentor nuttalli constituted 76.1% of them and was found in all ecozones except the eastern desert. dermacentor marginatus (8.3%), dermacentor silvarum (1.1%) and ixodes persulcatus (3.0%) were found in the northern forest areas and h ...201830178195
survey for equine herpesviruses in polar bears ( ursus maritimus) and exotic equids housed in us aza institutions.infection by equine herpesvirus (ehv) strains (ehv-1, ehv-9) in ursid species, including polar bears ( ursus maritimus), has been associated with neurological disease and death. a serosurvey of captive exotic equid and polar bear populations in us association of zoos and aquaria institutions was performed to determine the prevalence of ehv strains using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) tests. equid species surveyed included zebra ( equus ...201830212313
shape variation and modularity of skull and teeth in domesticated horses and wild equids.in horses, the morphological changes induced by the process of domestication are reportedly less pronounced than in other species, such as dogs or pigs - although the horses' disparity has rarely been empirically tested. we investigated shape differences and modularity of domesticated horses, przewalski's horses, donkeys and zebras. mandibular and tooth shape have been shown to be valuable features for differentiating wild and domesticated forms in some mammals.201829713365
pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (equine cushing's disease) in nondomestic equids at marwell wildlife: a case series. one chapman's zebra ( equus quagga chapmani) and five przewalski's horses ( equus ferus przewalskii).pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (ppid), also known as equine cushing's disease, is widely reported in middle-aged to older domestic equids but to date reported in only one nondomestic equid, the onager ( equus hemionus onager). this case series reports clinical, hematological, and pathological findings consistent with ppid in two further equid species: one chapman's zebra ( equus quagga chapmani) and five przewalski's horses ( equus ferus przewalskii). the case series reports basal adrenoc ...201829900762
the disappearing lamellae: implications of new findings in the family equidae suggest the loss of nuchal ligament lamellae on c6 and c7 occurred after domestication.conflicting data predominantly describes the equine nuchal ligament lamellae (nll) attachments as c2-c6 or c2-c7; however, preliminary evidence suggests c2-c5. this study aimed to identify morphological variations in the attachments of the nll in four species of the family equidae and determine if the variations were species or breed linked. cadaveric examination evaluated 98 equids; equusasinus (n = 2), equus ferus caballus (n = 93), equus przewalskii (n = 2), and equus quagga boehmi (n = 1). t ...201831256881
lateralization of mother-infant interactions in wild horses.the manifestation of behavioural lateralization has been shown to be modified by environmental conditions, life experiences, and selective breeding. this study tests whether the lateralization recently found in feral domestic horse (equus caballus) is evident in undomesticated horses. mother-offspring interactions were investigated in przewalski's horse (e. ferus przewalskii) living in their natural habitat in mongolia. lateral position preferences during mare-foal spontaneous reunions were used ...201829341906
asian horses deepen the msy phylogeny.humans have shaped the population history of the horse ever since domestication about 5500 years ago. comparative analyses of the y chromosome can illuminate the paternal origin of modern horse breeds. this may also reveal different breeding strategies that led to the formation of extant breeds. recently, a horse y-chromosomal phylogeny of modern horses based on 1.46 mb of the male-specific y (msy) was generated. we extended this dataset with 52 samples from five european, two american and seven ...201829333704
a primitive trait in two breeds of equus caballus revealed by comparative anatomy of the distal limb.the 55-million-year history of equine phylogeny has been well-documented from the skeletal record; however, this is less true for the soft tissue structures that are now vestigial in modern horse. a recent study reported that two ligamentous structures resembling functional interosseous muscle ii and iv were evident in dutch konik horses. the current study investigates this finding and compares it to members of the genus equus to identify either a breed anomaly or functional primitive trait. dis ...201931197123
local origin or external input: modern horse origin in east asia.despite decades of research, the horse domestication scenario in east asia remains poorly understood.201931775623
epas1 gain-of-function mutation contributes to high-altitude adaptation in tibetan horses.high altitude represents some of the most extreme environments worldwide. the genetic changes underlying adaptation to such environments have been recently identified in multiple animals but remain unknown in horses. here, we sequence the complete genome of 138 domestic horses encompassing a whole altitudinal range across china to uncover the genetic basis for adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia. our genome dataset includes 65 lowland animals across ten chinese native breeds, 61 horses living at ...201931273382
whole genome sequencing analysis of horse populations inhabiting the korean peninsula and przewalski's horse.the jeju horse is an indigenous horse breed in korea. however, there is a severe lack of genomic studies on korean horse breeds.201930941726
the horse y chromosome as an informative marker for tracing sire lines.analysis of the y chromosome is the best-established way to reconstruct paternal family history in humans. here, we applied fine-scaled y-chromosomal haplotyping in horses with biallelic markers and demonstrate the potential of our approach to address the ancestry of sire lines. we de novo assembled a draft reference of the male-specific region of the y chromosome from illumina short reads and then screened 5.8 million basepairs for variants in 130 specimens from intensively selected and rural b ...201930988347
first reports of nasal and traumatic myiasis infection in endangered przewalski's horses (equus ferus przewalskii).myiasis has great economic and medical importance. however, myiasis in wildlife that is caused by oestroid flies is relatively rarely recorded compared with that in humans and domestic animals. recently, during our research on the conservation of przewalski's horse (ph), we observed two new records of oestroid flies parasitizing wildlife in china. the first is the horse nasal bot fly, rhinoestrus sp. (diptera: oestridae), found in a dead ph from kalamaili nature reserve. one morphotype (r. purpu ...201930976513
screening and identification of novel cgas homologues using a combination of in vitro and in vivo protein synthesis.the cyclic gmp-amp synthase (cgas) catalyzes the synthesis of the multifunctional second messenger, cgamp, in metazoans. although numerous cgas homologues are predicted in protein databases, the catalytic activity towards cgamp synthesis has been proven for only four of them. therefore, we selected five novel and yet uncharacterized cgas homologues, which cover a broad range in the field of vertebrates. cell-free protein synthesis (cfps) was used for a pre-screening to investigate if the cgas ge ...201931877895
community composition and diversity of intestinal microbiota in captive and reintroduced przewalski's horse (equus ferus przewalskii).large and complex intestinal microbiota communities in hosts have profound effects on digestion and metabolism. to better understand the community structure of intestinal microbiota in przewalski's horse (equus ferus przewalskii) under different feeding regimes, we compared bacterial diversity and composition between captive and reintroduced przewalski's horses, using high-throughput 16s-rrna gene sequencing for identification. reintroduced przewalski's horses were sampled in two chinese nature ...201931440229
genetic variability and history of a native finnish horse breed.the finnhorse was established as a breed more than 110 years ago by combining local finnish landraces. since its foundation, the breed has experienced both strong directional selection, especially for size and colour, and severe population bottlenecks that are connected with its initial foundation and subsequent changes in agricultural and forestry practices. here, we used sequences of the mitochondrial control region and genomic single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) to estimate the genetic div ...201931262246
comparing assignment-based approaches to breed identification within a large set of horses.considering the extensive data sets and statistical techniques, animal breeding embodies a branch of machine learning that has a constantly increasing impact on breeding. in our study, information regarding the potential of machine learning and data mining within a large set of horses and breeds is presented. the individual assignment methods and factors influencing the success rate of the procedure are compared at the czech population scale. the fixation index values ranged from 0.057 (hms1) to ...201930963515
genetic variation and selection in the major histocompatibility complex class ii gene in the guizhou pony.the guizhou pony (gzp) is an indigenous species of equid found in the mountains of the guizhou province in southwest china. we selected four regions of the equine leukocyte antigen (ela), including dqa, dra, dqb, and drb, and used them to assess the diversity of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii gene using direct sequencing technology. dra had the lowest dn/ds ratio (0.560) compared with the other three loci, indicating that dra was conserved and could be conserved after underg ...202032999762
identification of volatile components from oviposition and non-oviposition plants of gasterophilus pecorum (diptera: gasterophilidae).oviposition by gasterophilus pecorum on shoot tips of stipa caucasica is a key determinant of its severe infection of the reintroduced przewalski's horse (equus przewalskii). volatiles in shoots of grasses on which przewalski's horse feeds, including s. caucasica at preoviposition, oviposition, and postoviposition stages of g. pecorum, s. caucasica, stipa orientalis, and ceratoides latens at the oviposition stage, and s. caucasica in various growth periods, were collected by dynamic headspace ad ...202032978441
commercial genetic testing for type 2 polysaccharide storage myopathy and myofibrillar myopathy does not correspond to a histopathological diagnosis.commercial genetic tests for type 2 polysaccharide storage myopathy (pssm2) and myofibrillar myopathy (mfm) have not been validated by peer-review, and formal regulation of veterinary genetic testing is lacking.202032896939
complex variation in the klra (ly49) immunity-related genomic region in horses.natural killer (nk) cells play important roles in innate and adaptive immunity, as well as in the reproduction of placental mammals. ly49 (klra) molecules represent a lectin-like type of nk cell receptor encoded within a complex genomic region, the nk cell complex. in rodents and horses, an expansion of the genes encoding ly49 receptors leading to the formation of a gene family was observed. high sequence similarities and frequent high polymorphism of multiple family members represent an obstacl ...202032421927
gut microbiomes of endangered przewalski's horse populations in short- and long-term captivity: implication for species reintroduction based on the soft-release strategy.captivity maybe the only choice for survival of many endangered vertebrates, and understanding its broad effects is important for animal management and conservation, including breeding endangered species for subsequent release. extreme environmental changes during captivity may influence survival ability in the wild. captivity decreases gut bacterial diversity in a wide range of animals. however, most studies directly compare animals living in captivity with those in the wild, and there is a lac ...202032226419
drug efficacy of ivermectin against primary nematodes parasitizing captive przewalski's horse (equus ferus przewalskii) after ten years of annually treatment.reintroduction of endangered species to natural habitat is considered as an important tool for conservation. the effect of drug management on captive population of reintroduced species is largely neglected. decreased drug efficacy could pose a substantial threat to health of animals. more importantly, captive population without proper drug administration could act as transmission medium of resistance nematodes to wild population, making it important to delay the occurrence of drug resistance in ...202032063741
embryo technologies in donkeys (equus asinus).in industrialized countries, the donkey population had a dramatic decrease during the last century and this has brought almost all european donkey breeds to risk. embryo technologies have already been employed as a tool for the conservation of endangered equid species (e.g. equus przewalskii). today it is possible to obtain pregnancies after the transfer of donkey embryos in synchronized recipients, even though embryo transfer is not widely used as a reproductive technique in this species. so fa ...202032707428
bearing the brunt: mongolian khulan (equus hemionus hemionus) are exposed to multiple influenza a strains.the majority of influenza a virus strains are hosted in nature by avian species in the orders of anseriformes and charadriformes. a minority of strains have been able to cross species boundaries and establish themselves in novel non-avian hosts. influenza viruses of horses, donkeys, and mules represent such successful events of avian to mammal influenza virus adaptation. mongolia has over 3 million domestic horses and is home to two wild equids, the asiatic wild ass or khulan (equus hemionus hem ...202032122608
hormone-responsive organoids from domestic mare and endangered przewalski's horse endometrium.the endometrium, the inner uterine lining, is composed of cell layers that come in direct contact with an embryo during early pregnancy and later with the fetal placenta. the endometrium is responsible for signals associated with normal reproductive cyclicity as well as maintenance of pregnancy. in the mare, functionally competent in vitro models of the endometrium have not been successful. furthermore, the ability to study various reproductive processes in vitro may allow critical evaluation of ...202033112764
major inconsistencies of inferred population genetic structure estimated in a large set of domestic horse breeds using microsatellites.structure remains the most applied software aimed at recovering the true, but unknown, population structure from microsatellite or other genetic markers. about 30% of structure-based studies could not be reproduced (molecular ecology, 21, 2012, 4925). here we use a large set of data from 2,323 horses from 93 domestic breeds plus the przewalski horse, typed at 15 microsatellites, to evaluate how program settings impact the estimation of the optimal number of population clusters kopt that best des ...202032489595
ancient genomes reveal unexpected horse domestication and management dynamics.the horse was essential to past human societies but became a recreational animal during the twentieth century as the world became increasingly mechanized. as the author reviews here, recent studies of ancient genomes have revisited the understanding of horse domestication, from the very early stages to the most modern developments. they have uncovered several extinct lineages roaming the far ends of eurasia some 4000 years ago. they have shown that the domestic horse has been significantly resha ...202031808562
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