Publications

mammalian cytogenetics. 8. q-banding of chromosomes of pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla berngei and pongo pygmaeus.		1974	4135068
the gorilla karyotype: chromosome lengths and polymorphisms.		1974	4142605
the ascent of man: deductions based on a multivariate analysis of the brain.	this paper attempts to investigate taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships through an analysis of the distribution of mass within the brain. a multivariate analysis was performed on encephalization ratios for various divisions of the brain, employing volume measurements reported for 63 species by stephan et al. [1970]. the ratios for each brain region were considered to lie along one of the dimensions of eight dimensional 'brain space', and distances between all species were calculated and empl ...	1975	810216
biomechanical appraisal of some skeletal features associated with head balance and posture in the hominoidea.	the condylar position index, condylar angle and the area of insertion of the nuchal musculature corrected for condylar position, direction of muscle pull and skull size were determined in homo sapiens, gorilla, pan and the casts of two neanderthal and two australopithecine crania. in all three attributes, the values of h. sapiens exceeded, by statistically significant amounts, those for the ape genera. the greater value for the condylar position index indicates a better balance of the head, that ...	1975	811073
comparative immunochemical studies of primate hemoglobins.	the antigenic properties of a number of chromatographically purified primate hemoglobins were compared to those of normal human hemoglobin using a sensitive radioimmunochemical procedure. the degree of inhibition of the antigen-antibody reaction with heterologous hemoglobins appeared to be related to the structural similarity of these proteins to the normal human hemoglobin immunogen. with the exception of the baboon hemoglobin, the antigenicity of the hemoglobins paralleled the phylogeny of the ...	1975	812480
[comparison of the karyotype of the orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) to those of man, chimpazee, and gorilla].	various banding thechniques were employed to compare the karyotype of the orang-utan (pongo pygmaeus) with those of man, the chimpanzee, and the gorilla. the following was concluded: 1) almost all the bands are common, their analogy being close to 99%. the four species derive, therefore, from a common ancestor. the rearrangements which occurred during evolution were generally balanced; 2) the analysis of rearrangements shows that the orang-utan, then the gorilla, then the chimpanzee, and lastly ...	1975	1080978
cyclicity in tumescence of the perineal labia of female lowland gorillas.	the first group norms on the periodic occurrence of tumescence in the perineal labia of female lowland gorillas were obtained in 9 captive subjects. individual mean cycle lengths for 8 adult females in 2 experiments ranged from 25.9-36.3 days with overall means of 31.1 and 32.5 days. the one subadult female had a mean cycle length of 40.7 days. the median and modal duration of maximal labial tumescence were 1.8 and 1 day, respectively. data from 3 animals on which menses were recorded during 6 c ...	1975	1119706
some data on the systematic position of the eastern gorilla population of the mr. kahuzi region (republique du zaíre).		1975	1136544
the myoglobin of primates. viii. gorilla gorilla beringei (eastern highland gorilla).	on aligning the tryptic peptides of the myoglobin from a gorilla with the homologous human peptides, one amino acid difference was found. by dansyl-edman degradation this was shown to be at position 22, i.e. at a position other than those where man, chimpanzee and gibbon differ from one another.	1975	1148222
feeding ecology and nutrition of an eastern gorilla group in the mt. kahuzi region (république du zaïre).	an eastern gorilla group of the mt. kahuzi region (république du zaïre) was studied over 15 months. its migration route was determined, and the various biotopes it visited are described. a record was made of its main food plants, and of the plant parts eaten. for nine important food plants the protein content, the concentration of the individual amino acids and the water content were measured for the plant parts eaten and for those not eaten. for some of these plant parts the na, k, ca and mg co ...	1975	1165081
5-methylcytosine in heterochromatic regions of chromosomes: chimpanzee and gorilla compared to the human.	fixed metaphase chromosomes of gorilla and chimpanzee were uv-irradiated to produce regions of single-stranded dna and then treated with antibodies specific for the minor dna base 5-methylcytosine (5 mec). an indirect immunofluorescence technique was used to visualize sites of antibody binding. in the gorilla six pairs of autosomes contained major fluorescent regions, indicating localized regions of highly methylated dna. these corresponded, with the exception of chromosome 19, to the major regi ...	1975	1175458
karyotype of the gibbons hylobates lar and h. moloch inversion in chromosome 7.	a karyotype of the gibbon, hylobates, has been prepared based on the chromosome banding patterns produced by quinacrine, trypsin-giemsa, and centromeric heterochromatin stains. the banding patterns of h. lar and h. moloch are virtually identical. no brilliant quinacrine-fluorescent areas are present. the banding pattern of most of the gibbon chromosomes show less resemblance to those of the human, chimpanzee, gorilla, or orangutan than the chromosomes of the higher primates do to each other, sug ...	1975	1183241
observations on a small group of mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei).	on the basis of a 5-month field study, data are presented on home range, patterns of daily movement and social behaviour in a small free-living gorilla group. changes in group composition that occurred during the study are analysed with special reference to their effect on inter-individual distance. the relationships with other groups and lone individuals whose home ranges overlapped with that of the group studied are examined on the basis of intergroup contacts.	1976	1244306
comparative morphological remarks on the origin of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve.	the origin and course of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve were observed macroscopically in 38 japanese adult cadavers which were dissected in the university of hokkaido, faculty of medicine during the years 1971/72 and the results obtained were compared with those from some other mammals (rat, rabbit, dog and cat) and a number of bibliographical findings on the other animals. on the basis of the archetype of the pudendal plexus, the site of origin of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve w ...	1976	1275304
evaluation of the sub-human primate tube test for pregnancy in primates.	a haemagglutination inhibition test, developed specifically for primates, diagnoses early pregnancy in the chimpanzee, gorilla, orang-utan and baboon. the test was sensitive and reacted positively when the concentration of gonadotrophin in urine was equivalent to 0.03 i.u. human chorionic gonadotrophin per ml. this degree of sensitivity and the certitude that it cross-reacts with primate luteinizing hormone probably accounts for most of the false positive results.	1976	819712
primate chorionic gonadotropins: antigenic similarities to the unique carboxyl-terminal peptide of hcgbeta subunit.	antigenic similarities of chorionic gonadotropin from human (hcg), chimpanzee (chcg), gorilla (gcg), orangutan (orcg), baboon (pacg), macaque (mcg), and marmoset (macg) were investigated in a radioimmunoassay system using an antiserum (rabbit h93) with antigenic determinants known to reside in the terminal 15 amino acid residues of the unique carboxyl-terminal peptide of hcgbeta, which makes it highly specific for hcg without crossreactivity to hlh. our findings indicate that the extreme antigen ...	1976	826547
blood groups of gorillas: further observations.	four mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei) were tested for their human-type and simian-type blood groups. they were all found to be human-type b, mn, he, rho and chimpanzee simian-type v.o, cef, g, h.	1976	828673
assignment of inosine triphosphatase gene to gorilla chromosome 13 and to human chromosome 20 in primate-rodent somatic cell hybrids.		1976	828864
logarithmic growth of the hominoid mandible.	the growth of the basal unit of the mandible was studied by plotting the position, relative to the median plane, of the oval, mandibular and mental foramina in immature and adult skulls of man, chimpanzee and gorilla. in man, the basal unit was found to grow out along a constant logarithmic spiral. in the apes, the basal unit grew along a constant logarithmic spiral, the amount of unfolding being greater in the gorilla than in the chimpanzee. it is argued that the mode of growth seen in the ape ...	1976	999033
chromosomal distribution of rdna in pan paniscus, gorilla gorilla beringei, and symphalangus syndactylus: comparison to related primates.	hybridization in situ was used to identify rdna in chromosomes of the pygmy chimpanzee, mountain gorilla, and siamang gibbon. in contrast to other pongids, and man, the gorilla has only two pairs of rdna-containing chromosomes. the single pair in the siamang bears no resemblance to the nucleolar chromosome of the closely related lar gibbon. pan paniscus and p. troglodytes have the same rdna distribution, and similar karyotypes except in the structure of chromosome 23p. grain counts over unbanded ...	1976	1009815
a review of the diets of captive gorillas (gorilla gorilla).	it is clear that most zoos feed their gorillas a principally frugivorous diet, while the diets of wild gorilla populations are undoubtedly basically herbivorous. the primary food plant of western and eastern lowland gorillas is aframomum, and blancou (1955) even maintains that these plants possess active parasiticidal qualities, but this subscription is not borne out by recent research. however, it is possible that another plant food, combretum, could have some propensities as a deparasitant. ma ...	1976	1028348
dental prophylaxis for a lowland gorilla.		1976	1051774
detection of nucleolus organizer regions in chromosomes of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan and gibbon.	nucleolus organizer regions were detected by the ag-as silver method in fixed metaphase chromosomes from human and primates. in the human, silver was deposited in the secondary constriction of a maximum of five pairs of acrocentric chromosomes: 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22. the chimpanzee also had five pairs of acrocentric chromosomes stained, corresponding to human numbers 13, 14, 18, 21 and 22. a gibbon had a single pair of chromosomes with a secondary constriction, which corresponded to the nucleolu ...	1976	61844
evolution of type c viral genes: evidence for an asian origin of man.	old world monkeys and apes, including man, possess, as a normal component of their cellular dna, gene sequences (virogenes) related to the rna of a virus isolated from baboons. a comparison of the viral gene sequences and the other cellular sequences distinguishes those old world monkeys and apes that have evolved in africa from those that have evolved in asia. among the apes, only gorilla and chimpanzee seem by these criteria to be african, whereas gibbon, orang-utan and man are identified as a ...	1976	179013
assignment of inosine triphosphatase gene to gorilla chromosome 13 and to human chromosome 20 in primate-rodent somatic cell hybrids.		1976	185023
fluorescent (f) bodies in the spermatozoa of man and the great apes.	mature spermatozoa of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), the gorilla (gorilla gorilla), and the orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) were stained with quinacrine dihydrochloride. fluorescent (f) bodies were visualized in the spermatozoa of the chimpanzee and gorilla but were absent in the orangutan, in which there is no brilliant fluorescence in any chromosome. the f bodies appeared to be randomly located in the sperm heads of these two species, as they usually are in human spermatozoa. however, the propor ...	1976	17494623
progesterone metabolism in the female gorilla.		1977	591854
[anatomical variations and taxonomic relatedness in hominoidea].	31 anatomical variations were examined in 125 pan paniscus and 96 gorilla gorilla beringei skulls. comparisons with published data of hominoidea show that differences in their frequencies are proportional and parallel to taxonomic relationships on the subspecific, specific and generic level.	1977	409527
the development of the anterior falcate and lacrimal arteries in the human.	certain arteries of the head were studied in injected human fetuses from 143 to 290 mm c.-r., as well as in the orang-utan and gorilla, and in microscopical sections from 29 to 162 mm c.-r., as well as in an adult. it was found that, during human ontogenesis, an anterior falcate artery supplies the dura mater of the medial part of the frontal bone. it appears at 40 mm and reaches its full development by 115 mm. normally it becomes reduced and is transformed into the anterior meningeal artery pos ...	1977	855940
relationship between tooth and long bone size.	canonical correlations between tooth and long bone dimensions showed a greater correlation for anglo-saxons and apes than for nineteenth century londoners, i.e., coefficients of 0.75 for gorilla, 0.72 for chimpanzee, 0.69 for orang-utans, 0.74 for anglo-saxons, but 0.53 for nineteenth century londoners. although based upon limited sample sizes and limited metrical profiles of teeth and long bones, the data support the thesis that modern europeans are under reduced selection pressure to maintain ...	1977	860754
the location of dna homologous to human satellite iii dna in the chromosomes of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and orang utan (pongo pygmaeus).	radioactive rna with sequences complementary to human dna satellite iii was hybridised in situ to metaphase chromosomes of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), the gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and the orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). a quantitative analysis of the radioactivity, and hence of the chromosomal distribution of human dna satellite iii equivalent sequences in the great apes, was undertaken, and the results compared with interspecies chromosome homologies based upon giemsa banding patterns. in so ...	1977	880842
[new studies and considerations on the pathology of the primate skull. a contribution to the "gundu" problem].	the problem of 'gundu' in primates is discussed. cases of so-called 'gundu' in the literature, two cases in gorilla and one in lagothrix, are dealt with. histological and x-ray techniques are used. one case (lagothrix) represents the so-called simian bone disease, which is metabolic disorder and is due to a secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism. the other two cases (gorilla) show symmetrical bony tumors of the maxilla. the origin is uncertain. gundu, paget's disease and primary hyperparathy ...	1977	914127
evolution of primate chromosomes.	human and higher primate chromosomes have been compared by general and regional banding methods, including hybridization in situ. the general banding patterns of the chromosomes of gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan, but not gibbon, are similar to those of the human. preliminary results show that chromosomes with similar banding patterns in different species often carry the same genes. repetitious dna's have undergone changes in structure and distribution which are reflected in changes in the re ...	1977	929190
the distribution of sequences complementary to human satellite dnas i, ii and iv in the chromosomes of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and orang utan (pongo pygmaeus).	human satellite dnas i, ii and iv were transcribed to yield radioactive complementary rnas (crnas). these crnas were hybridised to metaphase chromosomes of man, chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and orang utan (pongo pygmaeus). the results of this in situ hybridisation were analysed quantitatively and compared with accepted chromosome homologies based on giemsa banding patterns. the crna to satellite ii (crnaii) did not hybridise to chimpanzee chromosomes, although its hybr ...	1977	561680
strategies of emigration and transfer by primates, with particular reference to gorillas.	in many primate species, more males than females leave their natal group and transfer to another. in man, chimpanzee and the gorilla, however, the reverse is the case. this paper presents detailed data for the gorilla on individuals' movements into and out of breeding units. comparisons are made with other primates, and with data on two non-primate species in which females rather than males move between breeding units. proximate causes and functions of emigration and transfer are considered, and ...	1978	570781
analysis of the hominoid os coxae by cartesian coordinates.	this study is based upon 48 3-dimensional coordinates taken on 4 fossil hominid and 127 extant hominoid coxal bones. the follis include sts 14, sk 3155, mld 7, and mld 25. the comparative sample consists of 42 homo sapiens, 27 pan troglodytes, 29 gorilla gorilla and 29 pongo pygmaeus. the coordinates improve the metrical representation of the bone beyond what can be done with linear measurements because the shape complexity of the os coxae is so great. the coordinates are rotated and translated ...	1978	416722
the gestures of a gorilla: language acquisition in another pongid.		1978	618570
acute pyelonephritis in an adult gorilla (gorilla gorilla).		1978	633836
electromyography of pongid shoulder muscles iii. quadrupedal positional behavior.	electromyographic (emg) recordings were taken from 14 shoulder muscles (or major parts of them) in a gorilla, a chimpanzee and an orangutan as they stood quadrupedally and tripedally, descended from elevated substrates, crutch-walked, and progressed quadrupedally on inclined and level substrates. in the african apes, low potentials commonly (but not always) occurred in the sternocostal pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles during quadrupedal stance. the quad ...	1978	677298
patterns of oestrogen and testosterone excretion during pregnancy in a gorilla (gorilla gorilla).	oestrogen and testosterone concentrations in the urine were determined by radioimmunoassay. total oestrogen concentrations rose from 25 ng/mg creatinine in the non-pregnant animal to a mean of about 2 microgram/mg creatinine in the 50 days before term. there was a significant (p less than 0.001) correlation between oestrogen and testosterone concentrations until 11 days before parturition.	1978	690968
pelvic and perineal anatomy of the male gorilla: selected observations.	the anatomy of parts of the pelvic outlet and perineum is described in an adult male gorilla. two previously undescribed muscles are presented: (1) the puborectalis muscle, completely separated from the levator ani, arises from the region of the symphysis and forms a sling for the rectum while it also substitutes for the perineal membrane. (2) the puboampullaris muscle, a paired smooth muscle, arises from the pubis and inserts into the rectum to elevate the rectum while additionally providing su ...	1978	697055
activities of pongid thigh muscles during bipedal behavior.	electromyographic recordings were taken from 12 thigh muscles (or major parts of them) in a gorilla, from 6 thigh muscles in a chimpanzee, and from 2 thigh muscles in an orangutan as they engaged in bipedal positional behavior, including stance, reaching overhead, lunging, leaping and walking. in the african apes, symmetric bipedal stances with hindlimb flexure were accompanied by notable emg potentials generally increased to or remained at moderate and high levels. our studies on the gluteal (t ...	1978	736109
relationship between body size and long bone lengths in pan and gorilla.	measurements of body length (vertex to heel) were abstracted from the field notes of pan and gorilla specimens from the powell-cotton museum. biocondylar femur and humerus length were measured on each skeleton and correlation coefficients with body length were computed. in both the separate sex and the combined sex samples of gorilla, and in the combined sex sample of pan, long bone lengths are significantly correlated with body size, but in pan only 20% of the variance in body length is reflect ...	1978	736111
meningoencephalitis secondary to otitis in a gorilla.	an adult female gorilla died following a 13-day illness and was necropsied. gross and microscopic findings included a 2-cm straw deep in the external auditory meatus, suppurative otitis media and interna, and suppurative meningoencephalitis. proteus mirabilis was cultured from the internal acoustic pore.	1978	738932
cesarean delivery in a gorilla.	a mature lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla) in the los angeles zoo had destroyed 3 successive infants. to avoid a recurrence, active intervention was instituted during its 4th pregnancy. the period of gestation was estimated by physical examination, radiography, and amniocentesis. intrauterine growth was followed by serial ultrasonographic cephalometry. when fetal maturity was achieved, as determined by amniotic fluid phospholipid profile, the fetus was delivered by cesarean section.	1978	738933
male parental behavior in a captive group of lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla).	in this captive gorilla group, which resembled the central core of the free-ranging gorilla groups, the adult male exhibited a persistent interest in infants. his affiliation patterns with particular infants were directly related to his affiliation patterns with the infants' mothers. the data suggest that development of strong affiliation bonds with particular females may be a strategy uded by dominant males, in addition to ostracism of nondominant males, to increase paternity confidence. by inv ...	1978	758092
"nonproductive" mouse sarcoma virus transformed gorilla cells which contain noninfectious type c virus particles.		1978	210462
facial duplication -- the unique case of antonio.	a case of facial duplication with its surgical correction in childhood and the consequences on facial growth is reported. it is a unique case in the duration of observation. the following structures were fully duplicated: the nose, the premaxilla, the cribriform plate, the crista galli. in addition there was an enormous facial cleft including lip, alveolus and palate. additionally there were two rudimentary eye sockets, eyes, and two supplementary eyebrows. the monstrous hypertelorism with the f ...	1978	279636
tooth size/body size in gorilla gorilla and pongo pygmaeus.		1978	280574
hepatitis b outbreak among chimpanzees at the london zoo.	persistent carriage of hepatitis b virus in extremely high titre was identified in 5 out of 9 chimpanzees kept at the london zoo. antibody to this virus was present in the other 4 chimpanzees. serological survey of the other primates in the regent's park collection did not reveal the presence of the surface antigen in 2 gorillas, 11 orang-utans, and 2 gibbons, although surface antibody was present in the serum of 1 gorilla and 2 orang-utans. 3 of the carrier chimpanzees were born at the zoo and ...	1978	80578
establishment of a lymphoblastoid cell line and isolation of an epstein-barr-related virus of gorilla origin.	a b-lymphoid cell line was established from a normal gorilla. the cells contained epstein-barr virus-related antigens, and herpesvirus particles were demonstrated by electron microscopy. dna-dna reassociation kinétics revealed 30 to 40% hybridization to epstein-barr virus with 50 genomes per cell. examination of the viral nuclear antigen with gorilla sera showed this to be a unique isolate termed herpesvirus gorilla. h. gorilla transformed gibbon b-lymphocytes in vitro.	1979	92573
production of antibodies to human immunoglobulins in a gibbon.	immunization of a chimpanzee, a gibbon, a baboon and a rhesus monkey with human globulins gave different results. while chimpanzees did not produce any anti-human antibodies, baboon and rhesus monkey responded by producing anti-human igg antibodies that did not show subclass or allotype specificity. in the gibbon antiserum, on the other hand, six different antibodies were demonstrated with a specificity against one or more of the four human igg subclasses, including one allotype. comparative inv ...	1979	93346
an analysis of tooth and body size relationship in five primate taxa.	the strength and the nature of the covariance between tooth and body size was investigated in homo, gorilla, pan, papio and colobus. when sexes are combined in each taxon, the correlations are strong enough to compare the allometry coefficients of taxa, and the non-human taxa show a sufficiently strong linear relationship to compute 'interspecific' allometry coefficients. allometry coefficients for each variable were not uniform among the taxa, and coefficients also differed from one variable to ...	1979	116945
quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus. i. specific sensory relay nuclei.	studies to date have indicated few differences in sensory perception among hominoids. sensory relay nuclei in the dorsal thalamus--portions of the medial and lateral geniculate bodies (mgbp, lgbd) and the ventrobasal complex (vb)--in two gibbons, one gorilla, one chimpanzee and three humans were examined for anatomical similarity by measuring and estimating the nuclear volumes, neuronal densities, numbers of neurons per nucleus, and volumes of neuronal perikarya. the absolute volumes of these nu ...	1979	119437
estrogen and luteinizing hormone secretion in diverse primate species from simplified urinary analysis.	a practical approach for monitoring urinary estrogen and luteinizing hormone (lh) in various primate species is described. total immunoreactive estrogen (et) levels, measured without chromatography, provided a convenient estimation of estrone, estradiol and estriol as the sum of their separated parts. bioactive lh in urine was measured by the rat interstitial cell testosterone (rict) in vitro bioassay. correction for urinary creatinine content allowed for the comparison of hormone production fro ...	1979	120442
normal human tissues contain rna and antigens related to infectious adenovirus type 2.	normal human tissues have been found to contain rna which hybridises with four regions of the adenovirus type 2 genome, including one which contains the transforming gene(s) of this virus. the rnas have also been extracted from gorilla organs, but not from those of chickens, suggesting that they are a feature of all normal higher primate tissues. serological test suggest that these homologous rnas are translated into proteins connected with essentially normal and virus-infected cell functions.	1979	763319
two cases of familial paracentric inversion in man associated with sex chromosome anomaly. 47,xxy,inv(5)(q21q32) and 45,x,inv(7)(q11.3q22.3).	a paracentric inversion of chromosome 5 was detected after rhg banding in a subject affected by klinefelter's syndrome. the inversion was also observed in the patient's mother, and was confirmed by qfq- and rba-banding techniques. a second paracentric inversion affecting chromsome 7 was detected in a woman with turner's syndrome. the same structural anomaly was found in her father and her half-brother. the possible relationship between sex chromosome nondisjunction and paracentric inversion is d ...	1979	457116
large species differences in the pattern of snpi rna which can distinguish ape from human.	the snpi rna species are a recently described set of molecules whose sizes range from 5s to 10s. they can be labeled in vitro in isolated nuclei and are apparently formed by an rna polymerase i type of activity. however, in contrast to ribosomal precursor rna, the usual polymerase i product, they are not found in the nucleolus but rather are located in the nucleoplasm. the snpi rnas have been found in all mammalian cell types studied. the spectrum seen in gel electrophoresis is unique to each an ...	1979	457770
calcaneocuboid joint and stability of the longitudinal arch of the foot at high and low gear push off.	the calcaneocuboid joint was studied in ligamentous specimens of ten human feet, and in skeletons of two gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei), six chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), three orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) and 25 human feet. the movement of the transverse tarsal joint was further studied in a living foot on a walk-way with a glass plate inserted, and with an underlying mirror. in man the joint is shaped as an asymmetrical sector of one end of an hour-glass shaped surface of revolution with ...	1979	511760
gingival hyperplasia induced by diphenylhydantoin in a gorilla.	an adult male lowland gorilla had been treated with diphenylhydantoin for 6 months following several acute convulsive episodes. the gorilla remained clinically normal during that period. then, for no apparent reason, it refused its usual diet. physical examination revealed acute inflammatory gingival hyperplasia. full mouth gingivectomy and antibiotic and analgesic therapy resolved the oral inflammation and the anorexia.	1979	521383
systematic relationships of gorillas from kahuzi tshiaberimu and kayonza.	previous classifications of gorillas from mt. kahuzi, mt. tshiaberimu and the kayonza forest, placing them in gorilla gorilla graueri or g.g. beringei, somewhat over-simplify a complex situation. both kahuzi and tshiaberimu gorillas are close to graueri and should be placed in that subspecies, but each (in different ways) shows some approach to beringei, either through independent adaptation to extreme montane conditions, or because they may be points along a (now disrupted) cline from one race ...	1979	540892
[chromosomal anomalies induced by x-rays in lymphocytes of the gorilla].	using the harlequin--staining technique to distinguish the first from later mitotic divisions we have studied the frequency of spontaneous and radiation-induced sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes from gorilla, the results being compared with previous findings on man. in spite of the fact that the karyotypes of the two species closely resemble each other the incidence of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations was much higher in gorilla than in ...	1980	6449264
comparisons of nuclear antigens of epstein-barr virus (ebv) and ebv-like simian viruses.	nuclear antigens (na) of ebv (ebna), herpesvirus gorilla, h. papio, h. pongo and h. pan were tested with sera of human, gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan, gibbon and baboon origins. both conventional anticomplement immunofluorescence (acif) and acid-fixed nuclear binding of antigen followed by acif (afnb) procedures were used. comparisons of antibody titres by acif and afnb suggested that human sera detected the same antigenic determinants on ebna by the two procedures but gorilla sera measured dif ...	1980	6156993
molar size sequence in the great apes: gorilla, orangutan, and chimpanzee.	in ape dentitions the common molar size sequence is assumed to be mc greater than m2 greater than m1. this sequence is held in contrast to the assumed human sequence, m1 greater than m2 greater than m3. using mesiodistal, buccolingual, and cross-sectional area dimensions, this study indicates that the molar size progression in all three great ape species varies extensively from the assumed sequence.	1980	6928425
hormonal and immunological aspects of the phylogeny of sex steroid binding plasma protein.	sex steoid binding plasma protein (sbp) in man and in monkeys binds the androgens dihydrotestosterone and testosterone and the estrogen estradiol with high affinity (kd approximately 0.5, 1, and 2 nm, respectively). detailed studies of steroid binding specificity give the same results in all primates, except that in humans and chimpanzees estrone does not compete for dihydrotestosterone binding. in other mammals, sbps of artiodactyla and lagomorpha have the same range of affinities for androgens ...	1980	6933505
chromosomal evolution of the great apes and man.	a study of all the chromosomal changes that have occurred during evolution of the great apes and man gives an indication of the phylogeny of these species. their karyotypes differ from one another by a dozen chromosomal changes. the karyotype of their ancestor was very similar to that of living orangutans. reconstruction of the sequence of the chromosomal changes indicates that, after the isolation of the orang-utan, a common ancestral population existed for the other species. then, each branch ...	1980	6934305
hormonal and immunological aspects of sex steroid-binding plasma protein of primates.	sex steroid-binding plasma protein binds dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, and oestradiol with high affinity (kd,eq. approximately 0.5, 1 and 2 nm, respectively), in man (h-sbp) and in monkeys. steroid-binding specificity is identical in all primates. however oestrone does not displace dihydrotestosterone binding in man or chimpanzee. gel filtration experiments and immunoelectrophoretic analysis with a mono-specific antiserum raised in the rabbit against h-sbp indicate cross-reactivity with pri ...	1980	6934306
monitoring the female reproductive cycle of great apes and other primate species by determination of oestrogen and lh in small volumes of urine.	a practical approach for monitoring the reproductive cycle of primates is described. ovulation, implantation, gestation and post-partum amenorrhoea were identified from measurements of total immunoreactive oestrogen and lh bioactivity in incomplete daily urine samples collected from various species, including a gorilla, a chimpanzee and an orang-utan. oestrogen values were determined by radioimmunoassay of hydrolysed urine using a non-specific oestriol antiserum and lh was assessed by measuring ...	1980	6934307
infectious diseases of the great apes of africa.	the chimpanzee is the most extensively used ape in biomedical research. its phylogenetic relationship to man has made it one of the most desirable of research animals. however, because of this closeness to man, the chimpanzee is highly susceptible to human (and other primate) infectious agents, particularly viruses. this susceptibility makes the chimpanzee the only known available test system for aetiological studies on such diseases as hepatitis, neurological diseases of suspected viral origin, ...	1980	6934309
reproduction in wild gorillas and some comparisons with chimpanzees.	information was collected over a period of almost 12 years on the gorillas of the virunga volcanoes region of rwanda and zaire, most of it collected since september 1972. comparisons were made with the gombe stream chimpanzee population (values in parentheses). gorilla females matured at about 8 years (compared with 9-10 years for the chimpanzee) and first bred at 10-11 years (11-12 years). males started to breed later, possibly at 15 years (about 13 years). oestrous periods of female gorillas l ...	1980	6934312
chromosomes and spermatozoa of the african great apes.	we have analysed the chromosome constitution of 8 chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), 3 pygmy chimpanzees (pan paniscus), and 16 gorillas (gorilla gorilla). in the chimpanzees, the frequency of brilliant q-band polymorphisms accounted for 8.85 regions per individual, and in the gorilla 14.9, whereas in man it was only 2.9-4.6. variation in the amount of constitutive heterochromatin was also observed, and the gorilla appeared to be the most variable of all. a detailed analysis of the spermatozoa of th ...	1980	6934315
evidence of similar organization of the chromosomes carrying the major histocompatibility complex in man and other primates.	the chromosome localization and gene synteny of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) of the great apes and rhesus monkey were investigated using somatic cell hybrids. the presence of the mhc antigens was determined either with a microadsorption technique employing primate alloantisera, or with a radioimmune assay. the enzymes phosphoglucomutase 3 (pgm3), glyoxalase 1 (glo1), mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (sod2), and soluble maleic enzyme (me1) were assayed in those hybrids where elect ...	1980	7002489
gorilla diseases and causes of death.	the causes of 48 gorilla deaths were investigated and normal weights for organs ascertained. half of the gorilla deaths in zoos occurred before maturity at around 8 years of age. eight of the 48 died in the perinatal period from rejection, stillbirth or abortion. the majority of gorillas succumb to various types of enterocolitis. the most common aetiological agents are shigella, salmonella, balantidia and a variety of parasites, principally strongyloides. a variety of preventable virus infection ...	1980	7003132
functional articulation of some hominoid foot bones: implications for the olduvai (hominid 8) foot.	previous observations on twelve fossil foot bones (olduvai 8: day and napier, '64) together with multivariate morphometric studies of one of them, the talus (day and wood, '68) suggested human-like bipedality for this foot. subsequent studies showed the conclusions on the talus to be wrong: the fossil talus, as defined by eight measures, does not resemble that of man but is reminiscent of those of creatures known (extant--orangutans) or believed (extinct--some fossil apes and monkeys) to be arbo ...	1980	6768301
an electromyographic study of the pectoralis major in atelines and hylobates, with special reference to the evolution of a pars clavicularis.	among primates there is striking variation in the extent of the origin of pectoralis major from the clavicle. a significant clavicular attachment (pars clavicularis) occurs only in alouatta, lagothrix, hylobates, pan (troglodytes, paniscus and gorilla), and homo. interpreting this trait in nonhuman primates as an adaptation to frequent use of a mobile forelimb in climbing and suspension is contraindicated by the absence of a clavicular origin in ateles and pongo. we have undertaken a telemetered ...	1980	6768302
antistreptococcal antibodies, rheumatoid factors and haptoglobin in apes and monkeys.	sera of 157 baboons (papio hamadryas and p. anubis) 21 chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) five orang utans (pongo pygmaeus) three mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei) and three gibbons (hylobates lar lar) were examined for the content of antistreptolysin o, antidesoxyribonuclease b, for the presence of rheumatoid factors as well as for the level and type of haptoglobin. the mean antistreptolysin o titer (ast) in baboons was 106 asu +/- 18 in dextransulfate absorbed sera ("real" ast) and 182 a ...	1980	6775442
the joints of the evolving foot. part iii. the fossil evidence.	the fossil record supports the conclusions derived from the study of extant species that the primates evolved a unique suite of characters in the articulations of the foot. the tarsal bones of african miocene apes show specializations characteristic of hominoid evolution and provide reasonable precursors for the morphology of pan, gorilla and even pongo. the oh8 foot is essentially ape-like in it major features, with many close resemblances to pan. although fairly clearly from a bipedal primate, ...	1980	6780500
within-species brain-body weight variability: a reexamination of the danish data and other primate species.	a restudy of the danish brain weight data published by pakkenberg and voigt ('64), using partial correlation techniques, confirms and extends their earlier conclusions regarding a much stronger allometric relationship between height and brain weight than between body weight and brain weight. the relationship is particularly strong in males, and not in females, which is hypothesized to be related to higher fat components in the latter. comparative data for smaller samples of pan, gorilla, pongo, ...	1980	7416241
venous drainage of the hind limb in the monkey (macaca fascicularis).	detailed dissection and histological examination of the hind limb veins in twelve adult limbs of macaca fascicularis confirm that the main superficial venous channels are a short saphenous vein and the venae comitantes of branches of the arteria saphena. three sets of constant perforating veins were located, and the number and location of valves in these and the main superficial venous channels were noted. venous sinuses were found in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. dissections of the superfic ...	1980	7440399
interstitial cell tumour of the testis in a western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla).	the post mortem in an adult male gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) aged approximately 33 years revealed very small testes, and the cut surface of the left testis appeared nodular. microscopic examination showed a marked atrophy of seminiferous tubules and fibrosis together with a diffuse interstitial cell hyperplasia. two interstitial cell adenomas were identified in the left testis.	1980	7441719
congestive heart failure and nephritis in an adult gorilla.		1980	7451348
a reanalysis of the south african australopithecine natural endocasts.	sulcal patterns of six previously available south african australopithecine natural endocasts are reexamined and compared to sulcal patterns of 17 human, 12 gorilla and six chimpanzee brains. in addition, a seventh natural endocast, from sts 58, is described for the first time and compared to an artificial endocast from the same specimen. using the taung endocast as a focal point, it is shown that sulcal patterns reproduced on natural endocasts of australopithecines appear to be pongid-like rath ...	1980	7468789
the similarity of chorionic gonadotrophin and its subunits in term placentae from man, apes, old and new world monkeys and a prosimian.	chorionic gonadotrophin (cg) was estimated, by bioassay and radioimmunoassay (ria), in placental extracts from 11 ape and monkey species. there was a significant correlation between the results of the two assay systems (r = 0.903, p less than 0.001). the concentration of cg in most primate term placentae was the same as that in the human placenta at term. extracts from all placentae cross-reacted with antiserum to ovine lh-beta subunit, and those of the chimpanzee and gorilla also had a signific ...	1981	6785176
[sublingual structures of primates. ii. hominoidea, review, summary and literature].	1. in homo and the great apes (pongidae) there occurs, besides the plica sublingualis a plica fimbriata at the ventral surface of the tongue. this duplicature of the mucosa does not occur in the hylobytidae and in the other primates. 2. some taste buds could be found in the epithelium of the plica sublingualis of the pongidae. 3. there are many taste buds in the epithelium of the plica fimbriata of the pongidae. on this sublingual structure there were counted 1776 taste buds in pongo, 592 in gor ...	1981	6793446
reactivity of monoclonal antibodies against human leucocyte antigens with lymphocytes of non-human primate origin.	the phylogenetic distribution of antigens present on human lymphocytes was investigated by incubating human or simian cells with murine anti-human monoclonal antibodies and then determining the level of reactivity with a radiolabelled anti-murine igg reagent. the monoclonal antibodies used were specific for a t-cell antigen, lymphoid and lymphoid:myeloid antigens, ia antigens, and beta 2 microglobulin. the cells examined included b- and t-lymphoblastoid cell lines and fresh peripheral blood lymp ...	1981	6801142
[genetic distances between man, chimpanzee, and gorilla based on electrophoretic mobilities of erythrocyte enzymes (author's transl)].		1981	7228030
development, validation, and application of a rapid method for detection of ovulation in great apes and in women.	a rapid hemagglutination inhibition test for detection of pregnancy in nonhuman primates has been modified to permit detection of the midcycle luteinizing hormone (lh) peak in hominid species. the test has been validated by correlation with immunoassayable lh activity in serum and urine. it has been used by the authors and others from prediction of ovulation in the gorilla, orangutan, chimpanzee, and human. this predictive capacity has been of value to experiments in natural breeding, artificial ...	1981	7250394
development of infant independence in a captive group of lowland gorillas.	in march 1976, 3 lowlands gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) were born to primiparous females living with an adult male in a large compound at the field station of the yerkes regional primate research center of emory university. observations of parent and infant behavior began at the birth of the infants, using several methods of data collection. this report focuses on the development of independence in these infants over the 1st 1 1/2 years of life. as expected, measures of mother-infant contac ...	1981	7262467
a quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus. iv. posterior association nuclei-the pulvinar and lateral posterior nucleus.	nuclear volumes, nerve cell densities, numbers of neurons, and volumes of nerve cell perikarya in the thalamic association complex, the pulvinar and lateral posterior nuclei (pu-lp) were compared among two gibbons, one gorilla, one chimpanzee, and three humans. the human pu has approximately twice as many neurons as do the great apes, whereas the human and gorilla lp have a similar number. the numbers of neurons in the human pu and combined pu-lp complex were predictable from the ape data. never ...	1981	7270664
eclampsia in a lowland gorilla.		1981	7282812
the effects of distamycin a on gorilla-, chimpanzee- and orangutan lymphocyte cultures.	lymphocyte cultures from the gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan were treated with the oligopeptide antibiotic distamycin a. this at-specific dna-ligand induces a distinct undercondensation in the quinacrine-bright heterochromatin of the gorilla and chimpanzee. this is also the case in human lymphocyte cultures. distamycin a further causes an undercondensation in the nonheterochromatic bands 17q21 of the gorilla and 16q22 of man. no visible distamycin a-sensitive chromosome regions are determined ...	1981	7297124
relative growth of the limbs and trunk in the african apes.	examination of relative growth and allometry is important for our understanding of the african apes, as they represent a closely related group of species of increasing body size. this study presents a comparison of ontogenetic relative growth patterns of some postcranial dimensions in pan paniscus, pan troglodytes, and gorilla gorilla. interspecific proportion differences among the three species are also analyzed. it is stressed that reliable ontogenetic information can only be obtained if subad ...	1981	7325219
sudden death associated with atherosclerosis in a gorilla.		1981	7328030
successful treatment of an infertile male lowland gorilla.		1981	7328031
ultrasonic estimation of gestational age in the lowland gorilla: a biparietal diameter growth curve.		1981	7328032
developing pongid dentition and its use for ageing individual crania in comparative cross-sectional growth studies.	this study of the developing pongid dentition is based on cross-sectional radiographic data of juvenile pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, and pongo pygmaeus skulls. comparisons with developmental features of the human dentition are made, and possible explanations for the formation of larger teeth within the reduced pongid growth period are discussed. the data presented in this study provide an alternative method for ageing individual pongid crania in comparative cross-sectional growth studies. t ...	1981	7338332
legg-calvé-perthes disease in a lowland gorilla.		1981	6906911
analysis of the virogenes related to the rhesus monkey endogenous type c retrovirus in monkeys and apes.	molecular hybridization studies were carried out by using a [3h]complementary dna (cdna) probe to compare the endogenous type c retrovirus of rhesus monkeys (mmc-1) with other known retroviruses and related sequences in various primate dnas. the genomic rna of the endogenous type c retrovirus of stumptail monkeys (mac-1) was found to be highly related to the mmc-1 cdna probe, whereas the other retroviral rnas tested showed no homology. related sequences were found in old world monkey dnas and to ...	1981	6262537
evolutionary tree for apes and humans based on cleavage maps of mitochondrial dna.	the high rate of evolution of mitochondrial dna makes this molecule suitable for genealogical research on such closely related species as humans and apes. because previous approaches failed to establish the branching order of the lineages leading to humans, gorillas, and chimpanzees, we compared human mitochondrial dna to mitochondrial dna from five species of ape (common chimpanzee, pygmy chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon). about 50 restriction endonuclease cleavage sites were mapped i ...	1981	6264476
spontaneous generalized herpesvirus hominis infection of a lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla).	a 13-day-old lowland gorilla died from a generalized herpesvirus infection shortly after the onset of clinical signs. the pathologic-anatomical findings were compatible with those described for generalized herpes simplex infection in the human neonate. electron microscopic examination of lung tissue revealed the presence of herpesvirus which was identified with the fluorescent antibody technique as herpes simplex virus type i. tests with related sera of the herpes group (varicella, herpesvirus-b ...	1981	6279853