Publications

hybridization among the ancient mariners: characterization of marine turtle hybrids with molecular genetic assays.	reports of hybridization between marine turtle species (family cheloniidae) have been difficult to authenticate based solely on morphological evidence. here we employ molecular genetic assays to document the sporadic, natural occurrence of viable interspecific hybrids between species representing four of the five genera of cheloniid sea turtles. using multiple dna markers from single-copy nuclear loci, eight suspected hybrids (based on morphology) were confirmed to be the products of matings inv ...	1995	7657993
perception of ocean wave direction by sea turtles	at the beginning of their offshore migration, hatchling sea turtles enter the ocean at night and establish a course away from land by swimming directly into oceanic waves. how turtles can detect wave direction while swimming under water in darkness, however, has not been explained. objects in a water column beneath the surface of the ocean describe a circular movement as waves pass above. in principle, swimming turtles might, therefore, detect wave direction by monitoring the sequence of acceler ...	1995	9318896
green turtle fibropapillomatosis: challenges to assessing the role of environmental cofactors.	green turtle fibropapillomatosis (gtfp) is a growing threat to the survival of green turtle (chelonia mydas) populations worldwide. recent transmission studies point to an infectious etiology. several field studies suggest that high gtfp prevalence is associated with marine habitats that have been impacted by agricultural, industrial, or urban development. environmental contaminants could be involved in gtfp through several plausible mechanisms including cocarcinogenesis and contaminant-induced ...	1995	7556020
phylogeography and population structure of the atlantic and mediterranean green turtle chelonia mydas: a mitochondrial dna control region sequence assessment.	mitochondrial (mt) dna sequences were analysed to resolve the phylogeography and population genetic structure of atlantic and mediterranean populations of green turtles (chelonia mydas). analysis of sequence variation over 487 base pairs of the control (d-loop) region identified 18 haplotypes among 147 individuals from nine nesting populations. pairwise comparisons of haplotype frequencies distinguished most nesting colonies, indicating significant genetic differentiation among rookeries and a s ...	1996	8794558
structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract of the florida manatee, trichechus manatus latirostris.	the florida manatee, trichechus manatus latirostris (sirenia: trichechidae), is the largest herbivorous marine mammal. previously, components of the gastrointestinal (gi) tract of the species have been described, but no comprehensive descriptions of the gross and microscopic anatomy existed. this study integrates function and structure of the entire florida manatee gi tract.	1996	8800413
molecular phylogeny for marine turtles based on sequences of the nd4-leucine trna and control regions of mitochondrial dna.	marine turtles are divided into two families, the dermochelyidae and the cheloniidae. the majority of species are currently placed within the two tribes of the cheloniidae, the chelonini and the carettini, but debate continues over generic and tribal affinities as well as species boundaries. we used nucleotide sequences (907 bp) from the nd4-leu trna region and the control region (526 bp) of mitochondrial dna to resolve areas of uncertainty in marine turtle (chelonioidae) systematics. the nd4-le ...	1996	8744764
local genetic structure within two rookeries of chelonia mydas (the green turtle).	we used multilocus minisatellite dna fingerprinting to examine the local genetic structure within nesting populations of green turtles (chelonia mydas) in tortuguero, costa rica and melbourne, florida, usa. in the tortuguero population, there was a significant negative correlation between genetic similarity of pairs of nesting females and the distance between their nest sites both within years (r2 = 0.273; p < 0.001) and between years (r2 = 0.578; p < 0.001). of the 122 female pairs scored for t ...	1996	8972082
neurologic examination of sea turtles.	to determine whether neurologic examination techniques established for use on dogs and cats could be adapted for use on sea turtles.	1997	9343552
geographic structure of mitochondrial and nuclear gene polymorphisms in australian green turtle populations and male-biased gene flow.	the genetic structure of green turtle (chelonia mydas) rookeries located around the australian coast was assessed by (1) comparing the structure found within and among geographic regions, (2) comparing microsatellite loci vs. restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of anonymous single copy nuclear dna (ascndna) loci, and (3) comparing the structure found at nuclear dna markers to that of previously analyzed mitochondrial (mtdna) control region sequences. significant genetic structure w ...	1997	9409840
cryptosporidium sp. infections in green turtles, chelonia mydas, as a potential source of marine waterborne oocysts in the hawaiian islands.	for the first time, cryptosporidium sp. oocysts were identified in fecal and intestinal samples from free-ranging marine turtles, chelonia mydas, from the hawaiian islands. the oocysts produced positive reactions with commercial test kits recommended for the detection of human-infectious waterborne oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum.	1997	16535658
simulated hibernation of sea turtles in the laboratory: i. feeding, breathing frequency, blood ph, and blood gases.	captive immature green (chelonia mydas) and kemp's ridley (lepidochelys kempi) sea turtles were examined to determine if a hibernation-like state could be induced under controlled conditions. both species demonstrated that they are able to acclimate to cold temperatures behaviorally. however, the two species appeared to respond differently to decreasing temperature. whereas the green turtles tolerated the onset of cold water temperatures by reducing swimming activity, the ridleys became very agi ...	1997	9262006
philopatry of male marine turtles inferred from mitochondrial dna markers.	recent studies of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) variation among marine turtle populations are consistent with the hypothesis that females return to beaches in their natal region to nest as adults. in contrast, less is known about breeding migrations of male marine turtles and whether they too are philopatric to natal regions. studies of geographic structuring of restriction fragment and microsatellite polymorphisms at anonymous nuclear loci in green turtle (chelonia mydas) populations indicate that ...	1997	9238077
efficacy of praziquantel in the treatment of green sea turtles with spontaneous infection of cardiovascular flukes.	to assess the efficacy of praziquantel as a treatment for cardiovascular flukes in turtles.	1997	9247687
observations of fibropapillomatosis in green turtles (chelonia mydas) in indonesia.	to determine the prevalence and manifestations of fibropapillomatosis in green turtles in indonesia, to identify any relationship between fibropapillomatosis and concurrent parasitic infection, to ascertain the effect of fibropapillomatosis on health, and to examine whether environment might have an effect on the prevalence of fibropapillomatosis.	1997	9406633
the environmental contaminant dde fails to influence the outcome of sexual differentiation in the marine turtle chelonia mydas.	in many turtles, the temperature experienced during the middle of egg incubation determines the sex of the offspring. the implication of steroid sex hormones as the proximate trigger for sex determination opens the possibility that endocrine-disrupting contaminants may also influence the outcome of sexual differentiation. in this study we investigate the potential effects of dde (a common ddt metabolite) on sexual differentiation of chelonia mydas (green sea turtle). four clutches of eggs collec ...	1998	9485482
spirorchidiasis and fibropapillomatosis in green turtles from the hawaiian islands.	pathologic examination of green turtles (chelonia mydas) from the hawaiian islands (usa) was performed to determine the primary cause of mortality. lesions were associated with fibropapillomatosis (fp) and/or spirorchidiasis (sp) in 16 of 17 green turtles examined. gross lesions included moderate to severe emaciation, lobulated fibropapillomas of different size classes, serous atrophy of fat, and edema of subcutaneous tissue and muscle. anasarca, hydropericardium and pulmonary edema were common ...	1998	9476230
duodenal volvulus in free-living green turtles from coastal united arab emirates.	post-mortem examinations performed during may and august of 1997 on three free-living green turtles (chelonia mydas) in the united arab emirates revealed that all had stomachs full of fresh seagrass (approximately 99% of the total ingesta) and presented with a duodenal volvulus involving a length of approximately 100 cm. duodeni appeared empty and necrotic with diffuse purple-black mucosa. no apparent signs of obstruction by foreign objects, acute endoparasitism, or other disorders were observed ...	1998	9813851
thermal independence of muscle tissue metabolism in the leatherback turtle, dermochelys coriacea.	metabolic rates of animal tissues typically increase with increasing temperature and thermoregulatory control in an animal is a regional or whole body process. here we report that metabolic rates of isolated leatherback turtle (dermochelys coriacea) pectoralis muscle are independent of temperature from 5-38 degrees c (q10 = 1). conversely, metabolic rates of green turtle (chelonia mydas) pectoralis muscle exhibit a typical vertebrate response and increase with increasing temperature (q10 = 1.3-3 ...	1998	9787823
morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of blood cells from hawaiian green turtles.	to identify and characterize blood cells from free-ranging hawaiian green turtles, chelonia mydas.	1998	9781457
hydrodynamic effect of a satellite transmitter on a juvenile green turtle (chelonia mydas)	wind tunnel tests were performed to measure the effect of a satellite transmitter on a juvenile green turtle (chelonia mydas). a full-scale turtle model was constructed from an 11.5 kg specimen with a 48 cm carapace length, and a transmitter model was constructed from a telonics st-6. the turtle model was tested in a wind tunnel with and without the transmitter, which was mounted on the forward, topmost part of the carapace. drag, lift and pitch moment were measured for several speeds and flow a ...	1998	9698584
lesions caused by cardiovascular flukes (digenea: spirorchidae) in stranded green turtles (chelonia mydas).	evidence of infection with spirorchid flukes (digenea: spirorchidae) was sought at necropsy of 96 stranded green turtles, chelonia mydas, that were examined during the course of a survey of marine turtle mortality in southeastern queensland, australia. three species of spirorchid (hapalotrema mehrai, h. postorchis, and neospirorchis schistosomatoides) were identified. severe disease due to spirorchid fluke infection (spirorchidiasis) was implicated as the principal cause of mortality in 10 turtl ...	1998	9545132
hapalotrema (digenea: spirorchidae) in the green turtle (chelonia mydas) in australia.	hapalotrema mehrai rao, 1976 and hapalotrema postorchis rao, 1976 (digenea: spirorchidae) are redescribed from the heart and pulmonary arteries of the green turtle, chelonia mydas, from moreton bay in south-eastern queensland. hapalotrema pambanensis gupta and mehrotra, 1981 from c. mydas in india is made a synonym of h. mehrai. hapalotrema dorsopora dailey, fast and balazs, 1993 from c. mydas from hawaii was described with a dorsally opening uterine pore, but this is found to be the opening of ...	1998	9576515
single paternity of clutches and sperm storage in the promiscuous green turtle (chelonia mydas).	paternity of 22 green turtle (chelonia mydas) clutches from 13 females of the southern great barrier reef breeding population was determined through microsatellite analyses at five loci, including the analysis of successive clutches for nine of the females. a large number of alleles per locus (10-40) provided probabilities of detecting multiple paternity that were quite high, particularly at all loci combined (99.9%). although green turtles are promiscuous breeders and there was an expectation o ...	1998	9633101
gram-negative bacterial infections and cardiovascular parasitism in green sea turtles (chelonia mydas).	to investigate causes of ill health and mortality in juvenile wild green sea turtles (chelonia mydas) found along the mid-north west coast of western australia between june and october of 1997.	1998	9673767
serological association between spirorchidiasis, herpesvirus infection, and fibropapillomatosis in green turtles from florida.	serodiagnostic tests for detecting green turtle (chelonia mydas) antibody responses were developed to test the strength of association between exposure to spirorchid trematode antigens or herpesvirus antigens and having green turtle fibropapillomatosis (gtfp). plasma samples from 46 captive-reared green turtles, including paired pre- and 1-yr post-inoculation samples from 12 turtles with experimentally induced gtfp, were found by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to be negative for antib ...	1998	9706559
chelonacarus elongatus n. gen., n. sp. (acari: cloacaridae) from the cloaca of the green turtle chelonia mydas (cheloniidae).	chelonacarus elongatus n. gen., n. sp. is proposed for a cheyletoid mite (acari: prostigmata) of the family cloacaridae found in the cloacal tissue of the endangered green turtle chelonia mydas linnaeus, 1758 from the atlantic coast of the republic of panama. in females, the new genus is distinguished from other genera of turtle cloacarids by the elongate slender shape of the idiosoma, the shape and pattern of sclerotization of the dorsal shield, and the fused distal ends of apodemes ii. a combi ...	1998	9714221
the navigational feats of green sea turtles migrating from ascension island investigated by satellite telemetry.	previous tagging studies of the movements of green turtles (chelonia mydas) nesting at ascension island have shown that they shuttle between this remote target in the atlantic ocean and their feeding grounds on the brazilian coast, a distance of 2300 km or more. since a knowledge of sea turtle migration routes might allow inferences on the still unknown navigational mechanisms of marine animals, we tracked the postnesting migration of six green turtle females from ascension island to brazil. fiv ...	1998	9881473
tumorigenicity of green turtle fibropapilloma-derived fibroblast lines in immunodeficient mice.	fibroblast lines derived from normal skin and spontaneous or experimentally induced fibropapillomas of green turtles (chelonia mydas) were established and propagated in medium composed of a combination of dulbecco's minimal essential with f12 medium plus 10% fetal bovine serum at 30 degrees c. fibropapilloma-derived fibroblasts were indistinguishable from normal skin fibroblasts in vitro. tumor lines did not exhibit loss of contact inhibition, anchorage independence, or reduced serum requirement ...	1998	10090007
establishment and characterization of 13 cell lines from a green turtle (chelonia mydas) with fibropapillomas.	thirteen cell lines were established and characterized from brain, kidney, lung, spleen, heart, liver, gall bladder, urinary bladder, pancreas, testis, skin, and periorbital and tumor tissues of an immature male green turtle (chelonia mydas) with fibropapillomas. cell lines were optimally maintained at 30 degrees c in rpmi 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. propagation of the turtle cell lines was serum dependent, and plating efficiencies ranged from 13 to 37%. the cell lines, ...	1999	10462202
association of herpesvirus with fibropapillomatosis of the green turtle chelonia mydas and the loggerhead turtle caretta caretta in florida.	sea turtle fibropapillomatosis (fp) is a disease marked by proliferation of benign but debilitating cutaneous fibropapillomas and occasional visceral fibromas. transmission experiments have implicated a chloroform-sensitive transforming agent present in filtered cell-free tumor homogenates in the etiology of fp. in this study, consensus primer pcr methodology was used to test the association of a chelonian herpesvirus with fibropapillomatosis. fibropapilloma and skin samples were obtained from 1 ...	1999	10494499
comparative pathology and pathogenesis of spontaneous and experimentally induced fibropapillomas of green turtles (chelonia mydas).	tumor biopsy samples from 25 floridian and 15 hawaiian green turtles (chelonia mydas) with spontaneous green turtle fibropapillomatosis (gtfp) and from 27 captive-reared green turtles with experimentally induced gtfp were examined microscopically to differentiate the histologic features that result from gtfp pathogenesis and those that result from incidental factors that may vary according to geographic region. common histologic features for spontaneous and experimentally induced tumors included ...	1999	10568436
an outbreak of salmonellosis linked to a marine turtle.	in september 1998, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in a coastal aboriginal community in the northern territory over a seven day period. an investigation was conducted by the center for disease control, territory health services. thirty-six cases were detected and 17% (n=6) were hospitalized. salmonella chester was isolated from eight of nine stool specimens. sixty-two percent of cases interviewed (n=28) reported consumption of a green turtle (chelonia mydas) within a median of 24 hours p ...	1999	10774704
effect of tagging marine turtles on nesting behaviour and reproductive success.	we studied green, chelonia mydas, and loggerhead, caretta caretta, turtles nesting on the island of cyprus to determine the effects of flipper tagging on postovipositional behaviour and reproductive success. tagging was undertaken immediately after oviposition (64 green turtles; 111 loggerheads). on 12 occasions, loggerheads immediately stopped covering the eggs and proceeded directly to the sea. no green turtles abandoned nesting. in all other cases, where sufficient data were collected, the du ...	1999	10479373
plasma steroid interactions during high-density green turtle nesting and associated disturbance.	raine island in the northern great barrier reef constitutes an extremely high-density green turtle (chelonia mydas) rookery. on this island, competitive interactions for nesting space and subsequent disturbance of individual nesting are widespread. high-density nesting often delays successful oviposition by one or more nights. there is little information on how hormones in female reptiles interact during competitive reproductive events in such high-density nesting populations. in this three-part ...	1999	10375467
[kap study (knowledge-attitude-practice) on seafood poisoning on the southwest coast of madagascar].	in june and july 1996, a knowledge, attitude and practice survey concerning seafood poisonings was conducted in tuléar province, 41 villages spread along 300 km of cost, with some 34,000 inhabitants, were included in the survey. 84 seafood poisonings after fish, shark and turtle meals occurred during the period 1931 to 1995; 14 of them were responsible of deaths. the family of toxic fishes are clupeidae, tetraodontidae, scaridae and siganidae. sphyrna lewini is the shark species the most often r ...	1999	10214522
relating tumor score to hematology in green turtles with fibropapillomatosis in hawaii.	the relationship between hematologic status and severity of tumor affliction in green turtles (chelonia mydas) with fibropapillomatosis (fp) was examined. during 1 wk periods in july 1997 and july 1998, we bled 108 free-ranging green turtles from pala'au (molokai, hawaii, usa) where fp is endemic. blood was analyzed for hematocrit, estimated total solids, total white blood cell (wbc) count and differential wbc count. each turtle was assigned a subjective tumor score ranging from 0 (no visible ex ...	1999	10574546
interactions between behavior and plasma steroids within the scramble mating system of the promiscuous green turtle, chelonia mydas.	we measured plasma androgen (combined testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone) (a) and corticosterone (b) in the promiscuous green turtle (chelonia mydas) during courtship in the southern great barrier reef. this study examined if reproductive behaviors and intermale aggression induced behavioral androgen and adrenocortical responses in reproductively active male and female green turtles. associations between reproductive behavior and plasma steroids were investigated in green turtles across ...	1999	10506533
biochemical responses to fibropapilloma and captivity in the green turtle.	blood biochemical parameters were compared for green turtles (chelonia mydas) with and without green turtle fibropapillomatosis (gtfp) from both captive and wild populations in hawaii (usa) and from a captive population from california (usa), during the period between 1994 and 1996. statistical analysis did not detect an influence of disease in any of the blood parameters for free-ranging turtles; however, captive turtles in hawaii with gtfp had significantly higher levels of alkaline phosphatas ...	2000	10682751
surgical repair of a depressed fracture in a green sea turtle, chelonia mydas.	sea turtles are considered to be endangered species. a depressed fracture of a 35 kg green sea turtle was treated surgically. isoflurane was used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. slow induction of and slow recovery from anesthesia was remarkable. after the operation, there was an improvement of general status, but head tilt and weakness of the left limbs persisted. as the turtle did not eat, force feeding using stomach tube was performed. the turtle died at about 6 months after the s ...	2000	10676899
salt gland blood flow in the hatchling green turtle, chelonia mydas.	microsphere and morphometric techniques were used to investigate any circulatory changes that accompany secretion by the salt glands of hatchling chelonia mydas. salt glands were activated by a salt load of 27.0 mmol nacl x kg body mass (bm)(-1), resulting in a mean sodium secretion rate of 4.14 +/- 0.11 mmol na x kg bm(-1) x h(-1) for a single gland. microsphere entrapment was approximately 160-180 times greater in the active salt gland than the inactive gland, inferring a similar change in blo ...	2000	11192263
phylogeography of colonially nesting seabirds, with special reference to global matrilineal patterns in the sooty tern (sterna fuscata).	sooty tern (sterna fuscata) rookeries are scattered throughout the tropical oceans. when not nesting, individuals wander great distances across open seas, but, like many other seabirds, they tend to be site-faithful to nesting locales in successive years. here we examine the matrilineal history of sooty terns on a global scale. assayed colonies within an ocean are poorly differentiated in mitochondrial dna sequence, a result indicating tight historical ties. however, a shallow genealogical parti ...	2000	11091314
intestinal volvulus and stricture associated with a leiomyoma in a green turtle (chelonia mydas).	a previously stranded 30-kg female green turtle (chelonia mydas) was referred to the veterinary medical teaching hospital at the university of florida following a 2-mo history of anorexia, intermittent regurgitation, decreased fecal production, and positive buoyancy of the right side. radiographs confirmed gaseous distension of bowel loops suggestive of intestinal obstruction. the coelom was surgically approached through a plastron osteotomy, and a 540 degrees volvulus of the small intestine was ...	2000	10982137
the diving behaviour of green turtles at ascension island.	for six green turtles, chelonia mydas, that had nested on ascension island in the south atlantic, we used time-depth recorders to examine their diving behaviour during the subsequent internesting interval (10-12 days). all the turtles performed dives where they remained at a fixed depth for a long period, surfaced briefly and then dived to the same depth again. it is generally believed these dive profiles are caused by the turtles resting on the sea bed. the maximum depth that turtles routinely ...	2000	10715180
identification of a small, naked virus in tumor-like aggregates in cell lines derived from a green turtle, chelonia mydas, with fibropapillomas.	serial cultivation of cell lines derived from lung, testis, periorbital and tumor tissues of a green turtle (chelonia mydas) with fibropapillomas resulted in the in vitro formation of tumor-like cell aggregates, ranging in size from 0.5 to 2.0 mm in diameter. successful induction of tumor-like aggregates was achieved in a cell line derived from lung tissue of healthy green turtles, following inoculation with cell-free media from these tumor-bearing cell lines, suggesting the presence of a transm ...	2000	10713373
[identification of turtle shell, tortoise plastron and their counterfeit products].	to identify the commercial chinese medicines turtle shell and tortoise plastron.	2000	12512444
arsenic accumulation in three species of sea turtles.	arsenic in the liver, kidney and muscle of three species of sea turtles, e.g., green turtles (chelonia mydas), loggerhead turtles (caretta caretta) and hawksbill turtles (eretmochelys imbricata), were determined using hg-aas, followed by arsenic speciation analysis using hplc-icp-ms. the order of arsenic concentration in tissues was muscle > kidney > liver. unexpectedly, the arsenic concentrations in the hawksbill turtles feeding mainly on sponges were higher than the two other turtles primarily ...	2000	11127896
assessing humoral and cell-mediated immune response in hawaiian green turtles, chelonia mydas.	seven immature green turtles, chelonia mydas, captured from kaneohe bay on the island of oahu were used to evaluate methods for assessing their immune response. two turtles each were immunized intramuscularly with egg white lysozyme (ewl) in freund's complete adjuvant, gerbu, or isa-70; a seventh turtle was immunized with saline only and served as a control. humoral immune response was measured with an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). cell-mediated immune response was measured ...	2000	10802287
growth-related changes in heavy metal accumulation in green turtle (chelonia mydas) from yaeyama islands, okinawa, japan.	concentrations of nine heavy metals (fe, mn, zn, cu, pb, ni, cd, co, and hg) were determined in liver, kidney, and muscle of 50 green turtles (chelonia mydas) collected from yaeyama islands, okinawa, japan, to elucidate growth-related changes in heavy metal accumulation during different growth stage. considerably high cu concentrations were found in the liver of smaller turtles. mean hepatic concentration of cu was 50.2 microg/g wet weight which varied widely (4.27-113 microg/g wet weight). cadm ...	2000	10948289
detection of herpesviral sequences in tissues of green turtles with fibropapilloma by polymerase chain reaction.	an alpha-herpesvirus has been associated recently with green turtle fibropapilloma (fp). to further clarify the role of this newfound green turtle herpesvirus (gthv) in the pathogenesis of fp, various normal-appearing tissues and organs (including skin, eye, brain, heart, liver, spleen, intestine, lung, kidney, nerve, gonad, tongue, gall bladder, urinary bladder, thyroid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from blood) and tumor tissues from 19 green turtles (chelonia mydas) with fp, an ...	2000	11043948
open-sea migration of magnetically disturbed sea turtles.	green turtles (chelonia mydas) that shuttle between their brazilian feeding grounds and nesting beaches at ascension island in the middle of the atlantic ocean are a paradigmatic case of long-distance oceanic migrants. it has been suggested that they calculate their position and the direction of their target areas by using the inclination and intensity of the earth's magnetic field. to test this hypothesis, we tracked, by satellite, green turtles during their postnesting migration from ascension ...	2000	11044382
persistent infectivity of a disease-associated herpesvirus in green turtles after exposure to seawater.	herpesviruses are associated with several diseases of marine turtles including lung-eye-trachea disease (letd) and gray patch disease (gpd) of green turtles (chelonia mydas) and fibropapillomatosis (fp) of green, loggerhead (caretta caretta), and olive ridley turtles (lepidochelys olivacea). the stability of chelonian herpesviruses in the marine environment, which may influence transmission, has not been previously studied. in these experiments, letd-associated herpesvirus (letv) was used as a m ...	2000	11085447
amplification and analysis of dna flanking known sequences of a novel herpesvirus from green turtles with fibropapilloma brief report.	a 1,632-bp fragment, flanking the original 483-bp region of the dna polymerase gene of a novel herpesvirus found in tissues of green turtles (chelonia mydas) with fibropapilloma, was amplified from the circularized ecori-cut dna extracted from tumor tissues by inverse pcr. the resultant 2,019-bp partial sequence of the dna polymerase gene of the newfound herpesvirus, including the original 483-bp region, showed a high degree of homology at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels with that of o ...	2000	11205112
diseases of the respiratory tract of chelonians.	diseases of the respiratory tract commonly occur in captive chelonians, and several diseases also have occurred in wild chelonians. infectious causes include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. herpesviruses have surfaced as important pathogens of the oral cavity and respiratory tract in hermann's tortoise (testudo hermanii), spur-thighed tortoise (testudo graeca), and other tortoises in europe and the united states. herpesvirus-associated respiratory diseases also have been reported in the ...	2000	11228895
control of salt gland activity in the hatchling green sea turtle, chelonia mydas.	we studied the control of salt gland secretion in hatchling chelonia mydas. the threshold salt load to activate salt secretion was between 400 mumol nacl 100 g bodymass (bm)-1 and 600 mumol nacl 100 g bm-1, which caused an increase in plasma sodium concentration of 13% to 19%. following a salt load of 2700 mumol nacl 100 g bm-1, salt gland secretion commenced in 12 +/- 1.3 min and reached maximal secretory concentration within 2-7 min. maximal secretory rate of a single gland averaged 415 mumol ...	2000	10707322
development of the pulmonary surfactant system in non-mammalian amniotes.	pulmonary surfactant (ps) is a complex mixture of phospholipids, neutral lipids and proteins that lines the inner surface of the lung. here, it modulates surface tension thereby increasing lung compliance and preventing the transudation of fluid. in mammals, the ps system develops towards the end of gestation, characterized by an increase in the saturation of phospholipids in lung washings and the appearance of surfactant proteins in amniotic fluid. birth, the transition from in utero to the ext ...	2001	11369533
detection of antibodies to a disease-associated herpesvirus of the green turtle, chelonia mydas.	lung-eye-trachea disease-associated herpesvirus (letv) is linked with morbidity and mortality in mariculture-reared green turtles, but its prevalence among and impact on wild marine turtle populations is unknown. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for detection of anti-letv antibodies and could distinguish letv-exposed green turtles from those with antibodies to fibropapillomatosis-associated herpesvirus (fphv). plasma from two captive-reared green turtles immunized with ...	2001	11574574
survey of florida green turtles for exposure to a disease-associated herpesvirus.	a recently developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to assess exposure of florida wild green turtles chelonia mydas to letv, the herpesvirus associated with lung-eye-trachea disease (letd). plasma samples from 329 wild juvenile green turtles netted in the indian river lagoon, along the sebastian reef, or in the trident basin (indian river and brevard counties, florida) were tested by elisa for the presence of antibodies to letv. plasma samples from 180 wild juvenile green tur ...	2001	11804414
the diving behaviour of green turtles undertaking oceanic migration to and from ascension island: dive durations, dive profiles and depth distribution.	satellite telemetry was used to record the submergence duration of green turtles (chelonia mydas) as they migrated from ascension island to brazil (n=12 individuals) while time/depth recorders (tdrs) were used to examine the depth distribution and dive profiles of individuals returning to ascension island to nest after experimental displacement (n=5 individuals). satellite telemetry revealed that most submergences were short (<5 min) but that some submergences were longer (>20 min), particularly ...	2001	11809783
marine debris and human impacts on sea turtles in southern brazil.	dead stranded sea turtles were recovered and examined to determine the impact of anthropogenic debris and fishery activities on sea turtles on the coast of rio grande do sul state, brazil. esophagus/stomach contents of 38 juvenile green chelonia mydas, 10 adults and sub-adults loggerhead caretta caretta, and two leatherback dermochelys coriacea turtles (adult or sub-adult) included plastic bags as the main debris ingested, predominated by white and colorless pieces. the ingestion of anthropogeni ...	2001	11827120
trophic status drives interannual variability in nesting numbers of marine turtles.	large annual fluctuations are seen in breeding numbers in many populations of non-annual breeders. we examined the interannual variation in nesting numbers of populations of green (chelonia mydas) (n = 16 populations), loggerhead (caretta caretta) (n = 10 populations), leatherback (dermochelys coriacea) (n = 9 populations) and hawksbill turtles (eretmochelys imbricata) (n = 10 populations). interannual variation was greatest in the green turtle. when comparing green and loggerhead turtles nestin ...	2001	11454292
asynchronous emergence by loggerhead turtle (caretta caretta) hatchlings.	for many decades it has been accepted that marine turtle hatchlings from the same nest generally emerge from the sand together. however, for loggerhead turtles (caretta caretta) nesting on the greek island of kefalonia, a more asynchronous pattern of emergence has been documented. by placing temperature loggers at the top and bottom of nests laid on kefalonia during 1998, we examined whether this asynchronous emergence was related to the thermal conditions within nests. pronounced thermal variat ...	2001	11402844
congener-specific profile and toxicity assessment of pcbs in green turtles (chelonia mydas) from the hawaiian islands.	chemical pollution may play a role in the etiology of fibropapillomatosis in green turtles (chelonia mydas). in this preliminary study, polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) were measured in the livers and adipose fats of green turtles collected after they were stranded on oahu island, hawaii in 1992-1993. average concentrations of total pcbs were 45-58 ng/g dry weight and 73-665 ng/g in the liver and adipose tissues, respectively. hexachlorobiphenyls were predominant homologues, pcbs 153 and 138 wer ...	2001	11778957
immune status of free-ranging green turtles with fibropapillomatosis from hawaii.	cell-mediated and humoral immune status of free-ranging green turtles (chelonia mydas) in hawaii (usa) with and without fibropapillornatosis (fp) were assessed. tumored and non-tumored turtles from kaneohe bay (kb) on the island of oahu and from fp-free areas on the west (kona/kohala) coast of the island of hawaii were sampled from april 1998 through february 1999. turtles on oahu were grouped (0-3) for severity of tumors with 0 for absence of tumors, 1 for light, 2 for moderate, and 3 for most ...	2001	11504232
altered in vitro immune responses in green turtles (chelonia mydas) with fibropapillomatosis.	the immune competence of green sea turtles (chelonia mydas) with fibropapillomatosis was assessed using in vitro techniques to measure lymphocyte proliferation in response to mitogens. in comparison with captive, healthy green sea turtles, those afflicted with fibropapillomas demonstrated diminished proliferation with concanavalin a, phytohemagglutinin (t-cell mitogens), and lipopolysaccharide (b-cell mitogen). also, markedly decreased proliferative responses to the lymphocyte polyclonal stimula ...	2001	12785698
development of the pulmonary surfactant system in the green sea turtle, chelonia mydas.	this study describes the developmental changes in pulmonary surfactant (ps) lipids throughout incubation in the sea turtle, chelonia mydas. total phospholipid (pl), disaturated phospholipid (dsp) and cholesterol (chol) harvested from lung washings increased with advancing incubation, where secretion was maximal at pipping, coincident with the onset of pulmonary ventilation. the dsp/pl ratio increased, whereas the chol/pl and the chol/dsp ratio declined throughout development. the phospholipids, ...	2001	11311312
trace element accumulation in hawksbill turtles (eretmochelys imbricata) and green turtles (chelonia mydas) from yaeyama islands, japan.	concentrations of 18 trace elements (v, cr, mn, co, cu, zn, se, rb, sr, zr, mo, ag, cd, sb, ba, hg, tl, and pb) were determined in the liver, kidney, and muscle of green turtles (chelonia mydas) and hawksbill turtles (eretmochelys imbricata) from yaeyama islands, okinawa, japan. accumulation features of trace elements in the three tissues were similar between green and hawksbill turtles. no gender differences in trace element accumulation in liver and kidney were found for most of the elements. ...	2001	11764164
differential gene expression associated with tumorigenicity of cultured green turtle fibropapilloma-derived fibroblasts.	fibroblast cell lines derived from normal skin and experimentally induced fibropapillomas of green turtles (chelonia mydas), were propagated in vitro and tested for tumorigenicity in immunodeficient mice. differential display rt-pcr was used to identify differences in messenger rna expression between normal and tumorigenic fibropapillomatosis (fp)-derived fibroblasts from the same individual. four unique products that were apparently overexpresed in fp and three that were apparently underexpress ...	2001	11520563
anthropogenic and natural organohalogen compounds in blubber of dolphins and dugongs (dugong dugon) from northeastern australia.	a range of organohalogen compounds (10 polychlorinated biphenyl [pcb] congeners, ddt and metabolites, chlordane-related compounds, the potential natural organochlorine compound q1, toxaphene, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexanes, dieldrin, and several yet unidentified brominated compounds) were detected in the blubber of four bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus), one common dolphin (delphinus delphis), and seven dugongs (dugong dugon), as well as in adipose tissue of a green turtle (che ...	2001	11462147
influence of diminished respiratory surface area on survival of sea turtle embryos.	it has been suggested that fungal presence on sea turtle eggs may impede gas exchange. to investigate the influence of diminished gas exchange surface upon embryo survivorship, flatback (natator depressus) and green (chelonia mydas) eggs were painted with petroleum jelly. variable proportions of the egg surface were covered, including both respiratory and nonrespiratory domains. embryo survival varied with site inhibited, proportion of eggshell affected, and species of turtle. if fungi on the ex ...	2001	11241402
the role of leaf nitrogen content in determining turtlegrass (thalassia testudinum) grazing by a generalized herbivore in the northeastern gulf of mexico.	in shallow marine environments the variability in grazing on seagrasses has been hypothesized to be controlled, in part, by the nutritive quality (i.e., nitrogen content) of their leaves. the few existing studies of the relationship between leaf nitrogen content and seagrass grazing have all found a positive relationship between leaf nitrogen content and preference by selective vertebrate grazers (i.e., the bucktooth parrotfish, green sea turtles, and dugongs). however, most marine herbivores (b ...	2001	11239626
patterns of lipid storage and mobilisation in the female green sea turtle ( chelonia mydas).	reproductive data from southern queensland indicate that vitellogenesis in female chelonia mydas takes approximately 8 months and is followed by a migration to a breeding area. at heron island, females lay multiple clutches over approximately 3 months. to investigate how females mobilise and store lipid during the breeding season we collected plasma, yolk, and fat tissue samples from females at a variety of stages during the nesting season. in breeding females, concentrations of plasma triglycer ...	2002	12192510
nocturnal activity in the green sea turtle alters daily profiles of melatonin and corticosterone.	in nature, green turtles (chelonia mydas) can exhibit nocturnal activity in addition to their typically diurnal activity cycle. we examined whether nocturnal activity in captive and free-living green turtles altered daily plasma profiles of melatonin (mel) and corticosterone (cort). in captivity, diurnally active green turtles expressed distinct diel cycles in mel and cort; a nocturnal rise was observed in mel and a diurnal rise was observed in cort. however, when induced to perform both low- an ...	2002	12018931
dynamic endocrine responses to stress: evidence for energetic constraints and status dependence in breeding male green turtles.	during reproduction, male vertebrates may exhibit a continuum of interactions between sex and adrenal steroids during stressful events, the outcome of which may be important in either reducing or promoting male reproductive success. we studied adult male green turtles (chelonia mydas) to examine if they altered plasma corticosterone (cort) and androgen levels in response to a standardized capture/restraint stressor as potential mechanisms to maintain reproductive activity during stressful events ...	2002	11944967
fluoride content by ion chromatography using a suppressed conductivity detector and osmolality of bitterns discharged into the pacific ocean from a saltworks: feasible causal agents in the mortality of green turtles (chelonia mydas) in the ojo de liebre lagoon, baja california sur, mexico.	on december 1997, 94 corpses of green turtles, chelonia mydas, were found at the ojo de liebre lagoon (oll) adjacent to the industrial operation of exportadora de sal s. a (essa), the largest saltworks in the world, owned by the mexican government and mitsubishi corporation, located in baja california sur, mexico. every year about 551 x 10(6) m3 of seawater is solar evaporated, producing 7 x 10(6) tons of salt and 24.6 x 10(6) m3 of bitterns, the latter being discharged into the oll, which is a ...	2002	12243394
subcellular distribution of trace elements in the liver of sea turtles.	subcellular distribution of cu, zn, se, rb, mo, ag, cd and pb was determined in the liver of green turtles (chelonia mydas) and hawksbill turtles (eretmochelys imbricata) from yaeyama islands, japan. also, hepatic cytosol from sea turtles was applied on a sephadex g-75 column and elution profiles of trace elements were examined. copper, zn, se, rb, ag and cd were largely present in cytosol in the liver of both species, indicating that cytosol was the significant site for the accumulation of thes ...	2002	12398389
pathology of oropharyngeal fibropapillomatosis in green turtles chelonia mydas.	complete gross and histopathologic examinations of the oral cavity, tongue, pharynx, larynx, and glottis were performed in five hawaiian green turtles chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis. these examinations demonstrated that the oropharyngeal fibropapillomas were similar to characteristic external fibropapillomas previously described for green turtles. the size, appearance, and anatomic site of the tumors confirmed that these turtles presented total or partial occlusion of the nasopharynx, g ...	2002	28880789
bacteraemia in free-ranging hawaiian green turtles chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis.	past studies of free-ranging green turtles chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis (fp) in hawaii have shown that animals become immunosuppressed with increasing severity of this disease. additionally, preliminary clinical examination of moribund turtles with fp revealed that some animals were also bacteraemic. we tested the hypothesis that bacteraemia in sea turtles is associated with the severity of fp. we captured free-ranging green turtles from areas in hawaii where fp is absent, and areas w ...	2003	12608567
induction of vitellogenesis by estradiol-17beta and development of enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays to quantify plasma vitellogenin levels in green turtles (chelonia mydas).	treatment of juvenile green turtles (chelonia mydas) with estradiol-17beta resulted in the induction of a 200 kda plasma protein, consistent with vitellogenin (vtg). the n-terminal 15 amino acids of the anion exchange purified protein shared sequence homologies with vitellogenins of several vertebrate species. rabbit antiserum raised against purified vtg recognized the plasma protein as well as several yolk proteins. monoclonal antibody (mab) hl1248, produced by inoculating mice with turtle yolk ...	2003	12831775
lung ventilation during treadmill locomotion in a terrestrial turtle, terrapene carolina.	the limb girdles and lungs of turtles are both located within the bony shell, and therefore limb movements during locomotion could affect breathing performance. a mechanical conflict between locomotion and lung ventilation has been reported in adult green sea turtles, chelonia mydas, in which breathing stops during terrestrial locomotion and resumes during pauses between bouts of locomotion. we measured lung ventilation during treadmill locomotion using pneumotach masks in three individual terra ...	2003	12939371
arsenic accumulation in livers of pinnipeds, seabirds and sea turtles: subcellular distribution and interaction between arsenobetaine and glycine betaine.	concentrations of total arsenic and individual arsenic compounds were determined in liver samples of pinnipeds (northern fur seal callorhinus ursinus and ringed seal pusa hispida), seabirds (black-footed albatross diomedea nigripes and black-tailed gull larus crassirostris) and sea turtles (hawksbill turtle eretmochelys imbricata and green turtle chelonia mydas). among these species, the black-footed albatross contained the highest hepatic arsenic concentration (5.8+/-3.7 microg/g wet mass). ars ...	2003	15012900
island-finding ability of marine turtles.	green turtles (chelonia mydas) swim from foraging grounds along the brazilian coast to ascension island to nest, over 2200 km distant in the middle of the equatorial atlantic. to test the hypothesis that turtles use wind-borne cues to locate ascension island we found turtles that had just completed nesting and then moved three individuals 50 km northwest (downwind) of the island and three individuals 50 km southeast (upwind). their subsequent movements were tracked by satellite. turtles released ...	2003	12952621
seasonal variation in plasma catecholamines and adipose tissue lipolysis in adult female green sea turtles (chelonia mydas).	we investigated three aspects of potential interrenal regulation of reproduction in female green sea turtles, chelonia mydas. first, seasonal trends in plasma catecholamines were examined from female c. mydas at different stages of their reproductive cycles. second, variation in catecholamine levels during a nesting season were analysed in relation to restraint time, and ecological variables such as nesting habitat, body size, and reproductive investment. third, catecholamine and corticosterone ...	2003	12606273
trace element residues in tissues of green turtles (chelonia mydas) from south china waters.		2004	14725889
good news for sea turtles.	following the overexploitation of sea turtle populations, conservation measures are now in place in many areas. however, the overall impact of these measures is often unknown because there are few long time-series showing trends in population sizes. in a recent paper, george balazs and milani chaloupka chart the number of green turtles chelonia mydas nesting in hawaii over the past 30 years and reveal a remarkably quick increase in the size of this population following the instigation of conserv ...	2004	16701283
retrospective pathology survey of green turtles chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis in the hawaiian islands, 1993--2003.	we necropsied 255 stranded green turtles chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis (fp) from the hawaiian islands, north pacific, from august 1993 through may 2003. of these, 214 (84 %) were euthanized due to advanced fp and the remainder were found dead in fresh condition. turtles were assigned a standardized tumor severity score ranging from 1 (lightly tumored) to 3 (heavily tumored). tumors were counted and measured and categorized as external, oral, or internal and tissues evaluated by light m ...	2004	15648843
evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging for detection of internal tumors in green turtles with cutaneous fibropapillomatosis.	to describe the gross cross-sectional anatomy of green turtles (chelonia mydas) and evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (mri) for detection of internal tumors in green turtles with cutaneous fibropapillomatosis.	2004	15552321
global population genetic structure and male-mediated gene flow in the green sea turtle (chelonia mydas): analysis of microsatellite loci.	we assessed the degree of population subdivision among global populations of green sea turtles, chelonia mydas, using four microsatellite loci. previously, a single-copy nuclear dna study indicated significant male-mediated gene flow among populations alternately fixed for different mitochondrial dna haplotypes and that genetic divergence between populations in the atlantic and pacific oceans was more common than subdivisions among populations within ocean basins. even so, overall levels of vari ...	2004	15126404
animal behaviour: geomagnetic map used in sea-turtle navigation.	migratory animals capable of navigating to a specific destination, and of compensating for an artificial displacement into unfamiliar territory, are thought to have a compass for maintaining their direction of travel and a map sense that enables them to know their location relative to their destination. compasses are based on environmental cues such as the stars, the sun, skylight polarization and magnetism, but little is known about the sensory mechanism responsible for the map sense. here we s ...	2004	15118716
the ozobranchus leech is a candidate mechanical vector for the fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus found latently infecting skin tumors on hawaiian green turtles (chelonia mydas).	fibropapillomatosis (fp) of marine turtles is a neoplastic disease of ecological concern. a fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus (fpthv) is consistently present, usually at loads exceeding one virus copy per tumor cell. dna from an array of parasites of green turtles (chelonia mydas) was examined with quantitative pcr (qpcr) to determine whether any carried viral loads are sufficient to implicate them as vectors for fpthv. marine leeches (ozobranchus spp.) were found to carry high viral ...	2004	15033569
effects of organochlorine compounds on cytochrome p450 aromatase activity in an immortal sea turtle cell line.	many classes of environmental contaminants affect the reproductive function of animals through interactions with the endocrine system. the primary components affected by endocrine active compounds (eacs) are the steroid receptors and the enzymes responsible for steroidogenesis. this study sought to develop an in vitro model for assessing eac effects in sea turtles by examining their ability to alter cytochrome p450 aromatase (cyp19) activity. aromatase is the enzyme responsible for the conversio ...	2004	15178053
learedius learedi infection in black turtles (chelonia mydas agassizii), baja california sur, mexico.	black turtle (chelonia mydas agassizii) carcasses, recovered as a result of incidental capture in magdalena bay, mexico, revealed invasion by spirorchiid trematode eggs in liver, kidney, intestines, muscle, heart, pancreas, and duodenum. seventy-five adult learedius learedi price, 1934, were recovered from the heart of 1 turtle. most of the organs showed a mild or absent inflammatory response in histological sections, with the exception of a pancreatic-duodenal section that revealed severe lymph ...	2004	15270115
conservation genetics of the east pacific green turtle (chelonia mydas) in michoacan, mexico.	the main continental nesting rookeries of the east pacific green turtle (epgt), chelonia mydas, on the michoacan (mexico) coast suffered drastic population declines following intense exploitation in the 1960s--1970s with annual abundance of nesting females plummeting from about 25,000 to an average of about 1400 between 1982 and 2001. analyses of data from three ndna microsatellite loci and 400 bp mtdna control region sequences from a total of 123 nesting females sampled from four michoacan rook ...	2004	15330119
plastic debris ingestion by sea turtle in paraíba, brazil.	coastal gill net entanglement and debris intake are important threats to the survival of sea turtles. two sea turtles (lepidochelys olivacea and chelonia mydas) were found stranded along the coast of paraíba. after necropsy, plastic debris were found in the stomach. the debris is described. this is the first record of this sort of problem for the paraíba littoral.	2004	15341830
digestive pathology of sea turtles stranded in the canary islands between 1993 and 2001.	digestive lesions were observed in 84 of 136 sea turtles (128 caretta caretta, four chelonia mydas and four dermochelys coriacea) stranded in the canary islands between january 1993 and december 2001. in the oral cavity ulcerative and necropurulent stomatitis were the most frequently observed lesions, and in the oesophagus ulcerative and fibrinous oesophagitis, and traumatic oesophageal perforation were most frequently observed; all these lesions were mainly associated with the ingestion of fish ...	2004	15357377
genomic variation of the fibropapilloma-associated marine turtle herpesvirus across seven geographic areas and three host species.	fibropapillomatosis (fp) of marine turtles is an emerging neoplastic disease associated with infection by a novel turtle herpesvirus, fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus (fpthv). this report presents 23 kb of the genome of an fpthv infecting a hawaiian green turtle (chelonia mydas). by sequence homology, the open reading frames in this contig correspond to herpes simplex virus genes ul23 through ul36. the order, orientation, and homology of these putative genes indicate that fpthv is a ...	2005	15613340
diseases and causes of mortality among sea turtles stranded in the canary islands, spain (1998-2001).	this paper lists the pathological findings and causes of mortality of 93 sea turtles (88 caretta caretta, 3 chelonia mydas, and 2 dermochelys coriacea) stranded on the coasts of the canary islands between january 1998 and december 2001. of these, 25 (26.88%) had died of spontaneous diseases including different types of pneumonia, hepatitis, meningitis, septicemic processes and neoplasm. however, 65 turtles (69.89%) had died from lesions associated with human activities such as boat-strike injuri ...	2005	15759796
fibropapillomatosis in stranded green turtles (chelonia mydas) from the eastern united states (1980-98): trends and associations with environmental factors.	we examined data collected by the us sea turtle stranding and salvage network on 4,328 green turtles (chelonia mydas) found dead or debilitated (i.e., stranded) in the eastern half of the usa from massachusetts to texas during the period extending from 1980 to 1998. fibropapillomatosis (fp) was reported only on green turtles in the southern half of florida (south of 29 degrees n latitude). within this region, 22.6% (682/3,016) of the turtles had tumors. fibropapillomatosis was more prevalent in ...	2005	15827208
circulating serotonin in vertebrates.	the role of circulating serotonin is unclear and whether or not serotonin is present in the blood of non-mammalian species is not known. this study provides the first evidence for the presence of serotonin in thrombocytes of birds and three reptilian species, the endothermic leatherback sea turtle, the green sea turtle and the partially endothermic american alligator. thrombocytes from a fresh water turtle, american bullfrog, yellowfin tuna, and chinook salmon did not contain serotonin. serotoni ...	2005	16041566
distribution of chelonid fibropapillomatosis-associated herpesvirus variants in florida: molecular genetic evidence for infection of turtles following recruitment to neritic developmental habitats.	marine turtle fibropapillomatosis is associated with chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus (c-fp-hv) and commonly affects juvenile green turtles (chelonia mydas) in neritic (nearshore) habitats. green turtles have a complex life history, characterized by shifts in trophic level as well as habitat during ontogeny. thus, several hypotheses can be proposed for when turtles become infected with c-fp-hv. they may acquire the virus at an early stage in the life cycle, including prenatal, hatc ...	2005	16244058
epizootiology of spirorchiid infection in green turtles (chelonia mydas) in hawaii.	we describe the epizootiology of spirorchiid trematode infections in hawaiian green turtles (chelonia mydas) by quantifying tissue egg burdens in turtles submitted for necropsy and by assessing antibody response to crude adult worm and egg antigens among a variety of age groups. hapalotrema sp. and laeredius sp. predominated in turtles infected with spirorchiids. tissue egg burdens decreased with increasing size and increased with deteriorating body condition of turtles. no relationship was foun ...	2005	17089757