Publications

genetic characterization and transovarial transmission of a typhus-like rickettsia found in cat fleas.	the identification of apparently fastidious microorganisms is often problematic. dna from a rickettsia-like agent (called the elb agent) present in cat fleas could be amplified by pcr with conserved primers derived from rickettsial 17-kda common protein antigen and citrate synthase genes but not spotted fever group 190-kda antigen gene. alu i sites in both the 17-kda and citrate synthase pcr products obtained with the rickettsia-like agent and rickettsia typhi were different even though both age ...	1992	1729713
efficacy of diflubenzuron in simulated household and yard conditions against the cat flea ctenocephalides felis (bouché) (siphonoptera: pulicidae).	diflubenzuron-treated carpet inhibited egg-to-adult development of the cat flea for up to 12 mo even with weekly vacuuming of the carpet. the efficacy of diflubenzuron was similar in treated soils over a 6-mo test period except in the case of treated soil that remained outside. reduced efficacy is attributed to degradation of diflubenzuron by microorganisms and water.	1993	8510122
reproductive success of cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis, on calves as unusual hosts.	cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis, were released onto calves as unusual hosts, and sampled at intervals for histological examination. egg output from fleas on age-matched male and female calves was monitored. using indicators of reproductive maturation and regression together with egg output data, the reproductive success and fertility of cat fleas on male and female calves were estimated. comparisons were made with fleas taken from cats. the mean egg output of fleas on the bull calf was highly s ...	1993	8435496
characterization of allergens of the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis: detection and frequency of ige antibodies in canine sera.	flea allergens, fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose, were identified using 20 flea-allergic dog sera in an enhanced chemiluminescent assay for canine ige antibodies. at least 15 different flea components in the molecular weight range of 14-150 k bound ige and every serum demonstrated a different pattern of binding. three of the components with apparent molecular weights of 25, 40 and 58 k were each bound by at least 40% of the sera. no reactivity ...	1993	8446466
a suburban focus of endemic typhus in los angeles county: association with seropositive domestic cats and opossums.	thirty-three cases of locally acquired murine typhus were reported in los angeles county residents from may 1984 through february 1988. only eight cases were reported over the previous 20-year period. thirty (91%) cases resided within a suburban area encompassing approximately 50 km2 in northcentral los angeles or had contact with an animal from this area. serologic testing (complement fixation and indirect fluorescent antibody) of selected animals in close association with human cases revealed ...	1993	8447530
studies on the ectoparasites (fleas and lice) on rodents in riyadh and its surroundings, saudi arabia.	a survey was conducted on rodents from the riyadh city and surroundings. two species of fleas, xenopsylla cheopis and ctenocephalides felis felis together with polyplax spinulosa were collected. the highest infestation rate by both fleas occurred on rattus rattus followed by rattus norvegicus and mus musculus. females of r. rattus and r. norvegicus were more infested by fleas than males. on the other hand, meriones spp., gerbillus spp., jaculus jaculus and acomys dimidiatus were infested with x. ...	1993	8308348
fleas and lice on scrub hares (lepus saxatilis) in south africa.	a total of 380 scrub hares (lepus saxatilis) from 5 localities, ranging from the north-eastern transvaal to the eastern and the south-western cape province of south africa, were examined for fleas and lice. ctenocephalides felis damarensis was almost exclusively responsible for the flea infestations on hares at 4 of the 5 sites. at 4 localities the prevalence and abundance of this flea reached peaks between august and october and declined thereafter to their lowest levels between february and ap ...	1993	8332329
an attempt to protect cats against infestation with ctenocephalides felis felis using gut membrane antigens as a vaccine.	cats (n = 5) were vaccinated with membrane antigens extracted from the gut of unfed fleas (ctenocephalides felis felis) together with quil a and ribi as adjuvants. five unvaccinated cats were retained as controls. all the cats were infested on 6 separate occasions with fleas (46-250 per challenge). protection was assessed from the number of fleas retrieved and the fecundity of the female fleas, measured as the number of developed oocytes contained in the reproductive tract. cats injected with gu ...	1993	8300299
involvement of dogs in plague epidemiology in tanzania. serological observations in domestic animals in lushoto district.	venous blood was collected aseptically from clinically healthy domestic dogs, goats, sheep, cats and fowl in various plague-infected villages of lushoto district, tanzania, at the time when the disease was actively prevalent in the area. flea ectoparasites were collected from the animals, processed, identified and counted. serum samples were tested for specific plague antibodies, using the passive haemagglutination technique and checked by passive haemagglutination inhibition tests. altogether 3 ...	1993	8248751
development of a trap for collecting newly emerged ctenocephalides felis (siphonaptera: pulicidae) in homes.	the visible light spectra most attractive to cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis (bouché), were determined. a green-yellow filter with a transmittance spectrum centered at 515-nm and a 82.5-nm half-height width attracted significantly more fleas than any other filter or white light. this information and observations on this flea's behavior were used to design a trap with a green-yellow filter and a light source with a 10-min:5-s (on and off) cycle. this trap collected > 86% of the live fleas releas ...	1993	8254638
patterns of erythrocyte digestion by bloodsucking insects: constraints on vector competence.	two general patterns of erythrocyte digestion were observed in representative species from four insect orders. ingested erythrocytes were hemolyzed rapidly, and blood meals remained liquefied within body lice, pediculus humanus l. and the fleas ctenocephalides felis (bouché) and xenopyslla cheopis (rothschild). peritrophic membrane was absent. in contrast, there was a lag time of 6-18 h before substantial degradation of erythrocytes within the blood meals of bed bugs, cimex lectularius l.; the s ...	1993	8094460
severe flea infestation in dairy calves.	an investigation was conducted of a severe flea infestation in holstein dairy calves. inspection of the dairy revealed hundreds of cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis, on 23 calves, and thousands of fleas in the barn where the calves were housed. during the investigation, > 92,000 fleas were collected from the barn. the barn also was inhabited by 30 to 35 flea-infested domesticated and feral cats. several calves appeared emaciated, and analysis of blood samples from 10 calves revealed that 8 were a ...	1993	8276708
[domestic cats as a source of human flea infestations in towns].	during the summer and autumn periods of 1990-1992 a periodic massive incidence, infestation as well as parasitization of humans with flea ctenocephalides felis were recorded in the basements of flat blocks in the central area of kosice. the urban population of domestic cats served as a source of the infestation. the dark field examination of fleas for the presence of borrelias revealed negative results.	1993	8306402
allergenicity of the cat flea.		1993	8334533
allergenicity of the cat flea (ctenocephalides felis felis)	adult fleas, spent and unspent culture media were extracted and the radio-allergosorbent test (rast) performed with sera of 48 cat flea skin test-positive individuals from the tampa bay area of florida. sixteen sera (33.6%) had a positive rast to the cat flea extract prepared in our laboratory [1.7-11.4% of the total counts (tc) added]. six of the 16 sera (12.5%) also contained specific ige to allergens in the spent medium (0.8-3.3% tc). the allergen composition and strength were studied by rast ...	1993	8334536
isolation and in vitro translation of messenger rna encoding allergens of the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis.	polyadenylated [poly(a)+] mrna was isolated from the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis by oligothymidylic acid-cellulose spin column chromatography and translated in vitro using a cell-free rabbit reticulocyte system. the relative incorporation of 35s-methionine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable translation products obtained using poly (a+) mrna was 48.5-fold over control translations performed without added mrna. sds-page analysis of the translation products in combination with autoradiograp ...	1993	8342258
cloning and sequence analysis of the alpha subunit of the cat flea sodium pump.	we have cloned a cdna that encodes the sodium pump alpha-subunit of the cat flea ctenocephalides felis. the deduced amino acid sequence of 1037 residues is 90% homologous with the drosophila alpha-subunit sequence and shows 75% similarity to the sheep kidney alpha-subunit. one characteristic unique to the insect polypeptides is an extended sequence at the n-terminus. northern blot analysis of c. felis rna detects two alpha-subunit transcripts with lengths of 3.8 and 4.4 kb. sodium pump alpha-sub ...	1993	8397036
mode of action of pyriproxyfen and methoprene on eggs of ctenocephalides felis (siphonaptera: pulicidae).	adult cat fleas were exposed to residues of pyriproxyfen and methoprene in glass vials, then fed on a cat 24 h later to investigate the mode of action of juvenoid growth regulators on embryonic development in flea eggs. eggs laid by pyriproxyfen-treated fleas within 70 h after exposure to this juvenoid were often devoid of yolk and frequently collapsed after oviposition. minimal amounts of yolk were deposited in eggs laid after 70 h, and no blastoderm was formed. these results are significant be ...	1993	8459420
evaluation of a single oral dose of lufenuron to control flea infestations in dogs.	a single dose of lufenuron was administered to dogs to test its efficacy in controlling cat flea (ctenocephalides felis) infestations for at least 30 days. efficacy measurements revealed marked differences in the reproduction capability of fleas collected from dogs in the treatment vs the control group. essentially, all of the eggs collected from dogs treated with lufenuron were unable to develop into normal adult fleas. conversely, in the control group, 68.6% of the flea eggs developed into nor ...	1994	7944022
the cat flea: biology, ecology and control.	control failures and recurrences of infestation of dogs, cats and their home environment with the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis felis are common. attempts to control these infestations are often impaired by an inadequate understanding of the interaction of the cat flea with its hosts and environment. this review presents information on the medical and veterinary importance of the cat flea and discusses recent information on the environmental and host factors that affect its development and sur ...	1994	8030176
interhost movement of adult cat fleas (siphonaptera: pulicidae).	adult cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis (bouché), marked with orange-red or green fluorescent dye were released on one cat to study movement to another cat over a 7-d period. when the cats were separated, 3-8% of the marked fleas moved to the other cat. when the cats were allowed to remain together, 2-15% of the fleas moved. the percentage of fleas unaccounted for ranged from 8-47%. when both cats lived together, 8-15% movement occurred no matter which cat was infested. the percentage of female a ...	1994	8057325
vaccination against the cat flea ctenocephalides felis felis.	non-chemical control of haematophagous parasites is a desirable goal. we report here on the use of concealed antigens from the major digestive organ of the cat-flea as vaccine components. rabbits were immunized with various antigens from cat flea midguts, and immunoglobulin from these rabbits was fed to cat fleas in an artificial feeding system. antibody produced against soluble antigens from the midguts of fed fleas was able to kill fleas in this system. dogs were then immunized with various an ...	1994	8058357
oral toxicity of boric acid and other boron compounds to immature cat fleas (siphonaptera: pulicidae).	oral toxicity was characterized in first-instar cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis felis (bouché), feeding on dried blood treated with boric acid. lc50 values ranged from 2.11% after 24 h to 0.21% after 7 d. in carpet tests with five different boron compounds and a number of different formulations, significant mortality for first instars was observed in all cases. in similar tests with prepupae and cocoons, there was no significant effect on mortality. the importance of these results is discussed ...	1994	7836612
efficacy dosage titration of lufenuron against developmental stages of fleas (ctenocephalides felis felis) in cats.	thirty-two mixed-breed male and female cats were blocked by sex, arranged by body weight from greatest to least, and allocated to 4 groups of 8 (4 male, 4 female) cats, using random numbers. cats in each of 3 groups were treated orally with a 7% suspension formulation of lufenuron at dosage of 15, 30, or 45 mg/kg of body weight. cats in the fourth group were treated orally with an excipient suspension without lufenuron. cats were infested with newly emerged, unfed cat fleas (ctenocephalides feli ...	1994	8141503
cat flea (siphonaptera: pulicidae) cocoon formation and development of naked flea pupae.	the rate of cat flea, ctenocephalides felis (bouché), pupal development and the stimuli responsible for successful cocoon formation were investigated by rearing flea pupae without an enclosing cocoon. female larvae pupated an average 12.1 h earlier than males, and female pupae developed to the adult stage an average 1.6 d earlier than males. when larvae were not allowed to orient against a perpendicular structure, only 2.2% of these larvae were able to spin an enclosing cocoon. although these na ...	1994	8189417
efficacy of permethrin in controlling the australian paralysis tick ixodes holocyclus and the cat flea ctenocephalides felis on dogs.		1994	8198516
molecular identification of rickettsia-like microorganisms associated with colonized cat fleas (ctenocephalides felis).	cat fleas (ctenocephalides felis) from eight commercial flea colonies from various regions of the usa were examined by selective pcr amplification, and subsequent restriction digest analysis and southern hybridization of pcr products, for the presence of a rickettsia-like organism (elb agent). these flea colonies were either started with fleas from one supplier (el labs), in which elb agent was first identified, or were started with fleas from stray cats and dogs and later came into contact with ...	1994	8069413
comparison of thumb-counting and comb-counting methods to determine ctenocephalides felis infestation levels on dogs.	comb-counting and thumb-counting were compared in a cross-over study to determine which was more accurate for quantifying flea infestation levels on dogs. twenty beagle dogs were used in the study and infested with either 50 or 100 adult fleas (ctenocephalides felis). two groups of five dogs each were infested with either 50 or 100 fleas per dog, and then comb-counted with a fine-toothed flea comb for 8 min periods. an additional two groups of five dogs each were also given 50 or 100 fleas, and ...	1994	8091613
murine typhus: updated roles of multiple urban components and a second typhuslike rickettsia.	studies using serologic and polymerase chain reaction-(pcr) facilitated analysis of field samples from southern texas indicate the presence of rickettsia typhi and elb agent infected cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis (bouché), and the first observation of elb infected vertebrates (opossums). the elb agent is a recently described typhus-like rickettsia that is not distinguished from r. typhi or r. prowazekii by currently available serologic reagents. restriction digests of pcr products from 399 fl ...	1994	7966170
flea allergy dermatitis in dogs diagnosed by intradermal skin tests.	thirty-three dogs were categorised according to their clinical signs of flea allergy dermatitis and reactivity to feeding fleas (ctenocephalides felis felis). a soluble extract of whole fleas (fs), fractions of this extract separated by chromatography, and a commercially available flea antigen extract were used in intradermal skin tests (idst) to establish the presence or absence of type i and type iv hypersensitivity. the reactions were measured and the results were analysed using three grading ...	1994	7973089
igg and ige antibodies against antigens of the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis felis, in sera of allergic and non-allergic dogs.	antigens from a soluble extract of cat fleas (fs) were separated using sds-page, and transferred to nitrocellulose paper. sera from dogs shown by use of a provocative flea feeding test to be either allergic (23 dogs) or non-allergic (20 dogs) to flea bites, were used in western blots to identify flea antigens that react with canine igg or ige. the sera were also tested in elisa against fs to quantify levels of igg and ige antibodies. antibodies present in the sera of both flea allergic and non-a ...	1994	8026904
ultrastructure of the eggs of seven flea species (siphonaptera).	eggs of seven flea species representing five families, ctenocephalides felis (bouché) (pulicidae), orchopeas leucopus (baker) and aetheca wagneri (baker) (ceratophyllidae), conorhinopsylla stanfordi stewart and epitedia faceta (rothschild) (hystrichopsyllidae), sternopsylla distincta texana (c. fox) (ischnopsyllidae), and craneopsylla minerva (rothschild) (stephanocircidae), were examined with a scanning electron microscope and are described from the resulting micrographs. in the pulicidae and c ...	1994	7815392
ectoparasites of opossums and raccoons in southeastern georgia.	twelve species of ectoparasites (four fleas, three ticks, three chiggers, one macronyssid mite, and one atopomelid mite) were recovered from 42 opossums, didelphis virginiana kerr, live-trapped from september 1992 through april 1994 in southeastern georgia. the fleas, ctenocephalides felis (bouché) (prevalence = 19%) and polygenis gwyni (c. fox) (36%); the ticks, dermacentor variabilis (say) (40%) and ixodes scapularis say (19%); and the macronyssid mite, ornithonyssus wernecki (fonseca) (21%), ...	1994	7815408
adult cat flea (siphonaptera: pulicidae) excretion of host blood proteins in relation to larval nutrition.	protein content and ion composition of host blood and feces from blood-fed adult cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis (bouché), were examined. total fecal protein differed slightly from host blood indicating that there was little digestion of host blood by adult fleas. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels of host blood and flea feces also revealed little digestion, as evidenced by the quantitatively and qualitatively similar protein banding patterns. blood and fecal ion com ...	1994	7910638
techniques for estimating on-animal populations of ctenocephalides felis (siphonaptera: pulicidae).	effectiveness of two sampling techniques to estimate cat flea populations were compared on beagles (short-haired dogs). overall, 23.5 and 81.6% of known flea populations on the beagles were detected using area and comb counting techniques, respectively. using comb counts, we were able to differentiate among beagles that were infested experimentally to produce densities of 21.6 (low), 42.2 (medium), and 82.5 (high) fleas per dog. using the area counting technique, we were able to differentiate be ...	1994	7932613
disinfestation of experimentally infested cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis, on cats and dogs by oral lufenuron.	in vivo efficacy of orally administered lufenuron, an insect growth regulator, in disinfesting cat fleas was evaluated, using flea-free cats and dogs which were purchased and infested every 10 days with cat fleas from a colony kept in our laboratory. lufenuron was orally administered as a single dose of 15, 30, or 60 mg/kg to cats, and 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg to dogs. in cats, adult flea emergence was intensively prevented for 30 days by dosing of 15 mg/kg of lufenuron and 40 days by 30 or 60 mg/kg. t ...	1995	8519893
airborne insecticide residues after broadcast application for cat flea (siphonaptera: pulicidae) control.	airborne residues of chlorpyrifos, propetamphos, and permethrin were measured up to 50 h after broadcast treatment for cat flea, ctenocephalides felis (bouché), control in residences. type of insecticide, time after treatment, ventilation regime, and height above floor significantly affected airborne residues. before spraying chlorpyrifos, residues were low or undetected. in nonventilated residences, chlorpyrifos residues peaked 0-6 h after treatment at 38 ng/liter, then slowly declined through ...	1995	8537544
horizontal transmission, vertical inactivation, and stochastic loss of mariner-like transposable elements.	horizontal transmission has been well documented as a major mechanism for the dissemination of mariner-like elements (mles) among species. less well understood are mechanisms that limit vertical transmission of mles resulting in the "spotty" or discontinuous distribution observed in closely related species. in this article we present evidence that the genome of the common ancestor of the melanogaster species subgroup of drosophila contained an mle related to the mellifera (honey bee) subfamily. ...	1995	7877497
chlorpyrifos formulation effect on airborne residues following broadcast application for cat flea (siphonaptera: pulicidae) control.	airborne residues of 3 chlorpyrifos formulations were measured up to 50 h after broadcast treatment for flea control in residences. insecticide formulation, time after treatment, ventilation regime, and height above floor affected airborne residues. before spraying, chlorpyrifos residues were low or undetected. in nonventilated residences, chlorpyrifos residues peaked in 0-6 h after treatment at 38 ng/liter for emulsifiable, remained low at < 12 ng/liter for the microencapsulated, and sharply pe ...	1995	7544814
larvicidal effects of boric acid and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate to cat fleas (siphonaptera: pulicidae).	borate products varied in efficacy against larval cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis felis bouché, with some effective at rates of 23 micrograms/cm2 when larvae were exposed to the compounds in sand. powdered boric acid, granular boric acid, and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (polybor) at rates of 200 micrograms/cm2 produced < or = 90% mortality of larvae exposed in carpet for 96 h. lc50 values of larvae exposed in treated carpets for 96 h were 23 micrograms/cm2 for powdered boric acid, 40 micro ...	1995	7650701
survival and reproduction of the cat flea (siphonaptera: pulicidae) fed human blood on an artificial membrane system.	adult cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis (bouché), survive and reproduce when fed human blood through an artificial membrane system. when a dog hair substrate was included in cages with the fleas, mean adult mortality was 2.4 after 12 d of bloodfeeding. egg production began after 3 d and was continuous for 12 d, ranging from 3 to 4 eggs per female per day. in cages without hair, mean adult mortality was 61.2% after 12 d of bloodfeeding. egg production began after 2 d, reached a maximum of two eggs ...	1995	7650707
residual effectiveness of insect growth regulators applied to carpet for control of cat flea (siphonaptera: pulicidae) larvae.	three insect growth regulators, fenoxycarb, methoprene, and pyriproxyfen, formulated as total release aerosols, were tested for their residual effectiveness on carpet in bioassays with cat flea, ctenocephalides felis (bouché), larvae. all treatments except methoprene produced significant mortality for the 7-mo duration of the test. in general, fenoxycarb and the higher rates of pyriproxyfen reduced adult flea emergence by > 80%.	1995	7657899
a further comparison of the thumb-counting and comb-counting techniques used to determine ctenocephalides felis infestation levels on dogs.	a comparison was made to determine whether thumb-counting or comb-counting was more accurate for determining flea infestation levels on dogs when performed for equal periods of time. to accomplish this, ten beagle dogs were each infested with 100 adult fleas, ctenocephalides felis. after the fleas were allowed to disperse for 1 h the dogs were examined using the thumb-counting method. the time required to cover each dog and the number of fleas counted were recorded. thumb-counting times ranged f ...	1995	7754612
efficacy of lufenuron against developmental stages of fleas (ctenocephalides felis felis) in dogs housed in simulated home environments.	twenty-four, adult, female beagles were arranged by body weight from greatest to least and allocated to 2 groups of 12 dogs, using random numbers. dogs were housed collectively in 2 adjacent metal buildings, each divided into 4 rooms measuring 2.1 x 3.7 m. each room was paneled and carpeted and had an access door to the outside with a connecting run that measured 2.1 x 9.1 m. each run had a surface consisting of 5 cm of pea gravel overlaying 5 cm of sand, and was partially covered by an awning t ...	1995	7785823
isolation, cultivation, and partial characterization of the elb agent associated with cat fleas.	elb rickettsiae from cat flea homogenates were recovered in tissue culture cells following sequential passage through laboratory rats and the yolk sacs of embryonated chicken eggs. seven days after inoculation of elb from the infected yolk sacs, vero cells and l929 cells were observed to contain intracellular bacteria as demonstrated by diff quik and indirect immunofluorescence assay staining. the rickettsial and elb identity of the cultured agent was confirmed by pcr detection of the 16s rrna a ...	1995	7591142
flea species from dogs and cats in northern greece: environmental and clinical implications.	fleas were identified after being collected from 129 dogs and 38 cats of random breed, sex and age. all these animals, infested with fleas and admitted to the clinic of medicine of the veterinary faculty in thessaloniki for routine procedures, were from different habitats and originated from various parts of northern greece. ctenocephalides canis was the most common species found on the dogs (71.3%). conversely, its prevalence in the 14 cats was substantially lower (5.3%). ctenocephalides felis ...	1995	7676591
species of flea found on cats and dogs in south west england: further evidence of their polyxenous state and implications for flea control.	fleas were collected from 60 dogs and 32 cats living in south west england. ctenocephalides felis felis and ctenocephalides canis were found on both dogs and cats, with a marked preponderance of c felis felis on both species. more female fleas than males were found. there was no apparent tendency for c canis to be found more often in rural areas than in suburban areas. the survey confirmed the polyxenous nature of both species of flea. the significance of this state is discussed in relation to f ...	1995	7610540
the cat, the flea, and pesticides.	recent advances in our knowledge of cat flea biology and the discovery of new nontoxic control methods have greatly simplified and improved flea control. instead of relying on adulticides for the bulk of flea control, the veterinarian now focuses on the immature stages, particularly the larvae and the eggs. by doing this, environmentally "friendly" flea control methods are employed that are much safer for the veterinarian, the pet owner, and the cat.	1995	8525567
fleas, lice and mites on scrub hares (lepus saxatilis) in northern and eastern transvaal and in kwazulu-natal, south africa.	fleas, lice and mites were collected from 24 and 120 scrub hares at pafuri and skukuza, northern and eastern transvaal, respectively, in the kruger national park, and from 34 scrub hares in the hluhluwe region, north-eastern kwazulu-natal. ctenocephalides felis damarensis, the only flea recovered, reached peak burdens on the hares at each locality during late winter or spring. juvenile hares harboured significantly fewer fleas than did adult animals. the lice haemodipsus lyriocephalus and haemod ...	1995	8600437
effect of combing time on cat flea (ctenocephalides felis) recovery from dogs.	combing the haircoat to count fleas has been used to determine the efficacy of insecticides against fleas on dogs, but no standardization of method has been reported. in this study, the effect of combing time on flea recovery from dogs was examined. six beagle dogs were infested with 100 unfed, adult ctenocephalides felis (bouché) on each of three consecutive days. a crossover design, balanced for carryover effects, was used to evaluate flea removal rates from each dog by comb-counting for three ...	1995	8644450
evaluation of flea control programmes for cats using fenthion and lufenuron.	four groups of six cats were kept in carpeted pens similarly infected with ctenocephalides felis. one group was left untreated, but the other groups were treated every 28th day with either an insecticide (fenthion at 30 mg); or an inhibitor of insect development (lufenuron at 133 or 266 mg) or with both. a sudden upsurge in the numbers of fleas occurred on the control cats after 50 days. at this time, the three control strategies had reduced the counts by 91.3, 72.5 and 98.6 per cent, respective ...	1996	8650891
[the state of in vitro breeding of lice and fleas]	laboratory breeding of lice, fleas and other bloodsucking arthropods is necessary for developing and testing the efficacy of new drugs and alternative arthropod control methods. they are necessary to investigate their role as vectors of pathogens and to develop methods for diagnosis and therapy of arthropod caused or transmitted diseases. to date, it is not possible to replace rabbits as natural blood sources for breeding lice colonies (pediculus spp.). but on the base of the knowledge about lic ...	1996	11178453
toxicity and histopathology of the growth regulator pyriproxyfen to adults and eggs of the cat flea (siphonaptera:pulicidae).	adult cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis (bouché), exposed continuously to pyriproxyfen died within 8-10 d. microscopic examination of 7-d-old adults indicated death was caused by histopathological damage to fat body, malpighian tubules, midgut epithelia, salivary gland cells, and other internal tissues. fleas were killed by pyriproxyfen regardless of whether they were held as unfed adults on treated filter paper or as feeding adults on treated dog hair. in addition to these toxic effects on adult ...	1996	8699465
insecticidal effects of the insect growth regulators methoprene and pyriproxyfen on the cat flea (siphonaptera:pulicidae).	residual effectiveness of the insect growth regulators pyriproxyfen and methoprene against cat flea, ctenocephalides felis (bouché), larvae were evaluated under simulated household conditions. pyriproxyfen provided control of larvae for > 12 mo when applied at 1 mg and 0.2 mg/m2 and > or = 3 mo at the rate of 0.04 mg/m2. methoprene applied at 1 mg/m2 provided control for > 12 mo and 6 mo at 0.2 mg/m2. no significant mortality was observed when methoprene was applied at 0.04 mg/m2.	1996	8840689
emerging bacterial zoonotic and vector-borne diseases. ecological and epidemiological factors.	among the etiologic agents of emerging infectious diseases are several bacterial organisms that naturally reside in animal and arthropod hosts. the most compelling emerging bacterial zoonotic and vector-borne diseases in the united states are lyme disease; a southern erythema migrans-like illness; human monocytic ehrlichiosis; human granulocytic ehrlichiosis; a novel cat flea-associated typhus group rickettsiosis; bartonelloses of immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons, particularly with ...	1996	8627968
impact of an orally administered insect growth regulator (lufenuron) on flea infestations of dogs in a controlled simulated home environment.	to evaluate the ability of lufenuron to control cat flea (ctenocephalides felis felis) populations on dogs under conditions simulating a naturally infested home environment.	1996	8712514
flea ectoparasites of commensal rodents in shebin el kom, menoufia governorate, egypt.	rodents population are widely distributed in some egyptian governorates, particularly those in the nile delta. generally speaking, rodents particularly those living in close association with man, play a major role in human health, welfare and economy. besides, their arthropod ectoparasites are important vectors of pathogenic agents as well as they themselves are causative agents of many allergic disorders. no doubt, the increase in rodent population is followed by an increase in many zoonotic di ...	1996	8721227
on-host viability and fecundity of ctenocephalides felis (siphonaptera: pulicidae), using a novel chambered flea technique.	the on-host viability and fecundity of cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis (bouché), confined within a novel chambering system are described. using this system, all fleas and flea eggs are recovered from chambers after fleas have fed on cats. thus, accurate calculations of both adult flea survival and female flea fecundity can be made. the technique provides a microenvironment in which adult fleas exhibit > 90% survival over 14 d. female fleas lay an average of 9.5 eggs per day on the 2nd d of feed ...	1996	8742530
activity of novel juvenoids on arthropods of veterinary importance.	different juvenile hormone mimics were compared regarding their efficacy against larval and pupal stages of the diptera aedes aegypti, musca domestica, and lucilia cuprina as well as the cat flea ctenocephalides felis. structure-activity relationship of a series of new diphenylethers was analyzed and compared to juvenoids like methoprene, hydroprene, and fenoxycarb. selected compounds were taken for a competition binding assay and their effect on jh-degradation by esterases was examined. the res ...	1996	8756312
activity of insecticides applied to turfgrass to control adult cat fleas (siphonaptera:pulicidae).	a bioassay was developed to determine the efficacy of insecticides against adult cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis (bouché), on turfgrass. activity was assessed by exposing adult fleas to treated and untreated disks of turf for 24 h, 1 and 7 d after treatment. filter paper, a representative nonwaxy, porous substrate was bioassayed in similar fashion 1 d after treatment to confirm insecticide activity. results demonstrated the relative efficacy of insecticides applied to turf at different rates as ...	1996	8768891
experimental transmission of bartonella henselae by the cat flea.	bartonella henselae is an emerging bacterial pathogen, causing cat scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis. cats bacteremic with b. henselae constitute a large reservoir from which humans become infected. prevention of human infection depends on elucidation of the natural history and means of feline infection. we studied 47 cattery cats in a private home for 12 months to determine the longitudinal prevalence of b. henselae bacteremia, the prevalence of b. henselae in the fleas infesting these ...	1996	8818889
reproductive strategies of the cat flea (siphonaptera:pulicidae): parthenogenesis and autogeny?	the objective of this study was to determine if there is evidence of parthenogenesis or autogenous reproduction in the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis (bouché). to examine parthenogenesis, 400 newly eclosed virgin female fleas were collected from a laboratory colony and 100 were placed into each of 4 feeding cages and fed bovine blood through a parafilm membrane. three of the feeding cages were monitored for egg production for 7 d and each group of 100 virgin female fleas produced an average 1,1 ...	1996	8667386
presence of calreticulin in vector fleas (siphonaptera).	calreticulin has been defined in the cat flea, ctenophalides felis (bouché), and oriental rat flea, xenopsylla cheopis (rothschild). calreticulin, a major endoplasmic reticulum protein, was previously identified as a component of ixodid tick saliva. using a riboprobe generated from tick calreticulin complementary dna (cdna), we distinguished 2 transcripts for calreticulin in cat fleas by northern blot analysis. increased expression of calreticulin was not evident in fed versus unfed adult fleas. ...	1996	8667398
acquisition of the cat scratch disease agent bartonella henselae by cat fleas (siphonaptera:pulicidae).	we assayed the ability of cat fleas to become infected with bartonella henselae, using an artificial feeding device. fleas fed a concentration of 1 x 10(5) cfu/ml in blood were examined using immunofluorescent antibody assay and polymerase chain reaction. bacteria were present in the gut at 3 h, and persisted up to 9 d after infection. qualitatively, the density of b. henselae was greater in the flea gut at 9 d, indicating that replication was occurring in the gut. b. henselae also was detected ...	1996	8667399
ctenocephalides felis flea infestation in horses.	the horses were in two stables: in the first stable they were kept together with sheep and in the second stable they were kept together with goats. all horses in both stables were diagnosed as being infested with the cat flea ctenocephalides felis felis. foals were severely infested, whereas adult horses were only moderately infested.	1996	8686179
egg production and emergence of adult cat fleas (siphonaptera: pulicidae) exposed to different photoperiods.	laboratory cats were infested with a known number of cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis (bouché), to determine the effects of photoperiod on flea egg production. photoperiods of 8:16, 12:12, and 16:8 (l:d) h were chosen to represent winter, spring/fall, and summer, respectively. there were no significant differences in daily or total flea egg production among the 3 photoperiods. to determine the effects of photoperiod on development of immature stages and subsequent adult emergence from cocoons, e ...	1996	8699462
rickettsia felis: a new species of pathogenic rickettsia isolated from cat fleas.	a flea-borne rickettsia, previously referred to as elb, has been implicated as a cause of human illness. using sequence data obtained from a fragment of the citrate synthase gene, we compared elb, rickettsia australis, r. rickettsii, and r. akari with the louse-borne r. prowazekii. we tallied 24 base pair differences between elb and r. prowazekii and 25 between r. rickettsii and r. prowazekii; there were 30 base pair differences between r. australis and r. prowazekii and 29 between r. akari and ...	1996	8904435
insecticide susceptibility of cat flea (siphonaptera: pulicidae) pupae.	studies were conducted to investigate what protective nature the cocoon and nylon carpeting has against the performance of insecticides directed at cat flea, ctenocephalides felis (bouché), pupae developing in carpet. the following 5 combinations of life stages and substrates were used in these tests were: (1) larvae that pupated in carpet, (2) cocoons placed in carpet, (3) naked pupae placed in carpet, (4) cocoons placed on filter paper, and (5) naked pupae placed on filter paper. these studies ...	1996	8934826
a novel approach to flea control on cats, using pyriproxyfen.	pyriproxyfen is a new insect growth regulator with potent activity against developing stages of the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis. to determine its duration of action after application as a spot-on topical treatment, 20 cats were allocated to two groups. one group acted as untreated controls, and each cat in the other was given a single dose of 1 mg/kg pyriproxyfen. each cat was infected with fleas at weekly intervals and caged. eggs were collected and their viability determined as a measure o ...	1996	8972067
cat-scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis.	cat-scratch disease (csd) was first described by debré in 1950, yet the causative bacterial agent of csd remained obscure until 1992, when bartonella (formerly rochalimaea) henselae was implicated in csd by serological and microbiological studies. b. henselae had initially been linked to bacillary angiomatosis (ba), a vascular proliferative disease most commonly associated with long-standing human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection or other significant immunosuppression. b. henselae has also ...	1996	9025151
use of injectable lufenuron for treatment of infestations of ctenocephalides felis in cats.	to determine whether and for how long a single dose of a new injectable formulation of lufenuron would successfully control experimentally induced ctenocephalides felis infestations in cats.	1997	9028476
duration of activity of imidacloprid, a novel adulticide for flea control, against ctenocephalides felis on cats.		1997	9080645
effect of temperature on cat flea (siphonaptera:pulicidae) development and overwintering.	cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis (bouché), were reared at different temperatures to examine further the effects on egg-to-adult development and emergence of adults from cocoons. three different temperatures (26.7, 21.1, and 15.5 degrees c) were used to rear fleas. emergence of adults from cocoons was monitored using 2 experimental designs-cocoons maintained in groups and cocoons individually isolated. at cooler temperatures, cocoons kept in groups had a higher incidence of late-emerging adults t ...	1997	9103760
the biology, ecology, and management of the cat flea.	the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis felis, is the most important ectoparasite of domestic cats and dogs worldwide. in addition to its annoyance to pets and humans, c. felis felis is responsible for flea bite allergy dermatitis and the transmission of dog tapeworm. the abiotic and biotic factors that affect the development of immature stages are reviewed with special emphasis given to those aspects directly affecting control. factors influencing host selection and feeding by adults are summarized ...	1997	9017899
the fleas (siphonaptera) of tennessee.	thirty-three species of fleas are recorded from the state of tennessee. new state records are reported for two species, the pulicid fleas euhoplopsyllus glacialis affinis and pulex simulans. two species of fleas with catholic feeding habits appear to be especially widespread and abundant in tennessee. these are the pulicid ctenocephalides felis which parasitizes cats, dogs, humans, opossums, and other medium to large sized mammals, and the hystrichopsyllid ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes which is as ...	1997	9221734
efficacy of imidacloprid for removal and control of fleas (ctenocephalides felis) on dogs.	to evaluate efficacy of a 9.1% (w/w) imidacloprid solution, applied topically, to remove fleas from dogs and the duration of residual flea control when dogs were exposed to continuing flea infestation.	1997	9256968
culture-negative endocarditis: contribution of bartonella infections.	two cases of bartonella endocarditis are described: one in a 55 year old homeless alcoholic man, caused by bartonella quintana; the other in a 41 year old male with a history of exposure to cat fleas, caused by b henselae. serological testing and polymerase chain reaction of the excised valves were used to identify the organisms. false positive serology for chlamydia was detected in one case.	1997	9196420
[cat scratch disease and associated infections].	cat scratch disease (csd) was first described in france by debré et al. in 1950, yet the causative bacterial agent of csd remained obscure until 1992, when bartonella (formerly rochalimaea) henselae was implicated in csd by serological and microbiologic studies. b. henselae had been linked initially to bacillary angiomatosis (ba), but also bacillary peliosis, relapsing bacteremia and endocarditis. cats are healthy carriers of b. henselae and b. clarridgeiae, and can be bacteremic for months to y ...	1997	9203735
susceptibility of the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis (siphonaptera: pulicidae) to four pyrethroids.	the amounts of active ingredient required to kill adult ctenocephalides felis fleas on filter insecticide impregnated papers were determined in an attempt to compare the activity of different active ingredients. the following compounds were tested: bioallethrin, deltamethrin, esbiothrin and permethrin. the ld50 and ld90 against ctenocephalides felis were 121 and 770 mg/m2 respectively for bioallethrin, and 161 and 671 mg/m2 respectively for esbiothrin. for deltamethrin and permethrin, the ld50 w ...	1997	9208036
effect of juvenile hormone and juvenile hormone mimics on sperm transfer from the testes of the male cat flea (siphonaptera:pulicidae).	sperm transfer into the epididymis was completed without a blood meal, when newly emerged male cat fleas. ctenocephalides felis (bouché), were exposed to filter papers treated with juvenile hormone iii or the juvenile hormone mimics fenoxycarb, methoprene, or pyriproxyfen. as the concentration of juvenile hormone or the time of flea exposure to juvenile hormone or the juvenile hormone mimics increased, the percentage of fleas that transferred sperm also increased. the percentage of pyriproxyfen- ...	1997	9220683
comparison of flea control strategies using imidacloprid or lufenuron on cats in a controlled simulated home environment.	to compare the effect of monthly treatments with imidacloprid (an adulticide) or lufenuron (an insect development inhibitor) for protecting cats against ctenocephalides felis felis in a simulated home environment.	1997	9361889
[differential diagnosis of medically relevant flea species and their significance in dermatology].	different flea species may infest humans temporarily. such arthropods should be considered as a possible cause of erythematous and pruritic papules and nodules of unclear origin. bites from animal fleas can be seen in people with close contact to domestic or wild animals. this dermatosis may often be misdiagnosed. several flea species including pulex irritans, ctenocephalides canis, ctenocephalides felis, ceratophyllus gallinae, ceratophyllus columbae and archaeopsylla erinacei may infest human ...	1997	9441163
salivary antigens of the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis felis.	the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis felis, is the major cause of flea bite hypersensitivity (fbh) in dogs and cats, yet little progress has been reported on identifying the antigens responsible. we obtained flea salivary antigens by washing secretions from containers probed by the mouthparts of fleas, and by extracting whole flea salivary glands. mice were exposed to feeding fleas to generate antibodies to salivary antigens injected in vivo. the sera were tested for antibodies against the saliva ...	1997	9121836
effects of larval nutrition on the postembryonic development of ctenocephalides felis felis (siphonaptera:pulicidae).	dry blood from mammals and birds was used as larval diet for the development of the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis felis (bouché), in the laboratory. diets that contained host blood and cornmeal heated at 40 degrees c for 30 min were inadequate for most larvae to form pupae. development time from 1st instar to adult ranged from 30 to 33 d. except for the diet containing mastomys blood, the diets that consisted of blood alone from other hosts air dried at room temperature contained sufficient nu ...	1997	9220685
an apparent flea-allergy dermatitis in kids and lambs.	heavy infestation of lambs in two herds and kids in one herd with the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis felis, accompanied by severe anaemia, eosinophilia and exudative dermatitis, is described. flea infestation was more widespread during the summer months, when optimal climatic conditions for flea development prevail. the clinical and histological findings are discussed in the light of the pertinent literature. recovery of the affected animals and normalization of the haematological values were o ...	1997	9360467
antifeeding effect of several insecticidal formulations against ctenocephalides felis on cats.	evaluation of insecticidal activity of flea products is generally based on counting live fleas in the animal's coat 24 and 48 hours following artificial infestation. this approach, however, does not allow to specify whether the fleas have had the opportunity to bite and take a bloodmeal prior to their death. to address this question, 30 cats were alloted to six groups of five animals. each cat was housed in a separate cage. at day 0, each group of cats received a single treatment as follows: gro ...	1998	9754302
experimental infection of domestic cats with bartonella henselae by inoculation of ctenocephalides felis (siphonaptera: pulicidae) feces.	caged cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis (bouché), were fed on 6 cats; 3 cats were injected with 5 x 10(7) colony forming units of bartonella henselae intradermally and 3 cats were injected with an equal volume of saline. after the fleas fed for 4 d, 5 groups of 50 b. henselae-exposed fleas were caged and allowed to feed on 5 cats for 6 d. five cats each were injected intradermally with 1 ml of saline containing 45 mg of feces from b. henselae-exposed fleas. five cats were fed 50 b. henselae-expos ...	1998	9775583
mode of action of lufenuron on larval cat fleas (siphonaptera: pulicidae).	adult cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis (bouché), were fed suboptimal in vitro concentrations of lufenuron in blood to allow hatching of flea larvae for cytological study. at concentrations of 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 ppm, larval hatch was 64, 15, and 4%, respectively. larvae hatching from eggs laid by adults fed lufenuron at concentrations of 0.025, 0.08, or 0.125 ppm did not differ significantly from the control. however, many larvae from the 0.08-ppm group and higher concentrations died during the ...	1998	9775600
severe cat flea infestation of dairy calves in brazil.	an investigation was conducted into a severe flea infestation on dairy calves. inspection of the dairy revealed a high infestation of ctenocephalides felis felis on four calves and thousands of fleas in the stable where cows and calves were brought in for milking. a 3-month-old female calf was highly infested with fleas. the animal showed an evident lethargy, weight loss, as well as pale mucous membranes and dehydration. hematological analysis revealed anemia, with 10% packed cell volume and a 1 ...	1998	9877075
characterization of apyrase activity from the salivary glands of the cat flea ctenocephalides felis.	apyrase activity (atp diphosphohydrolase, ec 3.6.1.5) was detected in salivary glands of the cat flea ctenocephalides felis. whole extracts of salivary glands contain approximately 21 ng of protein, 145 u/mg adp'ase and 158 u/mg atp'ase activity; amp is not hydrolysed by salivary gland extracts. deae-sepharose cl-6b anion exchange chromatography, and cibacron blue affinity chromatography each give a single coincident peak of adp/atp'ase activity. biogel p-100 gel filtration of salivary gland hom ...	1998	9887518
review of insecticide resistance in cat fleas (siphonaptera: pulicidae).	insecticide resistance often is blamed for failures of insecticides to control cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis (bouché). yet the genetics and adaptive advantage of resistance traits remain unexamined. lethal doses of insecticides that kill 50% of the population fluctuate 7-fold within a cat flea strain. many reports of flea resistance may be attributable to variable mortality from effects of solvents, substrates, humidities, temperatures, colonization, and ages of fleas. resistance ratios (rati ...	1998	9701921
evaluation of flea control strategies using fipronil on cats in a controlled simulated home environment.	three groups of six cats were kept in similar carpeted pens in which a self-replicating population of ctenocephalides felis had been established. one group was left untreated, but the other groups were treated every 28th day with 0.5 ml of a 10 per cent fipronil spot-on formulation, and the cats in one of the treated groups also wore a methoprene collar. no fleas were found on any of the treated cats, either during the first 13 weeks of the study, when heavy flea burdens were developing in the c ...	1998	9587197
comparative activity in dogs of deltamethrin- and diazinon-impregnated collars against ctenocephalides felis.	to compare effectiveness of deltamethrin- and diazinon-impregnated collars against fleas (ctenocephalides felis) in an experimental infestation.	1998	9442245
effects of azadirachtin on ctenocephalides felis in the dog and the cat.	azadirachtin-containing neem seed extract is a powerful insect growth regulator, a feeding deterrent and repellent with low toxicity. unfortunately, azadirachtin degrades rapidly in light, excessive heat or alkalinity. evaluations of azadirachtin on ectoparasites on animals have been scarce. the purpose of this work was to describe the effects of normal and potentiated azadirachtin on ctenocephalides felis in the dog or cat. groups of kennelled greyhounds and domestic cats infested with c. felis ...	1998	9561713
host grooming efficiency for regulation of cat flea (siphonaptera: pulicidae) populations.	grooming efficiency was studied by infesting domestic short-hair cats, felis catus l., with known numbers of cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis felis bouché, then collecting the cat feces and extracting the fleas to determine how many had been groomed off, varying the infestation level. some hosts were found to be significantly more efficient at grooming fleas than others, with the best groomer removing 17.6% of its flea burden daily, compared with only 4.1% removed by the poorest groomer. cats we ...	1998	9615545
what's eating you? ctenocephalides fleas (dog and cat fleas).		1998	9675525
quantitation of cat immunoglobulins in the hemolymph of cat fleas (siphonaptera: pulicidae) after feeding on blood.	passage of ingested cat immunoglobulin g (igg) into the hemocoel of cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis (bouché), was examined using antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) and western blotting. fleas were fed heparinized cat blood via membrane feeders. cat igg was present in the hemolymph of engorged female fleas 1 h after ingestion at an estimated quantity of 35 +/- 14 micrograms/ml. the prevalence of fleas with demonstrable cat igg in their hemolymph 1 h after feeding was 100 ...	1998	9701919
molecular identification of rickettsia typhi and r. felis in co-infected ctenocephalides felis (siphonaptera: pulicidae).	rickettsia typhi and r. felis, 2 closely related rickettsial species, often have been identified in cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis (bouché) from the same geographical location. however, no fleas have been found to be naturally infected concurrently with both rickettsial species. to examine whether one rickettsial species can develop simultaneously with another species in the same flea host, cat fleas, naturally infected with r. felis, were allowed to feed on blood containing r. typhi (ethiopia ...	1998	9701920
putative salivary allergens of the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis felis.	the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis felis, is the major initiator of flea bite hypersensitivity in dogs. previous analyses of whole extracts of the flea and flea salivary secretions have failed to identify the allergens responsible. we dissected >2000 salivary glands from adult female fleas, extracted them into buffered saline containing protease inhibitors and fractionated the extract using gel permeation hplc. dogs were classified as hypersensitive to fleas (flea-feeding positive, ff+) or inse ...	1999	10507308
mode of action of lufenuron in adult ctenocephalides felis (siphonaptera: pulicidae).	when cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis (bouché), were fed concentrations of lufenuron in cattle blood ranging from 0.5 to 4 ppm, adult mortality increased in a dose-dependent manner to a maximum of approximately 24% over a period of 10 d. fleas treated with 0.5 ppm produced abnormal endocuticle consisting of protein globules embedded in an amorphous chitin matrix. at concentrations of 1.0 ppm or greater, endocuticle formation was inhibited. ultrastructural studies demonstrated that inhibition of ...	1999	10467778